la retroalimentaciÓn negativa como mecanismo a la base del cambio de preparaciÓn mental al...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE
PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR
Antonio González Hernández
DEPARTAMENTO DE PSICOLOGÍA EXPERIMENTAL Y FISIOLOGÍA DEL COMPORTAMIENTO
UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA
Director: Dr. Emilio Gómez Milán
![Page 2: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
INDEX
• INTRODUCTION & HYPOTHESIS.– What is residual switch cost and how can we
measure it?
• THE STIMULUS AS THE KEY.– Experiments 1 & 2.– Experiments 3 & 4.
• THE RESPONSE AS THE KEY.– Experiments 5, 6 & 7.
• CONCLUSIONS.
![Page 3: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction• What is switch cost?
– Transient impairment in performance (decrease in accuracy or increased RT).
– Jersild (1927)- “shift loss”.– Spector and Biederman (1976).– Allport, Styles & Hsieh (1994)- task set inertia.– Indexes the duration of a control process that
accomplishes task-set reconfiguration.– Rogers & Monsell (1995)- Two components.
![Page 4: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Two components in task switching• Non-residual component.
– Can be eliminated by an active (endogenous) process of preparation.
• Residual component.– Can not be eliminated by an anticipation
process.– Disappears after first repetition trial (under
predictable conditions).– An exogenous reconfiguration process makes it
disappear.– Represents a cognitive limitation.
![Page 5: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Hypothesis• Mental inertia (Allport et al, 1994).
– Pro-active interference from a recently adopted task-set.
– Cost asymmetry: larger cost when one switches from a non-dominant task to a dominant one. Non-dominant tasks result in a stronger set.
• Micropractice (Meiran, 1996).– Retroactive adjustment.
– Gradual decrease not detected in R & M (1995).- predictable switch causes preparation for the next task, which slows the response on repetition trials.
• Stimulus cued completion hypothesis.
![Page 6: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The stimulus cued completion hypothesis (Rogers & Monsell, 1995)
• Residual cost is associated to the appearance of a stimulus related to the new task.
• The appearance of the target would trigger the exogenous reconfiguration process.
![Page 7: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How can we measure residual cost?
– Predictable conditions
• Task switched every three trials.
• Fixation point was informative about the following task (@-#).
• Long RSI (1200 ms.).
– The tasks:• Letter task: is the letter a vowel or a consonant?
• Number task: is the number odd or even?
![Page 8: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
@ or #(1200 ms)
![Page 9: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1A B4 C2 E3
(500 ms)
![Page 10: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
RESPONSE
(“b” or “n” in the keyboard)
(2500 ms)
(Sound feedback for errors and no response)
![Page 11: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Results under predictable conditions
• There is a switch cost.
• Cost disappears with first repetition trials.
Figure 1 (from Tornay & Milán, 2001)
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
0 1 2Number of Repetitions
RT
(m
s)
Predictableswitch
![Page 12: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Research goals• To verify the disappearance of residual cost after
the first repetition trial.• To determine the real nature of this residual
component.– Is the stimulus the key to complete reconfiguration?
– Is it the response?
– Are both?
• For these goals we have created new conditions:– Stimulus without response.
– Response without stimulus.
![Page 13: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
INDEX
• INTRODUCTION & HYPOTHESIS.– What is residual switch cost and how can we
measure it?
• THE STIMULUS AS THE KEY.– Experiments 1 & 2.– Experiments 3 & 4.
• THE RESPONSE AS THE KEY.– Experiments 5, 6 & 7.
• CONCLUSIONS.
![Page 14: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Experiment 1- Goals
• To verify the role played by the stimulus in mental set reconfiguration.
![Page 15: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Experiment 1- Design• Participants: Twelve undergraduates.
• Variables:– Condition: Go or No-Go (go-signal in switch
trials). Go-signal before the stimulus (50%).– Congruency: congruent and incongruent trials.– Task: letter task and number task.– Repetition: switch trials; first repetition trials;
second repetition trials.
• Dependent Variables: RT and accuracy.
![Page 16: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SWITCH TRIALS
FIRST REPETITION
TRIALS
SECOND REPETITION
TRIALS
NO-GO CONDITION
NO RESPONSE RESPONSE RESPONSE
GO CONDITION
RESPONSE RESPONSE RESPONSE
Experiment 1- Design
![Page 17: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Experiment 1- Hypothesis
• If attention to the stimulus completes reconfiguration no cost would appear in no-go condition ( )
• If the stimulus is not the key, we will observe a cost displacement (---).
