laboratory safety manual - fi.itb.ac.id · january 2015 21 live, neutral, earth & fuses the...
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Laboratory Safety Manual
Rahmat Hidayat
K3L Prodi Fisika
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Pendahuluan
• Untuk melindungi insan pekerja, perusahaan, lingkungan hidup, dan masyarakat sekitar daribahaya akibat kecelakaan kerja.
• Untuk mencegah, mengurangi, dan bahkanmenihilkan risiko kecelakaan kerja (zero accident).
• Catatan:• Perilaku (manusia) merupakan faktor penentu dalam
menciptakan suasana kerja yang aman dan nyaman
Apa perlunya Keamanan, Kesehatan, Keselamatan Kerja dan Lingkungan(K3L)?
2 January 2015
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Pendahuluan
Undang-undang No. 28 Tahun 2002 tentang BangunanGedung, Pasal 16(1) menyatakan bahwa suatu bangunangedung haruslah memiliki keandalan yang sesuai denganfungsinya.
• Syarat keselamatan: pencegahan dan penanggulanganterhadap bahaya kebakaran, instalasi penangkal petir, daninstalasi listrik, dan kemampuan gedung menopang beban
• Syarat kesehatan: penghawaan (ventilasi), pencahayaan dansanitasi bangunan gedung.
Keterandalan bangunan gedung adalah keadaan bangunanyang memenuhi persyaratan keselamatan, kesehatan, kenyamanan dan kemudahan.
3 January 2015
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Pendahuluan
Keselamatan kerja: kondisi yang bebas dari risikokecelakaan atau kerusakan atau dengan risiko yang relatif sangat kecil di bawah tingkat tertentu.
Kondisi kerja yang aman perlu dukungan dari saranadan prasarana keselamatan yang berupa peralatankeselamatan, alat perlindungan diri, dan rambu-rambu
4 January 2015
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Pendahuluan
Universitas/ Perguruan Tinggi:
Pendidikan: perkuliahan, praktikum
Penelitian: eksperimen, pengujian
Pengabdian pada Masyarakat: pelatihan, seminar
Kemahasiswaan: klub, olahraga, kesenian
Laboratorium: tempat untuk praktikum, praktikum danpengujian yang di dalamnya terdapat beberapa resiko.
5
wajib pula memperhatikanaspek-aspek K3L
January 2015
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Bahaya (Hazards) di dalam Lab Chemical Hazards
- Fire/Explosion
- Chemical and Thermal Burns
- Inhalation of Chemicals
- Ingestion of Chemicals
Physical Hazards
- Slips, Trips and Falls
- Cuts, Scrapes, Bruises
Biological Hazards
- Contact with Infectious Agents
Electrical Hazards
Light and Radiation Hazards6January 2015
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Chemical Hazards
Potensi bahaya (hazards) dari bahan-bahan kimia dapat dibedakanmenjadi:
bahaya secara fisik (physical hazards)
bahaya terhadap kesehatan (health hazards)
bahaya terhadap lingkungan (environmental hazards).
7January 2015
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Routes of Exposure
INHALATION of vapors, gasses, mists, or particulates.
SKIN CONTACT with certain chemicals can cause damage to skin tissue or allow absorption of chemicals into the blood.
INGESTION through the gastrointestinal Tract.
INJECTION from skin punctures from contaminated objects.
8January 2015
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Identifying Chemical Hazards: MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheets are designed to provide specific information about chemicals, such as physical properties, physical and health hazards, and proper handling procedures.
MSDS’s should be readily accessible to employees using the products. You should be informed of the location of MSDSs by your supervisor, and how to obtain the MSDSs. Familiarize yourself with the contents of the MSDS for any particularly hazardous material.
9January 2015
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Labeling and Storage: General
Physically separate incompatible chemicals according to physical hazard class
Ensure that storage area is dry and well ventilated
Store chemicals away from heat sources and post signs on chemical storage areas
Store liquids in spill trays
Ensure all containers are in good condition, properly capped, and labeled
10January 2015
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Safe Use and Storage: Compressed Gasses
Cylinders with regulators shall be individually secured. Only cylinders with valve protection caps may be secured in groups.
Cylinders must be secured in an upright position. Use suitable racks, straps, chains, or stands to support the cylinders.
Use an appropriate cart to move cylinders.
