landfill urbanism

NO

RTH

15

30

45

60

75

EA

ST 105

120

135

150

165

SO

UTH

195

210

225

240

255

WEST285

300

315

330

345

10 k

m/h

20 k

m/h

30 k

m/h

40 k

m/h

50 k

m/h

hrs

294+

264

235

205

176

147

117

88

58

Copyright 2010 dan Weissman

The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Taubman College of architecture & Urban Planning or The University of michigan.

fonts are set in Georga and din

100% POST LANDFILLED CONTENT

Dan Weissman, a milwaukee, Wi native. is currently a master of design studies Candidate at Harvard Universitys Graduate school of design with a concentration in sustainable design, while also delving into urbanism, landscape and ecology. He completed the masters of architecture at the University of michigan in 2010, working with Geoffrey Thun as thesis advisor and mentor on Landfill Urbanism (Formerly named: Post-Landfill Ecologies). Dan has also worked as a Lighting designer at Lam Partners in Cambridge, ma, and instructor at the boston architectural College. He holds a bachelor of arts in architecture from Washington University in st. Louis.

3Opportunistic Ecologies, Wasted Landscapes

dan Weissmanmasters of architecture Thesis

Heavy Weather: Atmospheres | Environment | Ecologyor, How i learned to stop worrying and love the Weather Channel

Taubman College of architecture & Urban PlanningUniversity of michigan

29 april 2010Advisor: Geoffrey Thn

LandfiLL Urbanism

BeefOther Meat (not bacon)

ChickenOther Poultry

Fish (fresh, frozen, canned, dried)Crustaceans & Mollusks (shrimp, clams, etc)

T.V.P. Type FoodsUnknown Meat

Cheese (including cottage cheese)Milk

Ice Cream (also ice milk, sherbet)Other Dairy (not butter)

Eggs (regular, powdered, liquid)Beans (not green beans)

NutsPeanut Butter

Fats: Saturated Unsaturated Bacon, salt pork Meat trimming

Corn (also corn meal and masa)Flour (also pancake mix)

RiceOther Grain (barley, wheat germ, etc)

Noodles (pasta)White BreadDark BreadTortillas

Dry Cereals Regular High Sugar (first ingredient only)

Cooked Cereals (instant or regular)Crackers

Chips (also Pretzels)

Unknown ProduceFresh Vegitables

Canned Vegitables (dehydrated also)Frozen Vegitables

Potato PeelFresh Fruit

Canned Fruit (dehydrated also)Frozen Fruit

Fruit PeelRelish, Pickles, Olives

Syrup, Honey, Jellies, MolassesPastries (cookies, cakes and mix, pies, etc)

SugarArtifical sweetners

CandySalt

Spices & Flavorings (catsup, mustard, peper, etc)Baking Additives (yeast, baking powder, etc)

PopsiclesPuddingGelatin

Instant BreakfastDips (for chips)

Non-Dairy Creamers & WhipsHealth Foods

SlopsRegular Coffee (instant or ground)

Decaf CoffeeExotic Coffee

TeaChocolate Drink Mix or Topping

Fruit or Veg Juice (canned or bottled)Fruit Juice Concentrate

Fruit Drink , pdr or lqud (Tang, Koolaid, Hi-C)Diet Soda

Regular SodaCoctail Mix (Carbonated)

Coctail Mix (non carb, liquid)Coctail Mix (Powdered)

Premixed Coctails (alcoholic)Spirits (booze)

Wine (still & sparkling)Beer

Baby Food & JuiceBaby Cereal (pablum)Baby Formula (liquid)

Baby Formula (powdered)Pet Food (dry)

Pet Food (canned or moist)TV Dinners (also pot pies)

Take Out MealsSoups

Gravy & specialty SaucesPrepared Meals (canned or packeaged)

Vitamin Pills and Supplements (commercial)Prescribed Drugs (prescribed vitamins)

AsprinCommercial Stimulants and Depressants

Commercial RemediesIllicit Drugs

Commercial Drug ParaphenaliaIllicit Drug Paraphenalia

Contraceptives Male Female

Baby Supplis (diapers, etc)Ingury Oriented (iodine, bandaids, etc)

Personal SanitationCosmetics

Cigarettes (butts)Cigarettes (pack)

Cigarettes (carton)Cigars

Pip, Chewing Tobacco, Loose TobaccoRolling papers (also Smoking items)

Household & Laundry CleanersHousehold Cleaning Tools (not detergents)Household Maint. Items (paint, wood, etc)

Cooking & Serivng AidsTissue Container

Toilet Paper ContainerNapkin Container

Paper Towel ContainerPlastic Wrap ContainerBags (paper or plastic)

Bag ContainerAluminum Foil SheetsAluminum Foil Package

Wax Paper Package

Mechanical Appliance (tools)Electrical Appliance and Items

Auto SuppliesFurniture

Clothing: Child Adult

Clothing Care Items (shoe polish, thread)Dry Cleaning (laundry also)

Pet Maintenance (litter)Pet Toys

Gate Receipts (tickets)Hobby Related Items

Photo SuppliesHoliday Value (non food)Decorations (non holiday)

Plant and Yard MaintStationery Supplies

Jewlrey

Child School Related PapersChild Educ Books (non-fiction)

Cild Educ. Games (toys)Child Amuesment Reading

Child Amuesment Toys (games)Adult Books (non-fiction)

Adult Books (fiction)Adult Amusement Games

Local NewspapersNewspapers (other city, national)

Organizational Newspapers or Magazines (also religion)General Interst Magazines

Special Interest Magaizine or newspaperEntertainment Guide (TV Guide)

Miscellaneous Items (specify on back of sheet)

001002003004005006007008009010011012013014015016017018019020021022023024025026027028029

030031032033034

040041042043044045046047048049

051052053054055056057058

060061062063064065066

069070071072073074075076077078079080081082083084085086087088089090091092093094095096097

100101102103104105106107

108109

111112113114

123124125126127128

131132133134135136137138139140141142143144

147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164

171172173174175176177178

181182183184185186

190

The Garbology ProjectUniversity of Arazona

4The projection of new possibilities for future urbanisms must derive less from an understanding of form and more from an understanding of process - how things work in space and time.James Corner

1> Corner, James Terra Fluxus The Landscape Urbanism Reader, ed Charles Waldheim. Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY, 2006.

