l the first computers l foundations of modern computing l the first generation l the second...
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The First Computers Foundations of Modern Computing The First Generation The Second Generation The Third Generation The Fourth Generation A Fifth Generation Lessons Learned
A History of Computer A History of Computer TechnologyTechnology
The First ComputersThe First Computers
A Historical Perspective
The abacus, known to have existed in ancient Babylonia and Egypt,
remained in widespread use in the Far East until
recently.
The First ComputersThe First Computers
A Historical Perspective
Jacquard’s Loom: programmed a loom
“Babbage’s Folly”: first fully modern computer designDifference EngineAnalytical Engine
The First ComputersThe First Computers
A Historical Perspective
Augusta Ada Byron, the world’s first computer
programmer, played a key role in formulating the
notion of programming the Analytical Engine.
The First ComputersThe First Computers
A Historical Perspective
In 1991, the London Science Museum built the Difference Engine using Babbage's plans,
as shown in this woodcut. It worked
perfectly.
The First ComputersThe First Computers
A Historical Perspective
Hollerith’s punched-card tabulating machines are the
predecessors of today’s business machines.
Hollerith & the Automated Census Bureauinvented an electronic
punching devicefounded Tabulating
Machine Co. which became IBM
Foundations of Modern Foundations of Modern ComputingComputing
A Historical Perspective
ENIAC, created by Dr. John Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert, for use in the war but was not completed in time. It was
mainly used to solve math problems
The Stored Program The Stored Program ConceptConcept
A Historical Perspective
The computer program, as well as the data, is stored in the
computer’s memory.
The First GenerationThe First Generation1950s1950s
A Historical Perspective
The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes. Vacuum tubes failed frequently so first generation
computers did not work most of the time.
A Historical Perspective
Eckert and Mauchly delivered the first UNIVAC to the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. UNIVAC gained fame when it predicted Eisenhower as the winner of the
1952 U.S. presidential election.
The First GenerationThe First GenerationA Historical Perspective
Features of UNIVACeasier to use (than ENIAC)fewer vacuum tubes (more reliable)stored programgeneral-purposeused machine language
IBM 701 IBM 650
The Second GenerationThe Second GenerationEarly1960sEarly1960s
A Historical Perspective
The transistor heralded the
second generation of computers
The Second GenerationThe Second GenerationA Historical Perspective
Features and Advancements still use punch cardsused printers, tape storage, & disk storageused high-level programming languagesCOBOL & FORTRAN introduced
IBM 1401
The Second GenerationThe Second GenerationA Historical Perspective
Electronic Recording Machine -- Accounting (ERMA)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
IBM System/360line of compatible computersinstruction set enabled to be used for both business
and science
The Third GenerationThe Third Generation(Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s)(Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s)
A Historical Perspective
Advancements and Milestonesused timesharingaccessed remotely by terminalsused integrated circuits (small, medium, to large-scale
integration) resulting in lower cost
Integrated chips
The Third GenerationThe Third GenerationA Historical Perspective
More Advancements and MilestonesDEC’s minicomputer, the PDP-8many different programming languagesIBM “unbundled” its systems
A Historical Perspective
Still More Advancements and MilestonesWide-area networks (WAN) developedARPANET implemented Internet protocols (TCPIP)Local area networks (LAN) developedMainframes (proprietary)/minicomputers (open architecture)
The Fourth GenerationThe Fourth Generation(1975-1991)(1975-1991)
A Historical Perspective
Advancements and Milestonesemployed very-large-scale integration (VLSI)developed Intel 4004, first microprocessorApple Computer founded IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC)IBM compatibles or clones introduced
The Fourth GenerationThe Fourth GenerationA Historical Perspective
The first IBM PC was released in
1981. Intel provided the
microprocessor chip and Microsoft
Corporation provided the
operating system
The Fourth GenerationThe Fourth Generation
A Historical Perspective
InterfacesIntelMotorola
Macintosh PCThe first GUI was developed at Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto
Research Center (PARC)
A Historical Perspective
Macintosh was the first commercial personal
computer to offer a user interface
Microsoft’s Windows 98 is a popular GUI designed for IBM-
compatible microcomputers
A Fifth Generation?A Fifth Generation?
A Historical Perspective
Experts have forecast that the hallmark of the fifth generation will be artificial intelligence
(AI), in which computers exhibit characteristics of human intelligence. AI
has been slow in coming.
A Fifth Generation?A Fifth Generation?
A Historical Perspective
Technologically, we’re still in the fourth generation, in which engineers are pushing to see how many transistors they can pack
on chip. This effort alone will bring some of the trappings of AI.
Lessons LearnedLessons LearnedA Historical Perspective
Purposes served by technologies cannot be foreseen by designers
Developing faster hardware is easier than developing good software
A company is wise to create products that conform to published, non-proprietary standards