11January 2015
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Electrical Hazards
Electricity in the body
Electricity & associated hazards
Electrical AppliancesSafety - design guidelinesConnectors, cables & fusesSelection, maintenance & useDealing with electrocution
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Electricity in the body
Muscles control all the body movements
Including & importantly those that keep us alive -Breathing and Heart
The brain controls voluntary muscles using Current pulses along nerves
January 2015 13
External current through the body causes
Loss of muscle control
Spasms & Involuntary movement
Inability to let go
Burns - external & internal
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Electricity - associated Hazards Indirect Injury
Falls from ladder Thrown back. Fall to ground, onto sharp edge Drop objects Thermal burns – Very hot equipment surface, explosion
Wires & cables - Trailing leads => trips & damage, Re-route, tidy up, cover over
Life Support muscles Diaphragm and breathing Heart Fibrillation Random, uncoordinated heart contractions
De-fribrillation: High voltages (3000 V at 20 A) fraction of a second
Burns - death of tissue Internal [organs] External [skin]
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Electrical Appliances
Safety guiding principle
“keep currents and voltages inside apparatus and awayfrom our bodies”
Inherently safe - Low voltage / low current
Enclosures
Insulation
Safe & secure connections
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Electrical cables & plugs
Mains cable Brown Live - power Blue Neutral Green/yellow Earth
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Electrical cables & plugs
Mains cable
BrownLive power
Blue Neutral
Green/yellowEarth
L
N
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Live, Neutral, Earth & Fuses
L
N
L
N
E
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January 2008 Ver 1.1 19
A complete circuit
complete Circuit or loop
is necessary for current to flow
Current takes the path of least resistance
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January 2015 20
Live, Neutral, Earth & Fuses
L
N
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January 2015 21
Live, Neutral, Earth & Fuses
The Live and Neutral wires carry current around the circuit
The Earth wire is there to protect you. The Earth wire can act like a back-up Neutral wire,
Many appliances have metal cases e.g. kettles, toasters, dishwashers, washing machines etc.
The Fuse is very thin piece of wire. The wire has a quite low melting point. As current flows through
the wire it heats up. If too large a current flows it melts, thus breaking the circuit Use appropriate fuse size/rating
Additional safety devices - RCDs, ELCBs, MCBs
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January 2015 22
RCD Residual Current Device
RCCB Residual Current Circuit Breaker
ELCB Electric Leakage Circuit Breaker
MCB Magnetic Circuit Breakers
RCBO Residual Current Breaker
with Overcurrent protection
current difference of >30 mA
for a duration of >30 ms
L
N
E
L
N
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Electrical Equipment Guidelines
Use low & safe voltages
EU 230 VAC / US 110 VAC Hz
Select equipment appropriate for environment & use
Use equipment as per manufacturer’s instruction & design
Ensure adequate maintenance
Insulate and enclose live parts
Prevent conducting parts from becoming live. Earth,double insulation separate supply from earth, limit electricpower
Avoid electricity where its use could be dangerous.Rubbing, Induction & Capacitance effects can build upstatic electricity
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POTENSI BAHAYA LISTRIK PADA INSTALASI
Instalasi listrik memiliki potensi bahaya bagi manusia maupun bagi instalasi itu sendiri:
Bahaya kejut listrik karena tersentuh tegangan
Bahaya kebakaran
Bahaya panas yang dapat merusak isolasi
Bahaya ledakan atau percikan metal panas
24January 2015
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KONDISI YANG DAPAT MENUNJANG TERJADINYA KECELAKAAN/ KERUSAKAN/ KEBAKARAN Hubungan pendek terjadi tanpa pengaman atau dengan pengaman
yang salah Beban lebih tanpa pengaman atau dengan pengaman yang tidak
sesuai Ledakan, percikan api atau pemanasan lokal yang timbul karena salah
pemilihan dan penggunaan perlengkapan listrik Peralatan tidak memenuhi persyaratan keamanan baik yang
disyaratkan dalam standar maupun dalam PUIL (Persyaratan UmumInstalasi Listrik)
Pelaksanaan pemasangan sistem proteksi termasuk di dalamnyasistem pembumian instalasi yang tidak benar
Penggunaan identifkasi warna atau tanda lain yang tidak benar Kontak pada peralatan pemutus, terminal, sambungan dan pada klem
buruk kondisinya Hilang kontak atau netral putus yang menimbulkan tegangan tidak
berimbang Keadaan lingkungan instalasi yang buruk
