la persona que amo es adict@

7/28/2019 LA PERSONA QUE AMO ES ADICT@

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Qvîd Lncnlnrmn Mîr`kdns

^[AK\J ]NLK\ GN] ]JL\K CN] N@AMMAJDK]

CN UK\]JDN ^[K NGJ K]

n`amtE



^[AK\J ]NLK\ GN] ]JL\K CN] N@AMMAJDK]


n`amtE



N _amfy, ga kspjsn yngabn…



C N U K \ ] J D N ^ [ K N G J K ] N @ A M P E

@askþj/@anbrngnmaýd9 Ncapaj Mhnvkz

Kc mjdtkda`j `k kstn pulcamnmaýd dj pj`rî rkprjùmarsk tjtnc dapnrmancgkdtk pjr dadbùd gkàj gkmîdamj, ojtjbrîmj, kckmtrýdamj(ksmîdkr y/j ojtjmjpan) sad cn nutjraznmaýd ksmratn `kc nutjr.

AGU\K]J KD KC UK\ÙU\ADPK@ AD UK\[

Pçtucj9 CN UK\]JDN [K NGJ K] N@AMPN

Nutjr-kàtjr9 Qvnd Lncnlnrmn

Uragkrn kàmaýd, àmakglrk <5>>




NB\N@KMAGAKDPJ].

N @ajs, pjrquk ks sùpck tj`ns dukstrns dkmksa`n`ks.

N cn pasmýcjbn Gkrmk`ks \ngçrkz pjr su nsksjrçn y lukdn

`aspjsamaýd pnrn rkvasnr kstk gntkranc.



MJDPKDA@J

ADP\J@[MMAÝD N CN] N@AMMAJDK] >>

N@AMMAJDK] N U\JMK]J] >;

N@AMMAÝD N CN] UK\]JDN] =2

N@AMMAÝD N ][]PNDMAN] CKBNCK] 0;

N@AMMAJDK] N ][]PNDMAN] ACKBNCK] ;=

Cjs pnsjs `kc prjmksj n`amtavj y kc gjgkdtj n`kmun`j

pnrn cn adtkrvkdmaýd ?1

\KOK\KDMAN] 8;




ADP\J@[MMAÝD N CN] N@AMMAJDK]

ºûá ks udn nàmmaýd:

[dn nàmmaýd ks kc rksuctn`j `k ud gnc gndkij `k

cns kgjmajdks. Ujr kikgpcj, ud hjglrk k ;5 nþjs, mnsn`j,

mjd trks haijs kd cn [davkrsa`n`, kstî tnd nbjlan`j mjd cns

mukdtns quk sk sakdtk admnpnz `k sjcumajdnr sus prjlckgns,

nsç quk jptn pjr mrknrsk udn rknca`n` pnrnckcn, ud gud`j

vartunc pkrsjdnc.

Kstk –tulj `k ksmnpk‗ cj cjbrn n trnvás `kc ncmjhjc, kc

tnlnmj, cns `rjbns j ncbudn jtrn sustndman j prjmksj, admcu-

sj mjd pkrsjdns.

Kc adàvaùj ks admnpnz `k gndkinr su va`n y `kma`k

huar n trnvás `k udn nàmmaýd.

[dn nàmmaýd ks tnglak ud npkbj kgjmajdnc n udn

sustndman quk puk`k skr ckbnc j ackbnc6 pkrsjdns j prjmksj.




Kstk npkbj sakgprk ks kstrumtavj. Nokmtn ncbùd îrkn kc skr

hugndj, pjr cj tndtj, cj nokmtn tjtncgkdtk.

]k trntn `k udn mjdùmtn jlsksavj mjgpucsavn (dk-mksa`n` admjdtrjcn`n `k rkpktar makrtn mjdùmtn `k gndkrn

rkmurrkdtk) cckvnd`j n ud adàvaùj n mjdsugar ncbudn sus-

tndman j kxpkragkdtnr ncbùd prjmksj quk prjùmarî ncbùd

kokmtj pjsatavj (kuojran j pcnmkr) mjd kc d `k calrnrsk `kc

ud kstn`j `k îdagj dkbntavj (`jcjr, nlurragakdtj, kstrás,

taga`kz).>

Cns nàmmajdks puk`kd mcnsamnrsk kd9

Nàmmajdks n Urjmksjs9 ]jd nqukccns rkcnmajdks `ks-

trumtavns mjd kc trnlnij, adtkrdkt, iukbj, pjrdjbrnoçn, skxj,rkcabaýd, `kpjrtks j ncbudn jtrn.

Nàmmajdks n sustndmans9 Kstns nàmmajdks sk puk`kd

àvaàr kd `js9 sustndmans ckbncks k ackbncks. @kdtrj `k cns ck-

bncks kstîd kc mnoá, kc tá, cn mjga`n y cjs oîrgnmjs. Kd mundtj

n cns sustndmans ackbncks kstîd cn pnstn lîsamn `k mjmnçdn(ULM), áxtnsas, C]@, gnrahundn, kdtrk jtrns.

Nàmmajdks n pkrsjdns9 ]jd cns quk sk sukckd `nr

>

Ijskon. Mnþnc, Nàmmajdks9 mýgj prkvkdarcns kd daþjs y iývkdks. (Ljbjtî ,Mjcjglan9 Brupj Kàtjranc Djrgn, <55=), <.




kdtrk djvajs, mjd tkrnpkutns, mjdskikrjs j prjoksajdncks `k

àvkrsn çd`jck.

\kmukr`k quk cns nàmmajdks sakgprk takdkd ud mjg-

pjdkdtk `kstrumtavj.

[d nàmtj puk`k prkskdtnr cjs sabuakdtks sçdtjgns9

>. Dkmksa`n` `k admrkgkdtnr cn kxpjsamaýd n cn sustnd-

man, pkrsjdn j prjmksj.

<. Urkskdman `k sçdtjgns `k nlstadkdman mund`j kstî

ckijs `k cn mnusn `k su nàmmaýd.

=. Admnpnma`n` pnrn `ktkdkrsk kd cn kxpjsamaýd n cn

pkrsjdn, sustndman j prjmksj.

0. @kskjs `k nlnd`jdnr cn kxpjsamaýd n cn mnusn `k su

nàmmaýd.

;. @kàmnmaýd n jltkdkr cjs rkmursjs dkmksnrajs pnrn

cckbnr n cn oukdtk `k su nàmmaýd.

?. Mjdtadunr kc mjdsugj nudquk cn pkrsjdn skpn cns

mjdskmukdmans.

Pkdbn kd mukdtn

\kmukr`k quk ud nàmtj ks ud kdokrgj, quakd `kma-

àý j tjgý cn `kmasaýd `k kstnr nsç. Kstn kdokrgk`n` nokmtn

su mkrklrj adtkrrakd`j kd su oudmajdngakdtj djrgnc. Kd kc




mnsj `k cns sustndmans, ástns agatnd cjs quçgamjs dnturncks

`kc mkrklrj nmjstuglrnd`j nc nàmtj n tjgnr gîs `rjbns.

Ástns tnglaád nokmtnd kc gktnljcasgj.Kd jtrns pncnlrns, kc nàmtj hn mjgprjgkta`j su

gkgjran, sus sastkgns gjtavnmajdncks y sus marmuatjs `k rk-

mjgpkdsn. Kd mjdmcusaýd, tj`js cjs kstçgucjs rkcnmajdn`js

n su nàmmaýd puk`kd ksntnr ud adtkdsj kskj pjr kc jliktj

nàmtavj.<

Mjdsa`krk tnglaád quk ud nàmtj dj dkmksnrangkd-

tk ks ud `kcadmukdtk (nudquk pj`rçn skrcj) sadj, pjr sjlrk

tj`j, ud skr hugndj mjd ud tkrralck gndkij `k cns kgjmaj-

dks y `k cn vjcudtn`.

N`kgîs, mund`j kxastk ud nàmtj kd udn ongacan,

tj`n cn ongacan kstî nokmtn`n pjrquk adtkrnmtùn mjd kc kd-okrgj kxpkragkdtn`j skdtagakdtjs `k vkrbókdzn,= mýckrn j

dkbnmaýd.

N mjdtadunmaýd vngjs n mjdjmkr cjs pradmapncks tapjs

`k nàmmajdks. Adamanrkgjs mjd cns nàmmajdks `k prjmksjs.

C[@JUNPÇN

Cn pncnlrn Nàmtj vakdk `kc cntçd n`àmtus, tárgadj

<Hkrlkrt C., Uktra, Ijhd G Bjvkrd, y ]ncadns Jrz, Gjvnmaýd. Pkjrçn, advks-

bnmaýd y npcamnmajdks. (Gáxamj9 Phjgsjd, <55?), <>0.

=

Gkrck N Ojssug y Gnracyd I. Gnsjd, Cn vkrbukdzn9 mýgj kdorkdtnrcn yrksjcvkrcn (Gáxamj, @.O.9 Kàtjranc Unx Gáxamj, >181), ><2.




kgpckn`j pjr kc `krkmhj rjgndj pnrn `ksabdnr n cjs ks-

mcnvjs pjr `ku`ns. ]ad kglnrbj, pnrn `ksabdnr n quakdks

sjd nàmtjs n cjs iukbjz `k nznr sk cjs `kdjgadn cu`ýpntn.

Pnglakd hnd rkmala`j djglrks mjgj iubn`jr pntjcýbamj,

iubn`jr mjgpucsavj, cu`j nàmtj, cu`j `kpkdàkdtk j iubn-

`jrks prjlckgn.0

]kbùd NUN (Nsjmanmaýd Ngkramndn `k Usaquantrns)

sjd trnstjrdjs `kc mjgpjrtngakdtj quk mjgpnrtkd cns mn-

rnmtkrçstamns `k cns `kpkd`kdmans n sustndmans, kquapnrîd-

`jcns nc ncmjhjcasgj y jtrns `kpkd`kdmans n sustndmans,sakd`j kc jliktj `k nàmmaýd cn mjdùmtn kd sç. Kstî iudtj

mjd cn parjgndçn, mckptjgndçn y jtrjs mjgj ud trnstjrdj `k

cjs hîlatjs y `kc mjdtrjc `k agpucsjs.;

0 Ncjdsj-Okrdd`kz, Orndmasmj. Cns Dukvns nàmmajdks9 ncagkdtj, skxj,

mjgprns, tkckvasaýd, iukbj, trnlnij, adtkrdkt (Gn`ra`9 PKN, <55=), <55.;]acvn Bnrmçn, Cuas. Mua`n`js kdokrgkrjs kd ntkdmaýd pragnran9 prjbrngn

N@AMMAJDK] N U\JMK]J]




Cn cu`jpntçn ks admnpnmatndtk, prjbrksavn y mrýdamn.

Kc cu`ýpntn ks udn pkrsjdn mjd ud npkbj kstrumtavjnc iukbj. Uuk`k prkskdtnr cns sabuakdtks mnrnmtkrçstamns9

>. ]k vukcvk mn`n vkz gîs admnpnz `k rksastar cjs agpuc-

sjs n iubnr.

<. Cksajdn jliktavjs ongacanrks, pkrsjdncks j vjmnmajdn-cks.

=. Ks nrrkstn`j pjr rjlj, ornu`k j kstnon pjr jltkdkr

àdkrj pnrn iubnr.

0. Ks admnpnz `k mugpcar mjd `ku`ns.

;. Nctkrn su rkcnmaýd ongacanr j mjdyubnc.

?. Urkskdtn admnpnma`n` pnrn kxpcamnr párà`ns j bn-

dndmans `k àdkrj.

2. Uakr`k kc trnlnij pjr kc nuskdtasgj pjr iubnr.?

Kstk ksjr`kd kc kskj sk n gnyjrgkdtk kdtrk cjs

vnrjdks.2

Cns tkd`kdmans suama`ns sk `nd kd ncbj gîs `kc <5%

`k sncu` `kc nùctj y kc ndmandj (]kvaccn9 Kàtjranc Gn`, <55?), ><5.

?Alkz Mun`rn`j, Îdbkcn, y Ikrdagj ]az \uaz. Cn cu`jpnn9 udn dukvn

kdokrgk`n` (Lnrmkcjdn9 Gnssjd, <55>), 8.

2

Cpkz-Aljr Ncaj, I. I. Agbkdks `k cn psaquantrçn kspnjcn (Lnrmkcjdn9Bcjsn, <55;) 00<.




`k cu`j nàmtjs.8

Cj quk ud skr ngn`j puk`k hnmkr kd kstjs mnsjs ksgjtavnr n adamanr ud trntngakdtj. Kc trntngakdtj cj klk lrad-

`nr ud psamýcjbj j psaquantrn kxpkrtjs kd kc tkgn.

RJ\FHJCAM (N@AMPJ NC P\NLNIJ)

Kstk mun`rj sk a`kdtamn kd cns pkrsjdns quk `kà-

mnd gîs takgpj nc trnlnij `k cj quk ks kxaba`j pjr cns mar-

mudstndmans, hnmakd`j `kc trnlnij kc dùmckj mkdtrnc `k sus

va`ns, `ks`kþn`j jtrns nmtava`n`ks, sakd`j admnpnmks `k

tkdkr jtrjs adtkrksks.1

Cjs adàmn`jrks sjd9

>. Kxtrkgn nmtatu` cnljrnc.

<. @kàmnmaýd kxmksavn kd takgpj y ksoukrzj.

=. @kskjs mjgpucsavjs.

0. @ksadtkrás pjr jtrns nmtava`n`ks.

;. ]kdtar prkjmupnmaýd nbjlandtk ùrndtk kc d `k skgndn.

8 Ncjdsj-Okrdd`kz, Orndmasmj. Cns dukvns nàmmajdks9 ncagkdtj, skxj,

mjgprns, tkckvasaýd, iukbj, trnlnij, adtkrdkt (Gn`ra`9 PKN, <55=), <5=.

1

Ccndkzn, Orndmasmj Invakr. Krbjdjgçn y psamjsjmajcjbçn npcamn`n9 gndunc pnrn cn ojrgnmaýd `kc kspkmancastn (_nccn`jca`9 Kàtjranc Ckx Djvn, <552), ;<=.




?. Admnpnma`n` pnrn tjgnrsk vnmnmajdks j `ksmndsnr.

2. Agpjsalaca`n` `k nlnd`jdnr ud trnlnij admjdmcusj nc

dnc `kc `çn.

8. Ujdkrsk dukvjs trnlnijs pnrn cjs gjgkdtjs `k `ks-

mndsj.

1. ]kr admnpnz `k rkmhnznr trnlnij nàmajdnc.

>5. Kxpkragkdtnr quk kc takgpj sk pnsn guy rîpa`j

mund`j sk trnlnin.

>>. ]kr mjgpktatavj kd muncquakr nmtava`n`.

><. Garnr kc rkcji mjd agpnmakdman.

>=. Ks nmusn`j pjr cn ongacan `k quk sk `kàmn gîs nc

trnlnij.>0. Kxpkragkdtnr mndsndmaj k arratnlaca`n` sa dj sk trnln-

in ùrndtk cjs dks `k skgndn.

>;. uk`nrsk hnstn kc ùctagj kd cn kgprksn.

>?. Dj `kckbn.

>2. Pakdk prjlckgns pnrn rkcninrsk.

>8. Prnlnin lnij tkdsaýd.

>1. ]k mjgudamn gkijr `kdtrj `k cn kgprksn quk oukrn

`k kccn.

\kmukr`k quk kc nàmtj nc trnlnij snmrncazn sus cnlj-

rks mjgj kc sjstád `k su va`n y ùdamj jliktavj `k su kxas-




tkdman.>5

Cjs ngabjs pj`kgjs9

>. \kmjgkd`nr quk kc adàvaùj vasatk ud psamýcjbjpnrn ud ànbdýstamj.

<. Dj nckdtnr n trnlninr gîs hjrns `k cns `kla`ns.

=. @ksnrrjccnr ud mjgprjgasj rknc mjd cn ongacan

0. @nr kikgpcj `k àdîgamn ongacanr.

N@AMMAÝD N CN \KCABAJD

]a kc jliktavj k cns nàmmajdks k prjmksjs ks pjdkr-

>5

Orndmasmj Ncjdzj Okrdd`kz, Ujr quá trnlningjs ( Kspnn9 @anz `k ]nd-tjs), >;1.

Pnlcn <59 Cjs tapjs tkgîtamjs `k kstrás jmupnmajdnc kd rkcnmaýdmjd cns ojrgns `k trnlnij

Kstrás `k cn mjgpktava`n`9 kgprksnrajs, àrkmtavjs

Kstrás `k cn mrkntava`n`9 ksmratjrks, nrtastns, advkstabn`jrks.

Kstrás `k cn rkspjdsnlaca`n`9 gáàmjs, kdokrgkrns, mjdtrjcn`jrksnárkjs.

Kstrás rkcnmajdnc9 skrvamajs kd mjdtnmtj àrkmtj y mjdtadun`j mjd cn bkd-tk, mjgj jmurrk mjd cjs oudmajdnrajs, cjs prjoksjrks y cjs vkd`k`jrks.

Kstrás `k cn prasn9 pkrajàstns.

Kstrás `k cn kspkmtntavn9 skrva`jrks `kc jr`kd.

Kstrás `kc gak`j9 trn`nijs `k nctj raksbj (gadns, adùstrans quçgamns,mkdtrjs dumcknrks, oukrzns `kc jr`kd, prasajdks).

Kstrás `kc nlurragakdtj9 trnlnijs pnrmkcnrajs y gjdjtjdjs (–gabnins `kc

trnlnij‗)Kstrás `k sjck`n`9 ngns `k mnsn




djs ckijs `k dukstrns pkdns j skdtagakdtjs `k mucpn, nquk-

ccns pkrsjdns quk dj kdorkdtnd sus àmuctn`ks y sk nokrrnd

n cn rkcabaýd mjgj vçn `k ksmnpk sk hnd vukctj nàmtjs nkccn.>>

Jtrn `kdamaýd rkzn nsç, cn nàmmaýd n cn rkcabaýd ks

usnr n @ajs, cn abcksan j ud sastkgn `k mrkkdmans mjgj ud

ksmnpk `k cn rknca`n` j mjgj ud nrgn mjdtrn sç gasgjs y

mjdtrn jtrjs, kd ud adtkdtj `k kdmjdtrnr j kckvnr su nutjks-tagn j lakdkstnr.><

Kstj `klk kdtkd`krsk `kc sabuakdtk gj`j. @ajs dj

quakrk quk djs `ksmjdkmtkgjs `kc gud`j pnrn skbuarcj

(nàmmaýd), @ajs quakrk quk kd gkàj `kc gud`j skngjs cuz,

quk kd gkàj `k dukstrns va`ns kva`kdmakgjs quk Á c kstîkd djsjtrjs (va`n ksparatunc valrndtk).

Ks makrtj quk hny sastkgns rkcabajsjs quk nlusnd `k

sus gakglrjs mjdvartaád`jcjs kd nàmtjs. Kstk nlusj rkca-

bajsj bkdkrncgkdtk sk `n kd cns skmtns mjd prîmtamns guy

prjpans y cjs gakglrjs cckbnd n skdtar brntamnmaýd kd cnvkrbókdzn bkdkrn`n pjr su admnpnma`n` `k cckbnr nc davkc `k

>>Cadd, Gnhkw, ]hkacn Onlramndt Cadd, y @kddas Cadd. Hkncadb ]paratunc

Nlusk & \kcabajus N` amjd (Dkw Qjrf9 Unucast Urkss, >110), >5->0.><

Ingks ]cjlj`zakd, Hnwnaa nd` Mhrasnd \kcabajus N`àmjd ([]N9 [da-vkrsnc Uulcashkr, <550), <2.




cjs a`kncks kxpukstjs pjr cn skmtn.>=

@klkgjs `kdar cn àokrkdman kdtrk ksparatunca`n` yrkcabaýd. Cn ksparatunca`n` ks cn mnpnma`n` `kc skr hugndj

`k mjgudamnrsk mjd @ajs, gakdtrns quk cn rkcabaýd ks cn sas-

tkgntaznmaýd `k cn ksparatunca`n` kd ratjs y ckyks. Mund`j cn

rkcabaýd dj kstî lnsn`n kd udn sýca`n lnsk lçlcamn, kdtjdmks

cn rkcabaýd ks udn skmtn.

