Kyūdō 1

Kyūdō

A full draw, called "kai".

Kyudo or Kyūdō (弓道), literally meaning "way of thebow", is the Japanese art of archery. It is a modernJapanese martial art (gendai budō) and practitioners areknown as kyudoka (弓道家).

It is estimated that there are approximately half a millionpractitioners of kyudo today. In 2005 the InternationalKyudo Federation had 132,760 graded members,[1] butin addition to this kyudo is taught at Japanese schoolsand some traditions refrain from federation membership.

History

A Japanese archer with targets. Ink on paper, 1878.

The beginning of archery in Japan is, as elsewhere,pre-historical. The first images picturing the distinctJapanese asymmetrical longbow are from the Yayoiperiod (ca. 500 BC–300 AD). The first writtendocument describing Japanese archery is the Chinesechronicle Weishu (dated around 297 AD), which tellshow in the Japanese isles people use "a wooden bowthat is short from the bottom and long from the top."[2]

During these times the bow began to be used in warfarein addition to hunting. Later, the ceremonial use of abow was adopted from China and continued in Japanafter it had ended in China. The composite technique ofbow manufacture, by gluing together horn, wood, andanimal sinew, was also imported from China.

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The changing of society and the military class (the samurai) taking power at the end of the first millennium created arequirement for education in archery. This led to the birth of the first kyudo ryūha (style), the Henmi-ryū, founded byHenmi Kiyomitsu in the 12th century.[3] The Takeda-ryū and the mounted archery school Ogasawara-ryū were laterfounded by his descendants. The need for archers grew dramatically during the Genpei War (1180–1185) and as aresult the founder of the Ogasawara-ryū, Ogasawara Nagakiyo, began teaching yabusame (mounted archery).From the 15th to the 16th century Japan was ravaged by civil war. In the latter part of the 15th century Heki DanjōMasatsugu revolutionized archery with his new and accurate approach called hi, kan, chū (fly, pierce, center), and hisfootman's archery spread rapidly. Many new schools were formed, some of which, such as Heki-ryū Chikurin-ha,Heki-ryū Sekka-ha and Heki-ryū Insai-ha, remain today.The bow as a weapon of war began its decline after the first Europeans arrived in Japan in 1542. The bow howeverremained alongside the arquebus for a long time because of its longer reach, accuracy and especially because it had arate of fire 30–40 times faster. The arquebus however did not require the same amount of training as a bow, allowingOda Nobunaga's army consisting mainly of farmers armed with arquebuses to annihilate a traditional samurai archercavalry in a single battle in 1575.During the Tokugawa period (1603–1868) Japan was turned inward as a hierarchical caste society in which thesamurai were at the top. There was an extended era of peace during which the samurai moved to administrative duty,although the traditional fighting skills were still esteemed. During this period archery became a "voluntary" skill,practiced partly in the court in ceremonial form, partly as different kinds of competition. Archery spread also outsidethe warrior class. The samurai were affected by the straightforward philosophy and aim for self control in ZenBuddhism that was introduced by Chinese monks. Earlier archery had been called kyujutsu, the skill of bow, butmonks acting even as martial arts teachers led to creation of a new concept: kyudo.During the changes brought by Japan opening up to the outside world at the beginning of the Meiji era (1868–1912),the samurai lost their position. Therefore, all martial arts, including kyudo, saw a significant decrease in instructionand appreciation. In 1896, a group of kyudo-masters gathered to save traditional archery. Honda Toshizane, thekyudo-teacher for the Imperial University of Tokyo, merged the war and ceremonial shooting styles, creating ahybrid called Honda-ryu. However, it took until 1949 before the All Japanese kyudo Federation (ANKF, jap. ZenNihon kyudo renmei) was formed. Guidelines published in the 1953 kyudo kyohon define how, in a competition orgraduation, archers from different schools can shoot together in unified form.