52> Jones, Wes; Instrumental Form: (Boss Architecture) Words, Buildings, Machine Princeton Architectural Press, 1998, p69.

infrastructure is the repressed monolith upon which urban civilization is founded...To reveal these measures is, in a way, to celebrate the power of the natural conditions they mitigate - and to hope that in mitigating their effects we do not forget we are never actually free from them. Wes Jones

6Types of Solid waste disposed in michigan landillsFiscal Year 2009

Municipal &CommericalWaste

Imported

Imported

Incinerator Ash

Industrial Waste +Construction & Demolition

IW - Mixed SegregatedIW - Segregated

In-State

In-State

Woodland Meadows Landfillforeground mound capped 1996Active fill beyond

7Municipal solid waste management, 1960 to 2008

million tons

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Landfill, other disposal

Recovery for recycling

Recovery of the compostingcomponent of recycling

Combustion with energy recovery

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Source: US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery; Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling and Disposal in the United States, Detailed Tables and Figures for 2008, Figure 26 & Table 29. November 2009

>Contents

9/ DRT-E Introduction12/ flows18/ sEmLdi22/ The sorted Project36/ industrial Ecology43/ appendix45/ Continuous Cities 147/ Glossary48/ bibliography51/ acknowledgments

880

1. Articulated Excevator2. Cab3. Methane Tank4.Engine5. Exhaust6. Hoist wheel7. Vertical Excevator [with geomembrane sensor]8. Trommel Screen9. Fines drop10. Conveyor11. Foot12. Methane Extractor

1 4 82

3.

2.

1.

11.

6.

7.

Max Depth: 400

5.

8.

9.

10.

12.

4.

76

100

46

60120

326

196

40

50

TopsoilProtection LayerDrainage LayerGeomembraneSoil Barrier

Gas Vent/Foundation Layer

Solid Waste

DRT-E

Section: Directed Robotic Trash Extractor

9As a child, my father would take my brother and I to the local junk-yard. Wed watch, amazed, as the compressor squashed our waste into a dumpster, then scavenge through piles of scrap metal and climb gigantic wheeled Caterpillar earth-movers. For better or worse, this archetypal junk yard has given way to massively controlled spaces of waste disposal. Today, continuously increasing demand for material coupled with a culture of disposability has coincided with heightened policy measures restricting landfill development. We have a crisis of waste management. Meanwhile, as landfilling has grown from a localized phenomenon into a regional set of distribution networks, neo-industrialization is emerging throughout the Great Lakes megaregion, suggesting opportunities for reuse of wasted landscapes. This project posits that extraction of existing landfill sites for material and energy is inevitable.

Landfill Urbanism suggests that the act of landfill mining, a contentious and stinky proposition, has the capacity to foster a localized, robust industrial ecology, while also recasting the publics relationship with our waste through tactical deployment of architecture and urban space-making. Directed Robotic Trash Extractors (DRT-E) exhume and cultivate material, as the projects conveyor-belt infrastructure allows individuals, cooperatives and corporations to safely sort and collect based on their needs: a novel approach to accessing our 21st century resource. by allowing complete engagement with the public, Landfill Urbanism fosters productive interdependent relationships between consumers, as well as offering to its users a series of spectacular didactic, practical, and recreational experiences.

Where the public of today consumes, the public of Landfill Urbanism harvests.

Industrial Ecology: The shifting of industrial process from linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes become inputs for new processes (wikipedia)

11

The Landfill, out of the public consciousness, is neglected.

Due to the lack of strong governmental oversight, Landfill operations have historically been a breeding ground for corruption, excess, and sluggish-to-backward environmental stewardship. Its owners focused on waste quantity as income. recent shifts, due to a more enlightened pubic and stringent policy decisions following 1990s subtitle d federal mandates, have served to increase awareness of the waste management process. Or at least increase the marketing campaigns by the largest waste management corporations expounding environmental stewardship.

regardless, the generation of waste is clear. We americans produce on average some 4.39lbs of waste per day.1 To that end, Walter benjamin suggests that our collective unconscious provides a

creative relationship between generations and their wish-investments in new technologies and new products. [We] accentuate the unredeemed promises of bliss that attended endless spectacular consumption and boundless technological production.2

The Landfill, in its ability to sustain and imbed collective unconscious as it holds 75% of our spent consumer goods, food scraps and packaging, must also hold cultural relevance.

From this many questions emerge: What do landfills represent in modern society? Tombs of consumerist capitalism or a stock-pile of resources vital to the economies of emerging nations? is methane creation a rational end-game trajectory? What are the possible futures of the growing quantity of our societys time-capsules? Will they steadily grow ever larger as predicted by mVrdVs dataCity? Or destined to create new recreational spaces through banal complex ecologies as theorized by field Operations fresh Kills project? Or mined for their resources by international emerging superpowers?

3> [Online] www.cleanair.org

4> Leslie, Esther; Telescoping the Mircroscopic Object Imprint, London; Black Dog Publications, 1999. pg.61

12

Municipal Waste

HazerdousWaste

Another wholeBallgame...

Government

Landfill

organic waste

InorganicWaste

Collection + PipingSystem

LandfillGas

Reuse Center

Recycling Facility

Composter

TransportationCosts

Transport

Vehicles

Vehicles

Compactors

Tipper

Off-Road Dumping

Cap

Refuse Trucks

Rolling

Labor

Road-Use

Vehicle Construction

Fuel

Incineration

Waste-to-energy

Ash

Heat

Off-gassingMercury, Dioxins, etc

Electricity

Local Utility

AdjacentIndustries

PolicyDecisions

Landfill _ Cap height Accepted Volume Environmental Remediation

Waste Management Companies

WasteManagement

NationalWaste Associates[Formerly Allied]

VeoliaEnvironmental

Services

AutoFluff

Liners

Clay

Soil

Leachate Ground WaterPollution

VOCs

Air PollutionGlobal Warming

Robotic Sorting

Paper

Transfer Station~75%

Plastics

Ferrous

Industrial

Construction/Demolition

Commercial

Institutional

Household

Unusabledemolishedcar material

MichiganOhioNew YorkNew JerseyCanada

Gas Plant

Anaerobic digestionAlcohol/ethanol productionBiodryingGasificationIn-vessel compostingMechanical biological treatmentMechanical heat treatmentPlasma arc waste disposal PyrolysisSewage treatmentTunnel compostingUASB (applied to solid wastes)Waste autoclave

Alternative Waste Treatment

Technologies

13

Municipal Waste

HazerdousWaste

Another wholeBallgame...

