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5

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6

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7

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8

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9

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10

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11

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&xm;jywif;aygufudk ai;Munfhvdkufawmh pyg;wdkY >ywfcJoD;yGifhaeaom v,fuGif;rsm;u w&dyf&dyf

ajy;aeavonf/

Ä



12

(4)

]tefwDu ppfudkif;rSmyJvm;}

][kwf}

]armifav;ua&m}

]armifav;u tck½Hk;csKyfrSm tdrfaxmifusaeNyD? tJ'D rwdkifcifu ol udkvwf zwfpfykdpwif

uscJhwJhae&mrSm wHwm; aqmufvkyfa&; wm0ef usao;w,f? udkvwf taMumif;awGawmif ajymjy

aeao;w,f}

][kwfvdkYvm;? wdkY ajymif;NyD;rS a&mufwm aerSmyg? wdkYeJY awGUrSrawGUwm}

]ajymif;NyD;rS a&mufwmyg? 'gayrJh a'ocHawGu udkvwftaMumif; ajymvdkYrS rqHk;Muao;wm? t&rf;udk

av;pm;MuwmwJh? armifav;u ajymw,f}

&SufjyHK;om jyHK;rdonf/

]vlawGu enf;enf;awmh csJUNyD; ajymwwfMuygw,f}

]vdIifuawmh csJUw,frxifygbl;? Mum;&wmawGu jzpfEdkifwmawGyJ[m? udkvwfu tJ'Dvdk wu,f

vkyfr,fh vlrsKd;qdkwm odaewmyJ}

]vdIifu bmawG Mum;vdkYvJ}

]trsm;BuD;yJ? tajymtrsm;qHk; udpöuawmh ]a&Smhcf}&aewJh ]tufwdk;ypf}udk cGJwJhudpö? a,mufsm;

ausmif;q&mav;u cGJay;zdkY vufrSwfxdk;NyD; armifawG? tazawGu twif; jyefac:wmav?

aq;½Hkav;a&SUrSm vltkyfBuD; 0dkif;aea&mqdk}

jyHK;½Hkom jyHK;jyvdkufonf/ wu,fhtajctaerSm vdIifajymonfxuf trsm;BuD; ydkí qdk;ygonf/

ajymjyvnf; pdwfyl½Hkom&Sdrnf/ rxl;awmh/

]olwdkYu aq;½HkrSm cGJ&if aoa&mvdkY em;rvnfwJh vlawG ajr§mufajymwm ,Hkwmudk;? wdkYu

pOf;pm;awmhvnf; vlem&Siftppfu a,mufsm;yJav? tajctae raumif;wm? udk,fhbufu tcGifhta&;

enf;wmvnf; &Sif;jyNyD;NyD? olu q&mhudk tm;vHk;tyfygw,f? bmjzpfjzpf vlemh uHyJvdkY oabmxm;yghr,f

ajymwmav}

rsufESmuav;u ndKaeqJ/

]Mum;wmeJY wtm;udk pdwfyloGm;wm? armifawGu vlrdkufawGqdk? em;vnf; vnfwm r[kwfbl;?

wpfckckjzpf&if &efvkyfMur,fh vlpm;rsKd;awGqdk}

&,fusJusJ vkyfjyygonf/



13

]apwem tusKd;ay;wmayghuGm? aumif;oGm;w,fav? aumif;oGm;awmhvnf; awmif;yefMu? olwdkYyJ

owif;vdkufjzefYwmeJY aq;½HkvmvdkufwJh vlemawG reufpmawmif tjrJvGwfw,f}

oufjyif;csjyefonf/

]'gvnf; Mum;ygw,f? bmvD&nf wpfykvif;eJY naetxd tjrJ vlemMunfhwmawG? aq;½Hkudk t&rf;

0dkif;vSL'gef;MuwmawG? tvSL&SifawGtm;eJY wdk;csJUaqmif aqmuf&wmawG? tdyfysufvGef;vdkY cPcP

&ifusyfusyfaew,f qdkwmawG? udk,fhudk,fudk,f toufeJY vlvkyfaew,f qdkwma&m rSwfrd&JUvm;}

&,frdjyefonf/

]wpfcgwavvnf; tlaMumifaMumif Edkifrvm;awmh rodbl;? awG;rdjyefa&m}

]b,fvdkvJ}

][dkausmif;q&muawmfav;udk ayghaemf? olYudk cGJwkef;u udk,fvnf; pGefYpm; oifhoavmufawmh

pGefYpm;&wmyJ? 'gayrJh oGm;pOf;pm;rdwmav? wdkYu wpfa,mufwnf; *spfypDvdk taESmiftzGUJ r&Sd aeaewJh

vlpm;rsKd;? olY b0uav;u awmfawmf t"dyÜm,f&Sdwm? odyfcspfwJh a,mufsm;eJY odyfcspfwJh armifawGeJY

rdbeJY? 'Dvdk toufrsKd; wpfacsmif; &SifoGm;zdkYu &mcdkifEIef; b,favmufuav;yJ &Sd&Sd wdkYvdk vlu

usm;ukwfusm;cJ pGefYpm;&wm rwefbl;vm;}

vdIifhrsufESmu ododomom ysufoGm;onf/ rsufawmifwdkY wzswfzswf cwfonfudkvnf; jrif&onf/

rsuf&nfpwdkYudk OD;armhí xdef;vdkufNyD; wzufodkY vSnfhvdkufonfudk owdxm;rdonf/

]'Dvdkawmhvnf; rajymygeJYuGm} [k wkef,ifpGm qdkavonf/

½kwfw&uf pum;vHk;rsm; aysmufqHk;oGm;cJh\/

Ä



14

(5)

tarSmif BuD;pdk;cgpwGifyif &xm;u NrdKUxJodkY pwif 0ifa&mufvmonf/ rD;a&mifwef;rsm;u vSy jzLazG;aom

rsufESmay:odkY w&dyf&dyf jzwfajy;aeMuonf/

]owif;awGuvnf; pdwfylp&mcsnf;yJ? vkyfom;aq;½HkrSm wifxm;w,f Mum;wkef;u Mum;Mum;csif;

cGifh,lNyD; &efukef vdkufvmao;w,f}

][kwfvm;}

ckrS od&ojzifh tHhMordonf/ ]udkvwf&,f rcspfbl;qdkwmudk bmvdkYvJvdkY ar;awmh igub,fvdkvkyf

ajz&rSmvJ? cspfwJhpdwf jzpfrvmwmyJaygh? oli,fcsif; oHa,mZOfu oHa,mZOfoufouf/ &ifrckefwm?

rckefrdwmudk tm;emygw,f qdkwmu vGJvdkY igvnf; r&Sif;jywwfawmhbl;} qdkaom pum;udk wnfNidrf

at;aq;pGm ajymEdkifcJhavol? rkom;ygaom pum;udk wpfcgrS rqdkbl;ol&,fvdkY av;pm; jrwfEdk;pGm

olYpum;vHk;wdkif;udk wefzdk;xm; cH,lcYJaom rdrd/ onfvdk qufqHa&;ESifh pcJhonfh Zmwfvrf;wGif

aq;½HkwufcJhonfh tcsdefrSmu tvSrf;a0;cJhonfrSm MumNyDrdkY Mum;odvdrfhrnf rxifcJh/ odvQifvnf;

cGifh,lNyD; vdkufvmavmufatmif ta&;w,l &Sdvdrfhrnf[k rxifcJh/ vdIifhxHrS onfrQ arQmfvifhrxm;rd/

onfrQ *½kwpdkuf &SdcJhaMumif; od&awmhvnf; &ifxJwGif aEG;ceJ jzpfoGm;rdonf/ &ifckefzdkY&mudkawmh

&ifckef&rnfh touf tydkif;tjcm;udk ausmfcJhNyD;NyDvm;[k r0Hhr&J awG;rdaeonf/

]e,fuae Mum;wkef;u OD;aESmufxJ iSufzsm;ydk; a&mufw,fvdkY Mum;wm? owif;&awmhvnf;

aq;½HkwufNyD; wpfvavmufrS wpfqifhMum;eJY od&awmh toufudkyg pdwfylrdcJhwmav}

vdIifu quf&Sif;jyaeonf/

]½l;oGm;r,fvdkYa&m rxifrdbl;vm;}

&,fusJusJESifh vSrf;aemufvdkufawmhrS jrifaeus tjyHK;uav;udk jyefjrif&onf/

]rxifygbl;? tpuwnf;u odyfrS rrSefwm}

ESpfOD;om; NydKifwl&,frdMuonf/

]aq;½Hk a&mufawmh qif;oGm;NyDwJh? aumif;oGm;vdkY ucsifjynfe,fawmif jyefoGm;NyDwJh}

]NyD;awmh aq;½Hka&mufawmhrS od&wm? wufcgpu apmifhr,fhvlawmif r&Sdbl;qdk}

]tJ'Dwkef;u azaza&m? arara&m? nDav;yg EdkifiHjcm;rSm taMumif;vnf; rMum;jzpfbl;}

]vdIif armfvNrdKifrSmrSef; tJ'Dwkef;u odwmyJ? bmvdkY vSrf; rrSmvdkufvJ}

]yxrawmhvnf; owdvpf aewmayghav? owd&awmhvnf; aumif;aeNyDyJ qdkNyD; aemuf'DvdkyJ

wpfa,mufwnf; aeraumif;jzpfwmvnf; ½dk;aeNyD qdkawmhav}



15

oufjyif;csoH wdk;wdk;udk roJruGJ Mum;&onf/

]'Davmufuav;awmh ywfoufcGifh jyKoifhygw,fuGm}

wkef,ifaom avoHuav; aemufwGif pum;vHk;wdkY 'kwd,tBudrf aysmufqHk;oGm;jyefonf/

Ä

Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK.