PurposeKyudo is practiced in many different schools, some of which descend from military shooting and others that descendfrom ceremonial or contemplative practice. Therefore, the emphasis is different. Some emphasize aesthetics andothers efficiency. Contemplative schools teach the form as a meditation in action. In certain schools, to shootcorrectly will result inevitably in hitting the desired target. For this a phrase seisha hicchū, "true shooting, certainhitting", is used.According to the Nippon Kyudo Federation the supreme goal of kyudo is the state of shin-zen-bi, roughly"truth-goodness-beauty",[4] which can be approximated as: when archers shoot correctly (i.e. truthfully) withvirtuous spirit and attitude toward all persons and all things which relate to kyudo (i.e. with goodness), beautifulshooting is realized naturally.Kyudo practice as all budō includes the idea of moral and spiritual development. Today many archers practice kyudo as a sport, with marksmanship being paramount. However, the goal most devotees of kyudo seek is seisha seichū, "correct shooting is correct hitting". In kyudo the unique action of expansion (nobiai) that results in a natural release, is sought. When the technique of the shooting is correct the result is that the arrow hits the target. To give oneself completely to the shooting is the spiritual goal, achieved by perfection of both the spirit and shooting technique leading to munen musō, "no thoughts, no illusions". This however is not Zen, although Japanese bow can be used in Zen-practice or kyūdō practiced by a Zen-master.[5] In this respect, many kyudo practitioners believe that

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competition, examination, and any opportunity that places the archer in this uncompromising situation is important,while other practitioners will avoid competitions or examinations of any kind.Since the Second World War kyudo has often been associated with Zen Buddhism. But not all kyudo schools includea religious or spiritual component. This popular view is likely the result of a single book Zen in the Art of Archery(1948) by the German author Eugen Herrigel. Herrigel did not speak Japanese and his view on kyudo was in part dueto mis-communication and also to his exposure to a contemplative form of kyudo. Even so Herrigel's book, whentranslated into Japanese in 1956, had a huge impact on perception of kyudo also in Japan.[2]

Zenko (a Heki Ryu Bishu Chikurin-ha school of kyudo) is affiliated closely with Shambhala Buddhism and hasgroups in the United States, Canada and Europe.[6]

DojoKyudo dojos (training halls) vary in style and design from school to school, and from country to country. In Japan,most dojos have roughly the same layout; an entrance, a large dojo area, typically with a wooden floor and a highceiling, a position for practice targets (Called "makiwara"), and a large open wall with sliding doors, which, whenopened, overlooks an open grassy area and a separate building, the matoba which houses a dirt hillock and thetargets, placed 28 meters from the dojo floor.

PracticeKyudo is practiced in different schools and styles and even between dojos of the same style, the form of practice canvary. To harmonize practice and ceremonial shooting (sharei) in 1953 the All Nippon Kyudo Federation (ANKF)formed an establishing committee from the main schools to take the best elements of each school and form theANKF style that is used today throughout Japan and in most kyudo federations in the west.In kyudo there are three kinds of practice (geiko): mitori geiko - receiving with the eyes the style and technique of anadvanced archer, kufū geiko - learning and keeping in mind the details of the technique and spiritual effort to realizeit and kazu geiko - repetition through which the technique is personified in one's own shooting.[7]

Learning of kyudo starts with a rubber practice bow gomuyumi and by practising the movements of hassetsu. Thesecond step for a beginner is to do karabiki training with a bow without an arrow to learn handling of the bow andperforming hassetsu until full draw. Handling and maintenance of the equipment is also part of the training. Aftergiven permission by the teacher beginners start practicing with the glove and arrow. Next steps may vary fromteacher to teacher, but include practicing first yugamae, then the draw and last release and shooting at makiwara.When a beginner is starting to shoot at the mato, she/he may be asked to shoot from half or three-quarters of theusual distance.[8]

Advanced beginners and advanced shooters practise shooting at makiwara, mato and some with omato.

