laboratory apparatuses and safety

7/30/2019 Laboratory Apparatuses and Safety

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Lab Equipment

Pre-AP Chemistry

Charles Page High School

Stephen L. Cotton

Lab

Equipment

Your lab equipment should:

1. Be CLEAN before using it.

2. Be CHECKED (if glassware) for cracks, brokenedges, and stars discard anything damaged.

3. Be washed, dried, and carefully stored in theproper place after using it.

Cleaning Supplies

1. Each lab station has plenty of paper towels,soap, water, sponge and a sink. (2 sinks arealso located on the east wall desktop)

2. Used for cleaning lab equipment, the tabletop, and to wash your handswhen finished.

3. We have floor brooms, table brushes, anddustpans to clean up any spills.

Keep our lab area neatand clean!

Use this Broken Glassbox to dispose of anybroken glass, instead

of the trash can.

BeakersBeakers hold and/orheat solids or liquidsthat will not releasegases when reacted,or are unlikely tosplatter if stirred.

Very pooritem tomeasure volume with(+/- 5% error!)

Note the total sizecapacity = 250 mL(upper mark is 200 mL)

There are six sizes of beakers inyour lab table for you to use:

50, 100, 150, 250, 400, & 600 mL

Beaker Tongs Beaker tongsare used to hold

and movebeakerscontaining hot

liquids.

Note the rubbercoating toimprove grip onthe glass beaker- do not hold thesein a burner flame.


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Erlenmeyer Flasks

Erlenmeyer flasks

hold and/or heatsolids or liquidsthat may releasegases during areaction, or that are

likely to splatter ifstirred.

Note the size = 125 mL

Florence Flasks

Rarely used in firstyear chemistry, itis used for the

mixing ofchemicals. The

narrow neckprevents splash

exposure. Also called round-bottom flasks

Flask Tongs

Flask tongs are used only to handleflasks use beaker tongs for beakers.

Graduated CylindersA graduated cylinderis used to measurevolumes of liquids;probably your besteveryday measuringtool, there are threesizes in your desk:10, 50 and 100 mL

*NOT to be usedfor heating or

mixing chemicals

Note the rubberbumpers.

Some graduated cylinders that aresmaller may not have bumpers, but

have reinforced glass rims.

The top

plastic

bumper

ALWAYS

stays atthe top, to

prevent

breakage if

it falls

over.

Test Tubes we commonly use 2 sizes:

18 x 150 mm

13 x 100 mm

Largertube

(25 x 200 mm)

sometimesused

Test tubes are used to mix chemicals,and also used to heat chemicals in.

The size is determined by the diameter across the top andthe length of the test tube. Example: 13 mm x 100 mm

(diameter) (length)

Test Tube Holder

A test tubeholder is useful

for holding a testtube which is too

hot to handlewith your hands.

Knowing where

to hold this pieceof equipment is

important.

Holding it here will keep your hand as far aspossible from the fire, and prevent you from

squeezing the holder and dropping the tube.


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Test Tube BrushesTest tube brushes

are used to cleantest tubes and

graduated

cylinders.

Caution: Forcing alarge brush into asmall test tube willoften break the tube.Dont worry aboutdrying the inside of atube or cylinder - Letthem air dry instead of forcing a

paper towel down inside.

Small test tube brush

Large test tube brush

Test Tube Racks

Test tube racks are for holding, drying, and

organizing test tubes in a vertical position,and are located in the side wall cabinets.

Test tubes can be placedupside down on these

pegs for drying.

Stoppers

Rubber and corkstoppers are usedto close test tubes

and flasks, thusavoiding spillageor contamination.

Containers should NEVER be heated when

there is a stopper in place pressure willbuild up, and an explosion could occur.

Spot PlatesSpot plates are usedwhen we want toperform manysmall-scalereactions at onetime.

We will use thesemany times during

the year, and is likehaving lots of test

tubesavailable atone time! Numerous well depressions

Watch GlassA watch glass isused to hold asmall amount of

solid, such as the

product of areaction.