16

(6)

tif;pdef blwmwGif rdrdqif;awmh arSmifaeNyD/ Munfhjrifwdkif blwmtxd qufpD;&rnfh vdIifu &xm;ay:wGif

usefcJhonf/

]rjyefcifawmh ajymOD;aemf}

rdrdtaMumif; odolyDyD txyfxyf rSm&Smonf/ jyHK;íom acgif;ndwf jyvdkufonf/

]aq;½HkBuD;rSm qHkr,fav}

&xm;u tarSmifxkxJ wdk;0if aysmufuG,foGm;onf/

ao;i,faom jzLvGvG rsufESmuav;u rsuf0ef;xJwGif pGJusefae&pfcJhonf/

tajz&Smr&aom ya[Vdrsm;pGmu &ifwGif; aemufusdí usefaecJhonf/ cufonfu tajz&Sm&ef

tcsdefvnf; vHkavmufpGm r&Sd/

aeraumif;aom tazqD ta&muf ajy;&rnf/ taz aeaumif;onfESifh q&m0efr&SdbJ usefcJhonfh

aq;½Hkuav;qD? vlemrsm;qD tajy;jyef&rnf/

t"dyÜm,f&SdpGm aeYpOf usifvnfcJhaom c&D;udk jrefjref jyefavQmuf&rnfvm;/ t"dyÜm,f &Smr&aom

ar;cGef;aygif; rsm;pGmESifh jzwfoef; cJh&aomfvnf; aEG;axG;pGm qHkcJh&onfhaeY c&D;pOfuav; taMumif;udkyJ

wpdrfhpdrfh jyefawG; ae&OD;rnfvm;/ rqHk;jzwfwwf/

rsufpd a&SUwGifawmh rD;&xm; oHvrf;rsm;onf rqHk;Edkifatmif &Snfvsm;vSpGmjzifh tarSmifxkxJodkY

wdk;0if aysmufuG,foGm;onf/ odkYwdkifatmifyif qHkawGU aygif;pyfoGm;aom oHvrf;wpfckrS rawGU&/

blwm½HkwGif; vufzuf&nfqdkifrS ysHUvGifhvmaom uufquf oDcsif;oHwGifawmh cifarmifwdk;u

]BudK;MumiSufwdkY\ rdkifaxmifcsDaomc&D;taMumif;} zGJUEGJUnnf;wGm;aeqJ/

Ä



17

twåESvHk;om; jrpfzsm;cH&m

(1)

]'g uRefawmhf om;av vufaxmuf q&m0efyJ? oli,fcsif;wdkY XmeatmufyJaygh}

]aMomf}

yk*d¾¾KvfBuD;u rdrdbufodkY vSnfhí jyHK;onfqdk½Hk jyHK;jyonf/ &mxl;ESifh toufudk av;pm;rIjzifh cyf½dkU½dkU

jyefjyHK;jy&onf/

wu,fawmh vlemar;&eftwGuf onfoD;oefY vlemcef;xJodkY ola&mufvmuwnf;u rdrdu

ararhaemufem;wGif cyf½dkU½dkU xdkifaecJhjcif; jzpfonf/ bm&,fawmh r[kwf/ rdrd\ txuftzGJYtpnf;

OD;pD;XmerS tBuD;qHk; tqifh&Sdol wpfOD;[k odxm;NyD; tvkyfoabmt&omqdkvQif oGm;0ifawGUzdkYyif

rvG,faom tqifhjzpfaeí pdwfxJwGif tenf;i,f &GHUrdonf/

azazh tajctaeuvnf; pdk;&drf&aomtqifh r[kwfawmhojzifh azazh&mxl; tqifht& vma&muf

owif;ar;olrsm; pnfum;aeonf/ 'gudk pdwfnpfnL;rdí rdrdonfyifvQif azazhtem; odyfraejzpfbJ

&efukefa&mufwkef; vkyfp&m udkifp&muav;rsm;udk vdkufvH aqmif&GufaecJhonfrSm rMumcP azazhudk

owif;vmar;? vmMunfhay;aeaom ]vdIif}ESifhyif rqHkrdao;/

araruyif ]tJ'D a'gufwmoG,fpkvdIifqdkwJh om;eJY odyfcifwJh oli,fcsif;qdkwJh q&m0efr

acsmacsmuav;[muG,f olY*sLwDcsdef [kwf[kwf? r[kwf[kwf vmMunfhay;aewm tm;awmif emrdNyD} [k

qdkaeao;wwfonf/

oG,fpkvdIif? odef;rdk;ESifh rdrdwdkYonf aq;wuúodkvf(1) wufpOf wpfavQmufvHk; tcspfqHk;

oli,fcsif;rsm; jzpfcJhonf/ armifESr&if;csmwdkYxufyif &if;ESD;pGm qufqHcJhMuonf/ odkYaomf EdkifiHjcm;

wdkif;jynfwpfckwGif apvTwfcH&NyD; wm0ef xrf;aqmifaecJh&aom azazESifh araru oG,fpkvdIifESifh

odef;rdk;udk rodrdcJhMu/ xdkEdkifiHwGifvnf; rdrd aq;ausmif;wpfouf aexdkifcJh&onf r[kwfvm;/

]om;u &efukefrSmyJvm;uG,fh? b,faq;½HkrSmvJ}

yk*¾dKvfBuD;u rdrdudk jyHK;í y#doEÅm& qdkonf/

]arSmfbDrSmyg cifAs? azaz aeraumif;vdkY cGifheJYvmwmyg}

]arSmfbDqdk eD;om;yJ om;&JU? rif;taz tm;&Sdatmif cP cP vmaygh? pae?we*FaEGwdkif;yJjzpfjzpf?

[kwfw,f r[kwfvm;}

azazu &,fusJusJESifh 0ifajymonf/

]oli,fcsif;? 'DaumifhtaMumif;rS rodwm?'Daumif rjyefbl;As? olYvlemawGeJYyJ tcsdefukefaewm?

odyf*sLwDuGef;&Syf jzpfwJhaumif}



18

]wm0efodvGef;ol} [k azazu *kPf,lpGm xkwfazmfaomfvnf; yk*¾dKvfBuD; acgif;cgonf/

]arSmfbDuuGm um;vnf;ayg? tdrfu um;vdkufac: vnf;&wmyJ? om;azazu om;vm&if

tm;&SdrSmaygh? [kwfw,f r[kwfvm;}

][kwfygw,f q&mBuD;? 'Dvdkyg cifAs? uRefawmfu arSmfbDqdkayrJh arSmfbD NrdKUe,faq;½HkrSm

r[kwfbl;?0g;eufacsmif;? wdkufe,frSmyg? q&m0efu tJ'DrSm udk,fwpfa,mufwnf; qdkawmh aq;½Hku

odyfrcGmjzpfwmyg cifAsm}

]0g;eufacsmif;? [kwfvm;}

yk*¾dKvfBuD;u rsufarSmifMuKwfí ar;onf/ awGa0 pOf;pm;ae[ef? NyD;awmhrS wjznf;jznf; jyHK;vmonf/

]'gqdk om;u a'gufwm vwfNidrf;aygh [kwfvm;}

ajczsm; vufzsm;rsm; at;pufoGm;onf/ onfrQ tqifjrifht&m&SdBuD; wpfOD;u rdrdvdk wdkufe,f

q&m0efav; wpfOD;udk aumif;pGm odaejcif;udk xdwfvefY tHhMordonf/

araruyif tHhMopGm ]om;udk odaew,f? [kwfvm;} [k0ifar;onf/

yk*¾dKvfBuD;u jyHK;onf/

]odwmaygh nDr&,f? nDrwdkYom;u emrnfBuD;yJ}

yk*¾dKvfBuD;u ½kwfw&uf em&Dudk Munfhonf/ NyD;awmh azazh vufarmif;udk qkyfudkifonf/

]½Hk;jyefajy;&OD;r,f oli,fcsif;a&? cGifhjyKOD;? vdkwm&Sd&if ajymomajym odvm;}

]tdkauAsm? aus;Zl;ygyJ}

yk*¾dKvfBuD;u wdkufyHktusD tdwfuyfxJrS vufudkify0gudk xkwfí rsufrSefudk okwfonf/ NyD;awmh

rdrdbufodkY vSnfhí ajymonf/

]om;? rif; raeYwkef;u (pDtifrftufpf'D) rSm cGJcef;oHk;rD;qvdkuf oGm;awmif;xm;wm [kwfw,f

r[kwfvm;}

'kwd,tBudrf tHhtm;oifh&jyefonf/ ol tm;vHk; odaeygvm;/

][kwfygw,f cifAs? olwdkYu wdkufe,f tqifhvnf;jzpf &efukefeJYvnf; eD;awmh ray;Edkifbl;vdkY

uRefawmfu enf;enf; wifjyay;zdkYawmh ajymrdygw,f}

wu,fwrf; onftqifhxd a&mufatmif aeYcsif; wifjyay;Muvdrfhrnf[kawmh rxifcJhrd/

]at;? raeYuwnf;u olwdkY tefu,fhqD qufMuw,f? enf;aeao;vdkY trSefawmh

ray;Edkifao;ygbl;wJh? 'gayrJh vmawmif;wJh vluawmh a'gufwm vwfNidrf; jzpfaew,fwJh? tefu,fu

bmvJ ]csif;awmif}vwfNidrf;vm;vdkY ar;vdkufawmh [kwfw,fwJh? ]csif;awmif}vwfNidrf; ygyJwJh? 'geJY



19

tefu,fuvnf; ]csif;awmif}vwfNidrf;om qdk&ifawmh ay;vdkufyguGmvdkY? csif;awmifrSmwkef;u ol

wpfa,mufwnf;&SdwJh ae&mawmif aeYv,fpmudk aeYwdkif; tvGwfcHNyD; NrdKUe,faq;½Hk pHcsdefusKd;atmif

cGJvmwJhvl? rif;wdkY rD;qvdkufudk tvSawmh MunfhaerSm r[kwfygbl;vdkY? [m; [m; [m; [m;? rif;

reufjzefus&if oGm;omo,fayawmh}

vdkcsifonfh upm;p&m&onfh uav;i,fwpfOD;\ MunfEl;rIrsKd;jzifh olYudk aus;Zl;pum;qdk&onf/

yk*¾dKvfBuD;ESifh tzGJY xGufcGm oGm;awmh *kPf,laom tjyHK;ESifh ai;pdkuf Munfhaeaom azazESifh

rsufESmcsif; qdkifrdonf/ araruvnf; ycHk;udk vmzufonf/

]tarhom;u emrnfBuD;ygvm;uG,fh}

]at;av? b,ftcsdefursm; wdkYom; tJoavmuf emrnfBuD;oGm;ygvdrfh rdef;r&,f?

