• Lack characteristics that Lack characteristics that would allow them to fit into would allow them to fit into the other 4 kingdomsthe other 4 kingdoms

• EukaryoticEukaryotic• Most are unicellular; some Most are unicellular; some

multicellularmulticellular• Divided into 3 groups based Divided into 3 groups based

on their nutrition typeon their nutrition type

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

1. Animal-like Protists 1. Animal-like Protists (Protozoans)(Protozoans)

• HeterotrophsHeterotrophs• Can move aroundCan move around• UnicellularUnicellular• 4 Phyla:4 Phyla:

i.i. CiliatesCiliatesii.ii. ZooflagellatesZooflagellatesiii.iii. SarcodiniansSarcodiniansiv.iv. SporozoansSporozoans

i. Ciliates (Ciliaphorans)i. Ciliates (Ciliaphorans)• Body covered with short hair-Body covered with short hair-

like projections called cilialike projections called cilia• Cilia beat to cause movementCilia beat to cause movement• Found in fresh and salt waterFound in fresh and salt water• Most a free-living (ie. not Most a free-living (ie. not

parasites)parasites)• Reproduction:Reproduction:

• Asexually via binary fissionAsexually via binary fission• Sexually via conjugationSexually via conjugation

• Have a macro and micro Have a macro and micro nucleusnucleus

• eg. eg. ParameciumParamecium

ii. Zooflagellatesii. Zooflagellates• Move by flagellaMove by flagella• Many free-living in fresh or Many free-living in fresh or

salt watersalt water• Many live inside another Many live inside another

organism in symbiotic organism in symbiotic relationship:relationship:

• Mutualistic or parasiticMutualistic or parasitic

• eg. eg. TrichonymphaTrichonympha (found (found in the gut of termite)in the gut of termite)

• eg. eg. TrypanosomaTrypanosoma (causes (causes African Sleeping Sickness)African Sleeping Sickness)

African Sleeping SicknessAfrican Sleeping Sickness• TrypanosomaTrypanosoma (parasitic protist) is (parasitic protist) is

transmitted via the tsetse flytransmitted via the tsetse fly• Once humans are infected:Once humans are infected:

1.1. Fever, headache, joint pains, swollen Fever, headache, joint pains, swollen lymph nodeslymph nodes

2.2. Gradually takes over immune systemGradually takes over immune system3.3. Cardiac, endocrine, kidney disordersCardiac, endocrine, kidney disorders4.4. Crosses the blood brain barrier Crosses the blood brain barrier

causing fatigue, confusion, insomnia, causing fatigue, confusion, insomnia, decreased coordinationdecreased coordination

5.5. Mental deterioration leading to coma Mental deterioration leading to coma or deathor death

• 60 million living in affected areas with 300 60 million living in affected areas with 300 thousand new cases each yearthousand new cases each year

• Treatment: intravenous drugsTreatment: intravenous drugs• Prevention: eradication of tsetse fliesPrevention: eradication of tsetse flies

iii. iii. SarcodiniansSarcodinians• Move by extending lobes Move by extending lobes

of cytoplasm called of cytoplasm called pseudopods (ie. false feet)pseudopods (ie. false feet)

• AmoebasAmoebas• Have no definite shapeHave no definite shape

• Some have hard shells of Some have hard shells of calcium carbonate or silicacalcium carbonate or silica• eg. Radiolarians & eg. Radiolarians &

ForaminiferansForaminiferans

Amoebic DysenteryAmoebic Dysentery•Entamoeba Histolytica (Anaerobic parasite) Entamoeba Histolytica (Anaerobic parasite) Transmitted through contaminated food and Transmitted through contaminated food and waterwater•Active stage (ie. amoeba) exists only in host Active stage (ie. amoeba) exists only in host and in fresh loose fecesand in fresh loose feces•Inactive stage (ie. cyst):Inactive stage (ie. cyst):

•survive outside the host in water, soils and survive outside the host in water, soils and on food (killed by heat or freezing)on food (killed by heat or freezing)•when swallowed they cause infections by when swallowed they cause infections by excysting in the digestive tractexcysting in the digestive tract

•Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, weight loss, Symptoms: bloody diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, abdominal painfatigue, abdominal pain•Amoeba can actually 'bore' into the intestinal Amoeba can actually 'bore' into the intestinal wallwall•Enters blood stream, a pathway to different Enters blood stream, a pathway to different vital organs (eg. liver, lungs, brain, spleen)vital organs (eg. liver, lungs, brain, spleen)

Active Form (Amoeba)

Inactive Form(Cyst)

iv. Sporozoansiv. Sporozoans• Non-motileNon-motile• Spore forming Spore forming

parasitesparasites• Many have complex Many have complex

life-cycles that involve life-cycles that involve multiple hostsmultiple hosts

• Reproduce using Reproduce using spores (ie. cell inside a spores (ie. cell inside a protective coating)protective coating)