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SUMBER KECELAKAAN KARENA LISTRIK AKIBAT FAKTOR PERALATAN
Sebab-sebab kemungkinan kecelakaan yang berasaldari peralatan
Peralatan sudah tua
Peralatan yang kondisinya tidak baik
Peralatan yang tidak memenuhi persyaratankeamanan/standar
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SUMBER KECELAKAAN KARENA LISTRIK AKIBAT FAKTOR LAIN
Sebab-sebab kemungkinan kecelakaan yang berasal bukan dariperalatan (peralatan memenuhi persyaratan
Kesalahan pengoperasian oleh pemakai instalasi/peralatan listrik
Kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh instalatur, karena salahmemasang peralatan (tidak mengikuti peraturan) atau salahmemasang peralatan/material yang tidak memenuhi persyaratanstandar dan persyaratan PUIL
Kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh pengawas, karena tidak cermatdan tidak disiplin
Kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh perancang atau perencana, baikkarena salah memilih peralatan maupun karena salahperhitungan/perencanaan
Kesalahan-kesalahan karena kondisi peraturan dan kontrol yang belum memadai
27January 2015
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Contoh Penggunaan Kabel yang Salah
Kabel tebal bukan untukkoneksi berpindah
28 January 2015
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Contoh Pemasangan Ekstensi yang Salah
29 January 2015
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Koneksi Listrik yang Tidak Aman
30 January 2015
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Koneksi Listrik yang Tidak Aman
31 January 2015
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Steker Ber-Grounding
32
A = 110 VB = 0 VC = tanahf = 60 Hz
A, B = 220 VC = tanahf = 50 Hz
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Kabel Ektensi Ber-Grounding
33
January 2015
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Tak Ber-Grounding / Grounding
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Tak Ber-Grounding / Grounding
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January 2015
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Stop kontak Ekstension stop kontak (dapatditempel di dinding)
Perhatikan grounding
Dilengkapisaklar/lampu
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Kabel Listrik
37 January 2015
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Light and Radiation Hazards
Light: High intensity light (Laser)
UV-Light
Infrared Light
10-12 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102 104 106 108
x-raysgamma rays
Ultra-violet Infrared Radar
Radiowaves
Electricwaves
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
IonizingRadiation
Wavelength (cm)
Radiation:X-RayRadio and communication wavesMicrowaveRadioactive materials
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Laser light
Laser light has the following properties:
it is monochromatic
it is very intense
it has low divergence
it is coherent.
Lasers can have different types of beam output
continuous wave (CW), or
pulsed.
Laser “speckle” is caused by scattered laser radiation interfering with incident laser radiation.
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Types of laser
Gas lasers
including He-Ne and carbon dioxide lasers
Dye lasers
Solid state lasers
including neodymium-YAG (Nd:YAG) lasers
Semiconductor lasers
diode lasers
Chemical lasers
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Laser Beam Hazards
Burning:
can cause skin burning
even can melt or evaporate substance (which is the basis principle of laser cutting and ablation)
Vision loss:
can cause severe eye injuries resulting both temporary and permanent vision loss
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The Light Hazard on Eye Region
400-1400nm: Affects the retina UV-C (100-280nm) : Cornea surface
UV-A (315-400nm) : Affects the lens
UV-B (280-315nm) : Affects the cornea
UV-C
UV-A
UV-B
Far IR : Affects cornea and aqueoushumor
Near IR (< 1400nm): Affects the retina
Near IR
Far IR
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How the laser beam can expose our eyes
direct intrabeam viewing
specular reflection
which occurs from mirror-like surfaces. The incident beam striking a reflecting surface will leave it on the certain direction determined by the incident angle.
diffuse reflections
which occur from rough surfaces such as paper or matt-painted walls. These reflections bear no relation to the direction of the incident radiation.
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44
How can the laser beam expose our eyes
Laser
Direct Intrabeam Viewing
Laser
E.g. Mirror
Specular Intrabeam Viewing
Laser
Diffuse Reflected Viewing
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Laser Hazard Classes
The ANSI Laser Safety standard has defined Laser Hazard Classes, which are based on the relative dangers associated with using these lasers.