igrSwfrdoavmufawmh wdkYom;u aq;ausmif;om; b0u tlaMumifaMumif r[kwfvm;}

]&Sifuvnf; udk,fhom;udk}

jyHK;íom EIwfqdwfaerdonf/ trSefawmh wpfESpfwpfcgcefYom jrefrmjynfjyefí rdrdESifh qHkcGifh

enf;cJh&vifhupm; azazh oHk;oyfcsufu rSefonf/ aq;ausmif;om;b0u rdrdu cyftlaMumifaMumif&,f[k

rdrdvnf; xifonf/ ÓPf&nfenf;í tlaMumifaMumif jzpfcYJ&jcif;r[kwf? jzpfcsifaom qE´? &csifaom

twå? omcsifaom arm[wdkY wpfcsdefvHk; zdpD;aecJhí olrsm;bufrS pOf;pm; ay;wwfaom tavhtx vHk;0

aysmufaeí tlaMumifaMumif jzpfaecJh&jcif;[k xifrdonf/ cspfaom ]vdIif}ESifh qHkpnf;cgprSmyif ]onf

tlaMumifaMumif} Zmwfvrf;wdkYu w&pyf jzpfay:aeMujrJ/

rSwfrSwf&& (vdyfcHk;) aq;wuúodkvf(1)odkY rdrdeufcfwdkifpnf;í ausmif;oGm;wufrdonfh aeYu qdkygpdkY/

Ä



20

(2)

'kwd, trfbDtufpf ti,fwef; ausmif;om;b0 ]vwfNidrf;}qdkonfh emrnfudk b,folrSrac:/

udkvwf[kom ac:Muonf/ rdrdu ]rdvdIif} [k ac:aom oG,fpkvdIif? odef;rdk;ESifh rdrdwdkY &if;ESD;pjyKaeNyD/

trSefawmh rdvdIifESifh odef;rdk;rSm txu(1)'*HkwGif twlwl ausmif;wuf vmMuaom i,folcsif;rsm;

jzpfMuí tvGef &if;ESD; aeMuNyD;om;/ rdrduawmh e,frS wuúodkvf0ifwef; atmifoljzpfí aemufrS

cifrifMujcif;om/ yxr odef;rdk;ESifh aEG&moD t*Fvdyfpm oifwef;wpfckwGif &if;ESD;cJhMuNyD; aq;wuúodkvf

yxr trfbDbDtufpf pwufcsdefwGifawmh odef;rdk; oli,fcsif; rdvdIifESifhyg cifrifcJhMuonf/

csufcsif;awmhvnf; r&if;ESD;vSao;/

r&if;ESD;&jcif; taMumif;u rdvdIifaMumifhr[kwf/ wu,fawmh rdvdIifonf aq;wuúodkvf(vdyfcHk;)\

rdef;rvSuav;rsm; pm&if;wGif yg0ifonftxd acsmarm vSyNyD; ynmxl;cRefonfh ausmif;olwpfOD;

jzpfaomfvnf; [dwf[efESifh raewwf/ a,mufsm;av;? rdef;uav; rcGJjcm;bJ &if;ESD;cifrifpGm

aewwfolwpfOD; jzpfonf/ tom;u jzLjzL cyfoG,foG,fESifh xm0& &,farm aemufajymif aewwfaom

rdvdIifudk vufawGUpm;yGJ twlwlusaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol ESpfq,fpvHk;u &if;ESD;MuonfrSm

rdvdIifonf a,mufsm;uav;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm;tkyfpk ESpfpkMum; aygif;ul;wHwm; ozG,fyif

jzpfaecJhavNyD/

jyóemu rdrd/ rdrdu jyóemwpfckESifh vHk;csmvnf vdkufaeí wpfwef;wnf;om;rsm;ESifh &if;&if;ESD;ESD;

r&Sdwwfao;/ jyóemuvnf; b,folrjyK rdrdrIom/ 10 wef;atmifNyD; ausmif;ydwfxm;pOf e,frS

wuúodkvf yxrESpf ausmif;olwpfOD;ESifh &nf;pm;jzpfcJhonf/ ]pdk;pdk;rm} wJh/ 16 ESpfom;ausmfausmf t&G,f

b0taMumif;? tcspftaMumif;? aemufqHk;wGifwu,f&Sd? r&Sdyif yDyDjyifjyif rodao;olu &nf;pm;

xm;awmhvnf; rdkuf&mawmh usonf/

pdk;pdk;rmudk wu,f pdwf0ifpm;ovm;? r0ifpm;ovm;vnf; b,fwkef;urS raocsmvdkuf/

aocsmonfuawmh xdkpOfu aygif;oif;cJhaom e,frS wpfwef;wnf;om; ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsif;rsm;u

0dkif;ajr§muf ay;cJhMuonfyif/ vlysKdjzpfcgp b,frdef;uav;ESifh rsufvHk;csif;qHkqHk &ifckefrdwwfaom

t&G,fwGif oufwl&G,fwl oli,fcsif; rsm;xuf apmNyD; ½kyf&nf oifhwifhaom rdef;uav; wpfOD;udk

cspfoltjzpf wGJjyEdkifjcif;udk *kPf,l rdcJhaom rdrdonf oli,fcsif;rsm;tay: 0ifh<um;vdkpdwf wpfckESifhyif

pdk;pdk;rmudk BudK;pm;cJhrdonf/ tjyif;txef BudK;pm;cJh&onfawmhvnf; r[kwf/ ]aq;wuúodkvf 0ifcGifh

&xm;NyD; ausmif;tzGifh apmifhae&ol} qdkonfh *kPfyk'fuyif xdkacwf? xdktcgu xdkt&yfa'owGif tvGef

a&yef;pm;cJhzl;avonf/

jyóemu rdrd/ 'kwd, trfbDbDtufpf ausmif;om;b0wGif pdk;pdk;rmu &efukef

0dZÆmESifhodyÜHwuúodkvfodkY wwd,ESpf wuf&ef a&mufvmcJhonf/ onfrwdkifcifu pmuav; tjyeftvSef

a&;Mu? rSwfrSwf&& rdbrsm; EdkifiHjcm;roGm;cif rdrdue,fodkY wpfacguf jyefvnfpOf ESpfcg? oHk;cg

csdef;awGUMu? aemufydkif;wGif pm ta&;yg usJavmufatmif aoG;at;p jyKvmMuNyD; rdrdudk,f rdrd touf 18

ESpfom &Sdao;onfh vli,fuav; wpfa,mufyDyD aeoifhonf/ wu,frcspfbJ &nfpm;wpfa,muf

&Sdraeoifh[lonfh tawG;rsm; 0ifvmcgp tcsdefwGifyif pdk;pdk;rmu teD;qHk;odkY jyefvnf a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/

onfrSmyifvQif em;vnfatmif &Sif;jy&cufaom jyóemrsm;jzifh vHk;csmvnf vdkufvmcJhavonf/

Ä



21

(3)

xdkaeYrwdkifcif wpf&ufu pdk;pdk;rmu rdrdudk eufcfwdkif vnfpnf;wpfacsmif; vufaqmifay;onf/

NyD;awmhaemufwpfaeYwGif ausmif;udkpnf;oGm;&rnf[k ta&;qdkonf/ ywf0ef;usifwGif aq;ausmif;om;

wpfOD;ESifh &if;&if;ESD;ESD; qufqHcJhzl;jcif; r&Sdaom pdk;pdk;rmonf aq;ausmif;om;rsm;onf tjzL trnf;

jrefrm &Syf&SifZmwfum;rsm; xJuvdkyif taemufwdkif;0wfpHkESifh oyf&yfpGm ausmif;wufMuonf[k xifae&Sm

avonf/ trSefawmh 1980 ywf0ef;usifu aq;ausmif;om;wdkYonf qHyif pkwfzGm;? {&mr

vG,ftdwfBuD;rsm;udk vG,fí bwfpfum; wdk;pD;aeMuonfu rsm;onfyif/

jiif;&if;? cHk&if;? wGef;&if;? xdk;&if;uyif aemufqHk;awmh vnfvmaom rsuf&nfrsm;udk rdrd

tavQmhay;cJh&onf/ ]arm&pfoQor®wEdkifiHrS vmwufaom aq;ausmif;om; oHk;OD; rdrdwdkY twef;wGif

&Sdonf/ tenf;qHk;awmh olwdkYvnf; onfvdkyif 0wfpm;aeMuwmyJav} [k ajzawG; awG;í onf

vnfpnf;udk pnf;NyD; ausmif;wufrdonf/

vufawGUrSm xifoavmuf rvG,fvS/ vdyfcHk; tm;upm;cef;ra&SU a&mufa&mufcsif; odef;rdk;wdkY

tkyfpkESifh wdk;onf/ eufcfwdkifudk 0dkif;aqmifhqGJMuonf/ abmif;bD&Snf atmufpudk ukef;í qGJrMuonf/

&Suf&SufESifh wGef;xdk; xGufajy;vmcJhawmhvnf; &,foHrsm; qlnHusefcJhonf/

aemufqHk; vl&Sif;onfh ae&mwGif tcsdefjzKef;rnf[k pdwful;NyD; tay: xyf "mwkaA'Xme

pmzwfcef;av;xJwGif wpfa,mufwnf; oGm;xdkif aevdkufonf/ odyfrMumrDuyif rdvdIifu pmtkyfuav;

wpftkyf udkifí 0ifvmcJhavonf/

yxrawmh rdvdIifvnf; 0ifxdkifNyD; pmzwf[ef jyifao;onf/ aemufrS rdrd\ xl;jcm;rIudk owdxm;rdNyD;

rxdkifjzpfbJ vSnfhMunfhonf/ NyD;awmh cGufxdk;cGufvef &,farm avawmhonf/

][JY udkvwf? b,fol ajr§mufay;vdkufwmvJ}

]b,folrS rajr§mufygbl;? udk,fhudk,f ajrmufaewmyg}

]'Dvdkawmhvnf; 0efcHwwfom;yJ}

ESpfa,mufom; &,frdMuonf/ ckrSawmh rxl;awmh &Suf&SufESifh a&mcs½Hkom &Sdawmhonf/ rdvdIifu

rsufESmydk;owfNyD; rcsKdrcsOfESifh ar;onf/

]rodygbl;[m? igu tom;ndKndK? cyfacsmacsm? &,fvdkuf&if oGm;wuf tcRefuav;ESifh aumifrav;

wpfa,mufursm; ajr§mufay;vdkufovm;vdkY}

&ifxJwGif xdwfceJ jzpfoGm;onf/ odef;rdk; tvGef EIwfvHkonfudk rdrdtod/

]bmvJ? rSefvGef;vdkY tHhMo aewmvm;? at; tJ'D yHkpHeJY aumifrav;wpfa,muf atmufrSm

awGUcJhvdkYa[Y? udkvwfudk odovm;wJh? awGU&if uifwif;xJu apmifhaer,f ajymay;ygwJh? uJ<u?