Hypothetical results
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
1 2 3Number of repetitions
RT
(m
s)
No-Go
Go
No-Go
![Page 18: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Experiment 1- Results
• There is a cost displacement from switch trials to first repetition trial.
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
0 1 2
Number of Repetitions
Reac
tion
Tim
e (m
s)
Go
No-Go
![Page 19: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Experiment 1- Conclusions• With the go-condition we replicate results
using predictable sequences.– Cost disappears with first repetition trials.
• With the no-go condition we observe that paying attention to the stimulus does not eliminate cost.– We can observe cost even with a more than five
seconds of foreknowledge period.
![Page 20: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Experiment 2- Goals
• To ensure attention in no-go condition.
• To verify the role played by the stimulus in mental set reconfiguration.– Differences with experiment 1:
• The go-signal appears 500 ms. after the target.
• The go-signal was manipulated on a trial by trial basis.
![Page 21: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Experiment 2- Design• Participants: Ten undergraduates.• Variables:
– Condition: Go or No-Go (Go-signal in switch trials). The go-signal appeared 500 ms after the target (50%).
– Congruency: congruent and incongruent trials.– Task: letter task and number task.– Repetition: switch trials; first repetition trials;
second repetition trials.
• Dependent Variables: RT and accuracy.
![Page 22: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
SWITCH TRIALS
FIRST REPETITION
TRIALS
SECOND REPETITION
TRIALS
NO-GO CONDITION
NO RESPONSE RESPONSE RESPONSE
GO CONDITION
RESPONSE RESPONSE RESPONSE
Experiment 2- Design
![Page 23: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Experiment 2- Hypothesis
• In this case we ensure the attention to the stimulus.
• If this is sufficient, no cost will be observed in no-go condition ( ).
• If it is not, a cost displacement will appear (---).
Hypothetical results
550600650700750800850
1 2 3Number of repetitions
RT (m
s)
No-GoGoNo-Go
![Page 24: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Experiment 2- Results
• Results are similar to those found in experiment 1.
• We found again a cost displacement.
• Attention to the stimulus and response programming are not enough to complete reconfiguration.
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
0 1 2
Number of Repetitions
Reac
tion T
ime (
ms)
Go
No-Go
![Page 25: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Experiment 2- Conclusions• The general improvement in RT and
accuracy indexes to the response preparation.
• There is a cost displacement from switch trials to first repetition trials.
• In the “Go” Condition, we observed a similar pattern of results to that found in “Go” Condition of experiment 1.
![Page 26: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Experiment 3- Goals• To eliminate sequential effects due to the
go-nogo manipulation.
• To verify the role played by the stimulus in mental set reconfiguration. – Differences with the previous experiments:
• There were also no-go repetition trials.
• To verify Schuch & Koch hypothesis:– Predicts residual cost if response selection
occurs.
![Page 27: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Experiment 3- Design• Participants: Ten undergraduates.• Variables:
– Condition: Go signal in trial n-1: Go or No-Go. In this experiment the go-signal “No” could appear in every trial. 50%.
– Congruency: congruent and incongruent trials.– Task: letter task and number task.– Repetition: switch trials; first repetition trials;
second repetition trials.
• Dependent Variables: RT and accuracy.
![Page 28: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
SWITCH TRIALS
FIRST REPETITION
TRIALS
SECOND REPETITION
TRIALS
NO-GO CONDITION
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
TRIAL
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
TRIAL
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
TRIAL
GO CONDITION
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
TRIAL
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
TRIAL
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
TRIAL
Experiment 3- Design
![Page 29: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Experiment 3- Hypothesis
• There are also no-go repetition trials in order to avoid sequential effects produced by the go-signal manipulation.
• Following Schuch & Koch hypothesis there must not be cost in No-Go condition.
Hypothetical results
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
0 1 2
Number of Repetitions
RT (m
s)
No-Go Go
![Page 30: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Experiment 3- Results
• In the Go-condition the pattern of results was consistent with the normal residual cost found under predictable conditions.
• In the No-Go condition there seems to be no cost, as reported Schuch and Koch (2003).
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
0 1 2
Number of Repetitions
Reac
tion
Tim
e (m
s) Go
No-Go
![Page 31: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Experiment 3- Conclusions
• The slower RTs found for No-Go condition could be due to sequential effects.
• These results could be explained as a no cost or as a no repetition benefit.
![Page 32: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Experiment 4- Goals
• To ensure response preparation increasing the go-signal’s validity (80%).
• To verify the role played by the stimulus in mental set reconfiguration.
• To verify Schuch & Koch’s hypothesis.
• Differences with experiment 3:– There is a higher go-signal’s validity.