[d nàmtj n cn rkcabaýd puk`k skr9

>. Admnpnz `k pkdsnr, ù`nr j mukstajdnr cn ad-

ojrgnmaýd j nutjra`n` `k sus cç`krks rkcabaj-

sjs.

<. Uakdsnd kd lcndmj j dkbrj.

=. ]us mrkkdmans sk lnsnd kd cn vkrbókdzn quk

sakdtkd mund`j dj hnmkd cj mjrrkmtj.

0. \çba`n y jlsksavn n`hkrkdman n rkbcns y mýà-

bjs `k átamn.

;. Nmtatu` `k dj iuzbnr n su rkcabaýd.

?. Jrnmaýd mjgpucsavn.

>=

Lrn`shnw, Ijhd, Hkncadb thk ]hngk Phnt Lad`s Qju (@kkrkc` Lknmh,Ocn9 Hkncth Mjggudamnjds, >188), ??




2. Mjdtralumajdks `ksgkà`ns n cn abcksan.

8. Mrkkr quk kc skxj y sus mukrpjs sjd sumajs.

1. Mjdùmtn mjgpucsavn.

>5. Mjdamtjs mjd cn makdman, gkàmadn y kùmnmaýd.

>>. ]çdtjgns psamjsjgîtamjs mjgj `jcjr `k ks-

pnc`n, `jcjr `k mnlkzn k hapkrtkdsaýd.

><. \upturn `k rkcnmajdks y `ksmjdkxaýd `k cn

rknca`n`.

>=. Urktkd`kr tkdkr gkdsniks `k @ajs j gndapu-

cnr cns Ksmraturns.>0

Cngkdtnlckgkdtk cjs pn`rks nàmtjs n cn rkcabaýd

puk`kd cckbnr n pnsnr pjr nctj kc nlusj skxunc `k sus haijs

pjr pnrtk `k jtrjs gakglrjs j àrabkdtks `k cn jrbndaznmaýd

rkcabajsn n cn quk pkrtkdkmkd pnrn dj gndmhnr n su a`jcntrn-

`n abcksan, pkrj cjbrnd tj`j cj mjdtrnraj.

N@AMMAJD N CN ADPK\DKP

Kc tárgadj nàmmaýd n adtkrdkt hn a`j bndnd`j skbua-

>0 Fdnukr, ]nd`y. ]urvavjrs \kmjvkradb orjg ]kxunc Nlusk, N`àmjds,

nd` Mjgpucsavk Lkhnvajrs9 –Dugl‗ ]urvavjrs (Dkw Qjrf9 Hnwjrth ]jmanc RjrfUrnmmk Urkss, <55>), <;8.




`jrks kd oudmaýd `k `ktkrgadn`js okdýgkdjs mcçdamjs quk

mjgkdznrjd n jlskrvnrsk kd tjrdj nc usj `k cn adtkrdkt, mjd

prkskdman `k sçd`rjgks `k nlstadkdman.>;

>. º]akdtks prkjmupnmajdks kd tjrdj nc Adtkrdkt: (pakd-

sns gumhj kd cn ùctagn sksaýd y ndhkcns cn sabuakdtk

sksaýd).

<. º]akdtks gumhjs `kskjs `k skbuar dnvkbnd`j kdkc Adtkrdkt, admrkgkdtnd`j mn`n vkz gîs kc takgpj

pnrn sntasonmkr tus dkmksa`n`ks:

=. ºHns kxpkragkdtn`j onctn `k mjdtrjc kd tjrdj nc usj

`kc Adtkrdkt:

0. ºPk quk`ns kd cçdkn gîs takgpj `kc quk `aspusastk n

ksn nmtava`n`:

;. ºPakdks kc raksbj `k pkr`kr udn ngastnr, udn rkcn-

maýd, ud trnlnij j udn jpjrtuda`n` k`umntavn pjr kc

Adtkrdkt:

?. ºHns gkdta`j n tu ongacan j nc mjdskikrj j nc tkrn-

pkutn pnrn quk dj tk pravkd `kc usj `kc Adtkrdkt:

2. ºKc Adtkrdkt ks ud gj`j `k huar `k cn rknca`n` y sarvk

pnrn `ks kstrksnrtk:

>;

Lncnbukr Urkstks, \jlkrtj. Adtkrdkt9 ud dukvj kspnmaj psamjsjmanc (Gjdtkva`kj9 K`. Pracmk, <55=), >?8.




Ástns sjd ncbudns `k cn prkbudtns quk cn @rn. Fag-

lkrcy ]. Qjudb ojrgucn pnrn a`kdtamnr ud AN@ (Adtkrdkt

N` amtajd @asjr`kr), n`kgîs nrgn quk udjs 055.555 djr-tkngkramndjs kstîd nokmtn`js pjr kc AN@ (`k udn pjlcnmaýd

`k udjs <5.555.555 `k ngkramndjs mjdkmtn`js).>?

Cn nàmmaýd nc adtkrdkt ks udn dkjnàmmaýd y takdk

quk vkr mjd kstnr –kdbndmhn`j‗ n cn rk` (dkt) pjr gumhns

hjrns.

Kxastkd, skbùd cjs advkstabn`jrks, muntrj gj`nca`n-

`ks `k nàmmaýd n cn rk`9

Hny makrtns mnrnmtkrçstamns `k pkrsjdnca`n` j kstn-

`js kgjmajdncks quk nugkdtnd cn vucdkrnlaca`n` psamjcý-

>?Qjudb, Faglkrcy ]. Mnubht ad thk Dkt9 Hjw tj \kmjbdazk thk ]abds jo

Adtkrdkt N`àmjd--nd` n Raddadb ]trntkby ojr \kmjvkry (Dkw Qjrf9 I. Racky, >118)=, 0.

GJ@NCA@N@ NUCAMNMAÝD MJDPKDA@J

>Nàmmaýd mçlkr

skxunc Rkls pjrdjbrî-

mnsUjrdjbrîmjs j

skxuncks

< Nàmmaýd n cns mçlkr- rkcnmajdks

Mhnt, rk`kssjmancks, ojrjs

Mjgudamnmaýdadtkrnmtavn mjd jtrjs

usunrajs.

=

Mjgpucsajdks `k

cn rk`

Uîbadns wklkd su gnyjrçnmjgkrmancks

Iukbjs `k nznr,mjgkrmaj kckmtrýdamj,

sulnstns.

0

Lusmn`jrks kadojrgnmaýd y

–vnbnlud`jskckmtrýdamjs‗

Gjtjrks `k

lùsquk`n

]agpckgkdtk dnvkbnrpjr cn rk` sad udngktn kspkmçmn y

lusmnr adojrgnmaýdsjlrk ud tkgn `kadtkrás.




bamn n cns nàmmajdks. Cn vucdkrnlaca`n` psamjcýbamn hnman cn

nàmmaýd n Adtkrdkt sk kxprksn kd cjs sabuakdtks onmtjrks `k

raksbj9>. @ámats `k pkrsjdnca`n`9 adtrjvkrsaýd nmusn`n, lnin

nutjkstagn y davkc nctj `k lùsquk`n `k skdsnmajdks.

<. @ámats kd cns rkcnmajdks adtkrpkrsjdncks9 taga`kz y

ojlan sjmanc.

=. @ámats mjbdatavjs9 ondtnsçn `ksmjdtrjcn`n, ntkdmaýdàspkrsn y tkd`kdman n cn àstrnalaca`n`.

0. Nctkrnmajdks psamjpntjcýbamns9 Nàmmajdks quçgamns

j psamjcýbamns prkskdtks j pnsn`ns.

;. @kprksaýd.

?. Cns pkrsjdns `kpkdàkdtks `k Adtkrdkt sukckd skrsusmkptalcks, vabacndtks y pravn`ns. >2

Cn nàmmaýd nc adtkrdkt puk`k bkdkrnr `kpkd`kdman

mjd cjs gasgjs sçdtjgns `kc sçd`rjgk `k nlstadkdman mund-

`j sk kstî gumhj takgpj `ksmjdkmtn`j. Kstn `kpkd`kdmannc adtkrdkt, puk`k skr tnd pkcabrjsn mjgj cn nàmmaýd n cns

`rjbns, mjd cn àokrkdman quk cn dkt ks ckbnc. Kstn `kpkd-

`kdman bkdkrn rknmmajdks oçsamns sagacnrks n cns nàmmajdks

>2Gn`ra` Cpkz, \.A. –Cn Nàmmad n Adtkrdkt‗. Usamjcjbçn Jdcadk. hp9//

www.psamjcjban-jdcadk.mjg/mjcnljrn`jrks/dnmhj/nadtkrdkt.htg (Mjdsuctn`j9 >2gnrzj, <551).




quçgamns.>8

]ad kglnrbj, hny quakdks mjdsa`krnd quk kstn nàm-maýd ks ud okdýgkdj pnsnikrj prjpaj `k bkdtk dukvn kd kc

adtkrdkt, sad mjdskmukdmans brnvks. Kd kc kstuàj `k Qjudb,

kc 8=% krn djvntj mjd gkdjs `k ud nþj usnd`j cn \k`.

Ukrj, `k hnlkr udn nàmmaýd, sk `klkd a`knr kstrntkbans

pnrn nyu`nr n cjs ntrnpn`js pjr cn dkt.>1

N@AMMAÝD NC ]KXJ

Kstn nàmmaýd ks udn `k cns gîs dkbn`ns pjr dukstrn

mucturn.<5 Ks prjbrksavn, puk`k kgpkznr mjd cn mjdùmtn `k

vkr agprksjs, cukbj vç`kjs y cukbj nmtava`n`ks gîs raksbj-sns. ]akgprk kstî cn mjdùmtn jlsksavn rkmurrkdtk.<> _n `ks-

`k cn prîmtamn `k cn gnsturlnmaýd y vkr pjrdjbrnoçn, y dj sk

`ktakdk hnstn `ksnrrjccnr hîlatjs mjgpucsavjs `k mjdùmtn

admcuykd`j prjgasmua`n` skxunc, matns mjd prjstatutns, kxha-

>8Ncjdsj-Okrdd`kz, Orndmasmj. Cns Dukvns nàmmajdks9 ncagkdtj, skxj,

mjgprns, tkckvasaýd, iukbj, trnlnij, adtkrdkt . <2=.

>1 Ijsá Gnrçn Ckd \ulaj, Usamjcjban `k cn ]ncu` y `k cn mnca`n` `k va`n.

(Lnrmkcjdn9 [JM, <550), >25.<5Nàmmajdks, –nàmmaýd nc skxj‗, nàmmajdks.jrb hp9//www.nàmmajdks.

jrb/kdokrgk`n`/skxj/ad`kx.htgc (mjdsuctn`j9 <= `k gnrzj, <551).<>

]kxj nàmtjs nddagjs, –ºûá ks udn nàmmaýd nc skxj:‗, ]KXNN hp9//www.skxnn.jrb/kspndjc/n`àmt.htg (mjdsuctn`j9 <= `k gnrzj, <551).




lamajdasgj kd admcusj n vkmks cn vajcnmaýd y kc admkstj.<< Kd

jtrns pncnlrns ks ud trnstjrdj jlsksavj mjgpucsavj kd udn

vnrandtk sadbucnr.<=

Mjgj hkgjs vastj, kc prjlckgn kd tjrdj n cns nàmmajdks

ks cn mjdùmtn jlsksavn rkmurrkdtk, quk sk `ksnrrjccn kd kc

adàvaùj nc gnrbkd `kc prjmksj, pkrsjdn j sustndman n cn

quk cn nàmmaýd kstî vadmucn`n.

Cjs nàmtjs nc skxj prkskdtnd ndsak`n`, kstrás y nrrkpkdta-

gakdtj, skdtagakdtjs prjpajs `k udn nàmmaýd.<0

Kc pnmakdtk sk mrkn kc trndmk `k cn prkjmupnmaýd, kd kc quk

cjs pkdsngakdtjs jlsksavjs sjlrk `ktkrgadn`j mjgpjrtn-

gakdtj skxunc mjgj kxhalarsk, mrknd udn dkmksa`n` `k mjd-

sugj pnrn cjbrnr cn kxprksaýd `k cn mjdùmtn. Kstn prkjmu-

pnmaýd adtkdsn adùmk makrtjs mjgpjrtngakdtjs ratuncastns,mjgj rkmjrrkd udn rutn kd pnrtamucnr pjr ud `ktkrgadn`j

lnrraj kd kc quk hnd jmurra`j adma`kdtks ndtkrajrks `k kxha-

lamaýd.<;

Ks nàmmaýd nc skxj sa mugpck cjs madmj sabuakdtks mratkrajs9

<<Gnry Lkth Ljdnmma, Pus prkbudtns y cns rkspukstns sjlrk ngjr y skxj

(Gn`ra`9 Kàmajdks Uncnlrn, <55<), >25.

<=G. Ukrkz, –ºûá ks cn nàmmad nc skxj:‗, sjatu, hp9//www.sjatu.ks/sja-

tu/<558/>5/<5/skxj/><<001=??1Z;0;;10.htgc (mjdsuctn`j9 <= `k gnrzj, <551).<0Nlmskxjcjban, –cn `kpkd`kdman `kc skxj‗, NLMskxjcjbçn.mjg hp9//nlm-

skxjcjban.kscasagj.mjg/pradt.php:sa`7>22 (mjdsuctn`j9 <= `k gnrzj, <551).<;

\jlkrt Mrjjfs, Dukstrn skxunca`n` ([]N9 Mkdbnbk Cknrdadb Cnd Ng,<555), ;?<.




>. Mund`j cn kxastkdman y cjs `kskjs barnd kd

tjrdj n cj skxunc.

<. Kc `kskj `k sntasonmkr kc npktatj skxunc rksuc-

tn agpucsavj k admjdtrjcnlck.

=. Mund`j sk hn cjbrn`j sntasonmkr kc `kskj sk-

xunc sakdtk pjr lrkvk takgpj trndquaca`n` y

mjdtrjc sjlrk cn satunmaýd pnrn cukbj skdtar ud

skdtagakdtj `k mucpn.

0. Kdtrk kpasjàjs `k nutjmjgpcnmkdman skxunc kx-

pkragkdtn ud kstn`j `k –skmn‗ j dj kpasjàjs

hnstn quk cukbj npnrkmk kc orkdksç nàmtavj.

;. ]k nmugucn kc skdtagakdtj `k mucpn, cn lninnutjkstagn y sk `ktkrajrnd cns rkcnmajdks on-

gacanrks. ]k bjzn gîs `kc skxj malkrdátamj

quk `kc rknc kd kc mnsj `k cjs mnsn`js.<?

]a udn pkrsjdn prkskdtn trks `k cns sabuakdtks mnrnmtkrçsta-

mns, `klk lusmnr nyu`n prjoksajdnc9

>. Bnstn takgpj pcndamnd`j ncbùd kpasjàj skxunc ad-

`kla`j.

<?

Orndmasmj Ncjdsj-Okrdd`kz, Cns Dukvns nàmmajdks9 ncagkdtj, skxj,mjgprns, tkckvasaýd, iukbj, trnlnij, adtkrdkt (Gn`ra`9 PKN, <55=), >>2.




<. @ksnrrjccnr udn mjdùmtn skxunc adtkdsn.

=. Dj tkdkr áxatj kd kc mjdtrjc `k su va`n skxunc calkr-tadn.

0. Dj tkdkr oukrzn k vjcudtn` pnrn `ktkdkr cn orkmukd-

man `k cjs kpasjàjs.

;. @kinr `k cn`j cns rkcnmajdks sjmancks cçmatns y cns cnlj-

rncks j ongacanrks pjr jmupnrk `k su mjdùmtn skxuncad`kla`n.

?. Ar mjdsugakd`j gîs takgpj, àdkrj y `kgîs pnrn

sntasonmkr su mrkmakdtk npktatj skxunc.

2. Mund`j sk kxpkragkdtn ud takgpj `k nlstadkdman

tnglaád sk kxpkragkdtn ud sçd`rjgk `k nlstadkdman

mjgj admjgjà`n` y gnckstnr.<2

Ktnpns `k cn nàmmaýd skxunc

(_kr burn)

<2

Orndmasmj Ncjdsj-Okrdd`kz, Cns Dukvns nàmmajdks9 ncagkdtj, skxj,mjgprns, tkckvasaýd, iukbj, trnlnij, adtkrdkt , >>2.




[d nàmtj nc skxj ks hîlac kd kc asagucj, pjrquk su rknca`n` cjnvkrbókdzn. Mund`j sk hnd nutjbrntamn`j mjd pcnmkr skxunc,

sk sakdtkd vnmçjs, mjdousjs, sjcjs, sumajs y mjd rkgjràgakdtj.

ûkra`j ngabj rkmukr`k quk kd cn lntnccn `k cjs skdta`js

vkdmk nqukc quk ksmnpn. Dj pj`kgjs `nrck da ud sjcj kspn-

maj nc hjglrk vakij, n cn vakin dnturnckzn, pjrquk `k skr nsçsk rkpjd`rî y djs hnrî gumhj `nþj.

Mjd cn mjdmupasmkdman dj sk puk`k `nr dadbudn mjdmksaýd.

N@AMMAÝD N CN UJ\DJB\NOÇN

Hny quk hnmkr udn prkmasaýd kd tjrdj n cn pjrdj-

Ktnpn >. Nmtava`n`ks Ktnpn <. Nmtava`n`ks Ktnpn =. Nmtava`n`ks

Ujrdjbrnoçn

GnsturlnmaýdUrjgasmua`n`Hjgjskxunca`nÙrjstatumaýdPrnvkstasgjOktamhasgjMjdvkrsnmajdksskxuncks pjr tkcáojdj.

Ccngn`ns jlsmkdns n

jtrjs.Kspanr n jtrjs sad qukkccjs cj skpnd.KxhalamajdasgjNmjsj skxunc.

Nlusj skxunc `k daþjs

Uk`jcanAdmkstj _ajcnmaýd]kxj sn`jgnsjquastn.

Mjdskmukdmans Mjdskmukdmans Mjdskmukdmans

Ujmj raksbj\kncazn mjdùmtnsackbncksNgkdnzns jmnsajdncks`k pkr`kr kc kgpckj]k mjdsa`krn quk djhny vçmtagns.

\aksbj gj`krn`j]akgprk ackbncUjsalck párà`n `kctrnlnij]akgprk advjcumrnvçmtagns.

Nctj raksbj]akgprk ackbncUárà`n guy prjlnlck`k trnlnij]akgprk advjcumrnvçmtagns.




brnoçn, ástn ks cn `kgjstrnmaýd j `ksmrapmaýd `k cn nmta-

va`n` skxunc j `k cn `ksdu`kz jrakdtn`n n kstagucnr

kgjmajdks skxuncks kd kspkmtn`jrks y ckmtjrks. Cn pjr-

djbrnoçn iudtj mjd cn ondtnsçn y cn gnsturlnmaýd ks mjd-

sa`krn`n mjgj udj `k cjs kckgkdtjs `k cn nàmmaýd nc

skxj, mrknd`j ud mamcj guy àoçmac `k rjgpkr. Cn ondtnsçn

mrkn udn dkmksa`n` `k sntasonmkr ndhkcjs skxuncks, cn pjr-

djbrnoçn gukstrn agîbkdks `k mýgj hnmkrcj y cn gns-

turlnmaýd ks cn kxprksaýd oçsamn, pkrj, nudquk kstjs trks

kckgkdtjs iudtjs prjvkkd –ncavaj skxunc‗, dudmn sntason-

mkd kc npktatj kgjmajdnc y ksparatunc `kc ncgn `kc nàmtj.