jyefvm&ifom ightwGuf owif;ay;c tcsOfxkyf wpfxkyfygygap? [kwfNyDvm;}

&Suf&SufESifh ae&muae x&if;uyif ]oli,fcsif;yg[m} [k ajAmifjiif;cJhrdao;\/

Ä



22

(4)

xdkaeYu pdk;pdk;rmESifh &efjzpfonf/ &efjzpfwm qufaeonfrdkY bmawG ajymrdrSef;awmh rrSwfrdawmh/ pdk;pdk;rm

twif; 0wfcdkif;aom vnfpnf;onf aA'ifq&m wpfa,muf\ ,MwmESifh qufpyfaeonfudk pdk;pdk;rmu

0efcHcJhjcif;ü tpysKd;cJhonfuawmh aocsmonf/ vnfpnf;udk pdk;pdk;rma&SUwGifyif cRwfypfcJhao;onf/

aemufawmhvnf; jyefwnfhMuNyD; pdk;pdk;rmESifhtwl &efukef wuúodkvfbufodkY vrf;avQmuf

oGm;jzpfcJhMuonf/ pdk;pdk;rm\ oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhyif ],rf;bDvl;} tat;qdkifwGif xdkifjzpfcJhao;onf/

nbufusawmh odef;rdk;tdrfbufodkY oGm;vnfjzpfonf/ odef;rdk;u qD;aemufonf/

]rif;udk rdvdIifu ajymaew,f a[Yaumif}

]bmwJhvJ}

]eifh rpöwmudkvwfawmh ighudktcsOfxkyfvnf; vmray;awmhbl;/ olYtcsOfxkyfeJYol ygoGm;NyDwJh}

tpoefNyD; tpOf&Tifvef;wuf<uaewwfaom rdvdIif\oP²mefudk jrifa,mifíyif jyHK;rdcJhao;onf/

Ä



23

(5)

aemufwpfaeYwGifawmh pmoifcsdef rprD pmoifcef;xJwGif pmxdkif zwfaeaom rdvdIif a&SUodkY tcsOfxkyf

wpfxkyf qdkufqdkufNrdKufNrdKuf oGm;ydkYay;vdkufonf/ rdvdIifu rrSwfrd/

]bmvJ[? bmvmzm;aewmvJ? pmvm; ul;ray;Edkifbl;}

abmvHk;orm; odef;rdk; ausmif;ysufwdkif; pmul;ay;avh &SdolrdkY rdrdudkyg a&mí pmul;cdkif;rnf[k

xifae[ef&Sdonf/

]rul;cdkif;ygbl;uG? 'gu raeYu ta<u;av}

rdvdIifu ½kwfw&uf aMumifí pOf;pm;aeNyD;rS rSwfrdoGm;onf/ &,fí

][kwfom;yJ? 'gqdk twdk;eJY ESpfxkyf jzpfoifhw,f}

]tJoavmufrS rwefbJuG? ½dk;½dk; oli,fcsif;yJ[m}

]vkyfraeprf;ygeJY? oli,fcsif;qdk eifausmif;ajy;NyD; ygoGm;yghrvm;}

]udpö&SdvdkY cPvdkufcJhyg qdkvdkYyg[m}

][kwfvm;? 'DvdkaMu;qdk igvnf; udpö&Sd&if ac:MunfhOD;rSyJ}

]&wmaygh? 'gayrJh ESpfa,mufwnf; qdk&ifawmh rvdkufbl;aemf? rawmf eifu r½dk;om;&if}

]atmifrm? Munfhprf; ighudkrsm;}

&,f&if;uyif pm;yGJay:u tcsOfxkyfESifh aumufí aygufavonf/

Ä



24

(6)

]rdNyD? b,fajy;rvJ}

vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmodkY pD;arsmaeaom tawG;wdkYonf &,foHpGufaom EIwfqufoHaMumifh

vefYEdk;vmcJh\/

rsufESmcsif;qdkif wHcg;0wGifawmh *sLwDukwftjzLuav; 0wfxm;NyD; vufxJwGif aoG;aygifcsdefwdkif;

ud&d,mudk ydkufxm;aom oG,fpkvdIifudk awGU&onf/ tazhudk aoG;vmcsdefay;wmudk;[k awG;rdonf/

wqufwnf;rSmyif tif;pdef blwmwGif vrf;cGJcJhNyD;aemuf rdrdESifh wpfBudrfrS jyefrqHkjzpfjcif;udk

&nfñTef;rSef;vnf; &dyfrdvdkufonf/

jzLoG,faom vufacsmif;uav;rsm;ESifh tazh vufarmif;udk aoG;aygifcsdef wdkif;aom ud&d,m

ywfaeaom tcgüum; rIdif;a0aom rsuf0ef; tndKa&mifuav;rsm;udk ai;arm Munfhrdjyefonf/

onf&Snfvsm; ajzmifhpif;aom rsufawmifwdkY\ atmufajcwGif onfrsuf0ef;wdkYonf wpfcsdefu

&Tifvef; wuf<u aecJhzl;onfudkvnf; trSwf&rd jyefonf/ tqdkawmf ]cifarmifwdk;} \ BudK;MumoH

oDcsif;xJu rdkifaxmifcsD ysHcJhaom BudK;MumwdkYonf c&D;vrf;wGif rnfrQ ajymif;vJcJhygovJ/

rdrdudk,fwdkifuawmh i,fb0udk jyefawG;&if; &ifckefpdwfxuf twåBuD;í trSm;onf;cJhaom

q,fausmfouf udkvwfb0udk &Suf&GHU tm;i,fonfh pdwfuom zdpD;í vmpjrJ/

Ä



25

(7)

]ararawmh odyfcspfwmyJ om;&,f}

oG,fpkvdIif jyefoGm;NyD; cPtMumwGif araru rdrdrsufESmudk rMunfhbJ jyHK;í ajymonf/ bmudk

qdkvdkonfudk &dyfrdvsufuyif jyHK;í jyefar;&ao;onf/

]vdIifhudkvm; arar? bmjzpfvdkYvJ}

]rodygbl; om;&,f? ararh rsufpdxJawmh ol bmvkyfvkyf? bmajymajym cspfp&m aumif;aeovdkyJ?

'Dtwdkif; ai;Munfhae&wmudk &ifxJrSm csrf;ajrhvdkufwm? 'Davmuf cspfp&m aumif;wJh rdef;uav;udk bmvdkY

ighom; rcspfcJhygvdrfhvdkY tHhMoaewm}

rcsdoGm;jzJom &,fjyvdkuf&onf/

]tJ'D cspfp&maumif;wJh rdef;uav;u ararhom;udk rcspfcJhwmvdkYa&m rawG;rdbl;vm; arar}

jyHK;í acgif;cgjyonf/

]rdef;rawG&JU pdwfudk rdef;rcsif;u cP pum; ajymwmeJY &dyfrdw,f om;? tJ'DvdkrsKd;awmh vHk;0

rjzpfEdkifbl;vdkY araru wGufNyD;om;}

onfwpfcgawmh pdwfxJuom usdwf&,frdawmhonf/

araruyJ udk,fhom;udk txifBuD;aeonfyJvm;/ vdIifuyJ tvGef em;vnf&cufaom rdef;uav;

wpfa,mufayyJvm;awmh rod/ ararh rSef;csufwdkY rnfrQ vGJacsmfaeonfudk odvQif arar tvGef

tHhMoayvdrfhrnf/

vGefcJhaom q,fESpfcefYu onfcspfp&maumif;aom rdef;uav;udk rdrdu jrwfjrwfEdk;Edk; wefzdk;xm;

cspfcJhrdaMumif;/ xdkodkY cspfcJhrdaMumif;udkvnf; t&JpGefYí zGifhajymcJhzl;aMumif;/ xdkpOfu xdkrdef;uav;u

jiif;y,fcJhzl;aMumif;udk od½HkrQESifhawmh arar odyftHhMovdrfhrnfrxif/

vGefcJhonfh ig;ESpfausmfumv ararwdkY jynfywGifyif &SdaecJhpOfu {&m0wDwdkif; twGif;&Sd

NrdKUi,fuav; wpfNrdKU\ NrdKUe,fw&m;½Hk;wGif xdk cspfp&maumif;aom rdef;uav;ESifh rdrdwdkY

todoufaorsm; a&SUarSmufwGif uwdopöm &GwfqdkNyD; vufrSwfa&;xdk; vufxyf cJhzl;aMumif;udk

ararodvQifawmh jyif;xefpGm tHhMo wkefvIyf rdayvdrfhrnf/

usef;rma&; OD;pD;Xme pm&if;tif; XmecGJ&Sd ]a'gufwmoG,fpkvdIif}\ udk,fa&;&mZ0if uwfjym;

tdrfaxmifa&; tajctaeqdkonfh uGufvyfwGif ]&Sd?cifyGef;trnf-a'gufwmvwfNidrf;} [lonfh pmom;

jznfhoGif;xm;aMumif;udk ararod&vQifawmh arar b,fvdk wkYHjyefrnfudk awG;yif rawG;&Jyg/

wu,fawmh BudK;MumiSufwdkY\ rdkifaxmifcsDaom c&D;wGif vQdKU0Sufcsufrsm;vnf; &SdaecJhavonf/

Ä



26

&ifodkY xkwfcsif;cwfaom jrm;

(1)

wpfpufNyD; wpfpufaom aoG;pufrsm;/

rdrd\ vufzsH twGif;rS ckwif ajc&if;&Sd aoG;ykvif;xJusqif;aeonfudk iJhapmif;í Munfhrdonf/

zGifhxm;aom jywif;aygufrSwpfqifh aqmif;BudKavat; wpfcsuf a0YceJ wdkufcwfvmonf/

wdkufe,faq;½Hk\ rsufESmpmwGif bm taqmufttHkrS r&SdbJ &xm;vrf;ESifh jrufcif;om&Sdaeojzifh

twm;tqD;r&Sd wdkufcwfvdkufaom avonf aqmif;OD;\ ESif;aiGUwdkYjzifh pGwfpdkat;pufaeonf/

ckwifab;wGif xdkifapmifhaeaom txufwef; olemjyKq&mruav;u ckwifajc&if;rS apmifudk

udk,fay:odkY vTrf;jcHKay;onf/ tyfxdk;&vG,fulap&ef zD;vf*smuifudk cRwfxm;&ojzifh aqmif;reufcif;?