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A Kyudoka practicing on a Makiwara

Makiwara is a specially designed straw target (not to be confusedwith makiwara used in karate). The makiwara is shot at from avery close range (about seven feet, or the length of the archer'sstrung yumi when held horizontally from the centerline of hisbody). Because the target is so close and the shot most certainlywill hit, the archer can concentrate on refining his technique ratherthan on the arrow's arc.

Mato is the normal target for most kyudo practitioners. Mato sizesand shooting distances vary, but most common is hoshi matothirty-six centimeters (or 12 sun, a traditional Japanesemeasurement equivalent to approximately 3.03 cm) in diametershot at from a distance of twenty-eight meters. In competitions andgraduations hoshi mato is used. For ceremonies it is most common to use kasumi mato which is the same as hoshimato but with different markings.

Omato is the mato used for long distance enteki shooting at 60 m distance. The diameter of omato is 158 cm. Thereare separate competitions also for enteki shooting.[8]

There are three levels of skill:1. Tōteki, the arrow hits the target.2. Kanteki, the arrow pierces the target.3. Zaiteki, the arrow exists in the target.

EquipmentThe yumi (Japanese bow) is exceptionally tall (standing over two meters), surpassing the height of the archer. Yumiare traditionally made of bamboo, wood and leather using techniques which have not changed for centuries, althoughsome archers (particularly, those new to the art) may use synthetic (i.e. laminated wood coated with glassfiber orcarbon fiber) yumi. Even advanced kyudoka may own non-bamboo yumi and ya because of the vulnerability ofbamboo equipment to extreme climates. The suitable height for yumi depends on the archer's draw (yazuka) which isabout half the archer's height.

Ya (矢) shafts were traditionally made of bamboo, with either eagle or hawk feathers. Most ya shafts today are stillmade of bamboo (although some archers will use shafts made of aluminum or carbon fibers), and ya feathers arenow obtained from non-endangered birds such as turkeys or swans. The length of an arrow is the archer's yatsukaplus 6-10 centimeters. Every ya has a gender (male ya are called haya; female ya, otoya); being made from feathersfrom alternate sides of the bird, the haya spins clockwise upon release while the otoya spins counter-clockwise.Kyudo archers usually shoot two ya per round, with the haya being shot first. It is often claimed that the alternatespinning direction of the arrows would prevent two consecutive identically shot arrows from flying identically andthus colliding.

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A three-fingered glove, or mitsugake

The kyudo archer wears a glove on the right hand called a yugake.There are many varieties of yugake, they are typically made ofdeerskin. Practitioners can choose between a hard glove (with ahardened thumb) or a soft glove (without a hardened thumb); eachhas its advantages.

With a hard glove, the thumb area is not very flexible and has apre-made groove used to pull the string (tsuru). With a soft glove,the thumb area is very flexible and is without a pre-made groove,allowing the practitioners to create their own, based on their ownshooting habits.

Typically a yugake will be of the three- or four-finger variety. Thethree fingered version is called a mitsugake, and the four-fingeredversion is called a yotsugake. Typically the primary reason an

archer may choose a stronger glove like the yotsugake is to assist in pulling heavier bows. The Three-fingermitsugake is generally used with bows with a pull below 20 kilograms of draw weight, while the four fingeredyotsugake are used with bows with a pull above 20 kilograms. This is only a generalization and many schools differon which glove to use for their bows and glove use often varies from archer to archer and school to school.

A Kyudoka preparing his Yotsugake, or four-fingered glove

The practical reasoning for the extra finger on the glovestems from having more surface area available to thearcher for the heavier draws. During the draw, thethumb of the archer is typically placed on the lastgloved finger of the drawing hand, with the first (or, inthe case of a yotsugake, the first and index fingers)being placed gently on either the thumb or the arrowshaft itself. Sometimes a type of resin powder, calledgiriko is applied to the thumb and holding finger toassist in the grip during the pull. The extra fingerallows for a stronger hold on the thumb, as it is thenplaced on the third finger of the hand instead of thesecond. Some schools, such as Heki-ryū Insai-ha onlyuse the three-fingered glove, even with bows above 40 kilograms.