• Eg. Plasmodium vivaxEg. Plasmodium vivax

MalariaMalaria• Transmitted via the female Anopheles Transmitted via the female Anopheles

mosquito (blood is the medium)mosquito (blood is the medium)• Attacks human red blood cellsAttacks human red blood cells• Prevalent in tropical and subtropical Prevalent in tropical and subtropical

regionsregions250 million cases of fever and 1 million 250 million cases of fever and 1 million deaths annuallydeaths annually

• Often associated with poverty, 90% deaths Often associated with poverty, 90% deaths occur in Africaoccur in Africa

1.1. Uninfected mosquito bites infected humanUninfected mosquito bites infected human2.2. Mosquito takes in blood and becomes Mosquito takes in blood and becomes

infectedinfected3.3. Parasite reproduces within mosquitoParasite reproduces within mosquito4.4. Mosquito bites uninfected human releasing Mosquito bites uninfected human releasing

the parasite into new host’s bloodthe parasite into new host’s blood• Symptoms: fever, chills, nausea, flu-like Symptoms: fever, chills, nausea, flu-like

illness, coma, and deathillness, coma, and death• Prevention: Spraying, mosquito nets, anti-Prevention: Spraying, mosquito nets, anti-

malarial drugsmalarial drugs

DDT vs. MalariaDDT vs. Malaria• DDT is one of the best known DDT is one of the best known

synthetic pesticidessynthetic pesticides• It has been sprayed in malaria It has been sprayed in malaria

risk areas for decades:risk areas for decades:• High rates of malaria occur High rates of malaria occur

when DDT use is lowwhen DDT use is low• Low rates of malaria occur Low rates of malaria occur

when DDT use is highwhen DDT use is high• Effects of DDT on the Effects of DDT on the

environment, humans and environment, humans and other organisms are debatable other organisms are debatable

Paramecium LabParamecium Lab

Sketch both photos:Sketch both photos:• Binary Fission (Asexual)Binary Fission (Asexual)

• Conjugation (Sexual)Conjugation (Sexual)

• Use notes and 19.1 to Use notes and 19.1 to complete the discussion complete the discussion questions and conclusionquestions and conclusion

Paramecium Lab: Discussion Paramecium Lab: Discussion QuestionsQuestions

1.1. Describe the process of binary fission.Describe the process of binary fission.

2.2. Describe the process of conjugation.Describe the process of conjugation.

3.3. Under what conditions would a paramecium Under what conditions would a paramecium reproduce sexually? asexually?reproduce sexually? asexually?

4.4. What are the functions of the two nuclei found What are the functions of the two nuclei found in the paramecium?in the paramecium?

5.5. What is the function of the contractile What is the function of the contractile vacuole?vacuole?

6.6. Describe feeding and digestion in a Describe feeding and digestion in a paramecium.paramecium.

Paramecium Lab: ConclusionParamecium Lab: Conclusion

1.1. By simple observation, how can you tell By simple observation, how can you tell which type of reproductive method is which type of reproductive method is occurring? Why are the cells set up this occurring? Why are the cells set up this way? How do the paramecia hold on to way? How do the paramecia hold on to each other during conjugation?each other during conjugation?

2.2. Why would a paramecium choose Why would a paramecium choose sexual reproduction over asexual sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?reproduction?

3.3. What would happen to the paramecium What would happen to the paramecium if you removed its macronucleus? if you removed its macronucleus? Micronucleus?Micronucleus?

2. Plant-like Protists (Algae)2. Plant-like Protists (Algae)

• AutotrophsAutotrophs• Food for other Food for other

organismsorganisms• Undergo photosynthesisUndergo photosynthesis

• Produce OProduce O22

UnicellularUnicellular Multicellular (Thallus)Multicellular (Thallus)•Distinguished by outer covering Distinguished by outer covering and movementand movement

•Used to be classified as plants butUsed to be classified as plants but

they have reproductive differencesthey have reproductive differences

•i. Dinoflagellatesi. Dinoflagellates•ii. Diatomsii. Diatoms•iii. Euglenoidsiii. Euglenoids

•iv. Green Algaeiv. Green Algae•iv. Red Algaeiv. Red Algae•vi. Brown Algaevi. Brown Algae

i. Dinoflagellatesi. Dinoflagellates(unicellular)(unicellular)

• Have 2 flagella that spin the cellsHave 2 flagella that spin the cells• Free living or in symbiotic Free living or in symbiotic

relationships with other relationships with other organismsorganisms

• CoralCoral

• Jellyfish Jellyfish

• Eg. Eg. GonyaulaxGonyaulax

Red TideRed Tide

• Phenomenon Phenomenon known as algal bloomknown as algal bloom

• Up to 40-60 million organisms Up to 40-60 million organisms per litre of sea waterper litre of sea water