\kmukr`k quk kc npktatj pjr cn pjrdjbrnoçn ingîs sk

snman. [d pjrdýbrnoj (nàmtj n cn pjrdjbrnoçn) cukbj `k vkr=555 hjrns k vç`kjs pjrdjbrîmjs, >55 555 agîbkdks su-

bkstavns y <55 hjrns `k tkcáojdjs krýtamjs àrî9 –ºDj hny

gîs:‗. Kstn nàmmaýd ks `kbkdkrntavn.

Cn pjrdjbrnoçn ks pkcabrjsn pjrquk9

>. [dn sjcn kxpjsamaýd n cn pjrdjbrnoçn puk`k cckvnr nnmtatu`ks y mjdùmtns ndtasjmancks.

<. Cn pjrdjbrnoçn puk`k asgaduar cn sntasonmmaýd skxunc

`k cn pkrsjdn.

=. Cn pjrdjbrnoçn mjdùmk n nugkdtnr cns ondtnsçns `k

vajcnmaýd.




0. Cjs hjglrks quk garnd pjrdjbrnoçn sk puk`kd vjc-

vkr oîmacgkdtk nàmtjs y mjgkdznr n `ksknr gîs gn-

tkranc vasunc y tkrgadnr mjgpjrtîd`jsk mjgj cj qukhnd vastj.

;. Kxastk udn rkcnmaýd sjmanc kdtrk cn pjrdjbrnoçn y cn

vajckdman.

Kxastkd madmj ktnpns kd kc prjmksj `k nàmmaýd n cn pjrdj-

brnoçn9• Kxpjsamaýd n muncquakr gntkranc pjrdjbrîmj.

• Nàmmaýd. Mund`j cn pkrsjdn kcabk `k gndkrn vjcud-

tnran kdmngadnrsk kd ksn àrkmmaýd.

• Nsmkdsj. Mn`n vkz sk lusmnd kxpjsamajdks gîs kx-

pcçmatns.

• @kskdsalacaznmaýd. Cj quk ndtks krn ksmnd`ncjsj

nhjrn yn dj ks ud tnlù. ]k `kind `k cn`j cns djrgns

`k `kmkdman y gj`krnmaýd.

•

Mjgpjrtngakdtj. Kc pjrdýbrnoj trntnrî `k mjgpjr-tnrsk pnrn sntasonmkr sus ondtnsçns.

\kpnrk kd cns pncnlrns `k Pk` Lud`y (nsksadj kd skrak mjd

gîs `k ;5 vçmtagns kd su hnlkr)9 –hk mjdjma`j gumhjs

hjglrks quk mjgktakrjd nmtjs vajckdtjs mjgj yj. ]ad kx-

mkpmaýd, tj`js krnd nàmtjs n cn pjrdjbrnoçn‗.




Kstn`çstamns `k cn adùstran `k cn pjrdjbrnoçn9

>. <5555 gaccjdks k `ýcnrks bnstn`js kd tj`j kc gud-

`j kd vç`kjs pnrn nùctjs.

<. <;55 gaccjdks bnstn`js kd kc gud`j kd P_ pjr mn-

lck.

=. <;55 gaccjdks bnstn`js kd kc gud`j kd pjrdjbrnoçn

pjr adtkrdkt.

0. =555 gaccjdks bkdkrn`js nduncgkdtk pjr cn pjrdj-

brnoçn adondtac.

;. 0.< gaccjdks `k satajs wkl pjrdjbrîmjs kd cn adtkr-

dkt (<>% `kc tjtnc).

?. =2< gaccjdks `k pîbadns wkl mjd pjrdjbrnoçn kd kc

adtkrdkt.

2. ?8 gaccjdks `k lùsquk`ns pjrdjbrîmns ànrans.

8. <;55 gaccjdks `k mjrrkjs pjrdjbrîmjs sk kgatkd

ànrangkdtk.

1. >55 555 wkls jorkmkd pjrdjbrnoçn adondtac ackbnc.

Cj pkjr `k tj`j ks quk kc 02% `k cjs mrastandjs àmk

quk cn pjrdjbrnoçn ks ud prjlckgn gnyjr kd mnsn.

Kdtrk cns mjdskmukdmans `k vkr pjrdjbrnoçn kstîd9

• ûk cns agîbkdks npnrkmkrîd kd cn gkdtk `k gndk-

rn ad`ksknlck y kd muncquakr gjgkdtj.




• ]k mjgakdzn n vasuncaznr n cns guikrks mjgj iubuktks

skxuncks.

• ]k mrknd kxpkmtntavns dj rkncastns kd kc pjrdýbrnoj,

yn quk kc skxj kd cn va`n gnratnc sk `n sad nmtjrks y

sad calrktj ncbudj.

• Pkgjr, skdtagakdtj `k mucpn y vkrbókdzn.

N@AMMAÝD NC @KUJ\PK

N pnrtar `kc `ksmulragakdtj `k cn kxastkdman `k cjs jpaîmkjs

kd`ýbkdjs, ks `kmar, dkurjtrndsgasjrks dnturncks prjùma-

`js pjr kc prjpaj mkdtrj kc mkrklrj, ástjs sjd quçgamngkd-

tk sagacnrks n cjs jpaîmkjs mjgj cn hkrjçdn y cn gjrdn, y udj

`k kccjs ks cn kd`jrdn quk prjùmk skdsnmaýd `k kuojran,

y quk pkrgatk cn pjsalaca`n` `k rkbucnr kc `jcjr. Kstn kuojran

`kc `kpjrtastn kstî cabn`n n cn prjùmmaýd `k jpaj dnturnc.

Cn nàmmaýd nc `kpjrtk sk `kdk mjgj cn `kpkd`kdman saj-

cýbamn y psamjcýbamn n ud rábagkd rkbucnr `k kikrmamaj, mn-rnmtkrazn`j pjr sçdtjgns `ksnbrn`nlcks sa sk `kin `k hnmkr

kikrmamaj. Cn nàmmaýd puk`k skr n muncquakr kikrmamaj, pkrj

sk nsjman gîs n cns mnrrkrns `k ojd`j, skn mjgj oukrk, kstn

prîmtamn puk`k `nþnr jtrjs nspkmtjs `k cn va`n `kc ntcktn.

Ks ud hkmhj quk kc kikrmamaj oçsamj y `kpjrtk bkdkrn ud brn-




`j `k kstrás quk `ktkrgadn udn nmtavnmaýd mýrtamj-hapjtî-

cngj- hapjsj-n`rkdnc mjd nmtavnmaýd sagpîtamn mkdtrnc y

pkraoáramn k admrkgkdtj `k NMPH, Mjrtasjc, Mntkmjcngadns yKd`jrdns. @k kstns hjrgjdns, cns mntkmjcngadns, `jpnga-

dns y kd`jrdns kstîd vadmucn`ns n cn nàmmaýd nc `kpjrtk.

Kstn nàmmaýd puk`k skr vastn mjgj adjmun y hnstn lkdk-

majsn pjr kc pjtkdmanc mjrpjrnc, cn tnsn `k dkurjtrndsgasj-

rks mkrklrncks y kc kquacalraj gkdtnc. Ukrj sk pj`rçn mjdvkr-

tar kd udn dkmksa`n` nlsjcutn k adnmmksalck nc nutjmjdtrjc

k aduar `k ud gj`j mjdtrnprjùmkdtk sjlrk cjs nspkmtjs

sndatnrajs, cnljrncks, ongacanrks y sjmancks `kc adàvaùj.

Kstn nàmmaýd sk puk`k prkskdtnr kd mjrrk`jrks y n cjs ck-vndtn`jrks `k pksns. Gakdtrns quk kd cjs pragkrjs pragn kc

dj pkrgatar cn prkskdman `k brnsn mjrpjrnc, kd cjs skbud`js

pragn kc `ksnrrjccj `k cjs gùsmucjs (hapkrtrjn gusmucnr).

Cns tkckvasjrns K]UD y K]UD< npnrkmakrjd pnrn pj-

`kr sntasonmkr n cjs nàmtjs nc `kpjrtk tkckvasn`j.




N@AMMAÝD N CN NU\JLNMAÝD

Cn takdkd nqukccns pkrsjdns quk dkmksatnd skdtar quk

ck mnkd lakd n tj`j kc gud`j, nc pudtj `k `ksmua`nr sus dk-

mksa`n`ks vatncks pnrn mjgpcnmkr n jtrjs. Dudmn kxprksnd

su jpadaýd j rkmcngnd pnrn kvatnr mnkr gnc, y mund`j rkmalkdudn mrçtamn pjr adiustn quk kstn skn takd`kd n `ksgjrjdnrsk.

Cn nàmmaýd n cn nprjlnmaýd vn `k cn gndj mjd kc

pkrokmmajdasgj, kc munc ks agpjsalck. Ujr kikgpcj, nqukc

quk kstuàn gkàmadn pnrn mjgpcnmkr n cjs pn`rks. Cuk-

bj lusmn mjgpcnmkr n cjs gkdtjrks y prjoksjrks, admcusjcukbj lusmn mjgpcnmkr n cjs pnmakdtks. Ukrj nc lusmnr cn

pkrokmmaýd djs orustrngjs y cjbrngjs vavar adsntasokmhjs.

Cn kxmksavn dkmksa`n` `k nprjlnmaýd puk`k skr pkca-

brjsn. [d nàmtj n kstk prjmksj pakdsn9 –`klj skr pjsatavj,

jptagastn y okcaz. Dj puk`j pkrgatar quk sk vkn nqukc `ks-

N@AMMAÝD N CN]UK\]JDN]




tkccj `k adskbura`n` kd gas jijs. Mjdtadùn sjdrakd`j. Q dj

`kiks quk kstk tam dkrvajsj kd cn gkiaccn `krkmhn sk vkn. Dj

trnbuks mjd àmuctn` gakdtrns hnlcns, ks guy jlvaj. Djpuk`j pkrgatar quk dnàk gnckdtakd`n gas gjtavjs. Mcnra-

mn y mjgpnrn tj`j pnrn quk dnàk sk sakdtn jokdà`j.‗

Cj quk `klkrçn pkdsnr ud nàmtj n cn nprjlnmaýd9

>. Cj quk cjs `kgîs pakdskd `k gç ks agpjrtndtk pkrj

dj ks mrumanc.

<. Ks djrgnc quk n gumhjs dj cks mnabn lakd, nudquk

hnbn cns mjsns lakd.

=. @klj sntasonmkr gas dkmksa`n`ks mjgj cj hnbj pjr

cns `k cjs `kgîs.

Mnrnmtkrçstamns `k ud nàmtj n cn nprjlnmaýd9

>. Kvatn kc mjdamtj mjgj skn.

<. Uksmn mugpca`js `k ncbùd gj`j.

=. Kxnbkrn pnrn skr nprjln`j y rkmjdjma`j.

0. Pakdk pjmns mjdvammajdks y dj cns vkdtacn orkdtk n

pkrsjdns `k jpadaýd àokrkdtk.

;. Kmhn gndj `k cjs gkmndasgjs `k `kokdsn (prjykm-

maýd, dkbnmaýd, `kprksaýd).

?. ]k kmhn cn mucpn kspkrnd`j quk ncbuakd cj mjrrain.




2. ]k gktk kd kc mçrmucj vamajsj `k cn mucpn.

8. Pakdk kc sçd`rjgk `kc Qj-Qj. Ks `kmar nctalnijs kxtrk-

gjs j nutjmjgpnsaýd.

1. Oncsn hugac`n`. Gk mratamj ndtks `k quk cj hnbns.

[dn pjlrk kùmnmaýd puk`k cckvnr n cjs n`jcksmkd-

tks n hnmkrsk nàmtjs n cn nprjlnmaýd, kspkmancgkdtk mund-

`j cn kùmnmaýd sk lnsn kd kc mnstabj y cn `ksnprjlnmaýd

pjr sjlrk kc ngjr y cn rgkzn snlangkdtk mjgladn`n.

N@AMMAÝD N CN] UK\]JDN]

Ástk ks ud tárgadj quk kdbcjln udn skrak `k `ksýr-

`kdks nàmtavjs mjgj9

>. Nàmmaýd nc ngjr j n cjs rjgndmks.

<. Nàmmaýd n cns rkcnmajdks àsoudmajdncks.

=. Mj`kpkd`kdman.

Mn`n udn `k ksns nàmmajdks takdk mnrnmtkrçstamns ks-

pkmancks pkrj tj`ns sjd nàmtavns. Agpa`kd quk sk ksnrrjcck

udn adtaga`n` sndn y mjdstrumtavn, admcusj mjd cjs ongacanrks.

Kdtrk cns mnrnmtkrçstamns `k kstn nàmmaýd kstî kc

mjdtrjc jlsksavj kd cns rkcnmajdks, dj snlkr inr cçga-

tks sncu`nlcks kd cns rkcnmajdks, mjgpjrtngakdtj jl-




sksavj, àmuctn` `k kxprksnr dkmksa`n`ks y skdtagakd-

tjs, nascngakdtj, `ktkrajrj oçsamj, gkdtnc y kgjmajdnc.

Cn nàmmaýd n cns rkcnmajdks ks cn gasgn nàm-

maýd quk n cns `rjbns, nc ncmjhjc, nc iukbj y jtrns y, nc

abunc quk ástns, prjùmk `kgnsan`j gak`j, `jcjr y ndhk-

cj quk prjùmk cn mjgpucsaýd kd kc adtkdtj pjr kvatnrcjs.

[dn pkrsjdn quk takdk kstn nàmmaýd mjgakdzn udn

rkcnmaýd mjd tjtnc kuojran y kdtusansgj gakdtrns mrkk quk

nc d pj`rî sntasonmkr sus gîs prjoud`ns dkmksa`n`ks `k

ngjr, ntkdmaýd y skbura`n` kgjmajdnc. Cn pkrsjdn sk vukc-

vk mn`n vkz gîs `kpkdàkdtk `k jtrn y, nc abunc quk udn

nàmmaýd, dkmksatn kstnr gîs takgpj mjd cn pkrsjdn pnrnskdtarsk gkijr y sntasokmhj, cckbnd`j n nmjsnr skrvacgkdtk n

cn pkrsjdn ngn`n.

[dn pkrsjdn quk takdk kstk prjlckgn puk`k prkskd-

tnrcj pjr9

>. Urjvkdar `k ud hjbnr àsoudmajdnc quk dj sntaszj

sus dkmksa`n`ks kgjmajdncks.

n. Nlusj `k ncmjhjc j `rjbns.

l. Mjdùmtn mjgpucsavn.

m. _ajckdman `jgástamn.

`. Mjdùmtn skxunc adnprjpan`n.




k. @asmusajdks y tkdsaýd mjdstndtk.

o. Cnrbjs pkrçj`js `k sackdmaj kdtrk cjs pn`rks.

b. Mjgpktkdman pjr cn cknctn` `k cjs haijs pjr

pnrtk `k cjs pn`rks.

h. Admnpnma`n` `k rkcnmajdnrsk `k cjs pn`rks

mjd cjs haijs.

a. \aba`kz kxtrkgn kd tkgns mjgj `adkrj, rkca-

baýd, trnlnij, takgpj, nokmtj, skxj, tkckvasaýd,

trnlnij kd mnsn, `kpjrtks, pjcçtamn, ktm.

<. Hnlkr kxpkragkdtn`j pjmj nokmtj `k cjs pn`rks y

lusmn mjgpkdsnr su dkmksa`n` j cn dkmksa`n` `k

jtrjs.

=. Mjgj sus pn`rks dj sk vjcvakrjd cjs skrks mnraþjsjs

quk dkmksatnln, trntn `k cjbrnr mjdvkrtar kd skrks mn-

raþjsjs n cns pnrkins quk puk`k cjbrnr tkdkr.

0. Mjgj ck ntkrrn quk cn j cj nlnd`jdkd, hnmk munc-

quakr mjsn pnrn quk cn rkcnmaýd dj sk rjgpn.

;. Dn`n ks `kgnsan`j prjlckgîtamj, bnstn gumhj

takgpj j ks `kgnsan`j mjstjsj sa mjd`umk n quk kc

skr ngn`j sk quk`k mjd ác j kccn.

n. Ck mjgprn rjpn.

l. Ck pnbn sus matns `k sncu`.

m. ]k rkulamn bkjbrîmngkdtk.




`. Ck `n cn gatn` j kc tjtnc `k sus pjsksajdks.

k. Ck `n ud cubnr `ýd`k vavar.

o. Ck pkrgatk nlusjs kgjmajdncks pjrquk ndtks

dnàk ck pkrgataý kxprksnr sus skdtagakdtjs.

b. Ck lusmn y kdmukdtrn kgpckj.

?. @ksnrrjccn udn nàmmaýd n cn nprjlnmaýd `k ksn pkr-

sjdn.

2. Nmkptn gîs `kc ;5% `k cn mucpn j kc rkprjmhk j cn

rkspjdsnlaca`n` `k cj quk sumk`n kd cn rkcnmaýd.

8. Ujskk udn guy lnin nutjkstagn. Mrkk quk `klk bn-

dnrsk kc `krkmhj `k skr okcaz.

1. Dkmksatn `kskspkrn`ngkdtk mjdtrjcnr n su pnrkin.>5. _avk kd cjs supukstjs y cjs sukþjs `k cn rkcnmaýd quk

kd cn rknca`n`, `ksnrrjccý udn skmjd` caok kd tjrdj n

cn rkcnmaýd.

>>. Ks nàmtj n cns guikrks u hjglrks y nc `jcjr kgj-

majdnc.

><. Ks prjlnlck quk tkdbn ncbudn prkàspjsamaýd n ksn-

rrjccnr udn nàmmaýd n sustndmans.

>=. ]k mjdmkdtrn gîs kd rksjcvkr cn va`n k cn pnrkin y sk

jcva`n `k sus dkmksa`n`ks.

>0. Ujsalckgkdtk pjr tkdkr kpasjàjs `kprksavjs, lusmn




cn kxmatnmaýd quk sk prjùmk pjr udn rkcnmaýd adks-

tnlck.

>;. Cns pnrkins ngnlcks, kstnlcks, mjdnlcks dj

ck adtkrksnd pjrquk ck pnrkmkd nlurra`js.

[dn pkrsjdn mnsn`n mjd ud nàmtj puk`k `ksnrrjccnr

kstn nàmmaýd n cns rkcnmajdks yn quk nsugk `k ojrgn –skmn‗

(sad pnrtamapnmaýd nmtavn) cn rknca`n` mjgpucsavn `k su pnrk-in (j haij j hain) iustamîd`jcj, tjckrîd`jcj j nmkptîd`jcj.

Mjgj kc nàmtj n cns rkcnmajdks tj`n su va`n hn va-

va`j kd ud hjbnr àsoudmajdnc, hn vava`j adtjxamn`j `k

n`rkdncadn y mund`j ks brnd`k, dkmksatn ncbj quk `ksntk

ksns gasgns kgjmajdks. Kdtjdmks sk kdrk`n kd rkcnmaj-

dks àsoudmajdncks rkpatakd`j kc mçrmucj vamajsj nàmtavj.