![Page 33: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Experiment 4- Design• Participants: Eight undergraduates.• Variables:
– Condition: Go signal in trial n-1: Go or No-Go. In this experiment the go-signal “No” could appear in every trial. 80%.
– Congruency: congruent and incongruent trials.– Task: letter task and number task.– Repetition: switch trials; first repetition trials;
second repetition trials.
• Dependent Variables: RT and accuracy.
![Page 34: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
SWITCH TRIALS
FIRST REPETITION
TRIALS
SECOND REPETITION
TRIALS
NO-GO CONDITION
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
TRIAL
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
TRIAL
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
TRIAL
GO CONDITION
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
TRIAL
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
TRIAL
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
TRIAL
Experiment 4- Design
![Page 35: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Experiment 4- Hypothesis
• The go-signal’s validity is higher (80%) so expected response selection.
• Following Schuch & Koch hypothesis, there will be residual cost in No-go condition.
Hypothetical results
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
0 1 2
Number of Repetitions
RT (m
s)
No-Go Go
![Page 36: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Experiment 4- Results
• Again we replicated residual cost in the Go-condition.
• In the No-Go condition there is a cost displacement from switch trials to first repetition trials. 550
600
650
700
750
800
850
0 1 2
Number of Repetitions
Rea
ctio
n Ti
me
(ms)
Go
No-Go
![Page 37: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Experiment 4- Conclusions.• The Go-Signal validity is important.
• Residual cost was still apparent in the first repetition trials in No-Go condition.
• Response selection seems to be the key factor to produce the residual cost: (no residual cost in No-Go condition Experiment 3 (Go-Signal validity=50%) vs significant residual cost in No-Go condition Experiment 4 (Go-Signal=80%).
![Page 38: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• It seems clear that what triggers exogenous reconfiguration process is not stimulus-related.
• Response selection seems to be the key factor to produce residual cost.
Conclusions from experiments 1-4
![Page 39: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
INDEX
• INTRODUCTION & HYPOTHESIS.– What is residual switch cost and how can we
measure it?
• THE STIMULUS AS THE KEY.– Experiments 1 & 2.– Experiments 3 & 4.
• THE RESPONSE AS THE KEY.– Experiments 5, 6 & 7.
• CONCLUSIONS.
![Page 40: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Experiment 5- Goals
• To verify the response’s role in mental set reconfiguration.
• For this aim we created a new condition where a response was executed in the absence of the target.
![Page 41: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Experiment 5- Design• Participants: twelve undergraduates.
• Variables:– Condition: Response in ITI (space bar); No
response in ITI. – Congruency: congruent and incongruent trials.– Task: letter task and number task.– Repetition: switch trials; first repetition trials;
second repetition trials.
• Dependent Variables: RT and accuracy.
![Page 42: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
SWITCH TRIALS
FIRST REPETITION
TRIALS
SECOND REPETITION
TRIALS
NO RESPONSE
CONDITION
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
ITI
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
ITI1
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
ITI
RESPONSE CONDITION
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS ITI
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS ITI
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS ITI
Experiment 5- Design
![Page 43: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Experiment 5- Hypothesis
• If any response (in the absence of the target) completes the reconfiguration, no cost must appear in response in ITI condition.
Hypothetical results
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
0 1 2
Number of Repetitions
RT (m
s)
No response in ITI
Response in ITI
![Page 44: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Experiment 5- Results
• Again we replicate residual component in No response condition.
• No effect of response in ITI was observed.
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
0 1 2
Number of Repetitions
Rea
ctio
n Ti
me
(ms)
Response in ITI
No Response in ITI
![Page 45: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Experiment 5- Conclusions• Any single unrelated response does not
trigger the mechanism of mental set reconfiguration to switch from a task to a new one without cost.
• With the results obtained we can not conclude that motor responses are not important to complete the reconfiguration.
• In the next experiment we will observe what happens with residual cost if the response to execute during the ITI is a related one.
![Page 46: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Experiment 6- Goals
• To verify the response’s role in mental set reconfiguration.
• For achieve this aim we modified the response to execute during ITI.
![Page 47: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Experiment 6- Design• Participants: twelve undergraduates.
• Variables:– Condition: Response in ITI (“b” key or the “n”
key); No response in ITI. – Congruency: congruent and incongruent trials.– Task: letter task and number task.– Repetition: switch trials; first repetition trials;
second repetition trials.
• Dependent Variables: RT and accuracy.
![Page 48: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
SWITCH TRIALS
FIRST REPETITION
TRIALS
SECOND REPETITION
TRIALS
NO RESPONSE
CONDITION
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
ITI
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
ITI1
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
ITI
RESPONSE CONDITION
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS ITI
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS ITI
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS ITI
Experiment 6- Design
![Page 49: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Experiment 6- Hypothesis
• If this response (in the absence of the target) completes the reconfiguration, no cost must appear in response in ITI condition.