Government

Landfill

organic waste

InorganicWaste

Collection + PipingSystem

LandfillGas

Reuse Center

Recycling Facility

Composter

TransportationCosts

Transport

Vehicles

Vehicles

Compactors

Tipper

Off-Road Dumping

Cap

Refuse Trucks

Rolling

Labor

Road-Use

Vehicle Construction

Fuel

Incineration

Waste-to-energy

Ash

Heat

Off-gassingMercury, Dioxins, etc

Electricity

Local Utility

AdjacentIndustries

PolicyDecisions

Landfill _ Cap height Accepted Volume Environmental Remediation

Waste Management Companies

WasteManagement

NationalWaste Associates[Formerly Allied]

VeoliaEnvironmental

Services

AutoFluff

Liners

Clay

Soil

Leachate Ground WaterPollution

VOCs

Air PollutionGlobal Warming

Robotic Sorting

Paper

Transfer Station~75%

Plastics

Ferrous

Industrial

Construction/Demolition

Commercial

Institutional

Household

Unusabledemolishedcar material

MichiganOhioNew YorkNew JerseyCanada

Gas Plant



Technologies

47.5

33.41

13.64

136

275

289

14.3

36.5

tf 81.92m 9.8thgieh mumixaMtf 13m 54.9hcaer mumixaM

Feet

Meters

Meters Feet

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

0 2 4 6 8 10 121 3 5 7 9 11 13

0

1

1

0

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

5

10

15

20

Trommel Screen

Oversized Chute

Discharge Conveyer

Chassis

DieselDrive Unit

Hydraulic Power

Unit

Caterpillar 836H Landfill Compactor

Sources:www.cat.com

www.westpromachinery.com

Caterpillar 330C MH Waste Handler

Westpro Rotary Trommel Screen

Caterpillar 772_Off-Highway Truck

14

WISCONSIN

ILLINOISINDIANA

ONTARIO9,054,371cy

.5pt line = 200,000 CY

$37/ton

MICHIGAN34,751,326cy

5,870cy

409,456cy

264,053cy

37cy

897,328cy

1,249,519cy

5800cy6,900cy

38,178cy

1,083,468cy

67,888cy3,486cy

OHIO

CONNECTICUT

MASSACHUSETTS

NEWJERSEY

PENNSYLVANIA

NEW YORK

MINNESOTA

MARYLAND

FLORIDA

1

8

48

4

9

23

3

12

40

43

32

36

10

28

38

29

49

22

37

33

35

46

14

11

31

7

45

3424

39

50

20

44

5

17

26

15

18

51

302

27 1925

47

Type II Landfill

41

1352

6

57

78

67

66

71

81

70

6165

74

53

72

69

76

79

56

63

59

77

68

Type III Landfill

6473

54

5855

Iron

Delta

Luce

Kent

Marquette AlgerChippewa

Gogebic

Huron

Sanilac

Baraga

Ontonagon

Ionia

Lake

Bay

Allegan

Schoolcraft

OaklandBarry

Clare

Houghton

Mackinac

Iosco

Tuscola

Alcona

Cass

Eaton

Lapeer

Saginaw

Newaygo

Menominee

St. Clair

JacksonCalhoun

Alpena

Gratiot

Lenawee

Clinton

Ottawa

Antrim

Berrien

Dickinson

Mason

Ingham

Isabella

Montcalm

Oscoda

Branch

Otsego

Hillsdale

Genesee

Osceola

Oceana

Cheboygan

Wexford

Emmet

Mecosta Midland

Ogemaw

Gladwin

Kalkaska

Washtenaw

Crawford

Manistee

Van Buren

Livingston

Macomb

Presque Isle

Missaukee

Arenac

Kalamazoo

Muskegon

Benzie

St. Joseph

Roscommon

Shiawassee

Montmorency

Leelanau

Charlevoix

GrandTraverse

Keweenaw

Chippewa

Keweenaw

Charlevoix

Leelanau

Wayne

Monroe

Town of Wayne

>ImportsMichigan is the 3rd largest importer of waste in the

country. In 2009 20% of the material landfilled in Michigan originated in Canada.

Source: rEPOrT Of sOLid WasTE

LandfiLLEd in miCHiGanOCTObEr 1, 2008 sEPTEmbEr 30, 2009

15

for much of human history, waste collection and disposal has been a purely local process, generally relying on natural processes to ultimately renew waste into usable material. The proliferation of inorganic materials into the 20-21st century waste stream has exacerbated traditional waste handling procedures of in-ground disposal or incineration. While costs incurred extracting virgin resources continue to mount, recycling programs have yet to make a significant impact on waste reduction. Meanwhile, heightened policy measures barring new landfills have resulted in the spiraling growth of individual mounds.

alan berger connotes this wasted land as drosscape, illustrating in his text a categorical set of distinct dross territories visible throughout north america. Of these, the Landscapes of Obsolescence (LOOs) render visible the open loop in material and energy flows.5 architecture, when considered within tactical frameworks and techniques proposed through regional and landscape urbanism, can serve as a transformative catalyst for drosscape, providing a unique opportunity to neo-industrialize the post-industrial landscape.