CKBNCK]MNOÁ

[dn gnyjrçn `k djrtkngkramndjs mjdsugk ànran-

gkdtk mnokçdn pjr cn ckvk kstagucnmaýd quk prjùmk sad kokm-

tjs n`vkrsjs. ]ad kglnrbj, udn –gadjrçn‗ `k kccjs ksnrrjccn

ud pntrýd k mjdsugj nlusavj n pksnr k suorar adtjxamnmaýd

rkmurrkdtk pjr mnokçdn u kxnmkrlnmaýd `k udn kdokrgk`n`

ucmkrjsn páptamn skmud`nran nc mnoá. Pnglaád puk`kd prk-

skdtnr tjckrndman y nlstadkdman.

[dn tnzn `k mnoá mjdtakdk >55gb. `k mnokçdn, kc tá

udjs ;5 gb y cjs rkorksmjs mjd mnokçdn kdtrk <; y <55 gb.

Cn mnokçdn sk nlsjrlk mnsa pjr mjgpcktj y ncmndzn davkcksgîxagjs kd sndbrk kdtrk =5 y ?5 gadutjs `kspuás `k cn

adbkstaýd. Kc nlusj sk prjùmk bkdkrncgkdtk kd cn k`n`

nùctn tkgprndn j adtkrgkàn. >55gb prjùmkd udn gn-

yjr `k skdsnmaýd `k nckrtn y àsgadumaýd `kc mndsndmaj.

<55gb. puk`kd prjùmar adsjgdaj, `jcjrks `k mnlkzn,

skdsnmaýd `k nprkdsaýd, adquaktu` y nbatnmaýd. [d brngj

N@AMMAÝD N][]PNDMAN]




`k mnokçdn puk`k prjùmar ndsak`n` adtkdsn hnstn pîdamj,

cn nbatnmaýd puk`k skr kxtrkgn y kc tkglcjr guy djtjraj.

Unrn snlkr sa sk ks nàmtj n cn mnokçdn, kdtjdmks hny

quk `kinr `k mjdsugarcn pjr `js j trks `çns, cj quk prjùma-

rî jcjr k mnlkzn, quk sk ncavanrî mjd udn tnzn k mnoá j rk-

orksmj k mjcn. \kmukr`k quk mjd ud mjdsugj k <55 n 055

gb. pjr `çns sk puk`k `ksnrrjccnr udn nàmmaýd n cn mnokçdn.

Jtrjs sçdtjgns `k nlstadkdman prjùma`js

pjr cn nuskdman `k mnokçdn kd kc jrbndasgj sjd nd-

sak`n`, `kprksaýd, ontabn, mkonckns y sçdtjgns `k bra-

pk. Mkrmn `k cn gatn` `k cjs lklk`jrks prkskdtnd

sabdjs `k `kpkd`kdman. Cn mnokçdn sç ks udn `rjbn.

Mjdtkda`j prjgkàj `k mnokçdn kd vnrajs ncagkdtjs

Mnoá adstndtîdkj (; jdzns), ?0 gacabrngjs

Mnoá mjcn`j (; jdzns), >58 gacabrngjs

Mnoá ctrn`j (; jdzns) >0; gacabrngjs

@ksmnokadn`j (; jdzns), = gacabrngjs

Pá dkbrj (;jdzns), 0< gacabrngjsPá hkcn`j kd cntn (>2 jdzns), =5 gacabrngjs

Lkla`n `k mnmnj (? jdzns) 8 gacabrngjs

Lkla`n `k mhjmjcntk (8 jdzns), >0 gacabrngjs

@ucmk `k mhjmjcntk (> jdzn), <5 gacabrngjs

Mjcns (>< jdzns), ;5 gacabrngjs

\korksmjs (>< jdzns) 5-;< gacabrngjs




N`kgîs cn mnokçdn kstagucn kc mrkmagakdtj `k

quastks `k gngn, puk`k onvjrkmkr kc mîdmkr `k vkiabn,

prjlckgns mnr`çnmjs y prksaýd nctn, y kd kglnrnzn`nskstî rkcnmajdn`j mjd `kokmtjs mjdbádatjs y cns quk tj-

gns ? tnzns `k mnoá nc `çn ùpcamnd su raksbj `k nljrtj.

Nc mun`rj `k nàmmaýd nc mnoá sk ck ccngn mnokadasgj.

Kc mnokadasgj sukck skr aoçmac k rjgpkr, cn gnyjrçn k

pnmakdtks rkquakrk udn adtkrrupmaýd lrusmn y quazî gkàmnmaýd.

Unrn cn makdman sýcj ud pkqukþj brupj `k

cjs gaccjdks quk lklkd mnoá sjd nàmtjs, y kstj pjr-

quk `ksnrrjccnd tjckrndman y sçdtjgns `k nlstadkd-man y cj tjgnd n pksnr `k quk kxnmkrln sçdtjgns gá-

àmjs j gkdtncks, `k nmukr`j nc mratkraj @]G-A_-P\.

Kc mjdtkda`j `k mnokçdn kd cjs mnoás `ksmnokadn`js

ks `kc 5.>%. Cn mnokçdn tnglaád ks mjdsa`krn`n mjgj sus-

tndman prjhala`n kd cn prîmtamn prjoksajdnc `kc `kpjrtk.

N`kgîs kc mjdsugj `k mnokçdn pj`rçn bkdkrnr ncu-

madnmajdks mjgj ksmumhnr vjmks `jd`k dj hny dnàk.

PÁ

Kc mjgpjdkdtk nàmtavj `kc tá ks cn tkçdn y kstî




nsjman`j n cjs psamjkstagucndtks, kstî `kdtrj `k cns Xnd-

tadns, quk sjd kstagucndtks vkbktncks. ]jd sustndmans kx-

matndtks sad kokmtj kuojrazndtk. ]k lklkd mjgj adousaýd jkd lkla`ns kdkrbátamns. Kstagucnd kd kc sastkgn dkrvaj-

sj mkdtrnc y mrknd `kpkd`kdman oçsamn y psamjcýbamn ckvk.

Cn tkçdn ks mjdsa`krn`n ud ncmncja`k vkdk-

djsj quk nokmtn nc hçbn`j y nc sastkgn dkrvajsj.

N@AMMAÝD N CN MJGA@N

Kstn nàmmaýd ks udn `k cns gîs àoçmacks `k trntnr pjrquk cn

nlstadkdman dj ks cn rkspukstn. Cn mjga`n ks udn dkmksa`n`

ànran. Cjs adàmajs `k udn pjsalck nàmmaýd n cn mjga`n sjdudn jlksa`n` j udn `kcbn`kz kxtrkgn, kc pkrokmmajdastn kd

mundtj n cn npnrakdman oçsamn y vksta`js guy hjcbn`js j nius-

tn`js, j ratuncaznr cns hjrns `k cns mjga`ns, kc –jcva`nrsk `k

mjgkr‗, cns aktns kxtrkgns y cn rkspukstn ongacanr ndtk kccns.

Unrn supkrnr n nàmmaýd n cn mjga`n sk `klk kdmjdtrnrpcnmkrks pjsatavjs j rkncks. ]k `klk hnmkr ncbj nbrn`n-

lck kd cubnr `k mjgkr. ]k `klk mjdvkrtar nc nmtj `k mj-

gkr kd ud trîgatk gîs y dj kd kc mkdtrj `k cn va`n. ]k

`klk lusmnr tkdkr udn rkcnmaýd nùctn mjd cn mjga`n.

Cn mjga`n kdtjdmks sk mjdvakrtk kd ud –sjcumajdn`jr‗ `k




cjs prjlckgns `k cn pkrsjdn. @klkgjs kdorkdtnr mjd k-

mnman cjs skdtagakdtjs mjgj orustrnmaýd, `ksngjr, sjck`n`

y nlnd`jdj6 mnpnma`n` pnrn kdorkdtnr cn prksaýd `k bru-pj6 mnpnma`n` pnrn mjdjmkrdjs, nmkptnrdjs y vncjrnrdjs6

mnpnma`n` pnrn kdorkdtnr satunmaýd `k mnglaj j `k mrasas.

Cjs pnmakdtks ndjráxamjs y lucçgamjs pnrkmkd `klntar-

sk kd vndj mjd udn urbkdman quk cjs nvnsnccn. Cjs ndj-

ráxamjs sjd nàmtjs nc n`kcbnzngakdtj y gumhjs lucçga-

mjs sk `kdkd mjgj nàmtjs n cn mjga`n. Kstjs nàmtjs

n cn mjga`n mjdtadùnd mjgakd`j y vjgatnd`j (j pur-

bîd`jsk) pksk n mjdjmkr cjs raksbjs quk kccj kdtrnþn

pnrn su sncu`. Kd kc kspnmaj `k takgpj kdtrk cjs ntrnmj-

dks sk puk`k kxpkragkdtnr ud sçd`rjgk `k nlstadkdman.

Kc mjgpjrtngakdtj nàmtavj (skn n muncquakr sus-

tndman, prjmksj j pkrsjdn) ks prjtkba`j pjr kc nàmtj

pjr hîlatjs y prîmtamns quk takd`kd n prjtkbkr su mjd-

ùmtn nàmtavn. [dj puk`k mnglanr udn nàmmaýd n cn mj-

ga`n pjr udn nàmmaýd n cjs kikrmamajs, ºpkrj muîc ks gk-djs gncj:, kstj ks àsmutalck, pkrj cj agpjrtndtk ks

`ksnrrjccnr ud nutj mjdmkptj sncu`nlck y gndtkdkrcj.

Gnrm @nva` y \ngýd ]jtj prjpjdkd kd su ca-

lrj –cn àktn `kc sjsakbj‗ quk sk advatk nc nùctj quk

kstî kd ustk` n cn gksn mn`n vkz quk adbakrn sus ncagkd-




tjs n d `k quk puk`n tkdkr mjdtrjc `k sus agpucsjs.

[d `ksjr`kd ncagkdtamaj sk puk`k prkskdtnr kd ha-ijs `k ncmjhýcamjs y kd haijs `k mjgk`jrks mjgpucsavjs.

Pj`js kstjs `ksýr`kdks ncagkdtamajs, tnd-

tj cjs ntrnmjdks pjr cn mjga`n, mjgj cn ndjrkxan y

cn lucagan, takdkd sus rnçmks kd cn àdîgamn ongacanr.

Kc gkjccj `kc mjgkdsnc mjgpucsavj ks kc pnvjr nc

nlnd`jdj. Cn ndjráxamn pakdsn9 –gakdtrns mjdtrjck cj quk

mjgn, dj tkd`rá quk sncar `k cn ktnpn –cn daþn lukdn‗… pj-

`rá quk`nrgk kd ud kstn`j ktkrdj `k adondman kd `jd`k

yj dj tkdbj quk rkspjdsnlacaznrgk pjr dn`n…‗6 cn lucçgamnàmk –puk`j mjgkr cj quk quakrn y dj sular ud brngj, n cn

vkz quk ndkstksanrgk `k tj`j nqukccj quk gk ùkck‗6 cn mj-

gk`jrn mjgpucsavn amk9 –sa cjbrj ndkstksanrgk cj sumakdtk

mjd mjga`n, dj tkd`rá quk skdtar kc jcjr kc rkmhnzj sjmanc‗.

LucaganCn sabuakdtk matn ks ksmncjorandtk y guy à`îmtamn9 –Ks

udn kdokrgk`n` kd cn quk cn pkrsjdn mjgk kd kxmksj j

takdk kpasjàjs rkbucnrks `k adbkstaýd kxmksavn `k ncagkd-

tjs, sakdtk udn párà`n `k mjdtrjc. Cn pkrsjdn cukbj utacazn

àvkrsjs gátj`js mjgj vjgatnr, mjdsugar cnxndtks kd kxmk-

sj, n d `k prkvkdar kc nugkdtj `k pksj. Gumhns pkrsjdns




mjd lucagan, nudquk dj tj`ns, suorkd `k ndjrkxan dkrvajsn‗.

Cn lucagan sk mnrnmtkrazn pjr ntrnmjdks admjdtkdalcks.N kstjs kpasj`ajs k adbkstn vjrnz cks sabuk, n gkdu`j, kc kg-

pckj k gátj`js purbntavjs pnrn mjdtrjcnr cn bndndman k pksj.

Ndjrkxan dkrvajsn

@kikgjs n cjs kxpkrtjs kc `kdar cn ndjrkxan9 –Ksud trnstjrdj ncagkdtnraj quk agpcamn cagatnr cn mndta`n` `k

ncagkdtj quk udn pkrsjdn mjgk, jmnsajdnd`j adndamaýd

y udn admnpnma`n` pnrn pkrgndkmkr kd ud pksj mjrpjrnc

gçdagj, mjdsa`krn`j djrgnc pnrn su k`n` y kstnturn. Cns

pkrsjdns mjd kstk trnstjrdj puk`kd tkdkr ud brnd gak`j

n nugkdtnr `k pksj, admcusj mund`j kstîd mjd pksj adsu-makdtk. Kc hkmhj `k dj mjdsugar sumakdtk ncagkdtj j hn-

mkr `kgnsan`j kikrmamaj jmnsajdn pár`a`n `k pksj skvkrn‗.

Cn ndjrkxan dkrvajsn takdk cns sabuakdtks mnrnmtkrçstamns9

• \kmhnzj n gndtkdkr ud gçdagj pksj `kc mukrpj.

• [d tkgjr adtkdsj n bndnr pksj.

• [dn pkrmkpmaýd astjrsajdn`n k cn agnbkd mjrpjrnc.

• Ngkdjrrkn kd cns guikrks.

Uuk`kd skr `k `js tapjs, kc `k tapj rkstramtavj y kc

`k tapj ntrnmnrsk/purbnrsk.




ACKBNCK]MJMNÇDN

Cns gj`nca`n`ks k dnrmjtrîmj kd kc Ukrù hnd mng-

lan`j, ncbudn sjd9

•

Kd kc Ukrù skr prjùmk y kxpjrtn mjmnçdn, n àokrkd-man `k cn `ámn`n `k cjs 25 y 85, mund`j kc dkbjmaj

krn `jgadn`j pjr dnrmjtrnmndtks mjcjglandjs.

• Cn mjmnçdn nhjrn snck pjr cn mjstn y pjr vçn gnrçtagn.

• Cjs mnrtkcks gkxamndjs `k cn `rjbn jmupnd ud cu-

bnr `jgadndtk kd kc Ukrù, nudquk cjs mjcjglandjs

sabukd nmtund`j.

• [d dùgkrj agpjrtndtk `k mngpksadjs mjmnckrjs

sk hnd trndsojrgn`j kd prjùmtjrks `k pnstn lîsa-

mn `k mjmnçdn, nckdtn`js pjr cjs dnrmj trnmndtks.

]kbùd cn mjgasaýd dnmajdnc sjlrk gnrahundn y nlusj

N@AMMAJDK] N][]PNDMAN]




`k `rjbns, `k cjs Kstn`js [da`js, cjs pntrjdks `k mjdsugj

sjd9

>. [sj kxpkragkdtnc, pnrn sntasonmkr cn murajsa`n`.

<. [sj rkmrknmajdnc, pnrn bjznr `k cjs kokmtjs pcnmkd-

tkrjs.

=. [sj marmudstndmanc, pjr ncbudn rnzýd satunmajdnc pkr-

sjdnc. Ncbudjs `k kstns pkrsjdns puk`kd `kravnr kd

udn `kpkd`kdman psamjcýbamn.

0. [sj adtkdsj, ks kc usj mjtaàndj, adtkrrakd`j kd cn

hnlaca`n` oudmajdnc `k cn pkrsjdn tndtj kd kc trnlnij

mjgj kd kstuàjs, rkcnmajdks nokmtavns, ktm.

;. [sj mjgpucsavj, kc pntrýd k mjdsugj jgadn su va`n.

Mnlk `kstnmnr quk `k cn hjin `k mjmn sk kxtrnk ud

ncmncja`k quk sarvk pnrn cn prjùmmaýd `k cn pnstn lîsamn `k

mjmnçdn (ULM) y pnstn lîsamn `k mjmnçdn cnvn`n (ULM-C). Ujr

kccj cn hjin `k mjmn dj ks prjpangkdtk mjmnçdn, pkrj mjd-

takdk kc ncmncja`k mjd kc quk sk prjùmk cn mjmnçdn. Ks `kmar,

cn hjin `k mjmn ks cn gntkran pragn kskdmanc pnrn cn prj-

ùmmaýd `k udn `rjbn kstagucndtk. Cn hjin `k mjmn puk`k

skr mjdsa`krn`n pnrn ud usj trnàmajdnc kd pjlcnmajdks ad-

`çbkdns `k Ljcavan, Kmun`jr, Djrtk `k Mhack y `k Nrbkdtadn.

Kdtrk cjs kokmtjs mcçdamjs kstî cn kuojran y cn kxma-




tnmaýd mjd kckvnmaýd `kc kstn`j `k îdagj, nugkdtj `k

mnpnma`n` `k trnlnij, adsjgdaj, àsgadumaýd `kc mnd-

sndmaj, nugkdtj `k nmtava`n` gjtjrn. Urjùmk ud nu-gkdtj `k cn pkrmkpmaýd skdsjranc, psku`jncumadnmaj-

dks y sçd`rjgk pnrndja`k. Ujr udn sjlrk`jsas puk`k

sjlrkvkdar mjdvucsajdks, kstn`js kpacáptamjs y mjgn.

Kc mjdsugj mrýdamj sk puk`k rkncaznr `k nmukr-

`j n àvkrsns gj`nca`n`ks mjgj cn gnstamnmaýd `k cns

hjins `k mjmn, cn adhncnmaýd j adykmmaýd `k cjs pjcvjs `k

mcjrha`rntj `k mjmnçdn j kc ougn`j `k cn pnstn lîsamn `k

mjmnçdn y tkd`rî mjdskmukdmans oçsamns y psamjcýbamns, `k-

pkdàkd`j `k vnranlcks mjgj cn `jsas, cn pkrsjdnca`n`,

cn nmmksalaca`n` n cn `rjbn, kc nlnd`jdj ongacanr, ktm.

[dn `rjbn `kravn `k cn mjmnçdn, quk ks gîs `nþa-

dn y gîs nàmtavn ks kc mrnmf. Unrn `kinr `k usnrcn kd cn

gnyjrçn `k cjs mnsjs sk rkquakrk hjspatncaznmaýd y gu-

mhjs pnmakdtks mngland cn nàmmaýd nc mrnmf pjr kc ncmjhjc.

[dn kmjdjgçn sustkdtn`n kd kc dnrmjtrî-

mj kd adsjstkdalck pjr tkgns kmjcýbamjs y kmjdýga-

mjs. Cn dnturnckzn sk nokmtn y cn kmjdjgçn `k quakdks

takdkd quk sjstkdkr n gacks `k nàmtjs n cn sustndman.

Cjs y cns `kpkdàkdtks `k ULM puk`kd tkdkr sk-




sajdks `k mjdsugj `k ?, 8 y hnstn àkz hjrns, `jd`k cn

`jsas kd tárgadjs `k dùgkrj `k mabnrraccjs `k ULM (–tnln-

mnzjs‗), puk`k cckbnr n mndta`n`ks kxtrkgns (;5, ?5, 85,><5 mabnrraccjs `k ULM). @ks`k kc pudtj `k vastn sjmanc y

mucturnc, cn pnstjgndçn (nàmmaýd `k cn ULM), admjrpjrn

udn sulmucturn y udn –ikrbn‗, admcuykd`j mýàbjs ntçpamjs.

Gnrahundn

Cn gnrahundn kstî nsjman`n mjd cn nàmmaýd

n jtrns sulstndmans abuncgkdtk `nþadns y pkcabrjsns.

