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for the above-ground greenhouse. Our earth-sheltered green-nique that had been used by farmers in cold country for moreearth are dumped at once, it will not tamp solid all the waying problem, too. But it would no longer be the economySo that's what I built. 1 didn' t realize at the time that I'dwhere there is a need to temporarily shelter long rows of crops.

grow-hole.ning across the bole and packing loose dirt around the edges.with either posthole diggers or shovels and set the posts. TheThen we wrap the cooled, charred ends in plastic gar-when backfilling. A number of other implements may be usedyoung Seventb Day Adventist cook in my favorite restaurantgood in theory. But the end result was the gophers discoveredwe anticipated from the start.sky towards summer, there would still be no sun there duringHuse it on both the walls and roof of our houses. For one of the

EPDM, the artificial rubber swimming pool and containmentthey were no longer heating with wood. This informationground. This is another old-time farmeropening the hole to work on them? If you were to avoid that,And there is the wind scrubbing factor. This is a toughieunits, making it now +207 minus -76.by the low pitch of the sun blocked by depth of the south wall.tunnel with no care whatsoever about where it went, because itless than that. I did not repeat the experiment a second year.be able to report my roaring success, but, alas, that is not thedonnant January garden a volunteer crop of green and ediblethen, this first earth-sheltered greenhouse had a score ofpened, of course. Their leaves were coated with dust and mud.,'in humans and animals on cold, windy days. It is whatglazing on it. This1980's. (In fact [ was put to work in that greenhouse when theThe grow-hole was not a success for me that year. IWhen the sun goes down, the five surfaces rearing abovegarden. Instead, theyA person would not be far off, probably, were he to con-

decomposition of the fresh horse manure.ple slices.A grow-hole allows you to plant garden plants a monthto keep squeezing the air out of the bags so not to have anytle perhaps, but a descriptive one for a sys-lar you can lose up to 95% of the rays. (This is not a prob-causes, I think: the fact that I don 't have a green thumb; that ICHAPTER 4plants by just reaching. I would never have to get up in theadd another negative unit to that method, making it -6/+ 1.sbould add a final two plusses, bringing the score to -1 /+ I0 vs.

-6/+ 1.polyethylene. We use five bags as a rule, but put them on oneone square foot example above the ratio was 2/3 or 40/60. If

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- say if you wanted to leave some of the seedlings in the pittamped around the post must go in small increments, of per-whicb extended four inches out the top. Wedeveloped when we built my original $50 underground house,CHAPTERStaller and that you

fair and objective here, and to try to head off protests by advo-I had met the enemy and he was #%$&! gophers.achieved without any energy other than my labor, the warmthtotal plus of 32 more units to the earth-sheltered green-But where were the fresb winter greens? A prettyWe call itground greenhouse.The Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 37greens fresh from the garden nine or ten or even twelveas in the illustration. To avoid this, the post mustraI se your young.

growing season. I was also able to harvest some greens inHere's the story of what I fmally achieved near the Ca-the posts at all and tbey, of course, rotted out and had to beimprove upon it? Thatoff any sharp edges or protruding limb stubs that could tear theA grow-hole is far more efficient at keeping the seedlings"None of the others were quaking . I stood and pondered thisfilled with fresh horse manure, the middle is a layer of grow-house gets an additional -15 wind scrubbing units for a total ofyou'd have to work the plants from inside the structure.to rest on tbe highest part of the mound to the north. Thathave to work lying down or sitting bent forward. But if youwas going to invest such time and resources, then wouldn't itof the heat from the sun 's rays.The long rows do cut down proportionately on some of themethod, we did some experimenting. One was to43since, for the glazing to have a reasonable pitcb, it would haveplanted seedlings were spindly, and that the plants I left in to":...------

headache and requested another assignment.) And there iskind of a trapped bubble that could pop the poly when thecampfire till they have an eighth to a quar-~Sboring would solve the #@%$&! gopher earth dump-not all of these are root cellar material.themselves. Polyethylene comes in rolls of various sizes. Weto grow after transplanting. Or if you were late in transplant-Sun low in the sky presented another problem: sincefarmers for their fence posts, and they only stopped when

hole as a dumpingThose were problems due to lack of materials andthem lip on concrete piers that we had previously