Although the phenomenon of regional to mega-regional waste management persists, Piere belanger notes in his essay Landscape as infrastructure that a shift is occurring from conventionally large, centralized industries of mass production to a decentralized pattern of production.6 Landfill Urbanism proposes that landfill extraction could serve two functions. first, as neighboring states and provinces send Michigan their waste (and pay the state to do so), Landfill Urbanism takes advantage of both imported and domestic waste material. second, the operation may facilitate interdependent industrial networks at similar scales to existing landfill networks. All in an attempt to shrink the energy loop,

5> Berger, Alan; Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America; Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY, 2006 p186

6> Belanger, Piere Landscape as Infrastructure Landscape Journal; University of Wisconsin Press, 2009

16

Combustion30%

Landfill: 63%

HazardousWaste

Recyclables6.4%

Leachate

Reuse

Landfills

Ash

Land

fill G

as

Pow

er

Clay/

Soil

Ground WaterPollution

Incinerator

Materials + Energies WASTE GENERATED:

88,100,000 TONS

Landfill Infrastructure +Technology

LandCompactorsTippersOff-Road Dumpers

Pape

r

Com

post

Glas

s

Plas

tics

Rubb

ers

Metal

s

1960

WASTE FLOWS IN THE UNITED STATES1960-2008

Com

bust

ion:

16%

Landfill: 52%

One line: 10,000,000 tons

HazardousWaste

Recycled:32%

MUNICIPAL WASTE GENERATED:254,100,000 TONS

Pape

r

Com

post

Glas

s

Plas

tics

Rubb

ers

Metal

s

Leachate

Reuse

Type III Landfill

Type II Landfill

Ash

Ash

Land

fill G

as

~20% available gas

Powe

r

4-5% Original volume520Btu/ton

20Btu/ton

Clay/Soil



UndergroundDisposal

Incinerator

WasteTo

Energy

WaterFiltration

MethaneEnergyPlant



Technologies

Materials + Energies


LandLinersLeachate Collection + PipingGas Collection + PipingMonitoring EquipmentCompactorsTippersOff-Road Dumpers

IndustrialInfrastructure

+ TechnologyRobotic SortingStack Scrubbers

2008

Sources:US Statistical Abstracts [online] www.census.govUS Environmental Protection Agency [online] http://www.epa.gov

17

Combustion30%

Landfill: 63%

HazardousWaste

Recyclables6.4%

Leachate

Reuse

Landfills

Ash

Land

fill G

as

Pow

er

Clay/

Soil


Incinerator

Materials + Energies WASTE GENERATED:

88,100,000 TONS


LandCompactorsTippersOff-Road Dumpers

Pape

r

Com

post

Glas

s

Plas

tics

Rubb

ers

Metal

s

1960

WASTE FLOWS IN THE UNITED STATES1960-2008

Com

bust

ion:

16%

Landfill: 52%

One line: 10,000,000 tons

HazardousWaste

Recycled:32%

MUNICIPAL WASTE GENERATED:254,100,000 TONS

Pape

r

Com

post

Glas

s

Plas

tics

Rubb

ers

Metal

s

Leachate

Reuse

Type III Landfill

Type II Landfill

Ash

Ash

Land

fill G

as

~20% available gas

Powe

r

4-5% Original volume520Btu/ton

20Btu/ton

Clay/Soil



UndergroundDisposal

Incinerator

WasteTo

Energy

WaterFiltration

MethaneEnergyPlant



Technologies

Materials + Energies


LandLinersLeachate Collection + PipingGas Collection + PipingMonitoring EquipmentCompactorsTippersOff-Road Dumpers

IndustrialInfrastructure

+ TechnologyRobotic SortingStack Scrubbers

2008

Sources:US Statistical Abstracts [online] www.census.govUS Environmental Protection Agency [online] http://www.epa.gov

18

MNREMichigan Departmentof Naural Resources & Environment

OSHAOccupational Safety and Health Administration

EPA Environmental Protection Agency Subtitle D (Federal waste laws)

FTCFederal Trade Commission FAWR

Federal Agency for Waste Reclamation

Fede

ral G

over

nmen

tSt

ate

of M

ichi

gan

DELEGDepartment of Energy, Labor & Economic Growth

SEMLDISouth East Michigan Landfill Development Initiative

Map of Detroit metropolitan region showing active landfills in 2009 (pie charts) overlaid on industrial corridors and highway system.

Landfill proximity to such existing corridors suggests the potential for unique and emergent industrial ecologies occurring at each landfill.

in 2012, the newly formed federal agency for Waste reclamation, or faWr, seeds funds to the state of michigan to develop a pilot program with the intention of waste reclamation. michigans department of natural resources and Environment, the agency responsible for landfill development, management and oversight, partners with the department of Energy, Labor and Economic Growth to form the Southeast Michigan Landfill development initiative. Charged with developing programs to productively utilize the states growing resources found within landfills, the Woodland Meadows Landfill constellation has been chosen for this historic pilot project.

south East michiganLandfill Development Initiative

19

Monroe Power Plant

Pine Tree Acres Inc

Matlin Road Landfill

Smiths Creek Landfill

Riverview Land Preserve

Carleton Farms Landfill

City Of Livonia Landfill

Sauk Trail Hills Landfill

Ann Arbor

Edward C Levy Co Landfill

Detroit

Holcim US Inc Dundee Plant

Woodland Meadows

Oakland Heights Development Inc

Detroit Edison Co Sibley Quarry

Veolia Es Arbor Hills Landfill Inc

Detroit Edison Co Range Rd Ash Disposal

Eagle Valley Recycle & Disposal Facility

Allied Waste Industries Rockwood Landfill

Vienna Junction Industrial Park Sanitary Landfill

Consumers Energy Company Whiting Plant Substation

Landfill Dumping - 2008

Type II:Municipal Public Waste

Type III:Industrial Waste+ Constructuion Debris

Industrial Zones

Productive Flows

Landfill

Waste Flows

SEMILDSouth East Michigan Initiative for Landfill Development

12

8025

8030

8040

8040

Avena Contractors

south East michiganLandfill Development Initiative

20

WOODLAND MEADOWS LANDFILL & RECYCLING

Owner: Waste Management, IncSize: 206 Acres

Opened: 1994License: Type II Waste Only

Permit: #4088Spot Elevation: Aprox. 1,130ft (350 tall)

Detroit Metropolitain Airport: 4.5 Miles

Downtown Detroit: 20

Miles

51,500,000cy24,261,000cy1,148,000cy1821

Total CapacityRemaining Capacity

Capacity used in FY2009Projected years of remaining capacity

Calculated years of remaining capacity

Woodland Meadows

CarletonFarms

Sauk TrailHills

Arbor Hills

Riverview Preserve

19901964 1980 1999 2003 2006

>Woodland Meadows/Sauk Trails Landfill ConstellationTwenty miles from detroit near the industrial community of Wayne, Waste management owns and operates the 200+ acre Woodland Meadows landfill adjacent to two capped landfills as well an additional 200+ acre landfill operated by republic Waste services across Interstate 275. These two active fills represent almost a third of the airspace available in the southeast michigan region.