The one-finger glove, called an ippongake is generally used for beginners and covers only the thumb. Some versionshave a full wrist covering and others simply cover the thumb with a small strap and snap around the wrist. Because ithas no glove over the fingers, it is typically uncomfortable for the archer to use giriko powder. Ippongake aregenerally not used by advanced archers, and cannot be used in Kyudo Federation competitions.The five-finger glove, called a morogake is used almost exclusively by Ogasawara Ryu practitioners, and is nottypically used in competition or by any other school.A practitioner's nock and grip of the arrow can be dictated by the glove and bow being used. It is not uncommon forpractitioners who have upgraded or downgraded bow weight to continue to use the same glove and not change.With the exception of the ippongake, the yugake is worn with an underglove called a shitagake made of cotton orsynthetic cloth, mainly to protect the yugake from sweat which would degrade the deerskin of the glove over time.The shitagake comes in two varieties, three fingered and four fingered, depending on whether it is used under themitsugake or the yotsugake.

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An oshidegake on the bow arm of a Kyudoka

Because of the unique shooting technique of kyudo, protection onthe left (bow) arm is not generally required. The bow string, whenproperly released, will travel around the bow hand, coming to reston the outside of the arm. However, on rare occasions a bow handglove, called an oshidegake, is used, which serves to protect theleft thumb from injury from the arrow and fletching. A fore-armprotector can also be worn, primarily by beginners, to protect theleft arm from being hit by the string.

Powder made of burnt rice husks called fudeko is applied to thehand that holds the bow to prevent slipping.

Female archers also wear a chest protector called a muneate,which is generally a piece of leather or plastic which is designed toprotect the breasts from being struck by the tsuru (bowstring) during shooting.

Because the yumi is a very strong bow, and repeated usage tends to weaken the tsuru (bowstring), it is notuncommon for a tsuru to break during shooting. Because of this, many archers carry a spare bowstring in what iscalled a tsurumaki (literally "bow string roll"). Traditional tsurumaki are flat yoyo-shaped carriers made of wovenbamboo, typically with a leather strap. Recently, however, plastic tsurumakis are also coming into use.Many archers also have a small container of fudeko and giriko attached to the end of the tsurumaki strap; thiscontainer is called a fudeko-ire (or giriko-ire) and is traditionally made of horn or antler (though many modernkyudoka have fudeko-ire and giriko-ire made of plastic).

TechniqueAll kyudo archers hold the bow in their left hand and draw the string with their right, so that all archers face thehigher position (kamiza) while shooting.Unlike occidental archers (who, with some exceptions, draw the bow never further than the cheek bone), kyudoarchers draw the bow so that the drawing hand is held behind the ear. If done improperly, upon release the stringmay strike the archer's ear or side of the face.Resulting from the technique to release the shot, the bow will (for a practiced archer) spin in the hand so that thestring stops in front of the archer's outer forearm. This action of "yugaeri" is a combination of technique and thenatural working of the bow. It is unique to kyudo.Kyudo technique is meticulously prescribed. The All Nippon Kyudo Federation (ANKF), the main governing bodyof kyudo in Japan, has codified the hassetsu (or "eight stages of shooting") in the Kyudo Kyohon (Kyudo Manual).Different styles have their own variations from the steps, most notable difference being between the vertical bowrising shomen and aslant bow rising shamen. The hassetsu of shomen-style consists of the following steps[9] :1. Ashibumi, placing the footing. The archer steps onto the line from where arrows are shot (known as the shai) and

turns to face the kamiza, so that the left side of his body faces the target. He then sights from the target to his feetand sets his feet apart so that the distance between them is equal to his yazuka, approximately half his bodyheight, and equal to the length of an arrow. A line drawn between the archer's toes should pass through the targetafter the completion of the ashibumi. During competition, an archer may have a second set of arrows sitting onthe ground at his or her feet. To be correct in ashibumi, these arrows must not extend in front of or behind thearcher's footing stance. The archer's feet are then placed outward at a 60 degree angle from each other, forming a"V", this ensures equal balance to both feet.