Can also be used

as a cover for anevaporating dish

or beaker.Since they may not be made ofheat-resistant glass, they are

usually not heated they break!

Stirring Rod with

rubber policeman

The stirring rod will:

a) manually stirsolutions;

b) assist in

pouring liquids; andc) transfer a

single drop of asolution to test

papers (like litmus)

Rubber policemantip is used to removeprecipitates.Stir with this end.


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Litmus Paper Red litmuspaper is used toidentify bases:

-Red turns blue,-Blue stays blue

Blue litmuspaper is used toidentify acids:

-Blue turns red,-Red stays red

Use a stirring rod to transfer asingle drop of liquid to the paper;dont drop the paper in the tube

Dropper PipetThe dropperpipet is used totransfer a smallvolume of liquid,

usually one dropat a time you

have both shortand long pipets.

On top of each dropper is a rubber bulbfor suction never put your mouth on thedropper to provide suction.

Graduated Pipet

A graduatedpipet measuresand deliversexact volumes

of liquids.

These will alsouse a rubberbulb for

suction.Many different sizes of graduated pipetsare available. Example: 10 mL or 25 mL

Graduations in mL

Forceps

Forceps are used to hold or pick upsmall objects Remember: it is bestto never touch chemicalswith your

hands.

FunnelA funnel is

used to:1) aid in

the transfer ofliquids fromone vessel toanother, and

2) holdfilter paper

while filtering.

(Some pieces of equipment are plastic, others are glass.)

Wash Bottle A wash bottle hasa tip that delivers astream of water toa specific area

when squeezed.

Distilled water isthe only liquid that

should be used ina wash bottle.Refill from the

gallon jugs on theeast desktop.

During use, keep the bottleupright as shown, since there isa tube that goes to the bottom

of the bottle.

H2ODistilledWateronly

To prevent contamination,dont touch the tip to otheritems, such as test tubes.


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Weighing Boat -

Weighing boats are used for holding anddetermining the mass of solid chemicals.

Never put chemicals directly on the balancescale they will leave a contaminating residue.

We will also use paper squares for this purpose we can throw the papers away after using.

A small plastic dish Electronic BalanceLocated on Table 8

(try to use the same scale during anexperiment for consistency)

The electronic

balances are veryaccurate, highly

dependable, andrugged.

The digital displaymakes the massvalue very easy toread.

On button Off button Tare button

Place item here to mass

42.57

Scoopula

Scoopulas are used todispense solid chemicalsfrom their containers.

The chemicalsshould never betransferred with

your bare hands.(assume they are all dangerous)

Spatulas aresometimes also used.

Burner Burners are usedfor the heating ofnonflammableliquids and solids.

We have Tirrellburners to use in

our classroom.

Hot plates will beused to gently heat

any flammablechemicals.

In order to get the best flame,you might need to make

adjustments each timeyou usethe burner practice this!

Lighter

Striker-style flint

lighters are usedto light your lab

burners.

The flints onstrikers areexpensive; do notoperate the strikerrepeatedly just to

see the sparks!

Squeezing the flint against thefile causes a spark, thus

lighting the burner.

Spark occurs here.

Evaporating Dish

The evaporating

dish is used forheating stable

solid compoundsand elements, aswell as for

evaporatingsolutions.

These are made of a porcelain material, and thereforecan withstand high heat temperatures, but are thin and

fragile, and break easily handle with care.


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Crucible and coverCrucibles are used

for heating certain

solids, particularlymetals, to veryhigh temperatures.The cover can beused to contain

any smokeparticles.

The crucible and cover are also made of a porcelainmaterial, and thus can withstand high temperatures.

Crucible Tongs

For handling hotcrucibles and their

covers; also used topick up other small

hot objects - NOT tobe used for pickingup beakers!

Clay Triangle

The clay triangle isused as a support

for crucibles whenbeing heated over

a lab burner.

It can also be usedto support a funnel

when filtering.