21

SAUk TRAIL HILLS LANDFILLOwner: Republic (Formerly Allied Waste Systems)

Size: 200.7 Acres Opened: 1992

License: Type II Waste OnlyPermit: #9186

Spot Elevation: Aprox. 1,150ft

I295 Exit 22

Michigan Ave

Ford Truck Final Assembly Plant

Downer Cemetery

Carleton Farms: 30 Miles

Willow Run Airport:

5.5 Miles

Sherwood Village

Middle River Rouge Riparian CorridorSpot Elevation: 645ft

Canton / Livonia off-ramp commercial areaSpot Elevation: 670ft

Total CapacityRemaining Capacity

Capacity used in FY2009Projected years of remaining capacity

Calculated years of remaining capacity

17,350,000 tons11,246,000cy1,103,000cy1010

2010

22

High Voltage powerfrom Detroit Edison

Commercial

Golf CourseNew Cell

Smart Bu

s Line 2

00 Inblu

nd

MI Ave

700

Downtown D

etroit: 20

Miles

Chicago: 2

17 miles

Industrial Zones

Low Density Residential

Fellows Creek Golf Course

WayneTown Center

Ford Final Assembly Plant

GM Motor

Woodlands Van BurenGolf Course

Willow R

un Airpo

rt: 5.5

Miles

River Rouge Corridor

23

High Voltage powerfrom Detroit Edison

Commercial

Golf CourseNew Cell

Smart Bu

s Line 2

00 Inblu

nd

MI Ave

700

Downtown D

etroit: 20

Miles

Chicago: 2

17 miles

Industrial Zones

Low Density Residential

Fellows Creek Golf Course

WayneTown Center

Ford Final Assembly Plant

GM Motor

Woodlands Van BurenGolf Course

Willow R

un Airpo

rt: 5.5

Miles

River Rouge Corridor

The sorted Project

24

>dirt farm

>mined mound

>rail [CTX]

>silo

>Warehouse

>The backlot

>The Line

>i275

Headhouse

>Primary sorting

>remediation pond

>living machine

>Power Plant

47.5

warehouse

silo

palletizer

pelletizerrail

trailercleaning

500

ATV Rental is HERE!Ride the mound!

1 4 82

site PlanOriginal Scale: 1/64 = 10

site sectionOriginal Scale: 1/16 = 10

Pg 33Pg 35

25

47.5

warehouse

silo

palletizer

pelletizerrail

trailercleaning

500


1 4 82

>The Sorted Project: Conveyor-belt InfrastructureFeeding upon nearby landfills and newly generated waste, the Sorted Project fosters an emergent industrial market. The sorted Project seeks to capitalize on the infrastructure of waste flows while also relying on market-based economy to turn waste into profit. Architecture, when considered within tactical frameworks and techniques proposed through regional and landscape urbanism, can serve as a transformative catalyst for drosscape, providing a unique opportunity to neo-industrialize the post-industrial landscape.

The junk yard lacks apparent form - an underlying logic exists, but it does not present itself formally to the visitor, making accessibility of materials difficult. Conversely, the traditional recycling facility is one-dimensional, seeking specific materials for specific destinations. The sorted Project proposes that a third, hybrid solution may alleviate the growing crisis in waste disposal.

An emergent market-based urbanism of reuse suggests that, similar to the intensification of energy and material flows seen at catalytic moments throughout history, spatial proximity is critical in fostering novel material industries adjacency could allow for disparate tenants to expand their networks in wholly unique and emergent ways, a phenomenon untenable in the drosscape. as previously unproductive material finds meaning and purpose, a new material economy emerges.

Electrical energy created on site serves the surrounding industry, and with direct access to transportation infrastructure, the project connects itself to all available regional and international networks.

Pg 27Pg 29Pg 31

7> For a longer discourse on material and energy flows, see: De Landa, Manuel; A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History; Zone Books, 1997

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Projected final cell structure of Woodland Meadows Landfill. Dotted line demarcates section at rightBelow: DRT-Es on the mound

47.5

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27Condensate Collection and Pump Station Source: Geotechnical aspects of Landfill Design and Construction pg. 348

HDPE Pipe

Pump Discharge Line

Air Supply Line To Pump

HDPE Dual Containment Pump

Bentonite Slurry Fill

Electric submersible pump

End Cap

End Cap

2-0 MIN

6

10

10 MIN

Varies

Sealed Penetrations (TYP)

Condensate forcemainin dual containment

Square Manhole boxwith lid (berglass typical)

Leak detection tubingextends to bottom of sumpbeween inner and outer pipes

Valve box with cap

Coated Electric Cable

Gas Colletion Header Pipe

DepthVaries

Gas collectionheader trench

Tee

Condensate forcemain indual containment outside limits

of waste placement

Concentric reducer(s)

HDPE Pipe

Valve with Remote Operator

Sealed Penetration

>On the fillDirected Robotic Trash Extractors, or DRTE's, and other mining equipment extract material, as recreational activities such as ATVs or mountain bike riding, snowmobile or even DRTE rides take advantage of the constantly remolded landscape.

28

>Infrastructural ArchitectureLandfill Urbanism insists upon a reemergence of infrastructural architecture, meant to recondition the publics relationship to our waste. The sorted Project recalls public works projects from the early 20th Century and WPa era such as bostons majestic water pumping stations and the Hoover dam, examples of architecture created to promote the existence of infrastructure as a vital constituent of society.

29

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>The power station harnesses energy from multiple sources: landfill gas, methane, waste material and biomass incineration, as well as collecting the energy from wind turbines within each head-house chimney.