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was 5' high x8' wide, giving us an additional +40 heat units,holes must be large enough to accommodate shovel handles allhole traps, utilizes and stores the heat generated by theNo, they weren't eat-l"![like ten degrees. What that wind does to you it does to

above-ground walls each had 8 sq. ft of glazing for a -16.bed just three foot across, soutb to north, I could work all thevs. hoop and plastic method we gave a -I unit for the five sur-wall, but now it became a heat sink in its own right. [t wasbad built the economysquare foot example only to stun you into realization of howwe had one that was 5'x8 ' with 6' walls witb a one-foot rise tothe four sides and top each have an area of one square foot andslipped the post down over the rebar via a 'I.-inchsides then resting theother additional -40 units to the -202 for a total of -242 then

I. It is down outimprovement.4. Similarly, a grow hole traps, utilizes and stores much27reinforced with chicken wire and Y. inch rebar...,.", .ring hardens the wood. [t also creates itsColeman has had good effect using them inside his abovefactored in. The first is that the earth in our eartb-shelteredthe roots and the trapped air in the space above.A growies and successes one by one. And I'll tell you how you (andlated here has glazing on the east and west walls, totalingafter the charring. We char them over athrough the course of a night or cold spell, and we're talkingposition himself to work on the plants. If you utilized thethe danger of frost has passed. [t can thus extend the growingvolved soaking or otherwise impregnating stovepipe creosote-32ing soil, and the top foot is growing space for plants. It iswind.with a twelve-month fresh harvest. Simultaneously I was

the plants. That may have been the year that I saw one of mynadian border in a North Idaho mountain valley. For lesslem with the hoop method - score another.)stumbled into the earth-sheltered greenhouse and cold-sinkplants. That way I would have headroom. And with a growsouth wall in the shaded area to stand in while working on thebe braced from the inside of the structure. This is a hassleI discovered the winter pleasure of borne canned peas,time. Other problems, design problems, began presentingTbis is not to knock the hoop system. There are a fewgreenhouses four-season successes. The cold-sink concept is

season a couple of weeks at best. Many hours of conscien-method of fence post preservation. Char-area. Clearly, I was going to have to shore everything up.

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branch of Scotland's famed Findhom community in the earlywas going to be filled up with horse manure and growing soilthe principle upon which this book is based.My second improvement came wben it became obviousPost/ShoringfPolyetbylene, or P/SfP, is the method wescore to a win of + 350.

plants which werestunned.a two-step process. The first step is to charlar floor space. I can ' t remember the exact measurements ofthe grow-hole so we can add another plus unit there. Thenthemselves. One was that the depth of the walls shaded theeach heat-adding a plus one unit, we see we have a -5/+ I unitout of most of the wind avoids most of the wind scrub-of the sun and the warmth of the earth. How I pondered andChapter 2plants. This shocked the seedlings on cold days. No way to

I) can have even more grati fying successes in the future.for this. They' d be taking them off the house in the springbrought in for testing - till the lab technicians went out andconcept is a tale in itself. So that you may have year ' roundWhere these are not available, a guy couldHereCompare the two systems in their relationship to the airtraditionalhouse over the loss ofa still-air night. Ne'er-do-wells, oil com-ers and farmers straddle the plants with hoops stuck in thepea plants, waist high in a row of similar plants in my garden,A second problem quickly manifested itself: the sidesWhat I finally decided was to dig a trencb along thecause in a 20' hoop row there is only one square foot of above-insulate it, cover the insulation with polyethylene and thefor tamping of course - as long as they do not have sharpmethods of post preservation.If we call each heat-losing square foot a minus one unit and-11+5 unit situation.minus 16 units. We'll see in Chapter 16 that we are dubi-later read that if the degree is great enough from perpendicu-

Correct tamping is an acquired skill and the most misun-Among several other advantages, this eliminates the need forpond liner.How would a conventional 40 sq. ft greenhouse score? Ifground builders-202 units +1 16 units- blocking at least half of the sun - and I was spending pre-and not always feasible, so we continued to search for otherThe Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 19on? I watched with alarmed fascination as the rate of descentIn the case of the grow hole the ratio is reversed. The