2. Dozukuri, forming the body. The archer verifies his balance and that his pelvis and the line between his shoulders are parallel to the line set up during ashibumi. During dozukuri, the kyudoka will arch his or her back, straightening the back and causing the buttocks to stick out slightly behind. Practically this posture is to prevent

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the strings of the hakama from being clipped by the bowstring during shooting as well as ensuring the back of thearcher is very straight, which, in turn, prevents the bowstring from striking the archer's face when shooting.

3. Yugamae, readying the bow. Yugamae consists of three phases:1. Torikake, gripping of the bowstring with the right hand.2. Tenouchi, the left hand is positioned for shooting on the bow's grip.3. Monomi, the archer turns the head to gaze at the target.

4. Uchiokoshi, raising the bow. The archer raises the bow above the head to prepare for the draw.5. Hikiwake, drawing apart. The archer starts bringing down the bow while spreading his arms, simultaneously

pushing the bow with the left hand and drawing the string with the right, until the arrow is level with theeyebrows.1. Daisan, Big three. This forms the midway point in Hikiwake.

6. Kai, the full draw. The archer continues the movement started in the previous phase, until full draw is achievedwith the arrow placed slightly below the cheekbone. The arrow points along the line set up during ashibumi.1. Tsumeai, constructing the vertical and horizontal lines of the body.2. Nobiai, uniting the expansions of the body.

7. Hanare, the release. The technique results in the bowstring being released from the right hand.8. Zanshin, "the remaining body or mind" or "the continuation of the shot". The archer remains in the position

reached after hanare while returning from the state of concentration associated with the shot.1. Yudaoshi, lowering of the bow.

While other schools' shooting also conforms to the hassetsu outlined above, the naming of some steps and somedetails of the execution of the shot may differ.

RankingsUsing a system which is common to modern budo (martial art) practices, most Western kyudo schools periodicallyhold examinations, which, if the archer passes, results in the conveying of a grade, which can be kyu or dan level.Traditional schools, however, often rank students as a recognition of attaining instructor status using the oldermenkyo (license) system of koryu budo.In Japan, generally the kyu ranks are only really tested for and achieved in high schools and colleges, with adultsskipping the kyu ranks and moving straight on to the first dan. Dan testing is infrequent, sometimes occurring asrarely as once or twice a year. It is generally held by the prefecture kyudo federation and the archer may have totravel to the prefecture capital or a large city to test. Often testing includes many archers and may take as much as 6to 8 hours to test all of the prospective students. Kyu ranking tests are more frequent, tend to be held at schools andare not typically subject to difficult travel.While kyudo's kyu and dan levels are similar to those of other budō practices, colored belts or similar externalsymbols of one's level are not worn by kyudo practitioners.

CompetitionWhile kyudo is primarily viewed as an avenue toward self-improvement, there are often kyudo competitions or tournaments whereby archers practice in a competitive style. These tournaments often involve kyūdōka from all ranks and grades, including high school, college and adult schools. Competition is usually held with a great deal more ceremony than the standard dojo practice. In addition to the hassetsu, the archer must also perform an elaborate entering procedure whereby the archer will join up to four other archers to enter the dojo, bow to the adjudicators, step up to the back line known as the honza and then kneel in a form of sitting known as kiza. The archers then bow to the mato in unison, stand, and take three steps forward to the shai line (shooting line), and kneel again. The archers then move in lock-step fashion through the hassetsu, each archer standing and shooting one after another at

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the respective targets, kneeling between each shot, until they have exhausted their supply of arrows (generally four).In Japanese kyudo competition, an archer shoots four arrows in two sets, placing one pair of arrows at his or her feetand retaining the second pair at the ready. He or she first shoots the haya clasping the otoya tightly with his glovehand's one or two last fingers. He then waits until the other archers shoot, then he sets the otoya and shoots. Once allthe archers have shot, the archer will then pick up the second pair of arrows at his feet and repeat the process, startingwith the second flight's haya. During normal competition, this process is done with the archers standing, however,the complete shooting procedure includes having the archer kneel in kiza while waiting between each shot.For each hit on the mato, the archer is awarded a "maru" (circle) mark. For each miss, the archer is awarded a "batsu"(X) mark. The goal is to strike the target with all four arrows.