Triangular File

Triangular files are used primarily to cut

glass tubing, a skill that your instructor

will share with you later.

Ring stands and their Components

Ring stands are a safeand convenient way tosupport equipmentholding reactions thatrequire heating using alab burner.

The base can also be

used as an insulatingpad to place hot

objects on while theycool.

(Ring stands and their Components)

The Ring Clamp

Ring clamps connect

to a ring stand, andwhen used with a

wire gauze provide astable, elevated

platform for a beakerto rest when heated.

Will hold a clay triangle and funnel during filtering,and will be used with a clay triangle to hold a

crucible when they are heated.


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Wire Gauze

Wire gauze sits onthe ring clamp toprovide a platform to

stand a beaker.

On older wire gauze,the white materialwas asbestos

currently it is aceramic.


Test tube Clamps

Test tube clampsare used to securetest tubes, burets,and distillationcondensers to the

ringstand.

Many test tube clamps have a rubbercoating on the jaws to improve their grip.

Pneumatic Trough

When filled with waterand used with collectionbottles, they can be used

to capture gases that areproduced in reactions.

Note the overfilltube that drainsinto the sink

Ruler

We always use the Metric System(also called the International System)

to make our measurements.

Record your numbers as decimals,not as fractions.

Examples: 3.5 mm or 6.2 cm

Goggles and Goggle Sterilizer Cabinet Inside the Goggle Sterilizer Cabinet

Goggleswill besterilizedbefore

each classperiod toprotectyou ituses anultravioletlightsource.

Timer normally setfor 10 minutes.

Any volunteers todo this at the end

of a lab period?

Place goggles face side up, and neatly.


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Goggles and Aprons

GoggleAdjusting Straps

Goggle Venting Areas-do not remove these!

Be sure to securely tie your apron behindyour back, using the tie cords.

Eyewash StationPush this handle to

turn on the water itwill stay on until you

pull it to turn off.

It is possible to flush oneeye, or both eyes at the

same time. This should bedone for 15-20 minutes!

The Eyewash Station islocated in the back of

the lab, next to theSafety Cabinet and

under the SafetyShower. You will needto provide assistance toyour lab partner if they

need to go to theEyewash Station.

NOTIFY the Instructorimmediately!

Safety Shower

LOTS of waterwill come

pouring outhere to rinseoff chemicals

spilled on you.

NOTIFY theInstructor

immediately!This is the handle to

pull down toactivate the safety

shower it will staypulled down until it

is pushed back upto turn it off

Safety Cabinet and Contents

Items inside the Safety CabinetNeutralizer for

base spills

Absorbent forchemical spills

Mercury Cleanup Kit,and protective glovesFire Blanket

First Aid Kit

Fire Extinguisher(Class A,B,C fires) Neutralizer foracid spills(and more

extra gloves)Sand to

surroundand

containchemical

spills

Met-L-XMetals Fire

Extinguisher(Class D fires)

Fume Hood and Flammable Cabinet

Another fire extinguisher, inaddition to the one locatedin the Safety Cabinet at the

back of the room, and theone out in the hallway.(There are 3 total available)

The fume hood is an exhaust fanfor smelly or dangerous fumes.

Flammable chemicalsare stored in theselocked cabinets.

Note this location of the naturalgas master shut-off valve.


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Side Cabinet Storage located in thefour cornersof the lab

Use the cabinet closest to your labstation, and put only these items in

the cabinet.

Side Cabinets are for Ringstands, DistilledWater Bottles, and Test Tube Racks

4 Ring stands

4 Distilled water wash bottles

4 test tube racks

All items neatly stored when you are finished!

** On lab experiment days **

Bring REAL SHOES, REAL BRAINS, and your

LABORATORY MANUAL. Your calculator,textbook, and class notes are also suggested.

The Chemical Storeroom

Students are notallowed in the

storeroom wherechemicals and

glassware arekept.

Materials youneed will beavailable to youin the lab area.

To clean up spills and/orbroken items, use the:

Table brushes anddustpan

Floor broomsfor larger spills


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