> The Remediation pondhandles runoff from the surrounding landfills, and serves to clean and recycle water from both the sorting facility and power station for reuse as cleaning and coolant in both facilities.

>The HeadhouseThree Head-houses serve as transition points from primary sorting to the line conveyor belts, caring material into the back-lot. The Head-houses also serve as central locations for public interaction through an interpretive center featuring dynamic viewing experiences of the facility.

30

>Form Follows EnergyJust as sorting adds value to material, so to can architecture become that value added to a large territorial project. stan allen, in his essay infrastructural Urbanism notes that:

architecture is uniquely capable of structuring the city in ways not available to practices such as literature, film, politics, installation art, or advertising. Yet because of its capacity to actualize social and cultural concepts it can also contribute something that strictly technical disciplines such as engineering cannot. 8

Where typical industrial facilities hide themselves from the public, here the architecture seeks to say: come explore me!

8> Allen, Stan; Infrastructural Urbanism; Points + Lines: Diagrams and Projects for the City Princeton Architectural Press; 1 edition, 1999, p54.

31

Here, a convection chimney functions to suck smelly air from the recently exhumed material, generating electricity from a turbine when conditions allow, and moreover serves as a dramatic backdrop to the moment of revelation witnessed below. During normal operating hours, workers stationed in the pit watch for materials specific to their operations, radioing back to their colleagues stationed along the line. The public is welcome at any time to view or participate in the experience.

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the LineCross-Section 1 = 16

Standard Lot115 x 50

Concrete Pad100

Sort Floor

Drainage Channel

Knock-out forstair or ramp

Conveyor Belt

Tenant AAirspace

Tenant BAirspace

SuggestedSetback20



Concrete Pad100

Sort Floor

Drainage Channel


Conveyor Belt

Tenant AAirspace

Tenant BAirspace

SuggestedSetback20

33

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Concrete Pad100

Sort Floor

Drainage Channel


Conveyor Belt

Tenant AAirspace

Tenant BAirspace

SuggestedSetback20

>The line, Along the 800 long conveyor-belt line, lots are rented at rates based on proximity. Closer to the head-house, the higher the rent. Although nothing would prevent a single company from removal of all material on the belt, a significant cross section of material exists on each conveyor belt to warrant multiple interests served.

Cree pulls aluminum and zinc for recycling into their LED heat-sinks, while the Glad company contracts workers and robotic armatures to capture spent plastic bag material; computer repair specialists collect E-waste, or an artist collective will rent space as a testing ground for multi-media work. While typical sorting facilities of today will only sort what is economically productive to their networks, the line allows any material to be productive again: rusty rebar, 8-oz Styrofoam cups or electric scissors.

34

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>The Backlot (Industrial market)

The backlots zoning accommodates any configuration of structure within each 6000sf lot - tenants may build any structure they wish within planning guidelines to facilitate their own agenda, subdividing or accumulating additional lots as needed. As tenants move in, cross-pollination occurs. Independent harvesters begin working together, creating new material networks and economies unavailable to traditional recycling practices.

>ExportUnclaimed material is either shipped in bulk to buyers via train or truck, or if the economy does not exist for particular materials, those materials may be re-deposited in the landfill for future extraction.

>Dirt FarmAs a significant portion of the landfill consists of soil (generally used as daily cover), any reclaimed dirt may be remediated and sold to customers.

36

70070

0

700

Post-landfilled material use

Industrial growth

Commercial Growth

Agricultural Growth

Re-constituted airspace

Flows

Dirt Farm

New Building Form

Micro Paint+ Supply

MetraTool

GalaxieCorporationTrailer Park

Super 8

MichiganFoundationConcrete

Ford Motor

FordFord Stamping

Ford FocusFinal Assembly

BoiseBuildingMaterialsDistribution

MastronardiProduce

GMRomulus Engine

GMRomulus Engine

Bay Logistics

Kermin Dieand TOol Mayesh

WholesaleFlorists

GMA Industries

All AmericanAuto Upholstry

7-11

SyscoDetroit

BrucesAuto Sales

EmpireCarpet

I275

L&W Engineering

Golf CartsPlus

Mobile truckStop & ServicesPlaza

StatewideBoring and Machining

Pro Coil

Scholastic Book Fairs Inc

Fellows CreekGolf Course

Artic ColdStorage

UHaul

Vistar ofMichigan

Woolf AircraftProducts

Serta Mattress

RingmastersManufacturing(Scot-Forge)

MTSTransportation

WhitelineTrucking

WhitelineTrucking

WaylandRefridgerationPoly Chemie

1 Mile

Michigan MarketQuiznosSalon Texturz

Waynes Lumber

Artmans Nursery

Corn

erst

one

City

Chu

rch

Wayn

e Ct

yLa

nd R

esou

rce

Grea

t Ex

pres

sion

sDe

ntal

Cen

ter

UAW` SVS

Vis

ion

Opti

cal

Cent

erKrog

er

Holiday InnExpress

Days

Inn

Wend

ys

U-ha

ul

Subway

Arby

s

Fell

ows

Cree

k Lo

dge

Walk

er W

inte

rEl

emen

tary

Scho

ol

McDonalds

ViscountPools + Spas

Dick Scotts IndianMotorcycle Detroit

Dick Scotts Nissan

Sova Plastic Products

Jesko AutoRepair

MTSTransportation

RepublicServices

10 years 30 years

50 years

>Industrial Ecologybeyond the scale of the site, the project suggests that re-terretorialization of the regional urban ecology is imminent as new industrial, commercial and agricultural spheres grow in the landfills shadow, taking advantage of the new local material opportunities. This intensification could adversely affect local residents of the area, as low-density residential development is not a productive adjacency. rezoning of landfill adjacencies will be inevitable to facilitate this industrial ecology.

