LandLandChapter 14Chapter 14

Land Use, Land CoverLand Use, Land Cover _________________:_________________: farming, mining, farming, mining,

building cities and highways and building cities and highways and recreationrecreation

___________________:___________________: what you find on what you find on a patch of landa patch of land ________________: land covered mainly by ________________: land covered mainly by

buildings and roadsbuildings and roads ________________: land that contains ________________: land that contains

relatively few people and large areas of relatively few people and large areas of open spaceopen space

Where we liveWhere we live Before 1850 most Americans lived in Before 1850 most Americans lived in

rural communitiesrural communities Industrial revolution changed this Industrial revolution changed this

patternpattern Machinery replaced people in farming Machinery replaced people in farming

and grain mill industryand grain mill industry Better transportationBetter transportation ________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

The Urban-Rural The Urban-Rural ConnectionConnection

Whether people live in cities or Whether people live in cities or countryside, people are dependent countryside, people are dependent on resources produced by rural on resources produced by rural areas.areas. _________________________________: _________________________________:

resources that are produced by natural resources that are produced by natural and artificial ecosystemsand artificial ecosystems

Ecosystem ServicesEcosystem Services

Area of rural land needed to support Area of rural land needed to support one person depends on many one person depends on many factors, _____________________factors, _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ In the United States each person used In the United States each person used

the services for more than 12 the services for more than 12 hectacreshectacres

Ecosystem ServicesEcosystem ServicesExamplesExamples

Purification of air and waterPurification of air and water

Preservation of soil and renewal of soil fertilityPreservation of soil and renewal of soil fertility

Prevention of flood and droughtPrevention of flood and drought

Regulation of climateRegulation of climate

Maintenance of biodiversityMaintenance of biodiversity

Movement and cycling of nutrientsMovement and cycling of nutrients

Detoxification and decomposition of wastesDetoxification and decomposition of wastes

Aesthetic beauty Aesthetic beauty

UrbanizationUrbanization

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ In 1960, 70% was urban; by 1980 75%; In 1960, 70% was urban; by 1980 75%;

now ____________________________ is now ____________________________ is considered urbanconsidered urban

Areas that have grown slowly are Areas that have grown slowly are usually pleasant places to live because usually pleasant places to live because they can handle the growththey can handle the growth

United States PopulationUnited States Population

The Urban CrisisThe Urban Crisis When cities grow too fast they often When cities grow too fast they often

run into troublerun into trouble ____________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________ Infrastructure: roads, sewers, railroads, Infrastructure: roads, sewers, railroads,

bridges, canals, fire and police stations, bridges, canals, fire and police stations, schools, hospital, water mains and power schools, hospital, water mains and power lineslines

When more people live in an area the When more people live in an area the living conditions deteriorate. living conditions deteriorate.

Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl ____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Building of suburbsBuilding of suburbs These people usually These people usually

commute to workcommute to work Each year in the U.S. Each year in the U.S.

suburbs spread over suburbs spread over another another ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Development of LandsDevelopment of Lands __________________________: land poorly __________________________: land poorly

suited for buildingsuited for building Examples: L.A. and Mexico CityExamples: L.A. and Mexico City Cities were built with little room to grow, so Cities were built with little room to grow, so

they have to grow into surrounding mountains they have to grow into surrounding mountains or slopesor slopes

Urban PlanningUrban Planning

Land-Use Planning: Land-Use Planning: _______________ _______________ ________________________________________________________________________ For businesses, factories, recreation, For businesses, factories, recreation,

shopping and other infrastructureshopping and other infrastructure Many companies are required to give a Many companies are required to give a

detailed report of their plans, and the detailed report of their plans, and the potential environmental impact of the potential environmental impact of the projectproject

GISGIS

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a computerized a computerized

system for storing, system for storing, manipulating and manipulating and viewing geographic viewing geographic datadata

TransportationTransportation

Some cities were built after Some cities were built after the invention of the car, so the invention of the car, so planning for such was not planning for such was not as hardas hard