School clubsMany Japanese high schools and colleges have kyudo clubs (bukatsu) in which students gather after regular classesto practice kyudo. Recently these have begun appearing in junior high schools as well, but it is generally left untilhigh school because of the extreme danger of the sport. Because of the maturity needed in both mind and body tohandle a bow and arrow, Japanese culture tends to prevent teaching kyudo until the age of 15 or 16.

Major traditionsMounted archery (Yabusame)

• Takeda-ryu（武田流）

• Ogasawara-ryu（小笠原流）

Foot archery

• Heki-ryu（日置流）

• Heki-ryū Chikurin-ha（竹林派）

• Bishū Chikurin-ha（尾州竹林派）

• Kishū Chikurin-ha（紀州竹林派）

• Heki-ryū Insai-ha (aka. Heki Tō-ryū)（印西派）（日置当流）

• Heki-ryū Sekka-ha（雪荷派）

• Heki-ryū Dōsetsu-ha（道雪派）

• Honda-ryū（本多流）

• Yamato-ryū（大和流）

In addition to the major traditions, there are many more recent and often more spiritual schools that are activeoutside Japan.

References[1] International Kyudo Federation website (http:/ / www. kyudo. ch/ ikyf/ members. htm)[2] Yamada Shōji, The Myth of Zen in the Art of Archery (http:/ / www. thezensite. com/ ZenEssays/ CriticalZen/

The_Myth_of_Zen_in_the_Art_of_Archery. pdf), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 2001 28/1–2[3] Thomas A. Green, Martial Arts of the World, 2001[4] Kyudo Manual, Volume 1, All Nippon Kyudo Federation (revised edition)[5] Prof. Genishiro Inagaki, 1980 in Bagge 2001, Kyudo - Japanilainen jousiammunta, ISBN 951-98366-0-8[6] http:/ / www. zenko. org/ about. html About Zenko International[7] Prof. Genishiro Inagaki, 1989 in Bagge 2001, Kyudo - Japanilainen jousiammunta, ISBN 951-98366-0-8[8] Feliks Hoff, The Way of the Bow, 2001 (engl.ed.) ISBN 1-57062-852-1[9] Kyudo Manual. Volume 1. Principles of Shooting (revised edition), All Nippon Kyudo Federation

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Literature• Herrigel, Eugen (1953). Zen in the Art of Archery. Pantheon.• Hoff, Feliks (2002). Kyudo: The Way of the Bow (1st ed. ed.). Shambhala Publications. ISBN 1-57062-852-1.• Kyudo Manual. (1992?) Volume 1. Principles of Shooting (revised edition). All Nippon Kyudo Federation.• Triplett, Christoper and Triplett, Katja. "Kyudo - Standing Zen" (http:/ / www. kyudo. org/ html/ articles/

standingzen. html). Retrieved 2006-03-14.• DeProspero, Dan and Jackie (1993). Kyudo: The Essence and Practice of Japanese Archery. Kodansha

International. ISBN 4-7700-1734-0.• http:/ / www. accademiaprocesi. it/ 1358-nuovo-libro-awa-kenzo-kyudo/

External links• All Nippon Kyudo Federation (http:/ / www. kyudo. jp/ ) (Japanese)

• All Nippon Kyudo Federation (http:/ / smooth-shop. jp/ id/ kyudo/ contents/ code/ english) (English)