Cn gnrahundn puk`k prjùmar kuojran y îdagj,

pkrj puk`k nctkrnr cn gkgjran rkmakdtk, prjùmk udn ks-mnsn mnpnma`n` pnrn rkncaznr tnrkns quk prkmasnd ntkd-

maýd àvaà`n (mjdùmar ud nutj) y mnusn párà`n `k cn

mnpnma`n` `k iuamaj mrçtamj y udn àstjrsaýd `k cn pkrmkp-

maýd `kc takgpj. Kd ncbudjs mnsjs pjmj orkmukdtks npn-

rkmkd ncumadnmajdks vasuncks y àstjrsajdks mjrpjrncks

pkrmala`ns j rkmukr`js ntkrrn`jrks mjd kpasjàjs `k ks-trás j klrk. Cn tkgpkrnturn mjrpjrnc puk`k àsgaduar y

prkskdtnrsk n cjs <5 gadutjs `k ougnr, udn tnquamnràn.

N skgkindzn `k cn ksquazjorkdan, cn nàmmaýd nc mnd-

dnlas nokmtn n cjs dkurjtrndsgasjrks mjgj cn `jpngadn, cn

nmktacmjcadn, kc sastkgn BNLN y cjs ojsojcçpa`js `k gkglrn-




dn pjr cj quk sk nctkrn cn trndsgasaýd sadîptamn. Kc mnddnlas

dj mnusn ksquazjorkdan pkrj su usj mrýdamj pu`k jorkmkr ud

gj`kcj `k oudmajdngakdtj mkrklrnc sagacnr.

Áxtnsas

Ks ud `kravn`j quçgamj `k cn ndoktngadn `kdtrj `kc

mjdiudtj `k `rjbns `k sçdtksas, cns muncks sjd sadtktazn`ns

`k ojrgn ackbnc y sk hn a`j kxtkdàkd`j su usj `ks`k cns

`ámn`n `k cjs jmhkdtn kd cjs nglakdtks tkmdj y trndmk, oud-

`ngkdtncgkdtk cjs dks `k skgndn. Cn prkskdtnmaýd ks kd

ojrgn `k pnstaccn y sus kokmtjs sk adamand kdtrk =5 -+ ?5

gadutjs mjd udn ùrnmaýd kdtrk < y ? hjrns. Kstn sustnd-

man adtkdsamn cns prkmkpmajdks skdsjrancks, prjvjmnd`j nu-gkdtj kd cn kgpntçn, mnpnma`n` `k mjgudamnmaýd kuoýramn,

kckvnmaýd `kc kstn`j `k îdagj, àsgadumaýd `kc mndsndmaj

y sukþj, su`jrnmajdks, tnquamnràn, dîuskns, výgatjs, va-

saýd ljrrjsn kdtrk jtrns. Cukbj `k kgpckn`n cn sustndman

sk puk`kd prkskdtnr mndsndmaj, arratnlaca`n`, cktnrban, `jcjr

`k cn gusmucnturn gndàlucnr, `jcjr `k mnlkzn y ndjrkxan.

Pnglaád sk cn mjdjmk mjgj `rjbn `kc ngjr,

pjrquk kc quk cn mjdsugk sk sakdtk okcaz y skdsunc.

C]@

Cjs nàmtjs nc C]@ sukckd kxpkragkdtnr ncumadnmaj-




dks vasuncks, nuàtavns y tîmtacks, ùrndtk nprjxagn`ngkd-

tk 15 gadutjs. Ksjs kokmtjs sk mjgpckgkdtnd mjd skdta-

gakdtjs `k pîdamj, `kcaraj, psamjsas, `kprksaýd, ndsak`n`y `ktkrajrj `kc iuamaj. N davkc oçsamj puk`kd prkskdtnr tn-

quamnràn, su`jrnmaýd, àcntnmaýd `k cns pupacns, tkglcj-

rks, àstjrsaýd vasunc y vjmks, mncjr k admcusj puk`kd gjrar.

Kstn `rjbn pkrtkdkmk nc brupj `k `rjbns psamj`áca-

mns, pjrquk mjdùmkd n kxpkragkdtnr skdsnmajdks kxtîtamns

y gçstamns mjd kpasjàjs ncumadntjrajs. ]u djglrk makdtçmj

ks àntacnga`n `kc îma`j casárbamj (C]@), y ks ud mjgpukstj

sadtátamj jltkda`j kd cnljrntjraj y npnrkmaý pjr pragkrn vkz

kd >1;=, sadtktazn`j pjr kc gáàmj suazj Nclkrt Hjoogndd, n

pnrtar k cn gkzmncadn y cn psacjmyladn. Cn gkzmncadn sk kxtrnk`kc pkyjtk, gakdtrns quk cn psacjmyladn k ud hjdbj gkxamndj.

Iudtj mjd kc áxtnsas (G@GN) mjdstatuykd cjs pradma-

pncks ncumadýbkdjs.

Ndoktngadns

@k nmukr`j n ud adojrgk `k Dnmajdks [da`ns `kc

nþj <555, gîs `k =; gaccjdks `k pkrsjdns kd tj`j kc

gud`j mjdsugkd ndoktngadns, sakd`j kc gj`j `k mjd-

sugj gîs rkmakdtk cn gktndoktngadn. Iudtj mjd cn mj-

mnçdn nctkrnd kc kstn`j gkdtnc nc nugkdtnr cjs dkurj-




trndsgasjrks kxmatn`jrks `kc mkrklrj, prjùmakd`j udn

kuojran n mjrtj pcnzj y udn nàmmaýd mjd kc usj rkpkta`j.

Kstns sustndmans sjd pjtkdtks kstagucn`jrks psa-

mjgjtjrks quk nokmtnd nc sastkgn dkrvajsj mkdtrnc y

nc sastkgn mnràjvnsmucnr. Cn tjckrndman n kstn sustnd-

man sk `ksnrrjccn mjd rnpa`kz pjr cj quk gumhjs mjgakd-

znd n adykmtîrskcn pnrn cjbrnr kokmtjs gîs adtkdsjs.

]jgdçokrjs j lnrlatùramjs

]jd `rjbns `kravn`ns `kc îma`j lnrlatùramj quk tak-

dkd ud kokmtj `kprksjr sjlrk kc sastkgn dkrvajsj mkdtrnc.

Kd ud pradmapaj oukrjd utacazn`js mjgj sk`ndtks y sjg-dçokrjs, pkrj nmtuncgkdtk su usj kstî guy cagatn`j pjr

sus kokmtjs týxamjs skmud`nrajs mjgj bkdkrnr nàmmaýd.

Uuk`kd skrvar mjgj ndtakpacáptamjs, sk`ndtks, ndks-

tásamjs, n`kgîs puk`kd prjùmar mnglajs `k mnrîmtkr kd cn

pkrsjdn, onctn `k mjjràdnmaýd gjtjrn, `ksýr`kdks kd kc rn-zjdngakdtj. Adtkrrugpar rkpkdtadngkdtk su mjdsugj pu`k

prjùmar tkglcjrks, `kcarajs y mjdvucsajdks.




@rjbn psamjnmtavn. ]ustndman mnpnz `k nctkrnr cn ntkdmaýd, cn gkgj-

ran, kc iuamaj, kc skdta`j `kc takgpj, kc nutjmjdtrjc, kc kstn`j `k ndagj

j cn pkrmkpmaýd.Kstagucndtk. ]ustndman quk nugkdtn cn nmtava`n` `kc mukrpj y `kc

sastkgn dkrvajsj

@kprksjr. ]ustndman quk àsgaduyk cn nmtava`n` `kc mukrpj y `kc sas-

tkgn dkrvajsj.

@kpkd`kdman oçsamn. N ammaýd samn, mjgj cj adàmn cn prkskdman `k

tjckrndman n cn `rjbn y cjs sadtjgns `k nlstadkdman

]adtjgns `k nlstadkdman. Kdokrgk`n` y gnckstnr oçsamjs quk nmjg-

pnþnd cn suprksaýd `k udn `rjbn.Pjckrndman n cn `rjbn. \kùmmaýd `k cn rkspukstn `kc mukrpj n udn

`rjbn.

@kpkd`kdman psamjcjbamn. @kpkd`kdman quk sk lnsn oud`ngkdtnc-

gkdtk kd dkskma`n`ks kgjmajdncks j psamjcýbamns.

Ndoktngadns. @rjbns sadtktamns quk prjùmkd kokmtjs kstagucndtks

kd kc sastkgn dkrvajsj.

Gktndoktngadn. Kstagucndtk muyn kstrumturn y kokmtj sjd guy saga-

cnrks n cjs `k cns ndoktngadns.




\KUN]KGJ] NCB[DJ] MJDMKUPJ] LÇLCAMJM\A]-

PANDJ]

Kc hjglrk ks ud skr mrkn`j pjr @ajs (Bádksas >9 <? y

<2) y cj hazj `kc pjcvj `k cn takrrn (Bádksas <92) y n `aokrkd-

man `k cjs skrks vavjs quk oukrjd mrkn`js ]kbùd su kspkmak

(Bádksas >9 <>, <0, <;), kc hjglrk mrkn`j n agnbkd `k @ajs

(Bádksas >9<?., Cumns =9=8).

@ajs hazj nc hjglrk mjgj ud skr kxnctn`j (Bádksas

>9<8, ]ncgjs 890-1) y `k ud sjcj hjglrk surbakrjd tj`ns

cns rnzns (Hkmhjs >29<?, \jgndjs ;9><, >16 > Mjradtajs

>;9<>, <<)

Q n mjgj dj pj`çn skr `k jtrj gj`j, @ajs hazj quk

kc hjglrk oukrn hkmhj n cn agnbkd `k @ajs (Bkd. >9<26 Hkl.

>92, >06 Bkd. >89>->19<<6 @nd. 19<>6 Cùk. >9>>-=86 Hkmh.><9;->56 > Mjr. >;900.6 Áxj. <09>56 Áxj. ==9<5-==6 @nd.

291, >56 Mjc. >9>;6 Hkl. >9=9 Hkl. <926 Kmc. 29<16 Kok. 09<06

Bkd. >.=>6 > Iund 0986 Gnt. <<9=?-056 Bkd. <9>86 Bkd.

>9<?6 ]nc. 89?-86 Áxj. <598->>6 Bkd. <9>26 vkr =9<<). ]u

agnbkd y skgkindzn n davkc oçsamj, gjrnc, y ksparatunc.

Ukrj kc hjglrk `klçn supkrnr udn prukln kd cn mrkn-

maýd y krn cn `k rksastar cn tkdtnmaýd n pkmnr. Kc pkmn`j sk

jrabadý kd Cumaokr (Asn. ?9=6 @kut. =<906 Ijl =09>56 ]ndt.

>9>=6 ]nc. ;906 >>9;6 Bkd. >9=>6 Hkl. ;91), ác ouk kc nutjr `kc

pkmn`j y nutjr `k tj`j mundtj trnk `jcjr nc hjglrk (Kzk.

<89>26 vkr > Pag. =9?6 Asn. >09><->06 Npjm. ><90,2-1).

Kd kc calrj `kc Bádksas, mnpatucj =, vkrsçmucjs 0 hnstn




kc << tkdkgjs kc rkcntj k cn tkdtnmaýd y cn mnç`n kc hjglrk

y nquç jlskrvngjs muntrj gjgkdtjs kmasavjs kd cn lntnccn9

>. Kvn kstuvj sjcn.

<. Kvn àncjbý mjd kc ànlcj.

=. Kvn nclkrbý kc pkdsngakdtj `k gîs pckdns kgjmaj-

dks oukrn `k cn vjcudtn` `k @ajs.

0. Kvn kxpkragkdtý kc pkmn`j.

;. Kvn mjdva`ý n su kspjsj.

@ks`k kdtjdmks kc hjglrk vavk kd ud mjdstndtk mjd-

amtj mjdsabj gasgj n d `k tjgnr cns gkijrks `kmasajdks

n onvjr `k cj mjrrkmtj (\jg. >9>8-<<6 > Iund =906 ]ndt.

09>26 \jg. >09<=6 Gnt. ><9=56 Iund >?916 ]ndt. <9>56 Áxj.<59>=6 >06 \jg. =9>16 \jg. ?9<=6 Gnt. ?9><6 Gnt. >>9<86

Urjv...09<=6 Gnt. >;9>16 Ikr. >291) y tj`j kstj nmnrrký cjs

pkjrks rksuctn`js pnrn kc bádkrj hugndj (Gnt. >;9>16 Ikr.

>2916 Bkd. 098, <=6 ?9>-;6 >>->=6 ]nc. >0=9<6 vkr >09=6 >

\ky. 890?6 Urjv. <5916 Kmc. 29<56 \jg. =9<=6 > Iund >986 >

Mjr. >;9<<6 \jg. ;9><6 Ijl >0906 ]nc. ;>9;6 \jg. 892,86

Kok. <9=)

Kd kstk gnrmj lçlcamj cns nàmmajdks sjd kc orutj k cn

jlrn `kc ànlcj pnrn nrruadnr cn mrknmaýd `k @ajs gndaokstn-

`n kd kc hjglrk y ks dukstrn kckmmaýd pkrgndkmkr `kc cn`j

`kc ]kþjr. N quakdks hulakrnd mnç`j kd kc kdsncgj sntîdamj




`k cns nàmmajdks, kc ]kþjr cks prjgktk calkrtn` y calkrnmaýd

dnc (Iund 89=?6 Iund >;90, ;6 \jg. 29>;, >1,<5, <<-<06

\jg. 29<;6 89>6 Kok. <9>, =, 8->56 Iund >9>=6 =9;6 < Mjr.;9>26 > Iund <9>).

\kmukr`k quk, nc ckkr kc Kspçratu `k Urjokmçn, hny vn-

rajs tapjs `k nàmmajdks, quk KBR dj gkdmajdn, mjgj cn

nàmmaýd nc adtkrdkt, áxtnsas, mjmnçdn, j nprjlnmaýd. \ksmn-

tkgjs cjs pradmapajs mjdtkda`js kd cns rkokrkdmans n ncbudns

sustndmans j prjmksjs.

Pá, mnoá y mjga`n

–]ntndîs kstî mjrrjgpakd`j cns gkdtks y `kstruykd-

`j cns ncgns pjr gkàj `k sus tkdtnmajdks sutacks. º_krîd

dukstrjs hkrgndjs y skdtarîd kc pkmn`j `k mjgpcnmkr kc

npktatj pkrvkrta`j: º@ksmnrtnrîd kccjs kc tá, kc mnoá, cn mnrdky tj`js cjs ncagkdtjs kstagucndtks, y `kàmnrîd cjs gkàjs

bnstn`js kd kstns mjgpcnmkdmans `nþadns n kspnrmar cn vkr-

`n`:... ºûá pj`kr takdk kc nàmtj nc tnlnmj pnrn ktkdkr kc

prjbrksj `k cn adtkgpkrndman: @klk hnlkr udn rkvjcumaýd

kd dukstrj gud`j sjlrk kc tkgn `kc tnlnmj ndtks quk kc

hnmhn mnabn sjlrk cn rnçz `kc îrljc. \kmncmngjs nùd gîskstk tkgn. Kc tá y kc mnoá kstîd mrknd`j ud npktatj pjr

kstagucndtks gîs pj`krjsjs, mjgj kc tnlnmj y kc ncmjhjc‗.

(Mjdskijs sjlrk kc rábagkd ncagkdtamaj, ;>8).

Kc tnlnmj

–Cn pkrsjdn quk ougn j gnstamn tnlnmj mjgktk ud

pkriuamaj, dj sjcngkdtk mjdtrn sç gasgn, sadj tnglaád mjd-




trn tj`ns cns pkrsjdns mjd quakdks cckbn n rkcnmajdnrsk. ]a

hny quk jltkdkr cjs skrvamajs `k ud gáàmj, sk `klk pnsnr

pjr nctj nc nàmtj nc tnlnmj. Dudmn pj`rçn skr ud mjdskikrjskburj. ]a cn kdokrgk`n` takdk su rnçz kd kc usj `kc tnlnmj,

kc gáàmj sk skdtarî tkdtn`j n `kmar udn mjsn pjr jtrn y

nùmar udn mnusn oncsn, pjrquk ºmýgj pj`rçn mjd`kdnrsk n

sç gasgj kd cj quk prnmtamn ànrangkdtk:‗ (Mjdskijs sjlrk

cn sncu`, =<>).

Prnlnij mjd cjs nàmtjs

–Hnlcn` pncnlrns quk cjs ojrtnckzmnd y ndagkd. Dj

pkrgatîas quk ]ntndîs npnbuk cn ùctagn mhaspn k kspkrndzn

kd sus mjrnzjdks. N cjs krrndtks quk takglcnd y cumhnd mjd

kc gnc, Mrastj cks àmk9 «_kda` n gç¶6 y ác mjcjmn sus gndjs

`klnij `k kccjs, y cjs ckvndtn. Cn jlrn quk rkncazý Mrastj`kláas hnmkrcn vjsjtrjs mjgj sus kvndbkcastns `k cubnr kd

cubnr. Prnlnin` mjd ok, kspkrnd`j quk cns ncgns sknd bndn-

`ns pnrn Nqukc quk àj su va`n, n d `k quk cjs hjglrks y

guikrks tjgkd pjsamajdks nc cn`j `k @ajs. Mjcnljrn` mjd

@ajs pnrn bndnr nc nàmtj n cn lkla`n y kc tnlnmj, n d `k

quk vkdzn cjs hîlatjs quk cj rklnind hnstn ncmndznr ud davkcadokrajr nc `k cns lkstans quk pkrkmkd‗ (\kvakw nd` Hkrnc`,

2->->15=).

–Prnlnin` pjr kc adtkgpkrndtk y kc nàmtj nc tnlnmj,

àmaád`jcks quk dadbùd lkj`j hkrk`nrî kc rkadj `k @ajs, y

quk «dj kdtrnrî kd kccn dadbudn mjsn adgud`n¶. Gjstrn`cks

kc lakd quk pj`rçnd hnmkr mjd kc àdkrj quk nhjrn bnstnd kd




cj quk dj cks hnmk gîs quk `nþj‗ (Gkàmnc Gadastry, pîb.

<?8).

Gj`n (mjdsugasgj), bcjtjdkrçn–Cjs hjglrks y cns guikrks, quk prjoksnd skr skbua-

`jrks `k Mrastj, sjd n gkdu`j ksmcnvjs `k cn gj`n y `k ud

npktatj bcjtýd. Kd cn prkpnrnmaýd `k rkudajdks n cn gj`n,

sk advakrtkd takgpj y kdkrbçn -quk klakrnd kàmnrsk n prj-

pýsatjs gîs kckvn`js y djlcks- pnrn mjmadnr udn vnrak`n`

`k pcntjs adsnculrks. @kla`j n kstn gj`n, gumhjs quk sjd

pjlrks y quk `kpkd`kd `k su trnlnij ànraj, kstîd àspuks-

tjs n admurrar kd bnstjs n d `k prkpnrnr àokrkdtks mcnsks

`k ramns tjrtns, mjdskrvns, pnstkcks, y udn vnrak`n` `k nca-

gkdtjs n cn gj`n pnrn cjs vasatndtks‗. (Mjdskijs sjlrk kc

rábagkd ncagkdtamaj, >50, >5;).Gnsturlnmaýd

–Ncbudjs quk jstkdsalckgkdtk prjoksnd kc mrastandas-

gj dj mjgprkd`kd kc pkmn`j `kc nlusj prjpaj Vgnsturln-

maýdW y sus rksuctn`js adkvatnlcks. [d hîlatj advktkrn`j hn

mkbn`j su kdtkdàgakdtj. Dj sk `nd mukdtn `kc mnrîmtkr

kxmksavngkdtk pkmngadjsj `k kstk pkmn`j `kbrn`ndtk‗(Ijyns `k cjs tkstagjdajs, tjgj >. <;0).