+40 units +207 unitsthe loose earth wouldn ' t of its own stand in vertical walls, itate a situation in which a grower might want to put a single

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ceiving too much shade from the walls. The latter had manyeffect of wind scrubbing on the hoop unit so we can probably26the other which is on the surface. A reasonable guess is tbat itarebuildings and above-ground greenhouses also. Being

the ground. I stood there, mouth agape. I began to questionedges which may rip the polyethylene. We have previouslygan a personal quest to find a passive, low-cost way of ex-3. A grow-bole utilizes the heat stored in the depths ofThis greenhouse had the additional benefit of the earthpoly with several inches of earth. That could tum thoseThough tbis problem would lessen as the sun elevated in thethe above-ground system.tion. One holds the post while the other sees ifit is plumb andThe pier method bas a built-in flaw whicbthe lumber siding (shoring) from the damp of the earth with a

gone through the looking glass with Alice? What was goingand mentors they smi led ruefully and shook their heads.months of tbe year instead of one to three months? I wasbing.The Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse BookThis was back in the early ' 70s, now, and memory dims, butll last most all winter."32getting tired of seeing my hard work go up in frost. Severalgrating from the ultraviolet rays. Within a half hour 1 had acall "wind scrub-rate times during the post-setting process. If large amounts of(x2)of surface area on the two sides and top, or a 2/60 ratio. Ln ourprotecting tbe posts where they are in contact with the earth.tions. When the concrete set, we removed thewhen wrapped with clear polyethylene glazing. Let's say thatHa three-foot hole with-five -I units. That is probably quite low. Seems to me a 20-,

'L_--;,:36 The first cold sink greenhousetrapped on sunny days.,Istructure in an excavation and, before backfilling, you protecttious gardening work deserved more reward than that. [be-began (a) immediately crumbling into the grow area and (b)bage bags, usually the full-sized black ones, though for green-would be soon in mymature did not produce and, in fact, did not survive. The for-the way around because we usually tamp with shovel handles

been protected from the earth in some way into the ground,garbage bag system" - not an intriguing ti-replaced after ten or twelve years. In the $500 Underground

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land for the posts and peel them first.this, and it is this simple: The coldest air, which would sinkclude that a grow-hole is up to eight times more effective thanThe concept is simple: you construct a post and beamnot a million-dollar researcb study, but it would seem to me atheless.

-91 units. The fmal math then reads like this:able to drastically cut down loss from predators. This was allbing". Wind scrubbing is what causes the "chill factor"ing the sun's warmtb at any given moment of sunsbine, wesay 6x6s, he might be able to tape two levels to the post andwill add 25 per cent more heat per square foot than the other. Sothepicked their own leaves to test.And we have forgotten that the horse manure is adding beat toseedlings and sometimes mature plants. This is when garden-make my land payments to weed and water properly; that the

model. It would be a super deluxe grow-bole. And if a guySetting these posts is pretty much a two-person opera-Gophers and my poor results aside, there were a couple ofthe trench where it is warmed by the earth behind the walls.anyway, and the top foot of earthen walls would be held inthis from two directions, say the north and east. When the guyhouse, raising its score to + 148 and the comparison finaladding heat or +40 energy units. The back, or north, walland the earth. Though the hoop system is generally used toand no longer were willing to use that poisonThe fi rst cold sink greenhousethe protected growing surface beneath is also one square foot.The grow-hole in practicedid begin to crumble and they began leaving gaps around theA grow hole looks like this:28 The grow.hole in practiceplant, say a tomato start, under protection. Let's say he insertsrays tended to glance off like a rock skipping over water. Igreens in the spring before you can even think of workingto the otherwise lowest spot, the growing bed, now spills intocrobes included, want to eat creosote-laced charcoal.

might wish to keepwhy weren't any of the other plants shaking? Earthquake?at a time, pulling the surplus to the sides, then wrapping itcious time blowing and shaking and washing off as mucb as Ibackfilling and tamping, but stopping to check every so oftenLet's compare for a minute grow holes with the hoopwas lucky and the snow melts, he can sometimes find in hisNote: The earth-sheltered, cold-sink greenhouse calcu-begins the backfilling. Because of the irregular surface of un-shaded area against the south wall - the logical place - youkeeps it from stacking back up and covering the plants again.

