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Mimumesby
Akhlesh Lakhtakia
Pennsylvania State University Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics
EE 500 Graduate Colloquium Department of Electrical Engineering Penn State February 12, 2015
Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT)
Abstract: Biological structures have evolved to be multifunctional, thereby engendering both economy and adaptability. Inspired by the plethora of surfaces and interfaces possessed by multifunctional biological structures, mimumes are microfibrous multifunctional metamaterials. Their microfibrosity enhances the roles of surface-dominated phenomenons and gives rise to multifunctionality. The chief vehicle for my conceptualization of mimumes is Parylene C, a chlorinated poly(p-xylylene) polymer that is currently used in the bulk non-fibrous form for packaging and tribological applications in electronic and medical arenas. Parylene-C mimumes are expected to display simultaneous ultrasonic, biomedical, terahertz, light, and energy functionalities. Other poly(p-xylylene) polymers are also promising candidats.
Keywords: Bioinspiration, Biomedical, Biomimetics, Bioreplication, Energy harvesting, Metamaterial, Microfibrosity, Multifunctionality, Parylene C, Poly(p-xylylene), Terahertz, Ultrasonic, Ultraviolet.
Copycat Technology Copycat Technology
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Nature vs Human Efforts
• Natural pathways: inefficient development• Human pathways: efficient development (?)
• Nature: lots of Xme (billions of years)• Humanoids have: liGle Xme (200 K years)
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Bioinspira3on: produce natural outcomes
Engineered Biomimicry A. Lakhtakia
Biomime3cs: reproduce natural func;onali;es
Biomime3cs: reproduce natural func;onali;es
Engineered Biomimicry A. Lakhtakia
Bioreplica3on: reproduce natural devices
Biomime3cs: reproduce natural func;onali;es
Bioreplica3on: reproduce natural devices
Engineered Biomimicry A. Lakhtakia
Bioinspira3on: outcomes Biomime3cs: func;onali;es Bioreplica3on: devices
Engineered Biomimicry A. Lakhtakia
Bioreplica3on
NaXonal Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.,
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MulXfuncXonality
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MulXfuncXonality
MulXfuncXonal materials Example: Lithium niobate Polar dielectric à ferroelectric Pyroelectric Piezoelectric Photoelas;c Electro-‐op;c à Pockels effect Op;cally nonlinear
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MulXfuncXonality
Skin DefiniXon (“bag of bones”) Thermal isolaXon TacXle and temperature sensing ColoraXon for Camouflage ColoraXon for Visual Signals
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Engineered MulXfuncXonality
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Engineered MulXfuncXonality (a) Conglomerate of single-‐funcXon devices and systems
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Engineered MulXfuncXonality (a) Conglomerate of single-‐funcXon devices and systems (b) Composite materials
MulXfuncXonal composite materials
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MulXfuncXonal composite materials
METAMATERIALS
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Metamaterials
Walser’s DefiniXon (2001)
macroscopic composites having a manmade, three-‐dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an opXmized combinaXon, not available in nature, of two or more responses to specific excitaXon
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Metamaterials
Updated DefiniXon
macroscopic composites designed to produce an opXmized combinaXon of two or more responses to specific excitaXon
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Engineered Multifunctional
Composite Materials
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Parallel-plate capacitors
Device volume = Ad
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Parallel-plate capacitors
Device volume = Ad
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Parallel-plate capacitorsA. Lakhtakia
Parallel-plate capacitorsA. Lakhtakia
FractalsA. Lakhtakia
FractalsA. Lakhtakia
FractalsA. Lakhtakia
Multifunctional Composite Materials
General Principle
Lots of interfaces and surfaces in any fixed volume
Caveat: Mechanical strength
Multifunctional Composite Materials
microfibrous mulXfuncXonal metamaterial
Mimumes
Parylene C
US FDA Approval for implantable prostheses
Parylene Coating Services, Inc. http://www.paryleneinc.com/medicaldevices.html.
Pacemaker Catheter
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Mimumes: BioscaffoldsA. Lakhtakia
Parylene-C Mimumes
Physicochemical Vapor Deposition + Oblique Angle Deposition
Pursel et al., Polymer 46, 9544 (2005)
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Parylene-C Mimumes
χv =10°, 26 mTorr
• microfibrous morphology • periodic (chiral/chevronic) • porous on nano/micro-scales
Wei et al., Mater. Sci. Eng. C 30, 1252 (2010)
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Parylene-C Mimumes
χv =10°, 26 mTorr
• microfibrous morphology • periodic (chiral/chevronic) • porous on nano/micro-scales
Wei et al., Mater. Sci. Eng. C 30, 1252 (2010)
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Parylene-C Mimumes
Wei et al., Mater. Sci. Eng. C 30, 1252 (2010)
• Hydrophobic top surfaces • Hydrophilicity through oxygen-‐plasma treatment
M4L Plasma Etcher (PVATePla, Corona, CA)
Non-destructive process
Introduction of functional groups (C=O, C-O, O-C=O, etc.)
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Parylene-C Mimumes
Wei et al., Mater. Sci. Eng. C 30, 1252 (2010)
Human Fibroblast Cells Attachment
Degree of cell attachment depends on surface roughness
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Parylene-C Mimumes
Wei et al., Mater. Sci. Eng. C 30, 1252 (2010)
Cellular aGachment to (a) slanted columnar mimume (bar = 20 µm)
(b) chevronic mimume (bar = 25 µm) (c & d) chiral mimume (bars = 20 µm, 5 µm) (e & f) dense flat (control) (bars = 50 µm, 5 µm)
Cellular morphology depends on surface roughness
Human Fibroblast Cells Attachment
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Parylene-C Mimumes
Wei et al., Mater. Sci. Eng. C 30, 1252 (2010)
(-‐/+P) without/with oxygen-‐plasma treatment (-‐/+S) without/with serum proteins
22-µm-thick slanted columnar STF substrate 18-µm-thick dense flat thin-film substrate (Control)
Human Fibroblast Cells Attachment
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Parylene-C Mimumes
Wei et al., Mater. Sci. Eng. C 31, 1861 (2011)
• Hydrophobic top surfaces • Hydrophilicity through oxygen-‐plasma treatment AGachment of proteins is also controllable.
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Mimumes for Ultrasonics
200-‐µm thick parylene chiral mimume
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Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies
200-‐µm thick parylene chiral mimume Bandstop filter for circularly polarized THz waves
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Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies+Ultrasonics
200-‐µm thick parylene chiral mimume
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Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies+Ultrasonics+Visible/Ultraviolet Light
200-‐µm thick parylene chiral mimume
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Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies+Ultrasonics+Visible/Ultraviolet Light
+Energy
Dye/QD-‐impregnated mimume as luminescent concentrator for PV solar cells
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Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies+Ultrasonics+Visible/Ultraviolet Light
+Energy
Unimpregnated mimume for trapping light in PV solar cells.
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Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies+Ultrasonics+Visible/Ultraviolet Light
+Energy+Cellular Growth Medium
200-‐µm thick parylene chiral mimume
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Mimumes for Terahertz Frequencies+Ultrasonics+Visible/Ultraviolet Light
+Energy+Cellular Growth Medium
Simultaneous Ultrasonic Biomedical Terahertz Light Energy
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