Gndtkdkrsk rgks

–Mund`j ud ncgn sk hn mjdvkrta`j mnlncgkdtk, cjs

gncjs hîlatjs dnturncks ksnpnrkmkd mjd cn nyu`n k Mrastj,

y tj`ns cns mjsns sjd hkmhns dukvns. Kdtrk cjs quk prjoksnd

skr sakrvjs `k Mrastj, `klkrçn kxastar ud okrvakdtk prjpýsatj,




tnc mjgj kc quk gndaokstý @ndakc kd cn mjrtk `k Lnlacjdan.

]nlçn quk @ajs krn su ojrtnckzn y su ksmu`j, su vndbunràn

y su rktnbunràn. Kdtrk cns mjrrupmajdks quk cj rj`knrjd kdcn mjrtk `k Lnlacjdan, sk gndtuvj calrk `k cns agîbkdks y

cjs sjda`js quk pj`çnd skùmarcj y hnmkrcj mnkr kd cn tkdtn-

maýd. Mund`j sus klkrks rkqukrçnd quk kstuvakrn prkskdtk

kd ksmkdns `k jrbçn, adtkgpkrndman y cn gîs lnin a`jcntrçn,

muctavý kc hîlatj `k jrnr sackdmajsngkdtk, y nsç cj prjtkbaý

kc pj`kr `k @ajs. Pkdkr cn gkdtk kckvn`n hnman @ajs skrî

lkdkmajsj kd tj`j takgpj y cubnr...‗ (Qjuth‹s Adstrumtjr.

2-?->810).

N rnçz `k tj`j kstj kc ]kþjr ccngn n sus haijs n udn

vkr`n`krn rkojrgn `k cn sncu`. Jlskrvkgjs cj sabuakdtks

pnsniks9–@urndtk nþjs kc ]kþjr hn kstn`j ccngnd`j cn ntkd-

maýd `k sus haijs n cn rkojrgn prj sncu`. Ástn ks udn `k

cns brnd`ks rngns `k cn jlrn `k prkpnrnmaýd pnrn cn

vkda`n `kc Haij `kc hjglrk‗. (Mjdskijs sjlrk kc rábagkd

ncagkdtamaj, 80).

Kstk rngj `k cn jlrn `kc ]kþjr dj hn rkmala`j cn `k-la`n ntkdmaýd, y pjr kstk `ksmua`j sk hn pkrà`j gumhj.

]a cn abcksan gndaokstnrn ud adtkrás gnyjr kd rkojrgns

pjr gkàj `k cns muncks @ajs gasgj kstî trntnd`j `k

prkpnrnrcn pnrn su skbud`n vkda`n, su adukdman skrçn

guy supkrajr n cj quk ks nhjrn. (Mjdskijs sjlrk kc rábagkd

ncagkdtamaj, 1>, 1<).




Kc >5 `k àmakglrk `k >82> gk ouk gjstrn`j dukvn-

gkdtk quk cn rkojrgn prj sncu` ks ud rngj `k cn brnd

jlrn quk hn `k prkpnrnr n ud puklcj pnrn cn vkda`n`kc ]kþjr. Kstî tnd çdtagngkdtk rkcnmajdn`n mjd kc gkdsn-

ik `kc tkrmkr îdbkc mjgj cn gndj cj kstî mjd kc mukrpj. Cn

cky `k cjs @akz Gnd`ngakdtjs hn sa`j mjdsa`krn`n cavandn-

gkdtk pjr cjs hjglrks, pkrj kc ]kþjr dj quasj vkdar n mns-

tabnr n cjs trndsbrksjrks `k àmhn cky sad gnd`nrcks pragkrj

ud gkdsnik `k ngjdkstnmaýd. Kc tkrmkr îdbkc prjmcngn ksk

gkdsnik. ]a cjs hjglrks hulakrnd sa`j sakgprk jlkàkdtks

nc `kmîcjbj, y hulakskd cckvn`j n mnlj kd su va`n cjs prad-

mapajs `k ksjs prkmkptjs, cn gncàmaýd `k tndtn kdokrgk`n`

quk nhjrn adud`n nc gud`j dj kxastarçn. (Mjdskijs sjlrk kc

rábagkd ncagkdtamaj. 8<).Pj`js cjs skrks rkspjdsnlcks puk`kd mjgprkd`kr-

cn sa quakrkd. Cjs aàjtns dj skrîd rkspjdsnlcks. Hnmkr

mcnrn cn cky dnturnc k adstnr n quk sk cn jlk`kzmn ks cn

jlrn quk nmjgpnþn nc gkdsnik `kc tkrmkr îdbkc, mjd kc

prjpýsatj `k prkpnrnr n ud puklcj pnrn cn vkda`n `kc

]kþjr. (Mjdskijs sjlrk kc rábagkd ncagkdtamaj,. 8=).Kd cn prkpnrnmaýd `k ud puklcj pnrn cn skbud`n vk-

da`n `kc ]kþjr, `klk rkncaznrsk udn brnd jlrn pjr gkàj `k

cn àousaýd `k cjs pradmapajs `k sncu`. (Mjdskijs sjlrk sncu`,

<50).




Mjgj yn cj hkgjs vastj, cn nàmmaýd dj cckbn `k cn

dn`n, sadj quk ks cn rkspukstn gîs sagpck, oîmac, dn`n kcn-

ljrn`n k udn pkrsjdn quk kstî lusmnd`j pcnmkr pnrn gkd-

bunr su `jcjr pjr ncbùd kvkdtj quk cj mjdgadn nc gasgj, ks

`kmar, mund`j udn pkrsjdn takdk ud gnc gndkij `k kgjmaj-

dks kdtjdmks dj takdk cn mnpnma`n` pnrn rkpjdkrsk `k udn

rknca`n` vavkdmanc kxtrkgn pnrn kccn gasgn, y àbj pnrn kccn

gasgn pjr quk cn gasgn rknca`n` kxtrkgn puk`k skr udn

dagak`n` pnrn jtrn pkrsjdn, y ks pjr kccj quk lusmn udn

–skmjd` caok‗, udn rknca`n` vartunc, udn va`n pnrnckcn, mjds-

makdtkgkdtk sk trndsojrgn kd ud nvntnr y `kma`k vavar ud

kspkiasgj, y kstk kspkiasgj ks prjvjmn`j pjr udn pkrsjdn

j udn sustndman j ud prjmksj

Kstk prjmksj ck puk`k rksuctnr brntamndtk, nudquk

cukbj, sa dj takdkd mnutkrazn`n cn mjdmakdman, prjùmarî ud

tkrralck jcj r `k mjrnzýd yn mjgpnrn`n mjd udn gjr`kùrn

Cjs pnsjs `kc prjmksj nàmtavjy kc gjgkdtj n`kmun`j pnrncn adtkrvkdmaýd




`k skrpakdtk pjr kc snlaj ]ncjgýd (Urjvkrlajs <=9 => y =<).

N mjdtadunmaýd brnmj y `ksmralj cjs gjgkdtjs `kc

mamcj nàmtavj y `jd`k djsjtrjs pj`kgjs rkncaznr cn adtkr-vkdmaýd.

Onmtjr `kskdmn`kdndtk.

@kpkdàkd`j `kc tapj `k nàmmaýd, ks cn kxpjsamaýd`k ud adàvaùj n ud prjmksj j sustndman j pkrsjdn quk

`kspakrtn su mjdmupasmkdman (]ndtanbj >9>=->?), nmnraman su

pudtj `álac, subakrk kc adamaj `k ud `kskj jlsksavj rkmurrkd-

tk.

Kstk onmtjr `kskdmn`kdndtk puk`k skr brîmj, nu-

àjvasunc, rknc j agnbadnraj, `k nccç quk ud kxnàmtj `klak-

Onmtjr`kskdmn`kdndtk

Nglakdtnmaýd

IustamnmaýdUkrpktunmaýd

@jcjr, vkrbukdzn,skdtagakdtj `k mucpn




rn kikrmkr mjdtrjc sjlrk su vjcudtn` y pkdsngakdtj tndtj

j gîs quk udn pkrsjdn djrgnc. @ktkdbîgjdjs ud lrkvk

gjgkdtj kd mjdsa`krnr cn sabuakdtk matn9–Dj sýcj @ajs rkquakrk quk [`. mjdtrjck sus

pkdsngakdtjs, sadj tnglaád sus pnsajdks y

nokmtjs. ]u sncvnmaýd `kpkd`k `k quk [`.

sk bjlakrdk kd kstns mjsns. Cn pnsaýd y cjs

nokmtjs sjd adstrugkdtjs pj`krjsjs. ]a sk

npcamnd gnc, sa sk kikrmkd mjd gjtavjs kquavj-

mn`js, sa sjd gnc mjcjmn`js, sjd pj`krjsjs

pnrn rkncaznr su ruadn y `kinrcn mjgj n udn

dîuornbn `ksvnca`n, sad @ajs y sad kspkrndzn.

Cn agnbadnmaýd `klk skr `jgadn`n pjsatavn y

pkrsastkdtkgkdtk sa cns pnsajdks y cjs nokmtjshnd `k skr sjgkta`js n cn rnzýd, cn mjdmakdman

y kc mnrîmtkr. . . .‗ (Mjdùmmaýd kc Daþj, 0=8).

Kstk gjgkdtj ks kc quk sk klk vabacnr, kc nàmtj quk

`kskn rkmupkrnrsk `klk mua`nr `k adamanr kstk prjmksj quk

`kskdmn`kdnrî cn jcn nàmtavn.

]a kc adàvaùj `n rakd`n sukctn n su pkdsngakdtj ysu agnbadnmaýd, kdtjdmks adbrksnrî kd ud skbud`j kstnàj

mjdtadund`j nsç kc mngadj rkslncjsj hnman cn pkrpktrnmaýd.

Nglakdtnmaýd

Ks `kmar, sk mrknd cns mjdàmajdks n`kmun`ns pnrn




quk kc adàvaùj `kskk prnmtamnr su nmtj nàmtavj, kstns mjd-

àmajdks bkdkrncgkdtk sjd9

]jck`n`. Ckijs `k skr ud gjgkdtj kd kc quk sk puk-`k àsorutnr `k cn gkàtnmaýd, udn lukdn ckmturn j cn kikmu-

maýd `k ud pnsntakgpj, pnrn udn pkrsjdn nàmtn, cn sjck`n`

sk mjdstatuyk kd ud kdmjdtrnrsk mjdsabj gasgj y su `jcjr

`k dj tkdkr pcnmkr, pjr cj quk trnk n su gkdtk cn pjsalaca`n`

`k sntasonmkrsk mjd su mjdùmtn nàmtavn.

Kgjmajdks `ksmjdtrjcn`ns, mjgj `kprksaýd, ndsak-

`n`, arn, orustrnmaýd, quk puk`kd kstnr vadmucn`ns n udn

àktn, ud gnc `çn, ud gnc rksuctn`j, j ncbudn marmudstndman

quk cns bkdkrý. Ndtk kstns kgjmajdks, kc nàmtj lusmn dj

kdorkdtnrcns pjrquk dj quakrk j dj snlk mýgj, y lusmn huar

`k kccns mrkîd`jsk udn skbud`n va`n pnrnckcn, udn rknca`n`nàmtavn.

Kc sukþj j mndsndmaj ks mund`j cn gkdtk kstî gîs sus-

mkptalck n nmkptnr cj quk skn sad jpjdkr gumhn rksastkdman.

Kdtjdmks, iudtjs kstjs trks onmtjrks, j udj `k kccjs, kc

nàmtj lusmn ud cubnr `jd`k puk`n kdmjdtrnr kc nglakdtk

n`kmun`j pnrn pkrpktrnr su nmtj nàmtavj.

Iustamnmaýd

Kd kstk gjgkdtj kc adàvaùj kdmukdtrn vnrans rnzj-

dks quk iustaquk su mjdùmtn nàmtavn. Ukdsngakdtjs tncks

mjgj9 –vjy n vkr sa yn kstjy oukrtk‗, –hnmk takgpj quk dj




vkj kstj‗, –vjy n prnmtamnr kstj mjgj tkgn `k kstuàj‗, –tj-

tnc, sýcj vjy n iubnr udn pnrtaàtn‗, –sýcj vjy n kstnr mjd kccn

ud rntatj‗, kdtrk jtrjs sjd cjs quk iustamnd tjdtngkdtk cnkxpjsamaýd n ud nmtj nàmtavj. Ukrj cjs gasgjs nrbugkdtjs

dj tkd`rçnd dadbùd kokmtj sa hulaksk ncbudn pkrsjdn prkskd-

tk jlskrvnd`j,

Ukrpktrnmaýd

Nquç kc nàmtj mjdsugn su nmtj. Iukbn, garn, tjmn,

mjdsugk j pnrtamapn k nqukccj quk rkpuàn, k nqukccj quk

`ksprkman y sk mjdtnban `k nqukccj quk dj takdk cn oukrzn `k

vjcudtn` pnrn dkbnr. ]u gkdtk ks mjdsmakdtk `k quk kstî

hnmakd`j gnc pkrj sk hn `kin`j `jgadnr pjr cjs `kskjs `ksus npktatjs ksmjdtrjcn`js.

Kc nàmtj puk`k adamanr mjd cn mjdmakdman `k quk sýcj

kstnrî –ud rntatj‗, pkrj cukbj `ksmulrk quk kstuvj gumhj

gîs quk ud rntatj pnrtamapnd`j `k nqukccj quk ud `çn `ks-

prkmaý.

Cn nàmmaýd mrkn ud kokmtj `k sk`nmaýd, mrknd`j kdkc nàmtj udn skdsnmaýd `k skbura`n` `k quk cj quk kstî

hnmakd`j dj ks gncj.

_krbókdzn

Kd kstn ktnpn kc mamcj nàmtavj, kc nàmtj yn mjdsugý




su nmtj y sk sakdtk guy gnc pjr cj quk hazj, nsugk udn nmta-

tu` `k nutjrkmhnzj y nutjrkprjlnmaýd. Ukdsngakdtj mjgj9

–yj sjy mrastandj, yj snlçn quk kstnln gnc, mjgjpu`k‗, –sa yj sá quk dj `klçn mjdtadunr mjd kstj‗, –pjrquk

dj pu`k nmnlnr mjd kstn satunmaýd²‗.

Nquç ks `jd`k kc nàmtj ccjrn kc `jcjr `k dj pj`kr

`jgadnrsk. Pakdk pkdn pjr dj pj`kr `kmar dj n cn tkdtnmaýd.

Kd kstk gjgkdtj ks kd quk sk puk`k hnmkr cn AD-

PK\_KDMAÝD.

Mund`j kc nàmtj sk kdmukdtrn gnc `k hnlkr mjgk-

ta`j su onctn, sk hnmk dkmksnran cn adtkrvkdmaýd `k ud tkrn-

pkutn, ud ngabj j ud ongacanr quk cj buak `k cn gndj hnman

cn ojrtnckzn quk kdmjdtrnrsk mjd Mrastj Iksùs pjr pkr`ýd

(Iund ?9=2), ástk ks kc gkijr gjgkdtj pnrn rknmjgj`nrcns cns `k cn vjcudtn` y prkpnrnr nc nàmtj pnrn rksastar cn

prýxagn vkz.

N d `k pj`kr nmjgpnþnr kc áxatj `k ud nàmtj sk cj

`klk mjdtnmtnr mjd udn pkrsjdn quk cj nmjgpnþk vçn tkck-

oýdamn j pkrsjdncgkdtk kd cjs gjgkdtjs àoçmacks. ]k `klk

kdtrkdnr cn oukrzn `k vjcudtn`, cn nutjkstagn y, sjlrk tj`j,su mjdndzn kd @ajs.

Cn n`jpmaýd `k cjs jmhj rkgkàjs dnturncks pjr pnr-

tk `kc nàmtj cj nyu`nrî pnrn tkdkr oukrzn `k vjcudtn` y

`jgadaj prjpaj. Cn admcusaýd `k9

>. Kc `jrgar tkgprndj (ndtks `k cns jdmk `k cn djmhk)




pnrn rkmupkrnr kdkrbçns, mjd cn cuz npnbn`n y sad dad-

bùd rua`j quk pj`ngjs gndkinr nyu`nrîd n kdmjd-

trnr pcnmkr kd cns satunmajdks sagpcks `k cn va`n.

<. Kc hnmkr kikrmamaj ànrangkdtk, usnr cn lamamcktn, sncar n mj-

rrkr j mngadnr j prnmtamnr ud `kpjrtk ncavanrîd cn tkdsaýd.

=. Cn mjdndzn kd @ajs mjgj lnsk pnrn ud pcnd `k

gndkij `k kgjmajdks nyu`nrîd n kdorkdtnr kc kstrás

y `ksnzjdks `k cn va`n.

0. Kc mjgkr sndj lrad`nrî nc mkrklrj cn gntkran pragn

pnrn mjdstruar udn gkijr àspjsamaýd gkdtnc.

;. Kc mjdsugj `k jmhj vnsjs ànrajs `k nbun purn y `k

>< vnsjs kd vkrndj, nyu`nrîd n tkdkr cns mácucns `kc

mukrpj cagpans y kd lukd oudmajdngakdtj.?. Kc nark purj lrad`nrî udn gkijr kvnmunmaýd `k cjs

rksaùjs nárkjs `kc mukrpj.

2. Cn kxpjsamaýd `k quadmk gadutjs nc sjc kd cns kstn-

majdks `kc nþj quk cj pkrgatnd ncavanrî cns tkdmajdks

y tjdamnrî cn pakc.8. Cn tkgpkrndman, ks `kmar `k cj lukdj, cj dkmksnraj y

`k cj gncj dn`n, mjgj cjsjoçn k va`n ojrtnckmkrî cn

vjcudtn` pnrn vavar mjd prjpak`n`.

\kmukr`k quk sa sk ouk nàmtj, sakgprk quk`nrî kd kc

mkrklrj kc mngadj sadîptamj quk sk kcnljrý mjd cn nàmmaýd

mjdtadun, pjr cj quk sk hnrî gîs oîmac rkadamanr, quk sa dj sk




hulaksk dudmn prnmtamn`j ud gnc hîlatj. Ujr kccj ks dkmk-

snraj quk kc kx nàmtj a`kdtaquk y sk nckik `k cjs onmtjrks

`kskdmn`kdndtks kd cn gkà`n `k cj pjsalck.

Ncbudjs gj`kcjs `k mnglaj `k mjdùmtn

Kxastkd àvkrsjs gj`kcjs `k kxpcamnd kc mnglaj `k

mjdùmtn quk nyu`nd n udn pkrsjdn n buanr n ud nàmtj mjd

kc jliktavj `k quk ástk rkmupkrk kc mjdtrjc `k su va`n.

Gj`kcj `kc nutjmjdtrjc

Cukbj k munrkdtn nþjs k advkstabnmajdks, cjs kxpkr-

tjs kd kstk gj`kcj mjdmcuykd kd quk kc tárgadj nutjmjdtrjc

dj `kpkd`k `k `k cns gjtavnmajdks j oukrzns adtkrdns quk

cckvnd n ud adàvaùj n `kmaàr mnglajs kd su mjdùmtn, sadj

quk ks ud prjmksj kd kc munc kc adàvaùj buçn, arabk y rkbucn

kc prjmksj k mnglaj k su prjpan mjdùmtn, mjdvartaád`jsk

kd nmtjr `k su mnglaj.

Kstk gj`kcj rkquakrk quk kc adàvaùj a`kdtaquk

muîcks sjd cjs onmtjrks quk adukdmand kd su mjdùmtn y

mýgj kstjs onmtjrks puk`kd skr gjàmn`js pnrn hnccnr kc

mnglaj mjdùmtunc `kskn`j.

Unrn cckvnr n`kcndtk kstj, ks dkmksnraj `ksnrrjccnr

trks jpkrnmajdks agpjrtndtks9

>. Kspkmamnr muîc ks cn mjdùmtn quk sk quakrk gjà-




mnr, a`kdtamnrcn pckdngkdtk y pjdkrcn mjgj lcndmj.

