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LABORATORY MANUAL

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CONTENTSActivity Topic Page

(v)

GEOGRAPHY Chapter 1 : Resources 9 – 11

Chapter 2 : Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation 12 – 15

and Wildlife Resources

Chapter 3 : Minerals and Power Resources 16 – 18

Chapter 4 : Agriculture 19 – 21

Chapter 5 : Industries 22 – 24

Chapter 6: Human Resources 25 – 26

HISTORY Chapter 1 : How, When and Where 27 – 28

Chapter 2 : From Trade to Territory

The Company Establishes Power 29 – 31

Chapter 3 : Ruling the countryside 32 – 33

Chapter 4 : Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age 34 – 35

Chapter 5 : When People Rebel 36 – 38

1857 and After

Chapter 6: Colonialism and the City 39 – 41

The Story of an Imperial Capital

Chapter 7: Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners 42 – 43

Chapter 8: Civilising the “Native” Educating the Nation 44 – 45

Chapter 9 : Women, Caste and Reform 46 – 47

Chapter 10: The Changing World of Visual Art 48 – 49

Chapter 11: The making of the National Movement :1870 – 1947 50 – 52

Chapter 12: India after Independence 53 – 55

CIVICS Chapter 1 : The Indian Constitution 56 – 58

Chapter 2 : Understanding Secularism 59 – 60

Chapter 3 : Why do we need a Parliament ? 61 – 62

Chapter 4 : Understanding Laws 63 – 65

Chapter 5 : Judiciary 66 – 68

Chapter 6: Understanding Our Criminal Justice System 69 – 70

Chapter 7: Understanding Marginalisation 71 – 73

Chapter 8: Confronting Marginalisation 74 – 75

Chapter 9: Public Facilities 76 – 77

Chapter 10: Law and Social Justice 78 – 80

PREFACE

(vi)

CBSE always believe in Global Trends of Educational Transformation. The CBSE

curriculum gets its lead from National Curriculum Framework – 2005 and Right to Free and

Compulsory Education Act – 2009. As said by John Holt “We learn to do something by

doing it. There is no other way” is very true and this is the reason why CBSE has incorporated

Laboratory Practicals as a part of curriculum of class 6 to 8, so that students can perform what

they learn in their classrooms.

The Laboratory Manuals for Classes 6 to 8 have been developed so as to supplement the

need of the students to prepare for laboratory work/project work and learn concepts in with

more accuracy and depth.

This Laboratory Manuals include all Projects, Activities and Experiments as specified in

latest CBSE curriculum. At the end of every activity Viva Voce questions have been given for

extra practice. Projects have been added to facilitate collective efforts and extension of

learning to real life. Some brain teasers have also been added with answers and hints for

practice.

These books are strictly according to the latest CBSE guidelines, and contain more than

sufficient Viva Voce questions, which help students in practicing and completing the

Laboratory work. All activities and experiments are always checked twice. Since we believe in

continuous improvement, hence this book has been written with accuracy as well as updated

as per CBSE guidelines and reviewed at different tiers by panel of experts.

We are sure that this book will serve as a perfect teaching guide for the teachers and a

wholesome Laboratory Manual for the students. It is expected that they will take full

advantage of our knowledge and experience.

At last we would like to thank our authors, editors, reviewers and specially students who

regularly send us suggestions which helps in continuous improvement of this book and

makes this book stand in the category of “One of the Best”. Wish you all Happy Learning.

–Publisher

Sr. No. Activity / Project

Remarks/Signature

Record of the Activities/Projects performed

PageNo.Date

(vii)

Sr. No. Activity / Project

Remarks/Signature

PageNo.Date

(viii)

·

·

Resources are gifts of nature which are used by man to fulfil their needs and desires and to achieve individual and social aims. With the skills and their knowledge, human beings, who themselves are resources, convert resources into various useful products. There are three main categories of resources—Natural resources, Human resources and Man-made resources.

Resources should be used wisely and judiciously and in a planned way so that we can fulfil the present need and keep them for future generations as well.

Name the following :(i) Two natural resources .........................................................(ii) Two biotic resources .........................................................(iii) Two non-renewable resources .........................................................(iv) Two man-made resources .........................................................(v) Two potential resources .........................................................

Chapter 1

RESOURCES

¦Let's Revise

9

ACTIVITY 1

TYPES OF RESOURCESResources

Natural Human Man-made

Based on Level ofDevelopment and Use

Based on Origin Based on Stock Based on Distribution

Actual Potential Biotic Abiotic Renewable Non-Renewable Ubiquitous Localised

Building, machines,technology, politicalinstitutions, cities

GEOGRAPHYGEOGRAPHY

Oswaal CBSE Laboratory Manual ForClass 8 Social Science

Publisher : Oswaal Books ISBN : 9789351277446 Author : Panel Of Experts

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