Many cities have to plan for Many cities have to plan for mass transit systemsmass transit systems Save energy, reduce highway Save energy, reduce highway

congestion, reduce air congestion, reduce air pollution and limit loss of pollution and limit loss of landland

Land Management & Land Management & ConservationConservation

Farmlands:Farmlands: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The U.S. uses almost 100 million The U.S. uses almost 100 million

hectacres for prime farmlandhectacres for prime farmland ______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________ _______________________________________ Farmland Protection Program (1996)Farmland Protection Program (1996)

Land Management & Land Management & ConservationConservation

_____________________: lands that _____________________: lands that support different vegetation types support different vegetation types but are not used for farming or but are not used for farming or timbertimber Most common use is for _____________Most common use is for _____________ The current world population growth The current world population growth

may require a 40% increase in food may require a 40% increase in food production of rangeland from 1977 to production of rangeland from 1977 to 20302030

RangelandsRangelands

ProblemsProblems ______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________ _______________________________________ (allowing more animals to graze in an (allowing more animals to graze in an area than the range can support)area than the range can support)

Results in changes in the plant Results in changes in the plant community, once all the plants are community, once all the plants are gone, there is nothing to keep the soil gone, there is nothing to keep the soil erodingeroding

RangelandsRangelands

Maintaining the Range: Maintaining the Range: Sustaining productivity means Sustaining productivity means

reducing overgrazing by limiting herds reducing overgrazing by limiting herds to sizes that do not degrade the land.to sizes that do not degrade the land.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Digging several water holesDigging several water holes

Forest LandsForest Lands

Trees are harvested for a variety of Trees are harvested for a variety of productsproducts

They are also important for They are also important for ecosystem services, the most ecosystem services, the most important removing COimportant removing CO22 from the from the atmosphereatmosphere

Forest LandsForest Lands Harvesting TreesHarvesting Trees

On average each person used On average each person used 1,800cm1,800cm33 of wood per day (in the U.S. of wood per day (in the U.S. we use almost 4x that much)we use almost 4x that much) A 30m (~90ft) tree each yearA 30m (~90ft) tree each year

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Forest LandsForest Lands

ClassificationClassification of forest trees of forest trees VirginVirgin

______________________________________________________________________________________

NativeNative ______________________________________________________________________________________

Tree FarmsTree Farms ______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Harvesting TreesHarvesting Trees

Clear-cuttingClear-cutting Removing all trees from an area of Removing all trees from an area of

landland ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________ Selective cuttingSelective cutting

Cutting and removing only middle aged Cutting and removing only middle aged or mature treesor mature trees

______________________________________________________________________________

Clear CuttingClear Cutting

Selective Selective CuttingCutting

DeforestationDeforestation ____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Due to population Due to population

expansion and expansion and demands for timberdemands for timber

Reduces wildlife Reduces wildlife habitat, causes soil habitat, causes soil erosionerosion

Rate is high in tropical Rate is high in tropical rain forestsrain forests

Borneo deforestation

ReforestationReforestation

The process by which trees are The process by which trees are planted to re-establish trees that planted to re-establish trees that have been cut down in a forest landhave been cut down in a forest land Some parts of the country require Some parts of the country require

reforestation after timber has been reforestation after timber has been harvested from public landharvested from public land

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Parks and ReservesParks and Reserves

_____________________________: an _____________________________: an area in which the land and the area in which the land and the ecosystems it supports are ecosystems it supports are protected from all exploitationprotected from all exploitation

Benefits of Protected Benefits of Protected AreasAreas

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Provide the only place where unspoiled Provide the only place where unspoiled

forests, deserts, or prairies remainforests, deserts, or prairies remain Recreation, outdoor Recreation, outdoor

classrooms and classrooms and

research laboratoriesresearch laboratories

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Litter and traffic in Litter and traffic in conservation areasconservation areas

Industry built close Industry built close Climate changeClimate change