<. A`kdtamnr muîcks sjd cns satunmajdks quk ndtkmk`kdn cn mjdùmtn quk `kskj mnglanr, muncks sjd cns mjd-

skmukdmans `k cn mjdùmtn quk quakrj gu`nr y sus

mjdskmukdmans mjdùmtuncks y sjmancks.

=. Agpckgkdtnr ud pcnd k nmmaýd quk mnglak cns satun-

majdks ndtkmk`kdtks y mjdskmukdtks.

Kstj kxabk quk sk cckvk n mnlj cn nutjjlskrvnmaýd skran y sad-

mkrn, cn pcndknmaýd gkàjnglakdtnc mjdmakdzu`n y cn prj-

brngnmaýd mjdùmtunc pnrn cjbrnr kc mnglaj.

Cn nutjjlskrvnmaýd takdk cn dnca`n` `k mjdjmkr cn

orkmukdman mjd quk cn mjdùmtn quk sk `kskn mnglanr sk

gndakstn y su rkcnmaýd mjd cubnrks y nmjdtkmagakdtjs. Unrn

kstj ks dkmksnraj kc usj `k udn nbkd`n pnrn ud nutj rkbas-

trj n`kmun`j.

Cn pcndknmaýd gkàjnglakdtnc ks kc mnglaj `k cns

satunmajdks quk nmjgpnþnd n cn mjdùmtn quk sk `kskn

mnglanr.Cn prjbrngnmaýd mjdùmtunc hnmk usj `k cjs rkojrzn-

`jrks tndbalcks (prkgajs mjdmrktjs) j adtndbalcks (prkgajs

nlstrnmtjs) mjgj cjs nutjmnstabjs (pravnmajdks) pnrn cjbrnr

mjdmrktaznr cjs mnglajs `k mjdùmtn `kskn`js.

Kstk gj`kcj kxabk quk kc pnmakdtk tkdbn cn àspjsa-

maýd y oukrzn `k vjcudtn` pnrn nutj n`gadastrnrsk ud prj-




brngn `k mnglaj `k hîlatjs, nudquk tnglaád puk`k bjznr

`k cn nyu`n `k udn rk` `k ngabj quk cj npjyk sjmancgkdtk.

Gj`kcj `k mrkkdmans kd sncu`

Kstk gj`kcj sk lnsn kd muntrj àgkdsajdks,

• cn susmkptalaca`n` pkrmala`n, quk ks cn vncjrnmaýd quk

hnmk kc adàvaùj `k su prjpan mjdùmtn, sa ks lukdn,

adjmun j gncn.

• cn skvkra`n` pkrmala`n ks mund`j kc adàvaùj mjdsa-

`krn cns mjdskmukdmans k sus kckmmajdks k sncu` kd

tárgadjs `k brnvk`n`.

• Lkdkmajs pkrmala`js, quk ks cn mjdsa`krnmaýd `k cns

àvkrsns mjdskmukdmans `k cns mjdùmtns sncu`nlcks

quk kc adàvaùj puk`k tjgns sjd mjdùmtns quk kc

adàvaùj mjdjmk.

• Lnrrkrns pkrmala`ns, sjd cns trnlns y jlstîmucjs quk

kc adàvaùj puk`k kdmjdtrnr nc tjgnr udn `kmasaýd

`k udn mjdùmtn sncu`nlck y quk `klkrî kdorkdtnrpnrn gndtkdkr su `kmasaýd.

Kstk gj`kcj `kpkd`k `k cn mnpnma`n` `k nutjbj-

lakrdj quk kc adàvaùj tkdbn y `k cn gjtavnmaýd quk pjskn

pnrn cjbrnr ud mnglaj.




Gj`kcj trndstkjrátamj y cns ktnpns `k mnglaj

Urjpukstj pjr Urjmhnsfn y @aMckgkdtk kc nþj >18<.Matn`j pjr Ndbkrnga-Mngjd. Kstk gj`kcj skþncn quk, pnrn

cckbnr nc mnglaj, kc adàvaùj ntrnvaksn madmj kstnàjs, cjs

muncks sjd9 prkmjdtkgpcnmaýd kd kc quk udn pkrsjdn dj rk-

mjdjmk ud mjgpjrtngakdtj mjgj prjlckgîtamj. Cn onsk `k

mjdtkgpcnmaýd kd cn quk cjs adàvaùjs rkmjdjmkd quk hny

ud prjlckgn y hnmkd pcndks pnrn rksjcvkrcj. Cn onsk `k `k-

tkrgadnmaýd, kd cn quk sk kma`k mnglanr cn satunmaýd kdtrnd-

`j kd cn onsk `k prkpnrnmaýd pnrn tjgnr nmmajdks kokmtavns

kd adbrksnr nsç n cn onsk `k cn nmmaýd. Ujr ùctagj tkdkgjs cn

onsk `k gndutkdmaýd, kd cn quk kvatngjs quk cjs adàvaùjs

advjcumrn`js dj `kikd sus pntrjdks `k mjdùmtn dukvjs.

Pkjrçn `k cn nmmaýd rnzjdn`n

Kstn tkjrçn kstnlckmk quk cn mjdùmtn kstî kstrkmhn-

gkdtk cabn`n n cn adtkdmaýd `kc adàvaùj `k rkncaznrcn j dj,

y kstn adtkdmaýd n su vkz kstî adukdman`n pjr9• Cns nmtatu`ks `k cn gasgn pkrsjdn hnman cn mjdùmtn

quk quakrk adamanr quk n su gndkrn `k vkr sjd kc rk-

suctn`j `k cns mrkkdmans `k cn pkrsjdn nmkrmn `k cns

mjdskmukdmans quk nmnrrknrî cn dukvn mjdùmtn.

• Cns djrgns suliktavns quk sjd kc rksuctn`j `k cns




mrkkdmans `k cn pkrsjdn nmkrmn `k sa cjs `kgîs mjdsa-

`krnd quk puk`k cckvnr n`kcndtk cn dukvn mjdùmtn y,

• Cn agpjrtndman quk ck ks `n`n n cn dukvn mjdùmtn

`ks`k udn mjdsa`krnmaýd djrgntavn j rkbcngkdtnran

y nmtatuàdnc (sa sakdtk quk ks cj gkijr nmtunr `k gn-

dkrn àokrkdtk).

Pj`j kstj cckvn n adamanr udn dukvn mjdùmtn skbùd

kstn tkjrçn.

<8

NUCAMNMAÝD

Cukbj `k vkr kstns trks prjpukstns quk adtkdtnd kx-pcamnr kc mnglaj `k mjdùmtn `k cjs adàvaùjs kdmjdtrngjs

quk ks oud`ngkdtnc kc mnglanr cns mrkkdmans y cns nmtatu`ks

<8Cuas \kyks \j`rçbukz, –Cn tkjrçn `k cn nmmaýd rnzjdn`n9 agpcamnmajdks

pnrn kc kstuàj k cns nmtu`ks‗, [davkrsa`n` Uk`nbbamn `k @urndbj, 2 `k skkg-lrk `k <552, 2>.

Adtkdmaýd

Nmtatu` hnman cnmjdùmtn

Agpjrtndman rkcntavn `kcns mjdsa`krnmajdks djr-

gntavn y nmtatuàdnc.

Cns mrkkdmans `k cn pkrsjdnnmkrmn `k quk kc adàvaùj jbrupjs kspkmçmjs mrkkd qukpuk`kd rkncaznr cn mjdùmtn.

Djrgn suliktavn

Mjdùmtn

Cn mrkkdman `k cn pkrsjdn`k quk cn mjdùmtn cckvn nmakrtns mjdskmukdmans cnkvncunmaýd k kccns.




`k cjs adàvaùjs pnrn quk kxastn ud mnglaj `k mjdùmtn.

Kstj ks prjùma`j pjr kc Kspçratu ]ndtj kd nqukccjs quk cj

lusmnd (Oacapkdsks <9>< y >=), yn quk nud cn gjtavnmaýd ksud rkbncj `k @ajs (]ndtanbj >9>2).

Unrn nyu`nr n ud adàvaùj j brupj `k bkdtks n mng-

lanr, hny quk `ksnrrjccnr tncckrks `jd`k sk kxpcjtk, pjr sj-

lrk tj`j, kc mnglaj `k mjdjmagakdtj y nmtatu`ks pnrn quk

kccjs cckvkd `k gndkrn dnturnc nc mnglaj `k mjdùmtn y nsç

puk`nd `kinr cjs gncjs hîlatjs.

KC IJ_KD Q ][ ^[K HNMK\ MJGJ U\JGJPJ\ @K

]NC[@

Cn cnljr `kc ijvkd ks gùctapck. Ks ngabj, mjgpnþkrj y prj-

gjtjr `k mjdùmtns sncu`nlcks. Ukrj jij, kc ijvkd `klk hn-

mkr tj`j sad `ksmua`nr tj`j. Patîdamn cnljr. Kc ijvkd `klk

vavar `k tnc gndkrn quk pjr su kikgpcj sus mjgpnþkrjs

nprkd`nd cjs lkdkmajs `k udn va`n tkgpkrndtk.

Kc ijvkd, mjgj prjgjtjr `k sncu`, `klk `ksnrrjccnr trks pa-

cnrks9Nutj kcnljrnrsk, kùmnr n cn mjdbrkbnmaýd y kstnlckmkr ca-

dkngakdtjs mcnrjs `k mjdùmtn.

Nutj kcnljrnrsk

Kstn quazî ks cn gîs àoçmac `k cns tnrkns `kc ijvkd quk quakrk

hnmkr udn jlrn k prjgjtjr k sncu` y k prkvkdmaýd k cns




kdokrgk`n`ks, pjrquk kstj kxabk quk kstk `ksnrrjcck udn

va`n nmjr`k n cj quk prkàmn.

Kstj sabdamn quk kc ijvkd mrkk y vavk cn rkojrgn prj sncu`prnmtamnd`j kd su va`n cjs jmhj rkgkàjs dnturncks y trntn

`k vavar n cn ncturn `k su kstntus `k haij `k @ajs.

>. Pkdkr ud hjrnraj `k mjgudaýd pkrsjdnc mjd @ajs.

<. Pkdkr ud prjbrngn `k kikrmamajs oçsamjs.

=. Lklkr nbun `k gndkrn mjdsmakdtk.

0. Pjgnr sjc `k gndkrn gktýàmn.

;. \kncaznr kikrmamajs rksparntjrajs.

?. Mua`nr cns nvkda`ns `kc ncgn.

2. @jrgar tkgprndj y cj sumakdtk.

8. Mjgkr sndj y cj gkijr pjsalck.

Kùmnr n sus ngabjs.

Prntnr `k mjdvjmnr n kxpkrtjs kd sncu` y kdtrkdnr n cjs vj-

cudtnrajs pnrn quk cckvkd ud gkdsnik `k sncu` prkvkdtavn n

cns àokrkdtks jrbndaznmajdks `k cn abcksan mulrakd`j cns `k-

gnd`ns dkmksnrans pjr brupj `k k`n`ks, skxj u jmupnmaýd.




Kstnlckmkr cadkngakdtjs mcnrjs

Kckvnr y sjstkdkr kc gndunc `k prjmk`agakdtjs `k cn abcksan–mund`j cn rkbcn ks pnrkin, dn`ak sk qukin‗ n d `k quk skn-

gjs kdmjdtrn`js sad `jlcás.




\kokrkdmans

Nlmskxjcjban, –Cn `kpkd`kdman `kc skxj‗, NLMskxjcj-

bçn.mjg http9//nlmskxjcjban.kstacasagj.mjg/pradt.

php:sa`7>22 (mjdsuctn`j9 <= `k gnrzj, <551).

N`nclkrtj ]ndtndn, Kc dnrmjtrîmj kd Ngáramn Cntadn. Gáxa-

mj, @.O.9 ]abcj XXA, <550.

Nàmmajdks, –Nàmmaýd nc skxj‗ , nàmmajdks.jrb http9//www.nàmmajdks.jrb/kdokrgk`n`/skxj/ad`kx.htgc (mjdsuctn-

`j9 <= `k gnrzj, <551).

Ncnad Mkrmcá, Kc ncmjhjcasgj9 udn kxpcamnmaýd pnrn mjgprkd-

`kr, ud kdsnyj pnrn rkkxajdnr. Gáxamj9 ]abcj _kadtau-

dj, <550.

Nckind`rj Ljsnmf, ºUjr quá gk sumkàý kstj n gç: Nrbkdta-

dn9 Kàtjranc Fakr.

Ncojdsj Nbuacý Unstrndn, Ks rnzjdnlck skr mrkykdtk:9 ;5

mukstajdks nmtuncks kd tjrdj n cn ok. Gn`ra`9 Kàmajdks

Uncnlrn, <550.




Ncjdsj-Okrdîd`kz, Orndmasmj. Cns Dukvns nàmmajdks9 nca-

gkdtj, skxj, mjgprns, tkckvasaýd, iukbj, trnlnij, adtkr-

dkt . Gn`ra`9 PKN, <55=.

Nd`rkn Rkatzdkr, Nyu`nd`j n pkrsjdns mjd ndjrkxan, luca-

gan y mjgkr mjgpucsavj9 buçn prîmtamn pnrn gnkstrjs,

tkrnpkutns y gáàmjs. Gáxamj, @.O.9 Kàtjranc Unx Gá-

xamj, <558.

Nd`rás _krndan, Bunclkrtj Lukcn-Mnsnc, _amkdtk K. Mnlnccj,

Ackndn Nrans, I. Mnrcjs ]akrrn, Orndmasmj Lns y Okrdnd`j

Lncàjmk`n, Gndunc `k kvncunmaýd kd psamjcjbçn mcçda-

mn y `k cn sncu`. Gn`ra`9 ]abcj XX, >11?.

_. N. Ndbkrnga-Mngjd, Nmtunca`n`ks kg psamjcjban `nsnù`k. ]íj Unucj9 Uajdkarn Phjgsjd Cknrdadb, <550.

Ndtjdakttk Nglrjsadj, Lkrdnr` Ryszydsfa, ]ndtanbj Gn`k-

rj, Kcaznlkth Mnrrkrns y ]acvan Gntrni, Gndunc `k psa-

quantrçn pnrn pnmakdtks mjd kdokrgk`n`ks gáàmns.

Lnrmkcjdn9 Gnssjd, <55?.

Lncnbukr Urkstks, \jlkrtj. Adtkrdkt9 ud dukvj kspnmaj psamj-

sjmanc (Gjdtkva`kj9 K`. Pracmk, <55=), >?8.

Lkdingad R. _nd _jjrhkks, –Lucagan‗, Gk`cadkpcus, http9//

www.dcg.dah.bjv/gk`cadkpcus/spndash/kdmy/nrta-

mck/555=0>.htg (Mjdsuctn`j9 >< `k nlrac, <551).




Lkrdnr`j Gnrçd Okrdîd`kz, Kikrmamaj oçsamj y kc `kpjrtk9 `k

cn prkvkdmaýd n cn tkrnpáutamn. Jvak`j9 [davkrsa`n` `k

Jvak`j, >111.

Lrn`shnw, Ijhd. Hkncadb thk ]hngk Phnt Lad`s Qju. @kkr-

kc` Lknmh, Ocn9 Hkncth Mjggudamntajds, >188.

Mnrcjs Lnsjglrçj Abcksans, y Okrdnd`j \jspabcajsa. Cn skbu-

ra`n` y sus adstatumajdks kd kc Ukrù n adamajs `kc sabcj XXA9 rkojrgns `kgjmrîtamns j dkjgacatnrasgj. Cagn9

AKU, Adstatutj `k Kstuàjs Ukrundjs, <55?.

Mnrcjs O. \jthgndd, Pámdamns y mjdskijs pnrn `kinr `k ou-

gnr. Lukdjs Narks9 Agnbadn`jr, <55>.

Mkckstk Ljàdj, Cns nàmmajdks9 `kc usj n cn `kpkd`kdman.

Lukdjs Narks9 Cjdbskcckr, <55>.

Mhnrcks H Kccajtt y Cnurn C. ]gath, Ndsak`n` pnrn ùggaks.

Mjcjglan9 Djrgn, <550.

Mcnuàn Lcnmf, Ksj dj gk sumk`krî9 haijs nùctjs mjd pn`rksncmjhýcamjs. Gáxamj9 Îrljc, <555.

@nva` Indfads, Gkijrkgjs cn sncu` n tj`ns cns k`n`ks ud

gndunc pnrn kc mnglaj `k mjgpjrtngakdtj. Rnsh-

adbtjd @. M.9 Jrbndaznmaýd Undngkramndn `k cn ]ncu`,

<55;.




@nva` U Gjjrk y Ingks R. Ikookrsjd. Gndunc `k psaquantrçn

gáàmn. Gn`ra`9 Kcskvakr, <55;.

@kddas Mjjd, Oud`ngkdtjs `k psamjcjbçn. Gáxamj9 Adtkrdn-

tajdnc Phjgsjd, <55;.

@kddas Mjjd, Usamjcjbçn. Gáxamj9 Phjgsjd, <55;.

@ammajdnraj `k lajcjbçn. @ammajdnrajs Jxojr`-Mjgpcutkdsk.

Gn`ra`9 Kàtjranc Mjgpcutkdsk, <550.

@rjbns bcjlnc, –Unstn lîsamn k mjmnçdn‗ , rjbnsbcjln, http9//

www.`rjbnsbcjlnc.jrb.pk/`rjbns.php:atkg7=Z<

(Mjdsuctn`j9 50 `k gnyj, <551).

Knrc Happ, Calárntk kc kstrás9 buçn pnrn n`jcksmkdtks. Gáxa-mj, @.O.9 Kàtjranc Unx Gáxamj, >11=.

K` Qjudb, ]kxj purj. Kc Unsj, Px9 Mnsn Lnutastn `k Uulcamn-

majdks, >111.

Kcaznlkth Kttjrrk, Guikrks y ncmjhjc9 ºpcnmkr pravn`j j prj-

lckgn pùlcamj:. Gn`ra`9 Dnrmkn, >118.

Kgacaj Gjrkdj ]nd Uk`rj y Iksùs Bac \jncks-Daktj, –Kc gj-

`kcj k mrkkdmans k sncu`9 rkvasaýd tkýramn, mjdsa`krn-

maýd mrçtamn y prjpukstn nctkrdntavn9 hnman ud ndîcasas

oudmajdnc `k cns mrkkdmans kd sncu`‗, \kvastn Adtkrdn-

majdnc `k Usamjcjbçn y Pkrîpan Usamjcýbamn, <55=.




Oácax Îdbkc Uncnmajs Bnrmçn, Ijsá Mnrcjs Oukrtks \jmnþçd y

Ijsá Mnlrkrn Ojrdkarj. Hny va`n `kspuás `k-- cns `rj-

bns:9 gndunc `k pragkrjs nuxacajs pnrn ntkd`kr cnsnàmmajdks. Gn`ra`9 Nrîd Kàmajdks, <550.

Okrdnd`j @akz, @K_N. Gn`ra`9 Mîratns Kspnþjcn, >118.

Orndmasmj Ncjdsj-Okrdîd`kz, Cns Dukvns nàmmajdks9 nca-

gkdtj, skxj, mjgprns, tkckvasaýd, iukbj, trnlnij, adtkr-dkt. Gn`ra`9 PKN, <55=.

Orndmasmj Ncjdzj Okrdîd`kz, Ujr quá trnlningjs. Kspnþn9

@anz `k ]ndtjs.

Bnlrakc Gkian, ]ncu` y skxunca`n`. Mjstn \amn9 K[DK@,

<55?.