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3a
Class 3b
Class 4Most Hazardous
Least Hazardous
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Class 1 Lasers (Exempt) Not capable of producing
damaging radiation levels during normal operation.
Having been completely enclosed
Class 2 lasers Emit visible light.
Not hazardous if viewed less than 0.25 second.
Maximum power is 1 mW for CW lasers. Eg. Barcode Scanner.
Class 3a lasers Probably not hazardous if
viewed within 0.25 seconds. Hazardous if viewed with
collecting optics. Maximum power is 5 mW. Do not cause thermal skin
burn or cause fires.
Class 3b Lasers (Medium Power) Hazardous if viewed directly or by
specular reflection. Diffuse reflection not usually
hazardous. Upper limit is 0.5W for CW lasers.
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Class 4 lasers (High Power) Lasers exceeding 0.5 W
Hazardous under all viewing conditions: direct, specular and diffuse.
Potential fire hazard when in contact with combustible materials
Produce skin hazards from ultraviolet radiation.
Can produce laser generated air contaminants and hazardous plasma radiation.
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Class 1CLASS 1 LASER PRODUCT
Class 2 LASER RADIATIONDO NOT STARE INTO BEAMCLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT
Class 2M LASER RADIATIONDO NOT STARE INTO BEAM OR VIEW
DIRECTLY WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTSCLASS 2M LASER PRODUCT
Class 3B LASER RADIATIONAVOID EXPOSURE TO BEAMCLASS 3B LASER PRODUCT
Class 4 LASER RADIATIONAVOID EYE OR SKIN EXPOSURE TODIRECT OR SCATTERED RADIATION
CLASS 4 LASER PRODUCT
Laser Warning Signs
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Laser Warning Signs
“DANGER” indicates a very dangerous situation that could result in serious
injury or death. This sign should be used for Class 3b and 4 lasers.
“CAUTION” indicates a potentially hazardous situation which could cause a less serious injury. This sign should be used for Class 2 and 3a lasers.
“NOTICE” does not indicate a hazardous situation. This sign should only be used to make people aware of facility policies regarding laser safety and/or
to indicate that a repair operation is in progress.
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“CAUTION” Warning Sign
CAUTION
Laser Class and system go here
Type of Laser, emittedwavelength, pulse duration,and maximum output go here
Safety Instructions may include:
• Eyewear Required
• Invisible laserradiation
• Knock Before Entering
• Do Not Enter When Light is On
• Restricted Area
Safety Instructions go here
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“DANGER” Warning Sign
DANGER
Laser Class and system go here
Type of Laser, emittedwavelength, pulse duration,and maximum output go here
Safety Instructions may include:
• Eyewear Required
• Invisible laserradiation
• Knock Before Entering
• Do Not Enter When Light is On
• Restricted Area
Safety Instructions go here
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NOTICESafety Instructions go here(such as “Laser Repair inProgress”)
Laser Class and system go here
Type of Laser, emittedwavelength, pulse duration,and maximum output go here
Safety Instructions may include:
• Eyewear Required• Invisible laser
radiation• Knock Before
Entering• Do Not Enter When
Light is On• Restricted Area
“NOTICE” Sign for Laser Repair
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Class 1 Lasers
This class cannot produce a hazardous beam because it is of extremely low power,
or
because it has been rendered intrinsically safe due to the laser having been completely enclosed so that no hazardous radiation can escape and cause injury.
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Class 2 Lasers
These lasers are visible light (400-760 nm) continuous wave or pulsed lasers which can emit energy greater than the limit for Class I lasers and radiation power not above 1 mW.
This class is hazardous only if you stare directly into the beam for a long time, which would be similar to staring directly at the sun.
Because class 2 lasers include only visible wavelengths, the aversion reaction will usually prevent us from permanently damaging our eyes. The aversion reaction refers to our tendency to look away from bright light.
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Class 3a Lasers
This class of intermediate power lasers includes any wavelength.
Only hazardous for intrabeam viewing.
This class will not cause thermal skin burn or cause fires.
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Class 3b Lasers
Visible and near-IR lasers are very dangerous to the eye.
Pulsed lasers may be included in this class.
This class will not cause thermal skin burn or cause fires.
Requires a Laser Safety Officer and written Standard Operating Procedures.
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Class 4 Lasers
These high-powered lasers are the most hazardous of all classes.
Even a diffuse reflection can cause injury.