37

Hard-CoreRecreation

Complex goods

Combustables

Coolant

Cleaning

Remediation

Dirt

Landfill Gas

to chicago

to DTW Toledo

to Farmington Hills

Leachate

Leachate

Fly Ash

Electricity10 gigawatts

Bio-Mass Farming Metals

Comingled

2,764 copper wire

3 tons PTFE

Scrap Metal > GM

Steel

Scrap

> Brig

gs & S

tratto

n, Miw

aukee,

WI

27 Ref

igerat

or Com

presso

rs > N

orther

n REfr

igerat

ion Ch

icago,

IL

Misc. plastics > Ford

3 car loads of bike parts > Downriver Bike Center

17 tons concrete rubble > MDOT projects

model supplies >TCAUP

Industrial Market

Distance from primary facility

Rent$$$$$$

Primary Material SortingCleaningBasic categorical sortingInterpretive Center

Bulk Material StorageAnd Transportation

Dirt Farm

Landfill:Material Aquisition

Power GenerationLandfill Gas / MethaneWaste-to-EnergyBio-Mass WindSolar

Transportation services

38

Hard-CoreRecreation

Complex goods

Combustables

Coolant

Cleaning

Remediation

Dirt

Landfill Gas

to chicago

to DTW Toledo

to Farmington Hills

Leachate

Leachate

Fly Ash



Comingled

2,764 copper wire

3 tons PTFE

Scrap Metal > GM

Steel

Scrap

> Brig

gs & S

tratto

n, Miw

aukee,

WI

27 Ref

igerat

or Com

presso

rs > N

orther

n REfr

igerat

ion Ch

icago,

IL





Industrial Market


Rent$$$$$$



Dirt Farm




39

Hard-CoreRecreation

Complex goods

Combustables

Coolant

Cleaning

Remediation

Dirt

Landfill Gas

to chicago

to DTW Toledo

to Farmington Hills

Leachate

Leachate

Fly Ash



Comingled

2,764 copper wire

3 tons PTFE

Scrap Metal > GM

Steel

Scrap

> Brig

gs & S

tratto

n, Miw

aukee,

WI

27 Ref

igerat

or Com

presso

rs > N

orther

n REfr

igerat

ion Ch

icago,

IL





Industrial Market


Rent$$$$$$



Dirt Farm




40

ventilate

scrub

air intake

structure

stainless

glaze

power

fan

the line

the pit

enter

remediate

power

circulate

duckneck

41

The problem of waste is deep - its systemic. Although technological advancement will no doubt attempt to minimize the impacts of increased environmental degradation, alternatives (or augmentations) to existing social practices are critical to maintaining our way of life. Landfill Urbanism realizes human nature for what it is. Blane Brownell notes that Homo sapien is the only species that creates what may be truly considered waste.8 We must, as a species realize that completing the cycle is not a matter of choice, but a critical element of sustaining our very existence. Landfill Urbanism may not be the long-term solution, nor does it seek to fix past wrongs. Under the constraints of our current socio-economic reality, it takes advantage of every possible material and economic opportunity, and therefore is unforgiving in its operations. Yet it projects hope that through a reconditioning of our relationship to waste, the projects very existence will cease to be relevant at some sought-after moment in the future.

On the landscape of the landfill, entrepreneurs, corporations, artists and consumers collectively struggle to control the energy flow, where closing the cycle is the key to power.

The structure predicts its own obsolescence, and therefore is designed for disassembly

8> Brownell, Blane; Material Ecologies in Architecture Design Ecologies. Ed. Lisa Tidler & Beth Blostein; Princeton Architectural Press, New York NY, 2010, p229.

42

Topsoil

Protection Layer

Drainage Layer

Gas collection and control system

To gas flare stationor power plant Geomembrane

Soil barrier

Primary Soil barrier

Secondary Soil barrier

Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Containment System

Leak Detection System

Gas vent/foundation layer

Solid Waste

Leachate collection systemPrimary Geomembrane

Secondary Geomembrane

Source: Geotechnical aspects of Landfill Design and Construction pg. 5

43

Source: Geotechnical aspects of Landfill Design and Construction pg. 8

I

I

II

II

III

III

IV

IV

IV

V

V VI

(A) Area Fill

I

I

II

II

III

III

(C) Above and Below Ground Fill

(D) Valley Fill

Solid Waste Landfill Geometries

(B) Trench Fill

>Appendix

invisible CitiesGlossarybilbiographyacknowledgments

44

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45

Continuous Cities 1Invisible Cities | Italo CalvinoThe city of Leonia refashions itself every day: every morning the people wake between fresh sheets, wash with just-unrapped cakes of soap, wear brand-new clothing, take from the latest model refrigerator still unopened tins. Listening the the last-minuet jingles from the most up-to-date radio.

On the sidewalks, encased in spotless plastic bags, the remains of yesterdays Leonia await the garbage truck. not only squeezed tubes of toothpaste, blown-out light bulbs, newspapers, containers, wrappings, but also boilers, encyclopedias, pianos, porcelain dinner services. it is not so much the thinks that each day are manufactured, sold, bought that you can measure Leonias opulence, but rather by the things that each day are thrown out to make room for the new. so you begin to wonder if Leonias true passion is really, as they say, the enjoyment of the new and different things, and not, instead, the joy of expelling, discarding, cleansing itself of a recurrent impurity. The fact is that street cleaners are welcomed like angels, and their task of removing the residue of yesterdays existence is surrounded by a respectful silence, like a ritual that inspires devotion, perhaps only because once things have been cast off nobody wants to have to think about them further.

nobody wonders where, each day, they carry their load of refuse. Outside the city, surely; but each year the city expands, and the street cleaners have to fall farther back. The bulk of the outflow increases and the piles rise higher, become stratified, extend over a wider perimeter. Besides, the more Leonias talent for making new materials excels, the more the rubbish improves in quality, resists time, the elements, fermentations, combustions. a fortress of indestructible leftovers surrounds Leonia, dominating it on every side, like a chain of mountains.

This is the result: the more Leonia expels goods, the more it accumulates them; the scales of its past are soldered into a cuirass that cannot be removed. as the city is renewed each day, it preserves all of itself in its only definitive form: yesterdays sweepings piled up on the sweepings of the day before yesterday and of all its days and years and decades.

Leonias rubbish little by little would invade the world, if, from beyond the final crest of its boundless rubbish heap, the street cleaners of other cities were not pressing, also pushing mountains of refuse in front of themselves. Perhaps the whole world, beyond Leonias boundaries, is covered by craters of rubbish, each surrounding a metropolis in constant eruption. The boundaries between the alien, hostile cities are infected ramparts where the detritus of both support each other, overlap, mingle.