pared to our own one square foot example above. This is be-guy migbt speculate reasonably that the sunken grow-holetal square feet. That's 40 square feet of horizontal surface

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but still edible and organically grown. I learned that if a guyand plastic system, a common method today of protectingwarm and it is important to understand why, for it illustratessince there is five times more surface area receiving and stor-where the earth has lost a lot less heat than tbat on the surfacecould be up to l4 times more effective in sheltering plants than

-42Now I'm not a mathematician or a scientist, and this isthose early years (all right, I didn't have a place at all - I was24 The grow-hole conceptcates of the above-ground systems. We gave you that oner did and it worked. I put the potatoes in sacks or instorm window used as glazing. I patched as best as I could"hinging". This is when the pressure from themer was doubtless the result of being buried often and also re-and on a slant on thethe months when it would be most beneficial.

TRADITIONAL ABOVE GROUNDmoist sand. Radishes, too, I discovered, would keep in moistWhat we came up with in the end,My quest to extend the growing season began whenCOLD-SINK GREENHOUSE: +116 HEAT UNlTS17season a month or more. Before electricity and central heatmoderates somewhat the effect of excessive heathaps 6 to 8 inch depth then compacted to perhaps half that be-should be as simple aspay to solve some of the other problems at the same time?Tne Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 35us of the outside boundary. That is, our posts will be set insidefice. We have taken care before charring to make sure to cut38 The fi rst co ld sink greenhouse+24, while its west wall was 2'x5' for a + 10. The east wallbeautifully. Otbers were having success keeping beets, pars-the roots of the plants reached the fresh horse manure belowpush both the post and pier into the structure a bit,No doubt many of the old-time farmers used storm windowssun when it was low in the sky and in the morning and eve-

ground surface area on each end proportionate to the 60 sq. ftwonders of cucumbers turned into diU pickles. Friends tunedmile-per-hour wind for any length of time on a 25-degree nightthis has you confused, skip over it. We're merely trying to bethe end of the post that is to go into thewe used on the hillside greenhouse.and what we are using on our structuresstrong in natural vitamin C tbat autbor Ewell Gibbons wascome up with -162 heat units.pitcb tbe roof, we would get 202' of exposed surface for a -202.the second person standing back and sighting down a plumb

22 The grow-hole conceptto see if the plumb is off. If a person is using milled lumber,now, is what could be called the "Chari

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bob string visually aligned with the edge of the post. We domilled trees, the easiest way we ' ve found to check plumb is by(l0'x I2 ') $50 Underground House - we soaked the posts in acase: It was only moderately successful at best, maybe evenCOLD-SINK GREENHOUSEearth is pressed against it during backfill. Then we dig holes

The Ean h-Shcltercd Solnr Greenhouse Book 45than a century. A grow-hole consists of a pit two to three feetall right as far as it goes, but, trouble is, it does not go very far.ground over which they stretch polyethylene. This system ishouse projects the smaller, white garbage pail liners might suf-wild winter cress. And you can count on wild dandelionglazed by simply laying a window down on the ground span-could, and neitber the plants nor I were happy. Only the #@%Like how about the problem of chilling the plants whenThe Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 31advantages which we will mention soon that the hoop metbod

ends into heat sinks and give a + 16 instead of a -16 for aAnd there was a -2 for that vent we mentioned. All together,pare it to that of a typical above-ground greenhouse of simi-for a greenhouse catastrophe. Now despite the fact that the ad-would be considerably larger. It would be a "structure". Itground for tbe earth42anyway, thereby squashing the hysteria of critics. We add an-here is what I recall:version - had just duggreenhouse by night.sand. Apples, if they are "keeper apples", will over-winteraround the post. We tape them in several places and take careThe coldest air is removed from the plants passively,angles to each other so that they form four sides and a toporganic greens for pennies, and need not reinvent the wheel,33this first experiment, but these will be close enough: theWhich means it would no longer be a grow-hole now butthought to be salting with ascorbic acid the samples beof most of the

$&1 gophers were happy.correct it, or at leastincomplete combustion of wood. Not many critters, mi-FINAL SCORE-242 units -91 unitsbas over the grow-hole. The hoops have tbeir place. Elliottof what under-roots in her family's root cellar. Not prime stuff to be sure,first killer cold, then finding that I was only extending tbe2. There is littleor so early for subsequent transplanting into the garden when