Visible and near-IR lasers will cause severe retinal injury and burn the skin. Even diffuse reflections can cause retinal injuries.
UV and far-IR lasers of this class can cause injury to the surface of the eye and the skin from the direct beam and specular reflections.
This class of laser can cause fires.
Requires a Laser Safety Officer and written Standard Operating Procedures.
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Bekerja di Lab dengan mengikuti kaidah K3L
Lakukan segala sesuatunya dengan cermat dan bertanggungjawab (tidak bermain-main)
Selalu mengacu pada Standard of Operation (SOP) atauProtokol
Rujuk MSDS bahan kimia jika pada botol/tabungnyatercantum harzard symbol
Antisipasi kemungkinan bahaya yang bisa muncul
Perhatikan rambu-rambu K3L
Gunakan alat perlindungan diri (APD)
Ingat lokasi perlengkapan kedaruratan
Jaga agar kondisi tetap bersih dan rapih
Bereskan peralatan dll setelah selesai agar bisa digunakanoleh yang lainnya tanpa bahaya (ingat bahwa Lab adalahtempat publik)
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SOP
Beberapa Standard of Operation (SOP) atau Protokoluntuk Lab di lingkungan Fisika dapat dilihat di:
http://fi.itb.ac.id/k3l/category/sop/
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SOP dari UPT K3L ITB
Ada 36 SOP
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SOP dari UPT K3L ITB
SOP ijin total kegiatan protokoler (Klik di sini)
SOP ijin total pelaksanaan aktivitasmahasiswa (Klik di sini)
SOP ijin total pelaksanaan kegiatanPIHAK internal (Klik di sini)
SOP ijin total pelaksanaan kegiatanPIHAK LUAR (Klik di sini)
SOP Inspeksi K3 Konstruksi 2014 (Klik di sini)
SOP Inspeksi kantin (Klik di sini)
SOP K3 Jasa Konstruksi di Lingkungan ITB 2014 (Klik di sini)
SOP K3 Pekerjaan PemotonganRumput di Lingkungan ITB 2014 (Klik di sini)
SOP K3 Satuan Pengamanan LaluLintas di ITB 2014 (Klik di sini)
SOP kebersihan toilet (Klik di sini)
SOP kedaruratan di ITB (Klik di sini)
SOP Kegiatan di Dalam Gedung (Klik di sini)
SOP Ketertiban Umum di ITB (Klik di sini)
SOP Khusus Emergency Rektor ITB (Klik di sini)
SOP Kondisi Darurat pada saat USM untuk satpam (Klik di sini)
SOP Koordinator USM (Klik di sini)
SOP Mahasiswa Sakit (Klik di sini)
SOP Naik Turun Penumpang di JalanGanesha 2014 (Klik di sini)
SOP operator telepon layanan darurat(Klik di sini)
SOP patroli keamanan kampus dangedung (Klik di sini)
SOP pekerjaan konstruksi (Klik di sini)
SOP Pemegang Kunci Rektorat (Klik di sini)
SOP peminjaman dan penggunaanSEPEDA (Klik di sini)
SOP peminjaman kendaraanAMBULANCE (Klik di sini)
SOP penanganan JENAZAH / orang
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Rambu-rambu K3L
Dapat ditemukan di
Pintu masuk Lab
Area atau meja kerja
Tempat penyimpanan
Macam rambu dan artinya dapatdilihat di: http://fi.itb.ac.id/k3l/rambu-rambu-k3l-dan-artinya/
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Alat Perlidungan Diri
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Jaslab
Goggles
Glove
Earplug
Helmet
Masker
Sepatu
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Keadaan Darurat
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022-2500204Kantor UPT K3L ITBJl Ganesha No.10Gedung Laboratorium Pengujian Doping Lantai 1Telp/Fax (022) 251-0456Layanan DaruratTelp (022) 250-0204
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Safety Induction
Menjaga kebersihan dan tidak meninggalkan barangberharga tanpa pengawasan
Dilarang merokok (kecuali di tempat yang diijinkan)
Perhatikan lokasi pintu darurat, tangga evakuasi, dan lokasiAssembly Point
Jangan menggunakan lift dalam keadaan darurat
Jika terjadi bahaya, segera hubungi petugas keamanan: 022-2500204
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Penutup
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Lab Safety: Everyone Is Responsible!