t½kPfwuf tat;'Pfudk cHae&&mrS tenf;i,f aeomxdkifom jzpfoGm;onf/

tcef;ayguf0 cef;qD;udk rí usef;rma&;BuD;Muyftqifh(1) u acsmif;Munfhonf/

]q&m jzpf&JUvm;}

jyHK;í acgif;ndwfjyvdkufonf/

aoG;vGefaom udk,f0efysufusvlem\ toufudk u,fae&í rdrd wpfnvHk; rtdyfjzpfvdkufonfudk

BuD;Muyf(1)u od\/ rdk;vif;awmh vlemtajctae tenf;i,f jyefaumif;vmaomfvnf; tm;&zG,f&m

r&Sdao;/ aoG;xGuf rsm;xm;í jzpfrnf[k ,lqNyD; uref;uwef; aoG;tkyfpk cGJMunfhawmh rdrdaoG;ESifh

vmwlaeonf/ tjrefqHk; &Edkifrnfh rdrdaoG;udkyif xnfhrnfqHk;jzwfawmh wpfnvHk; twlwl ulnD

vkyfudkifxm;onfh olemjyKq&mruav;u twefwef wm;avonf/

tvkyform;uvnf; rcdkif;bJESifh BuD;Muyf(1)udk oGm;ac:vmonf/ ti,fwef; olemjyK

q&mruav;uvnf; owif;Mum;í tvkyf apm0ifvmonf/ tzGJYom;tm;vHk; vlemudka&m? q&m0efudkyg

pdwfylpGm apmifhay;Mu&Smavonf/

]b,fESem&DvJ q&mr}

]reuf 6em&DcGJ q&m? bmjzpfvdkYvJ}

]Adkufqmcsifovdk jzpfvmvdkYAs? aumifav;udk uRefawmfwdkYtm;vHk; twGuf vufzuf&nfeJY rkefY

0,fcdkif;vkdufygAsm? 'DydkufjzKwfNyD;&if pm;r,f}

][kwfuJY q&m}

q&mrav; tjyif xGufoGm;onf/ cPMumawmh t&ufjyef qGwfxm;onfh *Grf;puav;udkifí

jyef0ifvmonf/ [kwfyg&JU jynfhawmhrSmyJ/



27

q&mruav;u tyfudk usifvnfpGm jzKwfonf/

]q&mr ra'gif;ao;bl;vm;? raeYnaeuwnf;u rxdkif&ao;wm wpfnvHk;yJ}

]a[mawmh q&muvnf;? aoG;yg vSLxm;wJhvlursm;}

&,f&,farmarmESifhyif ]tJovdk ayayawaw aewwfwm Mumvmawmh cHEdkif&nfu tvdkvdk

wufaew,fav? pdwfrylygeJY} [k ajzvdkuf&onf/

]odygw,f q&m&,f? q&mhtaMumif;awGu q&meJY awGUNyD;rS od&wm r[kwfygbl;? q&mha&SUu

wdkufe,fq&m0efu ckvmrSm csif;awmifvwfNidrf; odvm;? emrnfBuD; apwem q&m0efqdkNyD;

q&mhZmwfvrf;awG tpHkajymjyoGm;vdkY Mum;zl;NyD;om;yg? udk,fwdkif awGU&awmhvnf; Mum;wJhtwdkif;ygyJ}

tdyf&mrS xxdkif&if; &Suf&SufESifh &,fonf/

]vufzuf&nf wdkufygr,fqdkrS ajr§mufaejyefNyDAsm? uJ tJ'gxnfhvdkufawmhAsm? tck csdwfxm;wJh

vufusefudk cPz,fxm;vdkuf? aoG;oGif;NyD;rS jyefcsdwf? [kwfNyDvm;}

][if q&m? cPvSJOD;av? aoG;csdef&atmif}

&,fí ]csdefraeygeJYAsm? uRefawmf bmrS rjzpfygbl;? csdefvdkYusvnf; 'DaoG;awG jyefxnfhaerSmrS

r[kwfwm? vufzuf&nf aomufvdkuf&if vef;oGm;rSmyg? vlemom tJ'D aoG;xnfhvdkufNyD;&if a&SUjyefvmcJh?

uRefawmfwdkY vufzuf&nf0dkif;av; pvdkuf&atmif}

]aomufESifhyg q&m}

a&SUbuf jyifyvlemXmeodkY xGufvmcJhonf/ vufzuf&nfaomufaeaom BuD;Muyf(1)u cHkuav;

xa&TUay;onf/

]ae ae udkvS}

olYab;wGif 0ifxdkifí vufzuf&nf yef;uefudk vSrf;,lvdkufonf/ yxr wpfusKdufwGifyif 0rf;xJwGif

aEG;ceJ jzpfoGm;onf/

]q&maoG;vSL&if uwf q&myJ jznfh&rSmayghaemf}

]aoG;vSLwm ESpfcg&SdNyD? uwfjym;vnf; wpfcgrS rodrf;rdygbl;Asm}

&,farmí ajzawmh BuD;Muyf(1)u rdrdudk xl;qef;aom owå0gvdk ai;Munfhaeavonf/

olemjyK q&mruav; ESpfOD; 0ifvmonf/ vufxJwGif twGif;vlem pm&Gufrsm;pkí udkifvmMuonf/

tzsm;wdkif;NyD; jyefvmMuyHkyif/

][dk uav;vlema&m tzsm;usvm; q&mr}

]usygw,f q&m? vef;vnf; vef;ygw,f}



28

BuD;Muyf(1)u tckrS owd&[efjzifh ]aMomf q&m} [k ac: onf/

]'DaeY uRefawmfwdkY ausmif;usef;rma&; oGm;&r,f? tJ'g [dk&efukefuae uGif;qif;wJh tvkyfoif

q&m0ef oHk;a,mufvnf; vmr,fvdkY q&m ajymxm;wm? tJ'g ausmif;udkxnfhay;vdkuf&rvm;}

]aumif;om;yJAs? olwdkYudk a[mcdkif;vdkufwmaygh? cifAsm;vdkufoGm;rvm;}

]trsKd;orD; usef;rma&; q&mreJY vTwfvdkufvdkY r&bl;vm; q&m}

]bmjzpfvdkYvJ}

]uRefawmf 'DrSm q&mhtpm; jyifyvlem Munfhay;rvdkY? q&mjyefem;vdkufav}

][m &ygw,f? uRefawmfu tdkauygyJ? uJ 'DvdkvkyfAsm? cifAsm; 'DrSm xdkifay;vdkuf? uRefawmfvnf;

ausmif;udk ra&mufzl;ao;awmh olwdkYeYJ uRefawmfyJ vdkufoGm;vdkufr,f? tJ'Du jyefrS em;r,fav}

txufwef; olemjyKq&mru uefYuGuf[ef jyifonf/ ti,fwef; olemjyKq&mruav;uawmh

&,fí axmufcHonf/

]aumif;w,f q&m? ausmif;u usef;rma&;wm0efcH q&mru tysKdBuD;? acsmvnf; acsmw,f?

q&muvnf; vlysKdBuD;qdkawmh cif&wmaygh}

]w,f 'Daumifrav;}

BuD;Muyf(1)u vSrf;[efYonf/

]olajymrS owd&w,f? tJ'Dq&mru q&m ajymif;vmcgpu uRefawmfeJY pum;pyfrdNyD; q&m

i,fi,fu oleJY wpfNrdKUwnf;rdkY odw,fvdkYawmif ajymzl;w,f}

][kwfvm; emrnfu}

]a':pdk;pdk;rmwJh}

tdyfa&;ysufí av;wGJUaeaom rsufvHk;wdkY jyefyGifhoGm;avonf/

Ä



29

(2)

jyifyvlemMunfh pm;yGJwGif wpfOD;wnf; xdkifaerd&if;u wpfnvHk; tdyfysuf? aoG;vSLxm;onfh t&SdefESifhyJ

arhceJ tdyfaysmf oGm;NyD; tdyfrufrufrdjcif;vm;/ todpdwfuyif tdyfwpf0uf Edk;wpf0ufESifh wrif

jyefpOf;pm;rdjcif;yJvm;/ pdwfxJwGif odyf roJuGJvS/ tm½HkwdkYu ]pdk;pdk;rm}ESifh aemufqHk; wpfBudrftjzpf

awGUcJh&onfh 'kwd, trfbDbDtufpf ausmif;om;b0\ aeYwpfaeYodkY jyefa&muf oGm;cJhonf/

ta&;BuD;udpö &Sdaeí ausmif;zsufNyD; vmcJhyg[k pdk;pdk;rmu csdef;onfhaeY/

]rdvdIif eif odef;rdk; awGUrdvm;}

][JY odef;rdk; abmvHk;avhusifhzdkY oGm;w,f? ausmif;rwufbl;? eifuvnf; 'Davmuf wGJaeNyD;

rodbl;vm;}

ajymvnf; ajymp&myif/ udk,fhudpöyJ udk,f pdwf0ifpm;onfrSm 0oD jzpfaeí odef;rdk;onf

ausmif;vufa&G;pif *dk;orm; jzpfaMumif;ESifh abmvHk;yGJ eD;í pcef;oGif; avhusifhaeNyD jzpfaMumif; vHk;0

owdr&rd/

]'ku©ygyJuGm? ig 'Daumifhudk vufrSwf xdk;cdkif;rvdkY}

]bmvJ tqufu ac: aevdkYvm;}

]r[kwfygbl;[? wu,f ta&;BuD;udpö ay:vmvdkYyg? NyD;awmh 'DwpfBudrf ysuf&if 'Dv 50% jzpfNyD[?

ygarmu© ac:awGUcHxdawmhr,f}

]wjcm;aumifawG xdk;ay;cdkif;aygh}

]r&bl;uG? 'DaumifawGu q&mr rdrSm aMumufw,fwJh? odef;rdk;yJ vkyf&Jwm}

]igvnf; vkyf&Jygw,f? 'gayrJh igu odef;rdk;wdkY abmvHk;avhusifhwm oGm;MunfhrvdkY? igvnf;

rwufbl;? tJ'gaMumifh}

]'gqdkvnf; MunfhraeygeJY[m wufvdkufyg? eifu vdr®mygw,f}

rdvdIifu &,fonf/

]udkvwf? eif[mav vdkcsifwm &Sd&if uav;qdk;BuD; usaewmyJ? igu abmvHk; avhusifhwmudk