Hypothetical results
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
0 1 2
Number of Repetitions
RT (m
s)
No response in ITI
Response in ITI
![Page 50: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Experiment 6- Results
• Again we replicate residual cost in No response condition.
• Response in ITI seems to eliminate residual cost.
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
0 1 2
Number of Repetitions
Reac
tion
Tim
e (m
s)
Response in ITI
No Response in ITI
![Page 51: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Experiment 6- Conclusions• These intermediate associated responses
eliminate the residual cost: participants’ execution in switch trials is as good as in repetition trials.
• The execution in all the trials in the response in ITI condition behave like repetition trials.
• In the next experiment we will see what happens with a choice extra task and unrelated responses.
![Page 52: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Experiment 7- Goals
• To verify the response’s role in mental set reconfiguration.
• For achieve this aim, in this experiment the response was not related with the alternating tasks.
![Page 53: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Experiment 7- Design• Participants: twelve undergraduates.
• Variables:– Condition: Response in ITI (the “R” key or the
“O” key); No response in ITI. – Congruency: congruent and incongruent trials.– Task: letter task and number task.– Repetition: switch trials; first repetition trials;
second repetition trials.
• Dependent Variables: RT and accuracy.
![Page 54: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
SWITCH TRIALS
FIRST REPETITION
TRIALS
SECOND REPETITION
TRIALS
NO RESPONSE
CONDITION
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
ITI
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
ITI1
NO RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS
ITI
RESPONSE CONDITION
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS ITI
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS ITI
RESPONSE IN PREVIOUS ITI
Experiment 7- Design
![Page 55: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Experiment 7- Hypothesis
• If this choice response (in the absence of the target) completes the reconfiguration, no cost must appear in response in ITI condition.
Hypothetical results
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
0 1 2
Number of Repetitions
RT (m
s)
No response in ITI
Response in ITI
![Page 56: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Experiment 7- Results
• Again we replicate residual component in No response in ITI condition.
• Response in ITI seems to eliminate residual cost.
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
0 1 2
Number of Repetitions
Rea
ctio
n Ti
me
(ms)
Response in ITI
No Response in ITI
![Page 57: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Experiment 7- Conclusions.• These intermediate non-associated
responses eliminate the residual cost: participants’ execution in switch trials is as good (or even better) as in repetition trials.
• An irrelevant interpolated task can be used to abolish residual cost.
• Therefore it seems that it is a choice task what triggers the reconfiguration mechanism (even in the absence of target).
![Page 58: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
INDEX
• INTRODUCTION & HYPOTHESIS.– What is residual switch cost and how can we
measure it?
• THE STIMULUS AS THE KEY.– Experiments 1 & 2.– Experiments 3 & 4.
• THE RESPONSE AS THE KEY.– Experiments 5, 6 & 7.
• CONCLUSIONS.
![Page 59: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
General Conclusions-I
• The residual switch cost seems to be a very robust effect with predictable sequences; it seems to be a real cognitive limitation (we have replicated it in all our experiments).
• It seems clear that what triggers exogenous reconfiguration process is not stimulus-related.
• Response selection seems to be the key factor to produce residual cost.
![Page 60: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
General Conclusions-II• The execution of a choice response (even in
the absence of the target) seems to complete the mental set reconfiguration process, and consequently, eliminate residual cost.
• This response must not be necessarily related with the task.
• A choice response, where some kind of uncertainty is elicited, completes the reconfiguration.
![Page 61: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
General Conclusions-III• Residual cost shows a cognitive limitation that
forces us to make a mistake (or to prevent to make a mistake) before our mental set is reconfigured.
• Our results are against the stimulus cued completion hypothesis and in favor of a cognitive “reset button” in the brain (activation of S-R decision rules and response execution).
• There seems to be a negative feed-back mechanism that completes the mental reconfiguration necessary to execute the new task in a suitable way.
![Page 62: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
General Conclusions-IV
• Only a retroactive adjustment after a response execution makes residual cost disappear.
• Our system is able to activate this negative feed-back mechanism by means of the execution of a choice response even in the absence of the target.
![Page 63: LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR Antonio González](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5515385b55034685568b4b0d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Muchas gracias por su atención
Thank you
Antonio González- [email protected]
LA RETROALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA COMO MECANISMO A LA BASE DEL CAMBIO DE PREPARACIÓN
MENTAL AL ALTERNAR ENTRE DOS TAREAS DE MANERA REGULAR