• Caused by Caused by GonyaulaxGonyaulax• Produce of natural toxinsProduce of natural toxins• Can wipe out marine species in Can wipe out marine species in

affected areasaffected areas• Humans can be poisoned by Humans can be poisoned by

eating contaminated shellfisheating contaminated shellfish

ii. Diatoms (Unicellular)ii. Diatoms (Unicellular)• Lack both cilia and flagella (cannot move)Lack both cilia and flagella (cannot move)• Glasslike walls contain silica (SiOGlasslike walls contain silica (SiO22) and fit ) and fit

together like a lid on a Petri dishtogether like a lid on a Petri dish• Among the most abundant organism in the Among the most abundant organism in the

oceansoceans• Shells are used in abrasives, cleaners and Shells are used in abrasives, cleaners and

toothpastetoothpaste

iii. Euglenoids (unicellular)iii. Euglenoids (unicellular)• Resemble algae and protozoansResemble algae and protozoans

• No rigid cell wall No rigid cell wall • Flexible protein covering (pellicle) insteadFlexible protein covering (pellicle) instead• FlagellaFlagella• ChloroplastsChloroplasts

• In the dark, lose their chloroplasts and In the dark, lose their chloroplasts and function as heterotrophsfunction as heterotrophs

• Mostly in freshwaterMostly in freshwater

iv. Green Algae (multicellular)iv. Green Algae (multicellular)

• ChlorophytaChlorophyta• Usually greenUsually green• Grow as filamentsGrow as filaments

• Cells linked end Cells linked end to end or as flat to end or as flat sheets of cellssheets of cells

• Freshwater, soil or Freshwater, soil or shallow ocean floorshallow ocean floor

• eg. eg. VolvoxVolvox

v. Red Algae (multicellular)v. Red Algae (multicellular)• RhodophytaRhodophyta• Grow in warm saltwater Grow in warm saltwater

habitatshabitats• Red, orange or blackRed, orange or black• Has accessory pigments to Has accessory pigments to

help trap lighthelp trap light• Allows them to live deeper Allows them to live deeper

in ocean (-260 m)in ocean (-260 m)

vi. Brown Algae (multicellular)vi. Brown Algae (multicellular)

• PhaeophytaPhaeophyta• Grow in cool Grow in cool

saltwater habitatssaltwater habitats• Include giant kelp Include giant kelp

(largest protist)(largest protist)• Holdfast = Holdfast =

anchoranchor• Specialized air Specialized air

bladders keep bladders keep leaves afloatleaves afloat

Importance of AlgaeImportance of Algae

• Major food source for Major food source for heterotrophsheterotrophs

• Major producer of OMajor producer of O22

Major COMajor CO22 “sink” “sink”• Uses up COUses up CO22 from from

atmosphereatmosphere• Help reduce global Help reduce global

warmingwarming• Major component of Major component of

planktonplankton

3. Fungus-like Protists3. Fungus-like Protists• SmallSmall• Live in damp placesLive in damp places• Most are decomposersMost are decomposers

• Get nutrients from dead or Get nutrients from dead or decaying organic matterdecaying organic matter

• Play a vital role in Play a vital role in ecosystems and nutrient ecosystems and nutrient recyclingrecycling

i.i. Plasmodial Slime MoldsPlasmodial Slime Moldsii.ii. Cellular Slime MoldsCellular Slime Moldsiii.iii. Water MoldsWater Molds

i. Plasmodial Slime Moldsi. Plasmodial Slime Molds• Clump when food is abundantClump when food is abundant• Alternate between an Alternate between an amoeboidamoeboid form form

and a spore-producing and a spore-producing fruiting fruiting bodybody• Feeding: they form a mass of cytoplasm Feeding: they form a mass of cytoplasm

called a called a plasmodiumplasmodium• Non-feeding: not enough food, it will stop Non-feeding: not enough food, it will stop

feeding and form a feeding and form a fruiting bodyfruiting body that that produces sporesproduces spores

• Spores can spread by wind or animals Spores can spread by wind or animals and they remain dormant until conditions and they remain dormant until conditions become favorablebecome favorable

ii. Cellular Slime Moldsii. Cellular Slime Molds• Clump when food is shortClump when food is short• Move as a single amoebas for most of their Move as a single amoebas for most of their

liveslives• A chemical produced by one of them, A chemical produced by one of them,

signals that the single life is oversignals that the single life is over• Up to 100,000 amoebas in fuse into a Up to 100,000 amoebas in fuse into a

single multicellular body called a single multicellular body called a PsuedoplasmodiumPsuedoplasmodium

• Similar to plasmodium except each cell Similar to plasmodium except each cell remains a separate unitremains a separate unit

• Psuedoplasmodium forms a fruiting Psuedoplasmodium forms a fruiting bodybody• Produces sporesProduces spores

iii. Water Moldsiii. Water Molds• Water molds, white rusts, and Water molds, white rusts, and

mildewsmildews• Used to be classified as FungiUsed to be classified as Fungi• Now protists because:Now protists because:

• cell walls made of cellulose cell walls made of cellulose (fungi = chitin)(fungi = chitin)

• Asexual spores have flagella Asexual spores have flagella (fungi don’t have flagella)(fungi don’t have flagella)

• Can grow on fish skin/gillsCan grow on fish skin/gills• Potato blight (Irish Potato Potato blight (Irish Potato

famine – killed 2 millionfamine – killed 2 million

CommonProtists

CommonProtistsRotifer (Not a Protist)