Munfh&wm 0goemygw,f[}

]wufvdkufyg[m? eifMunfhcsif&if ig jyefvmrS 'Daumifhudk wpfacguf jyefzrf;cdkif;yghr,f?

oGif;ay;r,fhvl r&Sd&if igyJuefay;ygr,fh}

]eifu taygufwnfhatmif oGif;rS roGif;wwfwm}



30

]udpör&Sdygbl;? ig wnfhae&ifvnf; olu rdrSmrS r[kwfwm}

NydKifwl &,frdMuonf/ aemufqHk;awmh oabmaumif;olyDyD rdvdIifuyJ avQmh&onf/

]uJyg[m? eif 'Davmuf tonf;toef jzpfae&ifvnf; igwufvdkufyghr,f? acG;aumif? ig vufrSwfyJ

xdk;ay;rSmaemf? pmawmh eifh[meif jyeful;}

]aus;Zl;BuD;ygw,f oli,fcsif;&m? ul;zdkYawmh eiYfzdkifyJiSm;aemf}

]a[mawmh rNyD;Edkifawmhygvm;}

]bmvJ riSm;bl;vm;}

]atmifrm toHudku riSm;bl;? riSm;bl; bmjzpfvJ}

rsufapmif;xdk;aeaom rdvdIifudk ajymifacsmfacsmf tav;jyK &,fjy&if; pdk;pdk;rmqD tajy;wpfydkif;

xGufcJhonf/

cspfp&maumif;aom oli,fcsif;aMumifh wpfydkif;wpfp jyHK;aerdaom rsufESmonf pdk;pdk;rma&SU a&mufNyD;

rdepfydkif;yif jynfhatmif rcHcJh&/

Ä



31

(3)

pdk;pdk;rmajymonfh ta&;BuD;onfqdkaom udpörSm rdvdIifudpöjzpfaeonf/ a,mufsm;av;? rdef;uav;

pn;frjcm;wwfí rdrdESifha&m? odef;rdk;ESifhyg w&if;wESD; aeavh&Sdaom rdvdIif\ owif;udk pdk;pdk;rm\

oli,fcsif;rsm;u pdk;pdk;rmxH ta&mufydkYMuonf/ rdvdIifu rdrdESifhodef;rdk; b,foYl&&[k tajctae

ajrmif;ay;aeonf[k pdk;pdk;rmu pGyfpGJaeonf/ pdk;pdk;rmESifh qufzdkYrqufzdkY udpöudkyif &ifckefí r&aom

ESvHk;om;u OD;aESmufudk ylaeatmif pOf;pm;xm;cdkif;csdefrdkY pdk;pdk;rm txifvGJonfudkawmh b,fvdkrS

pdwfrylrd/

jzLpifoavmuf yGif;vif; cspfp&maumif;aom oli,fcsif;rdvdIif\ odu©mudk xdyg;aom

pum;rsm;aMumifhawmh cGef;BuD;cGef;i,f pum;rsm;jzpfcJhonf/

aemufqHk;awmh pdk;pkd;rmvnf; rsuf&nfusonf/ rdrdvnf; awmif;yefpum; ESdrfhodrfhpum; rqdkbJ

pdk;pdk;rma&SUrS csmceJ vSnfhxGufvmrdcJhonf/

vdyfcHk;a&SU jyefta&mufwGifawmh um;vrf;ay:wGif pk½Hk; pk½Hk; jzpfaeMuaom wwef;wnf;om;

ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tkyfBuD;udk jrif&í tHhMo rSifwuf oGm;rdjyefonf/ wpfa,muf wpfayguf ajymqdk

qlnHaeMuonfrSm yGufavm½dkufaeonf/

]a[Y bmvJ? bmjzpfwmvJ}

]um;wdkufoGm;vdkYav? rif;u b,fa&mufaevdkY rod wmvJ}

]a[; udkvwf? rif;udk odef;rdk;u olYtdrf zkef;qufay;ygvdkY rSmoGm;w,f? olYum;eJY aq;½Hk vdkufoGm;NyD}

]b,folvJ? b,fol twdkufcH&wmvJ}

]'D um;orm; armif;ajy;OD;rvdkYuGm? odef;rdk; vsifayvdkY}

]atmifrm odef;rdk; cHaevdkY? EdkYrdkYqdk&if igwdkY0dkif;½dkufw,f}

][JY rajymeJY? odef;rdk; vkyfwm rSefw,f? [dkaumifu eifwdkYtkyfudk aMumufvdkY armif;ajy;rvdkY vkyfwm?

rdvdIifycHk;u aoG;u awmfawmfxGufaewm? aq;½HkydkYzdkY tem;rSm b,folY um;rS tqifoifh&Sdwm r[kwfbl;?

odef;rdk;u uRefawmf wm0ef ,lw,f? &yf &yfqdk vdkufqGJvdkY ol&yfay;wm}

]ycHk;u aoG;xGufayrJh yGef;½HkyJ[? ajcaxmufu bmjzpfoGm;w,f rodbl;? [dkaumifawGtkyfBuD;

0dkif;vmawmh rdvdIifu xwm;ao;w,f? NyD;awmhrS acGusoGm;vdkY odef;rdk;u um;ay: ayGUwifoGm;&wm}

bk&m;?bk&m;/

&ifxJwGif Aavmifqlvmonf/ rdvdIif? rdvdIif qdkygvm;/

rdvdIifudk jyóem&Smcsifonfh &nf;pm;u csdef;í oGm;aomrdrd? rdvdIif rwuf&ef &nf&G,fNyD;om;

twef;udk onfudpöaMumifhyif twif; wufcdkif;NyD; rdrdtwGuf vufrSwf xdk;cdkif;cJhonf/ rdvdIifvnf;



32

'gaMumifhom onftwef;udk wufjzpfjcif;? 'gaMumifhom onfausmif;qif;csdefwGif onfvrf;rS jzwfrdjcif;?

'gaMumifhom um;wdkufcH&jcif;ygay/

bk&m;a& rdvdIif&,f eifhtay:rSm ig rw&m;vGef;&m usaeyga&mvm;/

Ä



33

(4)

xdknaeydkif;u ododomomyif a,mifcsmcsm wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;aecJhrdonf/ rdrdaexdkif&m

OD;0dpm&tdrf&mpcef;BuD; twGif;&Sd jrufcif;jyifudk wpfcgrS rjrifzl;onfh rsufESmrsKd;jzifhvnf; wpfem&DcefY

oGm;ai;aerdao;onf/ aq;½Hkudkawmh vdkufroGm;cJh/ pdwfxJwGif rdvdIif tajctaeudk jrif&rnfudk r0Hh&JcJh/

tajctae aumif;cJhvQifyif rdvdIifrsufESmudk rMunfh&JcJhyg/

naeydkif;usrS odef;rdk;udk zkef;qufar;jzpfonf/

odef;rdk;u wu,fawmh abmvHk; avhusifhtNyD; ausmif;qif;csdefwGif ausmif;bufodkY wpfywf

vSnfh0ifvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifyif rdvdIif um;0if twdk;cH&csdefwGif teD;odkY t&ifqHk;

a&mufoGm;olrSm odef;rdk; jzpfaecJhonf/

wu,fawmh rdvdIif'Pf&m rpkd;&drf&/ aq;½Hkvnf; rwufjzpf/ um;u b&dwftkyfvdkufpOf

wGef;rdouJYodkYom &SdNyD; rdvdIifycHk;wGif aygufjyJ'Pf&m wpfckESifh ajcacgufNyD; vJusojzifh axmhusKd;

jzpfoGm;jcif;om jzpfNyD; t½dk;rusKd;[k odef;rdk;u &Sif;jyonf/

ausmif;awmh wpfywfavmuf wufEdkifrnf r[kwf[k qdkojzifh tdrfvdkufawGU&efyif qHk;jzwf

vdkufonf/

vdyfpmudk ar;vdkufawmh rdrdESifh tvGefeD;onfh e0&wf&dyfomwGif jzpfaeavonf/

Ä



34

(5)

][JY udkvwf?usD;awmif rEdk;ao;bl;?b,fvdkjzpfwmvJ}

ajymvnf; ajymp&myif/ tcsdefu eHeuf 7em&Dom &Sdao;\/

wHcg;udk rdvdIif udk,fwdkif vmzGifhonf/ rsufESmopfNyD;p oeyfcg; rwif&ao;aom rsufESmEkEkuav;

ab;wGif rpnf;aESmifbJ oyf&yfpGm NzD;csxm;aom qHEG,f&SnfwdkY a0hysHaeaom rsufESmuav;onf

onfrQMunfvif usufoa& &SdaMumif;udk ,cifu wpfcgrQ owdrjyKrdcJh/

{nfhcef; ukvm;xdkifqD axmhusKd;? axmhusKd;ESifh vrf;avQmufoGm;jyD; vuf&ef;wpfzufudk tm;jyKNyD;

xdkifcsvdkufonfh [efyefudk jrif&csdefwGifawmh &ifxJwGif eifhceJaeatmif cHpm;&avonf/

rnfrQyif pdwfraumif; jzpfrdygap/ awmif;yefpum; ajymzdkYvmaom yg;pyfonf rdvdIif\

w&if;wESD;[efyef atmufwGif tajymiftjyufpum;om xGufavonf/

]usD;rEdk;vnf; udpör&Sdygbl;[m? eif Edk;aeNyDyJ}

]atmifrm? eifeJYig tom;NydKifjzLrvm;}

]eifhudk igu rnf;w,frsm; ajymrdvdkYvm;}

]usD;uef; qdk}

]tJ'gu tm vdkY}

]udkvwfaemf taumifpkwf}

Ä



35

(6)