• Kyudo section of the Swedish Budo Federation (http:/ / www. budokampsport. se/ kendo/ kyudo_index. asp)• American Kyudo Renmei (http:/ / www. kyudo. com/ akr. html) - Associated with the ANKF (see above)• United Kingdom Kyudo Association - governing body for ANKF kyudo in the UK (http:/ / www. kyudo. org. uk/

)• French Kyudo Federation - governing body for ANKF kyudo in France (http:/ / www. kyudo. fr/ )• AIK (Associazione Italiana per il Kyudo) - governing body for ANKF kyudo in Italy (http:/ / www.

associazioneitalianakyudo. it/ )• The first evidence of Kyudo in Italy http:/ / www. accademiaprocesi. it/ 1427-1898-yumi-cielo-roma/• Issha Kyudo Kai – Uppsala Kyudoklubb (http:/ / uppsalakyudo. se/ )• Zenko International (http:/ / www. zenko. org) - Shibata Kyudo

Article Sources and Contributors 10

Article Sources and ContributorsKyūdō  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=454630157  Contributors: 88wolfmaster, Aabh, Aknorals, Aldis90, Andres, Andycjp, AnmaFinotera, Arvindn, Austriacus, Bart133,Bendono, Bilsonius, Blood sliver, Bobsmith31999, Bradford44, Brutaldeluxe, Bryan Derksen, Chery, ChristTrekker, Claudeleguyader@hotmail.com, Closedmouth, Commander Nemet, CurbChain, Cyrus XIII, DaGizza, DaronDierkes, Dbachmann, Design, Dngnta, Dpkworldwide, Durova, Dylan620, Eco, Eiffelle, Elf, Elwikipedista, Emperorbma, Erianna, Ericspenguin, Eruhildo,Firsfron, FlyingToaster, Fuhghettaboutit, Fumitol, Gaius Cornelius, GentlemanGhost, Glowimperial, Gwern, Habj, Haiduc, Haremail, Holizz, Howcheng, Hwoarang17, Io Katai, Jel, Jfdwolff,Jinnai, Josephar, Juansidious, Kaichu, Kanon und wikipedia, Ken Gallager, Kintetsubuffalo, Kyudokai, Kyudouk, L888Y5, Latrippi, Layzner, Lexw, MJBurrage, Manco Capac, Marteau, Masterof the Oríchalcos, Mattokunhayashi, Mauler90, Mav, Med, Meeples, Moocowsrule, Mushinkyudo, Nanshu, Nate1481, Owlmonkey, PATCBHO, PRehse, Pedroliveira, Peter Isotalo, Petersam,Piecemealcranky, Popiloll, Ppoivre, Rambalac, Raymondwinn, Reach Out to the Truth, Sarg, Shawnc, Sillyfolkboy, Simohell, SofieElisBexter, Sonett72, Steipe, Suruena, Sxhpb, Syaugust8,TakuyaMurata, Tenmiles, Timsheridan, Tired time, Toby Woodwark, Versus22, Vorpalbla, Vuori, Waki Miko, Wavelength, Webmasterbob6, Windora, Wingsandsword, Wknight94, XiongChiamiov, Yappakoredesho, Yas, Zarcath, Zephyrus67, 249 ,همان anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Kyudo Kai 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kyudo_Kai_01.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Kollotzek/WallrafenFile:Japanese archer 1878b.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Japanese_archer_1878b.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: -iNu-, Bennylin, Dbenbenn, Fred J,Fry1989, Gabbe, Jack Merridew, Klemen Kocjancic, Mattes, MichaelFrey, Mightymights, Minna Sora no Shita, Pumbaa80, Reindra, SKopp, Spangineer, Srtxg, Starstylers, WikipediaMaster,Zscout370, おれ, 12 anonymous editsImage:kyudoka-makiwara.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kyudoka-makiwara.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: user:aabhImage:Kyudoka-mitsukake.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kyudoka-mitsukake.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: user:aabhImage:Kyudoka-yotsukake.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kyudoka-yotsukake.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: user:aabhImage:Kyudoka-yunde-glove.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kyudoka-yunde-glove.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:user:Aabh

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