l1-well life cycle- done 19jan

8/11/2019 L1-Well Life Cycle- Done 19jan

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Well Lifecycle &Drilling Process Overview

Arun Singh Chandel- Assistant Professor

B.Tech. (Chemical Engineering)

MS (Oil and Gas Engineering), United Kingdom

[email protected]

COES
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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So just where does Oil Come from?


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WEATHERING & EROSIONof igneous, sedimentary and

metamorphic rocks

TRANSPORT OF DEBRIS

by wind, running water, etc.., and

DEPOSITION in the sea

SUBSIDENCE

accompanied by compression and

cementation of loose sediments

FOLDING & UPLIFTING

accompanied by volcanic activity and

igneous intrusions


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ERA SYSTEM AGE (approx.) millions of years

QUATERNARY Recent

Pleistocene

0

0.01

CAENOZOIC or TERTIARY PlioceneMiocene

OligoceneEocene

Palaeocene

27

2638

54

MESOZOIC or SECONDARY CretaceousJurassic

Triassic

65136

195

PALAEOZOIC or PRIMARY PermianCarboniferous

DevonianSilurian

OrdovicianCambrian

225280

345395

440500

AZOIC or ARCHAEAN Pre-Cambrian

Origin of Earth from -

570

4500

Just how long has it been there?


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Oil in place


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How much Oil?

Rock Matrix Pore Space

(Porosity)

But

Pore space without

communication is

no good. We need

..

Permeability

Porosity

is expressed as a %

of pore space vs.

total rock volume


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Drilling Process OverviewStage 1:

Geological Survey

Geological data is gathered and

interpreted by geophysicists and

geologists looking at where,

when, and at what depth there

could be hydrocarbons in place


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Initially by using ...Seismic dataSubsurface formations are mapped

by measuring the time taken for

acoustic pulses generated in the

earth to return to the surface afterreflection or refraction from

interfaces between geological

formations with different physical

properties
http://geoweb.tamu.edu/courses/geol101/grossman/Seismic.strat.jpg


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Cost Estimation (AFE)

From this initial information

costs are estimated toprepare an AFE (Application

for Expenditure) for

submission to management


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Well Planning

Drilling engineers start the

process of designing thewell in conjunction with the

geologists, reservoir

engineers and well

completion specialists


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Well Planning Consists of Things Like..

Rig Selection Permits & Legislative compliance Blow Out Prevention Casing Design

Mud Programme Solids Control Systems Drill Bit Options Directional Drilling Requirements Logging (evaluation) Programme

Completion Requirements HS&E (Health, Safety & Environmental) Aspects

... To name but a few...


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Well Construction

The next stage is theconstruction of the well

using drilling equipment

suitable for the pressure

and hazards expected


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Well Types

Wildcat: Little or no previous drilling exploration activity in the area

Exploratory: Geological target selection based on seismic data, and geological

modelling i.e. no previous drilling in the prospective horizon

Appraisal: Delineates the reservoirs boundaries, usuallydrilled after the

exploratory discoveries

Producers: Drilling into a known reservoir

Infill: Drilling in known productive portions of the reservoir that have

not been properly drained. This is usually done later in the life of

the reservoir

Re-entry: Existing well re-entered to deepen, side-track, complete, or re- complete


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Drill Bits are used to cut / crush the rock

Roller Cone

PDCThese are made-up to heavy large diameter series

of tubes, collectively called...


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... the Bottom Hole Assembly BHA

Drill CollarConnection

Hevi-Wate Drill Pipe

Stabilizer


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Drilling fluids: Mud - has to:

cool and lubricate the bit, drillstring, and to clean the bottom of

the hole

carry cuttings to surface

remove cuttings from the mud at surface minimise possiblesubsequent formation damage

control formation pressures and to maintain hole integrity

assist in well logging operations

minimise corrosion of the drillstring, casing and tubing, minimisecontamination problems

minimise torque, drag and pipe sticking propensities, improve

drilling rate


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Carry

Cuttings

to

Surface

Reduce

Rotational

Torque

Form

Filter

Cake

Stabilize

Formation

Lubricate

Drill Bit


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Liner

Casing ... protects the newly drilled hole

Intermediate

Casing

Surface

Casing


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Main functions of casing strings

Consolidate unstable formations that have just been drilled

through

Contain any pressures that may be encountered

Separate any different pressure regimes

Provide structural support for the BOPs and diverters

Protect sensitive formations from contamination

Provide a suitable environment for installation of production

or testing equipment such as packers, downhole valves,

tubing, liner hangers etc.


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Packer

Production

Tubing

ProductionFluids

Casing String

Christmas

Tree

When a well has been

drilled and cased it

must now be

Completed in order

to produce the

hydrocarbons residingin the reservoir

Completions


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Modern completions


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Drilling process overviewStage 5:

Well Maintenance

Once the well has been completed

and is flowing for commercial

purposes, it has to be maintainedwith occasional intervention work for

replacement of worn parts e.g.

leaking down-hole safety valves, and

to gather pressure and temperature

information for reservoir

management


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Produced Oil can be processed and stored ready for tankering in

Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Vessels


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Or...By subsea pipelines etc...


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.... Monitoring ....

Detailed reservoir modelsand simulations are

constantly updated as newdevelopment-drilling databecomes availableenabling effective FieldManagement


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Drilling process overviewStage 6:

Abandonment

Abandonment - this is the stage when the reservoir is depleted

and seabed or land is returned to its natural environment

A well is abandoned when it reaches the end of its useful life or is

a dry hole.

The casing and other equipment is removed and salvaged.

Cement plugs are placed in the borehole to prevent migration offluids between the different formations.

The surface is reclaimed and returned to natural environment.


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How an Oil Company is Generally Structured

Oil Company

(or Well operator)

Drilling Engineering Formation Evaluation Accounts Operations Reservoir Engineering Production Engineering Geology

Drilling Superintendent

Wells in Progress


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How a Drilling Contractor is Generally Structured

Drilling Contractor

Accounts Rig Manager Rig Design & Maintenance

Tool Pusher Rig 1

Driller

Derrickman

Rig Crew

Tool Pusher Rig 2 (etc.

Driller

Derrickman

Rig Crew


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Drilling Service companies

Drilling Service Companies

Drilling Fluids Drilling CementsDirectional Drilling Casing Running

ormation Evaluation Mud LoggingDrilling Bits Tool Rental

Completion EquipmentMany others .....etc


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Further Reading

MIs Drilling Fluids Engineering Manual Chapter 1Introduction

http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling.htm/printable

http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm/printable

http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Default.cfm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm/printablehttp://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Default.cfmhttp://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Default.cfmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling.htm/printable

l1-well life cycle- done 19jan

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