]trSefawmh ig eifhudk awmif;yefrvdkY vmwm}

]a[mawmh bmjzpfvkdYvJ}

]ig rcdkif;&if eifnae b,fwufrvJ? eif nae rwufjzpf&if b,fum;wdkufcH&rvJ}

rdvdIifu [uf[ufyufyuf &,favonf/

]aMumifvdkufwm udkvwf&m? igu eifhvufrSwfBuD; xdk;ay;aewkef; um;BuD;u 0ifwdkufoGm;wm

usaewmyJ? rqdkifvdkufwm}

][kwfawmh [kwfygw,f? 'gayrJh aemufxyfwpfck &Sdao;w,f}

]bmvJ}

½kwfw&uf pdwfajymif;oGm;onf/ rvdktyfbJ em;cg;rnfh trSefpum;wpfckudk rsKdcsypfvdkufonf/

]aemufrSyJ ajymawmhr,f[m}

]vkyfjyefNyD? odef;rdk;oli,fcsif; rajym&bl;}

]bmqdkifvdkYvJ}

]odef;rdk;vnf; 'DvdkyJ? ajymp&m&Sdw,f ajymvdkuf? aemufrS ajymawmhr,f vkyfvdkufeJY? odyf rcHcsifp&m

aumif;wmyJ b,fawmhrSvnf; wu,frajymbl;}

pdwfxJwGif xifhceJ av;vHoGm;onf/ jrm;wpfpif; xkwfcsif;cwfovdkvnf; eifhceJ pl;0if oGm;rdonf/

bmaMumifh tJovdk cHpm;vdkuf&rSef;awmh udk,fhudk,fudk xdkpOfu raocsmcJh/ aocsmwmawmh

tJonfhtcsdefonf odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIifwdkY\ &if;ESD;rIaMumifh rdrdtaeESifh bmrS0if cHpm;ydkifcGifh r&SdcJhonfh tcsdef

jzpfonf qdkonfh tcsufyif/ bmyJ ajymajym rdvdIifonf rdrd odef;rdk;ESifh ywfoufírS oduRrf;&onfh

oli,fcsif; jzpfovdk rdrduvnf; pdk;pdk;rm\cspfol jzpfaeao;aom taetxm; jzpfaecJhavonf/

Ä



36

(7)

]oefaumifawG b,fuae&ovJ om;wdkY? orD;wdkY odMu&JUvm;}

]vufonf;&SnfawGxJrSm uyfaewJh oefOawGudk pm;rdvdkYyg q&mr}

100rQ&Sdaom ausmif;ol ausmif;om;uav;rsm;u vufydkufí oHNydKif ajzMuonf/ qufí

a[majym&ef ajcqif; ysKd;aeaom tvkyfoif q&m0efruav; bmqufajym&rSef; rodbJ yg;pyf

ta[mif;om; jzpfoGm;avonf/

rdrdab;wGif xdkifaeaom q&m0efuav;ESifh q&m0efruav;u [efraqmifEkdifbJ toHwdwf

&,fMuavonf/

tvpfwGif nu tdyfysufonfudk rodrom jyefidkufaeaom rdrdyifvQif rsufvHk;rsm; qwfceJ

yGifhoGm;NyD; cHkwef;&Snf wpfzufxdyfrS q&mr a':pdk;pdk;rmudk vSnfhMunfhrdonf/

a':pdk;pdk;rmuvnf; [efraqmifEdkifbJ oGm;wufuav; tazG;om; ay:atmif &,farmí aeavonf/

Ä



37

(8)

]q&mwdkYudk xrif;auR;zdkY pDpOfxm;w,f}

a':pdk;pdk;rmu ausmif;rcef;xJrS txGufwGif tem;uyfí ajymonf/ q&m0efuav;rsm;vnf; arSmfbD

jyefa&mufvQif xrif;pm; aemufusawmhrnf[k awG;rdí jyHK;íom acgif;ndwfjyvdkufonf/

]q&mBudKufwwfwJh ykef;&nfBuD;vnf; yg ygw,f}

vSyfceJ

trSwfonmBuD;rIudk todtrSwf jyKrd&avonf/ oluawmh oGm;wufuav;rsm; ay:atmif

&,fjyefonf/

]ydefoGm;½HkavmufeYJ rrSwfrdbl; xifaewmvm;? 'grSr[kwf uRefrudkyJ rrSwfrdaewmvm;}

&Sufudk;&Sufuef; &,frdonf/

]rSwfrd&ifvnf; q&mvdkYawmh rac:aeeJYav? ukdvwfyJac:yg}

]tdkauav? 'gqdkvnf; pdk;udkvnf; pdk;vdkYyJ ac:aygh}

]pawGUuwnf;uawmh ]q&mrBuD;}vdkY wpfcgrS rac:rdao;bl; xifwmyJ}

&,foHuav;rsm; a0pnfoGm;onf/

Ä



38

(9)

q&m0efuav;rsm; arSmfbD jyefoGm;Muawmh a':pdk;pdk;rmESifh q&mrsm; em;aecef;xJwGif pum;ajym

usefaecJhrdonf/

]ykef;&nfBuD; BudKufwmawmh rajymif;vJao;bl;aemf}

][kwfw,f? aus;Zl;yJ? MuHKovdkpm;wm tusifhygaeawmh udk,fhudk,fudk,f bmBudKufrSef;awmif

arhawhawh jzpfaew,f? pm;MunfhawmhrS pm;aumif;vdkufwm}

]nuvnf; rtdyf&? aoG;vnf; vSLxm;w,fqdk}

&,frdonf/

]bk&m;a&? tukefudk odaeawmhwmyJ}

a':pdk;pdk;rm ac: ]pdk;}u &,f&if;u&yfNyD; oufjyif;csonf/

]owif;awG Mum;&wdkif; pdwfyl& rvdkvdk? *kPf,l& rvdkvdk jzpfaecJh&wm MumygNyD udkvwf&,f? pdk;eJY

awGUorQ q&m0efwdkif;eD;yg;u udkvwfudk odMuw,f? udkvwf b0wpfckvHk; vlemawGMum;xJrSm

ESpfjrKyfxm;wm? tyifyef; tqif;&J cHEdkifwm? a&mufav&m t&yfrSm vlawG cspfcifav;pm;Muwm tjrJ

Mum;ygw,f? olwdkYwpfawG ajymyHku udkvwfvdk q&m0efwpfa,muf &Sdwm q&m0ef tcsif;csif;

*kPf,lp&mvdkyHkygyJ}

&SufjyHK; jyHK;&if;u ]tydkqm'g;av;awGvnf; ygcsif ygrSmayghuGm? odyfr,HkygeJY} [k a&mcs vdkuf&onf/

]pdwfylwmuawmh waZmufuef; EdkifvGef;ovm;vdkYyg? &ifusyfNyD; udk,fwdkif vJae&if;u uav;

rarG;EdkifvdkY vmac:wm rdk;xJavxJ jrif;eJY vdkufoGm;zl;w,fqdk}

thHMopGmjzifh acgif;ndwfjy&onf/

]atmufvrf;q&mudk vlv,faumif vufoD;eJY xdk;wma&m trSefyJvm;}

]rvG,fygvm;} [k a&&Gwf&if;u &,frdonf/

]wrif xdk;vdkufwm r[kwfygbl;uGm}

]b,fvdk}

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xdk;zl;w,f? tJ'DoleJY awGUwJhaeYawmh vlemudpöeJY 'DaeYvdkayghav wpfnvHk;u tdyfysufxm;w,f?

rarQmfvifhbJ oleJYqHkawmh olu tdyfrufxJrSmwkef;uvdkyJ t*Fvdyfq&m0ef? armif&if aq;ukwJhae&mrSm

q&m rpGufbl;? q&m aq;ukaewJh vlemawGvnf; armif&if rpGufeJYvdkY ajymvdkufawmh udk,fhudk,fudk



39

tdyfrufxJrSmyJ atmufarhNyD; a,mifNyD; xdk;csvdkufwm? vlawG 0dkif;qGJawmhrS wu,f jzpfaerSef;

owd&awmhw,f}

]twdkifrcH&bl;vm; udkvwf&,f}

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trsm;pkuvnf; udk,fhbufrSm &Sdwmudk;? oleJY udk,feJY wef;wl vmEIdif;wmudk rcHcsifpdwfeJY

rTefoGm;wmrsKd;aygh? wpfcgygyJ? aemuf 'grsKd; xyfrjzpfawmhygbl;}

rdrdu t&,frysuf ajymaeayr,fh ]pdk;}rsufESmu raumif;/

]jyefajymorQ vlwdkif;uawmh udkvwfudk av;pm;wJh toHeJYyJ ajymMuwmcsnf;ygyJ? pdk;vnf;

*kPfawmh,lygw,f? 'Davmuf pdwfxm; jrifhjrwfwJh vlwpfa,muf[m udk,feJY odyf&if;ESD;cJhzl;w,f

qdkwmudkaygh? xkwfajymvdkYawmh r&bl;av? usdwf *kPf,l&wmaygh}

olvnf; rsufESm eDapG;apG; jzpfoGm;ovdk rdrdvnf; tenf;i,f xlyloGm;cJhonf/ pdk;u ½kwfw&uf

&Suf&,f &,fvdkufonf/

]'D *kPf,lwJhpdwfeJY vrf;cGJoGm;uwnf;u pdwfqdk;cJh&wmawGudkawmif acsypfvdkufvdkY &cJhw,f

qdkwma&m od&JUvm;}

ESpfa,mufpvHk; toHwdwfoGm;cJh&ygonf/

Ä



40

(10)

aeYv,fapmif;rS tdyfaysmfoGm;cJhojzifh naeapmif;rS tdyf&muEdk;onf/ jywif;aygufu usaeu tdyf&mudk

wnfhwnfh xdk;vmíom EdkYrdkYomqdk awmufavQmuf tdyfaysmfoGm;avrvm;[kvnf; awG;rdonf/

tdyfcef; jywif;0rS acgif;xGufí a&zvm; wpfcGufESifh rsufESm opfvdkufonf/ rsufESmopf&if;u

v,fuGif;rsm;\ tqHk; rdk;ukyfpuf0dkif;\ tpyfwGif iSufwpftkyf ysHoGm;onfudk vSrf;jrif&onf/

a&SUwnfhwnfhwGifawmh ajrom; wm½dk;vrf;rBuD;/

rdrd b,ftcsdeftxd rodatmif qufí vrf;avQmuf&OD;rnfh xdk wm½dk;vrf;rBuD;onf usaea&mif

[yfonfhwdkif ESif;vTmxk atmufwGif rIefrTm;í aeavonf/

Ä



41

ueOD; c&pfprwfaeYuav;rsm;