Bkrnc` G Okdamhkc, Dkurjcjban pkàntramn mcadamn9 ud kdoj-

quk pjr sabdjs y sçdtjgns. Gn`ra`9 Kcskvakr/]nud`krs,

<55?..

Bauskppk Ngnrn, Ukrskbua`js kd kc pnrnçsj9 mcnvks pnrn kd-mjdtrnr udn snca`n n cns nàmmajdks. Gáxamj9 Kàtjranc

Ckmtjrug, <55<.

Bcjran Ksmjlnr, @ksntnd`j kc du`j. Adtkrnmmajdks hugndns

nàmtavns. [davkrsa`n` `k Mnc`ns, <55?.

Bunclkrtj Lukcn-Mnsnc, _amkdtk K. Mnlnccj, I. Mnrcjs ]akrrn,




Gndunc `k kvncunmaýd kd psamjcjbçn mcçdamn y `k cn sn-

cu` . Gn`ra`9 ]abcj XX, >11?.

Hkrlkrt C., Uktra, Ijhd G Bjvkrd, y ]ncadns Jrtaz, Gjtavn-

maýd. Pkjrçn, advkstabnmaýd y npcamnmajdks. Gáxamj9

Phjgsjd, <55?.

Alîþkz Mun`rn`j, Ndbkcn, nd` Ikrýdagj ]îaz \uaz. Cn

cu`jpntçn9 udn dukvn kdokrgk`n` . Lnrmkcjdn9 Gnssjd,<55>.

AMN\K] (Jrbndazntajd). @rjbn `kpkdàkdtks9 rkadskrmaýd cn-

ljrnc . Cagn9 Ujdtaman [davkrsa`n` Mntýcamn `kc Ukrù,

Ojd`j Kàtjranc, >11=.

Arwad B ]nrnsjd y Lnrlnrn \. ]nrnsjd. Usamjpntjcjbçn.

Usamjcjbçn ndjrgnc9 kc prjlckgn `k cn mjdùmtn ad-

n`nptn`n. Gáxamj9 Uknrsjd/Kùmnmaýd, <55?.

Arwad B., ]nrnsjd y Lnrlnrn \. ]nrnsjd. Usamjpntjcjbçn.

Usamjcjbçn ndjrgnc9 kc prjlckgn `k cn mjdùmtn ad-

n`nptn`n. Gáxamj9 Uknrsjd/Kùmnmaýd, <55?.

Asnlkc Prabukrjs, Pkgnraj pnrn cn prkpnrnmaýd k jpjsamajdks9

trnlnin`jr sjmanc. Gn`ra`9 Ncmnc `k Bun`nrn, <55;.

I. I. Gjrkdj, R. ]tnoo y O. I. Hkrrkrj, Pnlnquasgj prjbrngn

pnrn `kinr `k ougnr. Kspnþn9 @anz `k ]ndtjs, <55=.




Ingks ]cjlj`zakd, Hnwnaa nd` Mhrastand \kcabajus N`àmtajd.

[]N9 [davkrsnc Uulcashkr, <550.

Indk Dkcskd y Cydd Cjtt. @asmapcadn pjsatavn pnrn n`jcks-

mkdtks9 rkojrznd`j cn kùmnmaýd `k su n`jcksmkdtk y

n ustk` gasgj n trnvás `k udn pntkrda`n` ngnlck y

rgk. Gáxamj9 Kàmajdks \uz, <55=.

Invakr Ujds @çkz, Gntkrancks pnrn cn adtkrvkdmaýd sjmanc ykùmntavn ndtk kc mjdsugj `k `rjbns. Ncamndtk9 Kàtj-

ranc Mcul [davkrsatnraj, <55?.

Iknd Mnrpkr y N`randn Hnssnd, Cjs ncagkdtjs9 gkàmadn ga-

cnbrjsn. Mjcjglan9 Kàtjranc Djrgn, >110.

Ijkc N. Orkkgnd, Mjgj vavar kd pnz mjd tu mjdmakdman sad

vjcvkrtk cjmj. Kspnþn9 MCAK, >11<.

Ijkc N. Orkkgnd, Mjgj vavar kd pnz mjd tu mjdmakdman sad

vjcvkrtk cjmj. Kspnþn9 MCAK, >11<.

Ijhnd _nd`krcad`kd, Prnugn, àsjmanmaýd y `ksmjdtrjc `k cjsagpucsjs kd cjs trnstjrdjs ncagkdtnrajs. Lukdjs Narks9

Brîdamn, >111.

Ijhd Lrn`shnw, y Gnrbnratn Gjdtks Lusmhlkmf, Ijhd Lrn`-

shnw9 cn ongacan9 Vkc kxpkrtj dùgkrj udj kd rkcnmajdks

ongacanrks `k cjs K[ ndncazn y nmjdskin. Gáxamj9 ]k-




ckmtjr, <555.

Ijsá Cudn, ºûá hnmkr mjd ud haij nàmtj:. Mjcjglan, Kàtj-ranc ]nd Unlcj, >11?.

Ijsá Gnrçn Ckýd \ulaj, Usamjcjbçn `k cn ]ncu` y `k cn mnca-

`n` `k va`n. Lnrmkcjdn9 [JM, <550.

Ijskon Mnþnc. Nàmmajdks9 mýgj prkvkdarcns kd daþjs y iý-

vkdks. Ljbjtî, Mjcjglan9 Brupj Kàtjranc Djrgn,

<55=.

Ijsh Gm@jwkcc y Ljl Hjstktckr, Gndunc pnrn mjdskikrjs `k

iývkdks9 udn buçn mjgpcktn pnrn kquapnr n cç`krks `k

cn iuvkdtu`, pnstjrks, gnkstrjs y pn`rks. Kc Unsj, PX9

Kàtjranc Gud`j Haspndj, <555.

Iudk Hudt, Mcnvks lçlcamns pnrn mjdskikrçn, tjgj ;. Mjcjg-

lan9 Mkdtrjs `k catkrnturn mrastandn, s/o.

Fdnukr, ]nd`y. ]urvavjrs \kmjvkradb orjg ]kxunc Nlusk,

N`àmtajds, nd` Mjgpucsavk Lkhnvajrs9 –Dugl‗ ]urva-vjrs. Dkw Qjrf9 Hnwjrth ]jmanc Rjrf Urnmtamk Urkss,

<55>.

Cn \kvjcumaýd @kc Gnrfktadb @kc Kdtrktkdagakdtj. Nmkrmnd-

`j cjs gnbdntks, cjs gkàjs y cn gnban, nc gud`j.

Djlufj ]n, <55?.




Ckj Bnlrakc, Baclkrtj Cýpkz y \avns, Nutjdjgçns ad`çbkdns

kd Ngáramn Cntadn9 dukvns ojrgns `k mjdvavkdmans pj-

cçtamns. Kspnþn9 Unzns y _nc`kz, <55;.

Ckjdnr`j \kydjsj Krnzj, y Asnnm ]kcabsjd Daskdlnug.

Usamjcjbçn mcçdamn `k cn sncu`9 ud kdojquk mjdùmtunc.

Gáxamj9 Kc Gndunc Gj`krdj, <55;.

Cadd, Gntthkw, ]hkacn Onlramndt Cadd, y @kddas Cadd. Hkncadb]paratunc Nlusk & \kcabajus N`àmtajd. Dkw Qjrf9 Unu-

cast Urkss, >110.

Ccndkzn, Orndmasmj Invakr. Krbjdjgçn y psamjsjmajcjbçn npca-

mn`n9 gndunc pnrn cn ojrgnmaýd kc kspkmancastn. _nccn-

`jca`9 Kàtjranc Ckx Djvn, <552.

Cýpkz-Aljr Ncaþj, I. I. Agîbkdks `k cn psaquantrçn kspnþjcn

Lnrmkcjdn9 Bcjsn, <55;.

Cuas Lrnvj @çnz, Onrgnmjbdjsan. Gn`ra`9 Kcskvakr, <55=.

Cuas Lrnvj y Kcasn Gnrhuk`n, Gndunc `k onrgnmjcjbçn. Gn-`ra`9 Kcskvakr, <55;.

Cuas \kyks \j`rçbukz, –Cn tkjrçn `k cn nmmaýd rnzjdn`n9 ag-

pcamnmajdks pnrn kc kstuàj `k cns nmtatu`ks‗ , [davkrsa-

`n` Uk`nbýbamn `k @urndbj, 2 `k sktakglrk `k <552.




Cuas ]acvn, Mua`n`js kdokrgkrjs kd ntkdmaýd pragnran9 prj-

brngn `k sncu` `kc nùctj y kc ndmandj. ]kvaccn9 Kàtj-

ranc Gn`, <55?.

Cuas ]acvn, Mua`n`js kdokrgkrjs kd ntkdmaýd pragnran9 prj-

brngn `k sncu` `kc nùctj y kc ndmandj. ]kvaccn9 Kàtj-

ranc Gn`, <55?.

Cuz Kcazjd`j y Ndbkc Ma`, Uradmapajs lîsamjs `k sncu`. Gáxa-mj9 Cagusn, Djrakbn, <55<.

G. Ukrkz, –ºûá ks cn nàmmaýd nc skxj:‗, sjatu, http9//www.sja-

tu.ks/sjatu/<558/>5/<5/skxj/><<001=??1Z;0;;10.

htgc (mjdsuctn`j9 <= `k gnrzj, <551).

Gn`ra` Cýpkz, \.A. –Cn Nàmmaýd n Adtkrdkt‗. Usamjcjbçn Jd-

cadk. http9//www.psamjcjban-jdcadk.mjg/mjcnljrn`jrks/

dnmhj/nadtkrdkt.htg (Mjdsuctn`j9 >2 gnrzj, <551).

Gnrm @nva`, Cn àktn `kc sjsakbj9 mjgkr pjr pcnmkr, pnrn

jltkdkr kdkrbçn y pnrn n`kcbnznr. \jmhkstkr, _t9 Addkr

Prnàtajds, <558.

Gnrçn Mnþnc, Nàmmajdks9 mýgj prkvkdarcns kd daþjs y iývk-

dks. Ljbjtî9 Brupj Kàtjranc Djrgn, <55=.

Gnrçn `kc Mnrgkd Okrdîd`kz Kspadjsn, @kin `k rjgpkr tus

àktns. Gáxamj, @.O.9 ]kckmtjr, <550.




Gnry Lkth Ljdnmma, Pus prkbudtns y cns rkspukstns sjlrk

ngjr y skxj. Gn`ra`9 Kàmajdks Uncnlrn, <55<.

Gîxagj \nvkdn, [dn kcbn`n cçdkn. Kspnþn9 Kàtjranc Bnckr-

dn, <55?), >5;.

Gkrck N Ojssug y Gnracyd I. Gnsjd, Cn vkrbókdzn9 mýgj

kdorkdtnrcn y rksjcvkrcn. Gáxamj, @.O.9 Kàtjranc Unx

Gáxamj, >181.

Gkrck N. Ojssug y Gnracyd I. Gnsjd, Cn vkrbókdzn9 mýgj

kdorkdtnrcn y rksjcvkrcn. Gáxamj, @.O.9 Kàtjranc Unx

Gáxamj, >181.

Gamhnkc Fnhd, –@kgnsan`n mnokçdn pj`rçn bkdkrnc ncumadn-

majdks9 kstuàj‗ , GK@CADKUC[], http9//www.dcg.dah.

bjv/gk`cadkpcus/spndash/dkws/ouccstjryZ2=215.htgc

(Mjdsuctn`j9 5; `k nlrac, <551?).

Gamhnkc Fkdt, @ammajdnraj Jxojr` `k gkàmadn y makdmans `kc

`kpjrtk. Lnrmkcjdn9 Kàtjranc Una`jtralj, <55=.

Jgnr Býgkz, Kùmnmaýd pnrn cn sncu`. ]nd Ijsá9 K[DK@,

<55<.

Unlcj \jssa, @rjbns y cjs n`jcksmkdtks. Gn`ra`9 Kàtjranc

Pálnr, so.

Unuc Lnccns, –Ndjrkxan dkrvajsn‗, Gk`cadkpcus, http9//




www.dcg.dah.bjv/gk`cadkpcus/spndash/kdmy/nrta-

mck/555=?<.htg (Mjdsuctn`j9 >< `k nlrac, <551).

\nonkc Cadnrks, Usamjcjbçn `kc `kpjrtk (Nrbkdtadn9 Kàtjranc

Lruins, <55>), >>>.

\nfkc @., Gkàmadn Adtkbrntavn. Kspnþn9 Kcskvakr.

\ngýd Lncckstkr y Ijsá Lncnbukr, Pjxamjcjbçn mcçdamn. _nckd-

man9 [davkrsatnt `k _nckdman, <550.

\ngýd Lncckstkr y Ijsá Lncnbukr, Pjxamjcjbçn mcçdamn. _nckd-

man9 [davkrsatnt `k _nckdman, <550.

\amhnr` K Lkhrgnd, \jlkrt G. Fcakbgnd, y Hnc L. Ikdsjd.

Dkcsjd trntn`j `k pkàntrçn. Gn`ra`9 Kcskvakr, <550.

\amhnr` Bkrrab, Usamjcjbçn y va`n. Gáxamj9 Uknrsjd Kùmn-

maýd, <55;.

\jlkrt Mrjjfs, Dukstrn skxunca`n`. []N9 Mkdbnbk Cknrdadb

Cntad Ng, <555.

\jlkrt Djrth y \amhnr` Jrndbk, Kc ncmjhjcasgj kd cn iuvkd-

tu`. Gáxamj9 Kàtjranc Îrljc, >11;.

\jlad Djrwjj`, Cns guikrks quk ngnd kgnsan`j. Gáxamj9

L, <55;.




\jlad Djrwjj`, Cns guikrks quk ngnd kgnsan`j. Gkxamj9

Kàmajdks L, <55;.

\jbkr ]gath, Gnralkc Gabukc, Duran Ujrtn `k cn \avn y Orndf

Dkttkr, Jlstktraman, badkmjcjbçn y sncu` k cn guikr (Ks-

pnþn9 Gnssjd, <55;.

\jd Cumk, Bratj @k Bukrrn Ujr [dn Bkdkrnmaýd. Mjcjrn`j

]pradbs, Mjcj9 DkxBkd, <550.

]nd`y Oratz, Oud`ngkdtjs `kc gnsnik tkrnpáutamj. Gn`ra`9

Kcskvakr, <55;.

]knd Gm@jwkcc, Áta-f9 `kmasajdks kd ud gud`j `jd`k tj`j

mukdtn. Dnshvacck, Pkdd9 L&H Uulcashadb Brjup, <552.

]kxj nàmtjs ndýdagjs, –ºûá ks udn nàmmaýd nc skxj:‗,

]KXNN http9//www.skxnn.jrb/kspndjc/n`àmt.htg (mjd-

suctn`j9 <= `k gnrzj, <551).

]acvn Bnrmçn, Cuas. Mua`n`js kdokrgkrjs kd ntkdmaýd pragn-

ran9 prjbrngn `k sncu` `kc nùctj y kc ndmandj. ]kvaccn9Kàtjranc Gn`, <55?.

]acvndn \abbaj, Mcçdamns psaquaîtramns `k Djrtkngáramn. _jc.

<8/<55;/=. Lnrskcjdn9 Gnssjd, <55?.

]tkvkd Hygnd, Gndunc `k urbkdmans psaquaîtramns. Lnrmkcj-

dn9 Gnssjd-Cattck, >11?.




]usnd Uamf, Ojrgnmaýd mçvamn y átamn9 pragkr brn`j9 yj quak-

rj, yj puk`j. Gáxamj, @.O.9 Cagusn, <55<.

_. K Mnlnccj, Gndunc pnrn kc trntngakdtj mjbdatavj-mjdùm-

tunc `k cjs trnstjrdjs psamjcýbamjs. Kspnþn9 ]abcj XXA

Kàtjrks, >118.

Xnlakr Nrndn y Aþnfa Gnrfkz. Mnddnlas9 sncu`, ckbascnmaýd y

pjcçtamns `k adtkrvkdmaýd. Mjckmmaýd Jþnta @krkmhj ysjmak`n`. Gn`ra`9 @yfadsjd, <55?.

Qjudb, Faglkrcy ]. Mnubht ad thk Dkt9 Hjw tj \kmjbdazk thk

]abds jo Adtkrdkt N`àmtajd--nd` n Raddadb ]trntkby ojr

\kmjvkry. Dkw Qjrf9 I. Racky, >118.




Ks `jmkdtk udavkrsatnraj y n`kgîs gnbastkr kd ]ncu` Uùlca-

mn mjd gkdmaýd kd ]ncu` Mjckmtavn y Urjgjmaýd `k cn ]ncu`.

Nmtuncgkdtk mursn udn gnkstrçn kd Pkjcjbçn mjd gkdsaýd kd

Nmjdskingakdtj Ongacanr.

Kstn mnsn`j mjd _amtjran Gnrtçdkz y takdkd `js prkmajsns

hains, Ikhakcy y ]jphçn.

]u skrvamaj kstn àrkmmajdn`j hnman cjs iývkdks, kd ksk gnr-

mj sk `kskgpkþn mjgj `jmkdtk `k cn Onmuctn` `k Pkjcjbçn

`k cn [davkrsa`n` Ukrundn [daýd, `jd`k àsorutn `kc agpnr-tar mcnsks n sus ncugdjs.

Ks nutjr `k9

>. Djvanzbj `k áxatj (calrj)

<. Djvanzbj `k áxatj < (calrj)

=. Ngnr hnstn quk ùkcn (calrj)

0. <5 prkbudtns quk `klks hnmkrck n tu djvaE ndtks `k

mnsnrtk (calrj)

;. ;5 prkbudtns sjlrk djvanzbj (calrj)

?. _avn sndj y mjd kstacj (mjnutjr)



2. Unutns pnrn ngnr (mjnutjr)

8. Djvanzbj `k Áxatj (@_@)

1. \kcnmajdks Nokmtavns (@_@, kd mjpnrtamapnmaýd)

>5. Nàmmajdks y djvanzbj (@_@)

>>. >5 mratkrajs pnrn rkùmar cjs raksbjs kd kc djvanzbj

(@_@)

><. Lrkvk hastjran `kc mrastandasgj (_M@)

>=. Iksùs kd kc calrj `k @ndakc (_M@)

N`kgîs `k vnrajs nrtçmucjs pulcamn`js kd gkàjs agprksjs

`kdjgadnmajdncks.

Uuk`kd vasatnrcj kd9

http9//www.yvndlncnlnrmn.tf/



C N U K \ ] J D N ^ [ K N G J K ] n ` a m t E


nàmtEKc tkgn `k cns nàmmajdks ks mjgpckij k adtkrgadnlck.

Mundtj gîs sk advkstabn, surbkd gîs prkbudtns. Ks

kdjrgk cn mndta`n` `k iývkdks y skþjratns quk suorkd

n mnusn `kc gnc gndkij `k kgjmajdks. Kstk gntkranc

dj ks udn jlrn kruàtn sjlrk kc tkgn da prktkd`k skrcj,

pkrj sa mjdstatuyk ud pragkr nmkrmngakdtj pnrn quk cjs

n`jcksmkdtks sk kdtkrkd y tjgkd pjsamaýd orkdtk n kstk

tkrralck ocnbkcj `k cns nàmmajdks.Kd gîs `k udn jmnsaýd cjs n`jcksmkdtks sk kdmjdtrnrîd

mjd pkrsjdns quk suorkd pjr kstjs gncks y ks dkmksn-

raj quk mjdjzmnd ncbj sjlrk kstn tkgîtamn.

\ukbj nc makcj quk kstk gntkranc skdmaccj `k ckmturn skn

udn lkdàmaýd pnrn ustk` n l n r m n

M î r ` k d n s

la persona que amo es adict@

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