It would be nice after that big build-up for grow-boles tocan 't remember all the details, but I do recall that my trans-use three 2x6's nailed or screwed together

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utility on factory farms, where tractors do the cultivating and21staked out the site with batter boards, and run string to informdles.44 P/S!P constructionThe Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 23

to go two to two-and-a-half feet into thejthe glass was horizontal to the ground, much of the sun'sto guesstimate. During the discussion before of the grow-holeGREENHOUSE: - 202 HEAT UNlTStending the growing season .P/S/P constructionstumbled upon the "cold-sink" concept which was to make myroots probably reached the manure. I think those were some ofing. Wouldn't that bum the plants?ing significant growth rays because of the pitch, then why not

pany executives and other rascals may protest that a lengthy 20-excavation to tbe northground greenhouses, and [ saw this used in a greenhouse at aboxes or bins up off the ground and the carrots in pails of..Above ground Earth-shelteredgrowing bed at all.into wood. We were told it was a common practice amongWhen I described this phenomenon later to my friendssituation.WINS BY 318 HEAT UNITScover long rows of plants, for the sake of illustration let's cre-heat which has been absorbed near the surface during the day.there is the fact that since the grow-hole is sunken it is downpoured concrete footings..\made indoor starts practical, it was a real boon to the gardener.The first cold-sink greenhouseproved upon. One was the pitch of tbe glazing. If you are los-10 mil. thick - excepting when we use multiple garbage bagsadding heat. Since there is only one unit losing heat, it is a

would be, in fact, a greenhouse.I' ll take you through my thought process, fumbles, di scover-required either longer and wider glazing or smaller grow spaceBut wouldn't it be nice to have home-grown, organicwould move the glazing a foot or two away from the growfind it.from their tunnels. I40 The first cold sink greenhousePost and beam itself is simple. You set posts that have34minus 2 for a vent. That would be 38, then. The east and

own creosote, for creosote, we are told, is the product of the"/.:r--

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The Eanh-Shellcred Solar Greenhouse Book 29prove the pitch this way. Vague memory recalls that tbe sec-ground. We use small trees right off the20ond year I actually got a new bole dug and the earth piled toThe rest of the minus units? Well, there was the south

warmed by the sun all day and radiated the heat back into thederstood part of post setting. The earth to be backfilled andmust stretch beyond the string to acco=odate the shovel han-hole, doing much of the gopher's work for them.was 2'x8' or an additional 16 sq. ft for a total of 40 horizon-grow bed was 3'x8' for 24 sq. ft. The floor of the cold-sinkmade of, only garbage bags are usually just 1.2 millimeterdoing the reading is satisfied with the plumb, he begins theProlog to a happy discoverythen notch girders into them for floor joists and rafters...:i!.t -

negative units on the hoop method, incidentally, when com-In the original $50 Underground House we hadn't protected46 P(SfP constructionwill be radiating heat from the earth's depths plus the suo's+ 164 and -76 heat units. That's 88 heat units to the plus.ter-inch of charcoal over all the area that iswarmer throughout the night and during cold days than is that of2' to)' in the ground, earth might be added six to twelve sepa-growing space forwould also give morethings about the concept that looked like they could be im-poured in greased 6-inch or 8-inch stove pipe sec-had pulled up months before and hung upside down by its18The Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 41two house roof layers, however, we are now beginning to usefrom the excavation which we piled behind the north wall.to start a garden early. So of course I made one.anyway.ous about such glazing in northern climates. In manythe factors, but think also the #%@&! gophers finally found

layer of polyethylene.would find yourself cramped by the low glazing there. You'dAlmost immediately I had gopher problems. This was toditional -20% is probably quite small, we are going to use itwas supposedly related in one of the Foxflfe books, but toI didn't have either electricity or a place with central heatfaces combined, or an additional minus 20% for each of theBut again there are two more considerations that must bedeep in which the bottom six to twelve inches has been back-fore the next course is scraped or shoveled in. On a post sunkAnd there was thc problem of just where a guy was to

earth behind the wall pushes in hard enough tomy sanity. I was just a couple of years up from my Californiaground will be losing heat while the growing surface below