The greater its height grows, the more the danger of a landslide looms: a tin can, an old tire, an unraveled wine flask, if it rolls toward Leonia, is enough to bring with it an avalanche of unmatted shoes, calendars of bygone years, withered flowers, submerging the city in its own past, which it had tried in vain to reject, mingling with the past of the neighboring cities, finally clean. A cataclysm will flatten the sordid mountain range, canceling every trace of the metropolis always dressed in new clothes. in the nearby cities they are all ready, waiting with bulldozers to flatten the terrain, to push into the new territory, expand, and drive the new street cleaners still farther out.

47

>Glossary

Airspace:The space above a landfill site to be occupied by future waste. Due to Subtitle D, consolidation of landfill sites has also increased airspace requirements of individual landfills.

DecomposeTo separate into constituent parts or elements or into simpler compound1

Dross:1 : scum that forms on the surface of molten metal2 : waste or foreign matter; impurity3 : something that is base, trivial, or inferior4 : Wasted Land in Urban America9

DumpOpen Pit for rubbish disposal

Garbage1 : Unsorted/compacted Post-Consumer Material2 : Wet discards: food scraps, yard clippings, etc

Landfill gas:mixture of methane and other compounds created from anaerobic decomposition. methane is 21x more potent than carbon dioxide at warming the atmosphere. Only about 20% of methane produced by landfills is currently captured for energy.10

Leachate:Water-based liquid that has filtered down through landfills. Generally sent to municipal water treatment facility for cleaning.

Midden:A dump for domestic waste (historic)

Refuse:inclusive term for both wet and dry discards

Rubbish:all refuse plus construction and demolition debris

Sanitary Landfill:Engineered Landfill with considerable lining materials below and above fill, capped nightly by up to eight inches of soil, auto-fluff or other fill.

TrashDry discards: newspaper, boxes, cans, etc

Waste:Unwanted or unusable material in a system.

Waste-to-Energy:a euphemism for incineration that employs higher temperature burning with more efficient energy conversion and exhaust scrubbing technologies.

9> Berger, Alan Drosscape: Wasted Land in Urban America Princeton Architectural Press; New York, NY, 2006

Other definitions extracted from: >Rubbish! The Archaeology of Garbage; William Rathje and Cullen murphy >www.miriamwebster.com

10> Trashed [Movie] Custom Flix, 2007

48

Allen, Stan. Points + Lines: Diagrams and Projects for the City Princeton architectural Press; 1 edition, 1999

belanger, Piere Landscape as infrastructure Landscape Journal; University of Wisconsin Press, 2009

Berger, Alan; Drosscape: Wasting Land in Urban America; Princeton Architectural Press, New York, NY, 2006 p186

brownell, blane; material Ecologies in architecture design Ecologies. Ed. Lisa Tidler & beth blostein; Princeton architectural Press, New York NY, 2010, p229.

burtynsky, Edward; Urban mines [Online] www.edwardburtynsky.com/

Corner, James; Fresh Kills Park - Phase 1 Projects [Online] www.fieldoperations.net/

DeLanda, Manuel; A Thousand Years of Non-Linear History; Zone: swerve Editions, New York City, 1997.

Environmental Protection agency municipal solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2007

Ghosn, Rania, ed; New Geographies 2: Landscapes of Energy; Harvard University Press, Cambridge na, 2010.

Hecht, norman L.; design Principles in resource recovery Engineering; butterworths, 1983.

Hiester, Thomas r, shafer, Harry J, feder, Kenneth L.; field methods in archaeology 7th Ed; Left Coast Press, 2009.

Joichim, Michel, ed; RAPID RE(F)USE: WASTE TO RESOURCE CITY 2120, Terreform 1; [Online] www.terreform.org, 2008

Jones, Wes; Instrumental Form: Boss Architecture) Words, Buildings, machine Princeton architectural Press, 1998

>Bibliography

49

michigan department of Environmental Quality report Of solid Waste Landfilled In Michigan: October 1, 2007 September 30, 2008; Chester, steven E., et al; Lansing, michigan, January 30, 2009

michigan department of Environmental Quality renewable Operating Permit Staff Report N6009 (Sauk Trails Landfill); January 5, 2007

National Center for Resource Recovery; Sanitary Landfill, A State-of-the-Art Study; Lexington Books; 1974.

maas, Winy; et al. metaCity dataTown; 010 Publishers, 1999.

Murphy, Cullern & Rathje, William; Rubbish! The Archaeology of Garbage; The University of arizona Press, 2001.

Prechthai, Tawach et al; Quality assessment of mined msWfrom an open dumpsite for recycling potential; asian institute of Technology, Klong Luang Pathumthani Thailand, 2 november, 2008

Rogers, Heather. Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage; The New Press, New York, NY; 2005

rosenthal, Elisabeth; smuggling Europes Waste to Poorer Countries; The New York Times, 26 September 2009.

Thompson, Nato Experimental Geography: Radical Approaches to Landscape, Geography, and Urbanism independent Curators International, New York, NY, 2008.

Qian, Xuede, Koerner, robert m, Gray, donald H.; Geotechnical Aspects of Landfill Design and Construction; Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2002.

Waste without borders in the EU?: Transboundary shipments of waste; European Environment agency; Copenhagen dK, 2009.

Woodland Meadows Landfill [Online} www.wm.com; Waste management inc, 2009.

51

>Acknowledgmentsa special thanks to my advisor, Geoff Thun, and to the Heavy Weather advisors Craig borum, amy Kulper and shweta manchanda for their continued support and enthusiasm for the project. additionally, thanks to professors aline Cotel and Harry Giles for their engineering expertise, and to Kathleen Klien at South-East Michigan Waste management for providing a wonderful tour of the Woodland meadows site. Thanks to the Thunder Crew: Kyle Skar, Caroline Souza, Chris nakamura, Charlie starr, scott Wenz and alex Hobochenski. finally, my sincere gratitude to my family, david, mimi and brother aaron my editor, and to Kyle sturgeon, Lauren shirley, Lauren bebry and Jos Kiley. Your support has been invaluable.

Thank you.dan

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