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Finally, you had to open the grow-hole to work on theLet's go back to our beat unit method to calculate the+40 units. The nortb wall of the heat sink was 3'x8' for afriends told me about the grow-hole concept. This is a tech-not sink the posts into tbe earth at all, but to setning. Score one for the hoop and plastic method.

garden soil. There were other tricks like making tea fromwas not going to faU back in. The result was [ was daily un-camping at first), and a grow-hole made a lot of sense as a wayThe Eanh-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book 39with boards and earth, but cold air was seeping through none-the strings and will just barely touch them. The holes, then,The grow-hole conceptplace by the roots of the grass surrounding the pit. It soundeddown. Poorly-set fence poststhick. In our construction we generally use material that is 6 tocan make a day with a thirty-degree temperature seem

neighbors, to cover tbe tomato plants at nigbt in dread of thethe north and slanted on the east and west sides and that, sincebegan using the grow-25penta and diesel oil solution. When we came to our sensescases we think the better move is to berm earth out there,increased till the entire plant disappeared into the earth! I wasthe earth. It radiates up, warming both the soil aroundabout five surfaces - add another two plus units. And, finally,string beans, corn, pickled beets, peppers and, of course, the5. By storing heat in the surrounding earth, a grow-holeof the cold-sink was a door and was a -10.hole drilled in the post bottom. This is the methodtem that has worked well for us so far. It'sSubtract a +40 for the heat arising from tbe earthen floor, and weyears in a row I'd scurried along, same as my gardeningwas pretty new to gardening; that I was too busy working tothe advantages ofthe hoop and plastic method. But wait. We have forgotten theyou'd be taking up prime growing space. That way you'd beme on to beef and venison jerky, and gave me home dried ap-

I did not repeat my grow hole experiment the next year.the two. The soutb wall, the cold- sink wall, was 5' x8' for awest walls of the growing bed were each 2 ' x3 ' or a + 12 forwinter - but once is enough. The plants need only freeze oncethe dormant winter season - a nine-month growing seasondried strawbeny leaves. These brew into a beverage soHouse - whicb was an addition whicb tripled the original tiny;~could easily double the heat loss from an above-ground green-;1----',- ,growing surface adding heat is joined by the four walls also

worked against the north wall where there was head room,hippy days. Cold this be an acid flashback? Had I suddenlyas described in The $50 & Up Underground House Book.

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nips turnips, onions, garlic, squash, and pumpkins, tbougbing the plants as tbeyWe have progressed througb a number of methods for30 The grow.ho]e in practicepiling tbe dirt from theNot only did it eliminate any wind scrubbing against that

is 318 heat units to the better compared to a similar above-greenhouse, being below ground level, is going to be appreciablyhold it with one hand while scraping in the earth with a shovelbe the first of decades of struggle with those #@%$&! demons."Gophers," they said.That means that this simple, earth-sheltered greenhousefor reason of comparison factors we have to add +41 moremile-per-hour wind is rare and might only happen once in aOne supposed old-time method we were told about in-The seedlings were taking a beating each time this hap-,

astounded me by making coleslaw from garden cabbage shein the other, inverting it and tamping with the handle.+40More problems: We still have the shade factor causedcovering my seedlings and throwing the earth out of the grow-losing growing space against both of those walls.than four hundred dollars I was able to permanently triple myefficiency of tbis earth-sheltered, solar greenhouse and com-stove pipe for the next pouring. The concrete wasmiserably folks have failed to appreciate earth sheltering .out siding it off with anything - figuring that the lower portionCHAPTER 3and it is warmed passively by the heat of the earth . Thisthat J would need to shore up a grow-bole if I was going to im-begin to shake when none others were. Was it the wind? Thenface, wbich was a glazed 8'x6' for a -48 . The east and westphenomenon till I saw that the plant was beginning to sink intobedded longer, perhaps for the season. So that was my firstface. They could instead just shove it horizontally out theirsun was shining and the air reeked of the polyethylene disinte-two hoops into the ground a little more than a foot high at right

Then there was the problem of what would happen ifthey no longer had to shove the earth uphill and out on the sur-Polyethylene is the stuff your plastic garbage bags areour disappointment we were never able to