(1)

rdrd tvGef rkef;ygonfqdkonfh onf&SLaq;ykvif;udk &Sm&jyefavNyD/

yg;pyf twGif;odkY wpfcsufcsif; ñSpfxnfhí atmifhxm;&rnfudk pdwfr&Snfojzifh ESpfcsufqufwdkuf

ñSpfxnfhrdonf/ NyD;awmh touf&SLoGif;í q,fpuúefY toufatmifhxm;&rnfhtpm; puúefY 20 eD;eD;

atmifhxm;vdkufonf/

rDwm 1500 tajy;NydKifyGJ yef;0ifcgeD; vlvdk ½kef;uef&SL½Idufaeaom tqkwfonf enf;enf;awmh

*emNidrfoGm;ovdk xifrdonf/

tdyfcef;xJrS {nfhcef;buf avQmufvmí ukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;ay:wGif ajcpHkwifNyD; cyfauG;auG;

xdkifvdkufonf/ ukvm;xdkif aemufrSDay:odkY acgif;udk vSefwifvdkufonf/ rdrdESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif

0&efwmbufodkYxGufaom wHcg;&GufESpfckyGifhaeonfudkvSrf;jrifae&onf/ pdrfhat;aom aqmif;OD;avrsm;

wdkufcwf 0ifa&mufaeonfudkvnf; cHpm;od&Sdaeonf/ odkYaomf OD;0dpm&tdrf&mpcef;ay:rS jzwfoef;

0ifa&mufvmonfh 0ifcgeD; aea&mif eDapG;apG;udk oabmusaerdojzifh xrydwfjzpfawmh/

rdrd\ &ifusyfa&m*gonf aqmif;avESifh roifhawmfrSef; odaomfvnf; cufonfu rdrd udk,fwdkifudku

onfaqmif;avudk cspfwwfaejyefonf/

armifESroHk;a,mufESifh rdbESpfyg; twlaecJhMupOfu usyfnyfaeaom wdkufcef;onf ,ckawmh

vlvnf; wpfa,mufrS r&Sd/ y&dabm*vnf; rqdkoavmufom &Sdojzifh pGefYypfcHxm;&aom tdrfwpfvHk;yDyD

txD;usef qefvGef;aeonf/

zcifjzpfolu tqifhjrifh t&m&SdBuD;rsm;udkay;aom vHk;csif;tdrfwpfckwGif ajymif;a&TUaeaeonf/

rdcifuvnf; tJonfrSm/ tpfrESifh nDi,fuawmh twlraeMuawmhonfrSm MumavNyD/

]OD;0dpm&wdkufcef;rSm 'Dwpfacguf oGm;aecsifw,f} [k ajympOfu zcifu tHhMo[efjyayr,fh

taMumif;&if;rar;bJ aomh xkwfay;cJhonf/ rdcifuawmh zcif usef;rma&;a&m? rdrd usef;rma&;udkyg

taMumif;jyí wm;&Smao;onf/ udk,fhtaMumif;ESifh udk,frdkY tavQmhray;cJhrd/

,ckawmh txD;usef qefvSonfh onfwdkufcef;rSm wpfa,mufwnf; aMumifawmifawmif vlem

jzpfaejyefavNyD/

qlnHaom w,fvDzkef;oHaMumifh tm½Hk ysufoGm;onf/

vlr&Sdaom wdkufcef;wGif zkef;wyfqifxm;jcif;udk tHhMo&onfxuf onfzkef; jrnfvmonfu ydkí

tHhMozdkY aumif;aeonf/

zkef;u vufwpfurf;wGifrdkY csufcsif; aumufudkifvdkufonf/



42

]zkef;rSm;aew,f xifygw,f}

]a'gufwm vwfNidrf; r[kwfvm;&Sif}

Munfvifat;jraom rdef;rysKdoHwpfcku tHhtm;oifhrIudk ydkaponf/

][kwfygw,f? b,folrsm;}

]uRefr arxm;&Dyg&Sif? q&meJY cPavmuf awGUcsifvdkY vSrf;qufwmyg}

tajzwpfckuawmh &oGm;onf/ arxm;&Donf zcifESifh tvGef&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGwpfOD;orD;?

Oya'ynm&SifwpfOD;? rdrdESifhvnf; ausmif;om;b0u wdkufqdkifrIuav;aygif;rsm;pGm ywfoufcJhzl;onf/

,cktxdvnf; zciftkyfcsKyfaom XmewpfckwGif vufaxmuf ñTefMum;a&;rSL;tqifh trIxrf;aeol/

onfawmh rdrdonfrSm &Sdaernfudk zcifqDu odrnf/ zkef;eHygwfuawmh [dk;,cifuwnf;u ol

odcJhNyD;om;/

tajz &Smr&onfu bmaMumifh rdrdESifh awGUcsif&ygoenf;/ arxm;&Du &dyfrdonfhtvm;

]'DtD; udpöuav;yg? uRefr enf;enf; &Sif;jycsifvdkY}

bk&m;a& rdrd Xmeqdkif&m pHkprf;ppfaq; ta&;,lay;yg&ef twdkifcH&í &efukef a&mufaeonfudkyif

olu odaejyefavNyD/

]b,fvdkvkyf odaewmvJ[if}

avoHwdk;wdk;ESifh tm;r&SdpGm jyefar;rdonf/

]tefu,fyJ ajymjywmyg? tefu,fu orD;u 'Dvkyfief;oabm enf;enf; em;vnfawmh om;udk

&Sif;jyp&m&Sdwmav;awG uknD&Sif;jyay;yg qdkvdkY}

tm;empGmjzifh oufjyif;csrdonf/ zcifonf tqifhjrifh t&m&SdBuD;wpfOD;jzpfí taygif;toif;

tquftoG,f rsm;½Hkomru vGefpGmrSvnf; yg;eyfolwpfOD; jzpfaMumif; rdrd trSwfwrJh &SdcJhonf/ zcif

aeraumif;pOfuyif cGifh&uf&Snf r,laomrdrd? 0g;eufacsmif; aq;½HkrS vuf&Sdaq;½HkodkY ajymif;NyD;rS

&efukefESifh ydkeD;vmaomfvnf; &efukefodkY wpfacgufrS rjyefao;ayr,fh 'Dwpfcgawmh &efukefwGif

at;at;aq;aq; aeOD;rnf[k ajymuwnf;u rouFmí vdkufpHkprf;cJh[ef wlavonf/

]uRefawmfu vmawGU&rSmygAsm? r[kwfwm}

&,foHoJhoJh Mum;&onf/ NyD;awmhrS &Suftrf;trf;avoHjzifh

]aeraumif;bl; qdkwmvnf; odygw,f q&m&,f? tm;emraeygeJY? olpdrf;awGrS r[kwfwm}

zkef;csoGm;ygonf/

Ä



43

(2)

[kwfawmhvnf; [kwfonf/ arxm;&DESifh rdrdonf olpdrf;rsm;r[kwf/

ywfoufcJhrI twdkif;twmu w&if;wESD;[k rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; wdkufqdkif cJhrIrsm;u tHhMo

&avmufatmif rsm;jym;cJhzl;onf/

c&pf,mef bmom0if rdef;uav; ar&D(ac:) arxm;&DESifh qHkawGUcJhjzpfaom wdkufqdkifrI

uav;rsm;taMumif;udk jyefajymjy&vQif xl;qef;aom c&pörwf aeYuav;rsm; taMumif;vnf; csefxm;í

r&jyefacs/

xdk c&pörwfuav;aygif; rsm;pGmxJrS yxrOD;qHk;aom c&pörwfaeYrSmrlum; arxm;&DESifh vHk;0

rywfoufbJ rdvdIif(ac:)oG,fpkvdIifESifhom ywfoufavonf/

Ä



44

(3)

]udkvwf? eif c&pörwfaeY bmtpDtpOf&SdovJ}

]tdyfzdkYawmh tpDtpOf&Sdw,f}

]acG;aumif? ajymvdkuf&if 'Dvkdcsnf;yJ? 'gqdk ightdrfvmcJh? nae 4 em&Davmuf}

]bmvkyfzdkYvJ}

]eifwdkYudk auR;rvdkY? a,mufsm;av;xJu odef;rdk;&,f? eif&,f? NyD;awmh ightxufwef;wkef;u

oli,fcsif; rdef;uav; oHk;a,mufvnf; zdwfxm;w,f? qufqufvmcJh? igeifwdkYudk olwdkYeJY

rdwfqufay;r,f? acsmw,f[ odvm;}

xHk;pHtwdkif; aemuf&Twf&TwfESifh zdwfNyD; xGufoGm;aom rdvdIif\ ausmbufudk ai;Munfh&if; rdvdIifudk

c&pf,mefwpfOD;rSef; rodcJhaom udk,fhudk,fudk tHHhtm;oifhaerdonf/

wu,fawmh xdk c&pörwfumvwGif rdrdtaetxm;u ]pdk;}ESifhvnf; tquftoG,f jzwfcJhavNyD/

rdvdIifESifh &,f&Tef;zwf&Tef; pum;ajymaerdwdkif;wGifvnf; trnf rwyfwwfaom a0'emwpf&yfudk &ifxJü

tjyif;txef tvl;tvJ wkefvIyfpGm cHpm;wwfaeavNyD/

rSefygonf/ rdvdIifudk cspfaecJhNyD;aeavNyD/ tonf;aygufrwwf cHpm;&onf[laom pum;vHk;\

t"dyÜm,fudkvnf; vHk;aphywfaph em;vnfaecJhavNyD/

odkYwdkifatmif rdrdcspfaeolwpfOD;\ udk;uG,f&m bmomudkaocsmpGm rodaomtjzpfonf rdrd\

ÓPf&nfÓPfaoG;ESifhyJ qdkifrvm;[k udk,fhudk,fudk r&Jw&J ar;cGef;xkwfrdygonf/

Ä



45

(4)

]a[mawmh r,f&D c&pörwf wl;,l wJh}

rdrd\ vufaqmifxkyfay:rS pmwef;udk zwfí rdvdIifu wtHhwMo a&&Gwfawmh olY

oli,fcsif;ruav;rsm;u 0dkif;vkMunfh&if;u &,fMuavonf/

zdeyfudk cRwfí tcef;xJ t0ifwGifawmh ,ciftacgufrsm; a&mufcJhpOfu taMumif; rnfrnf&&

r&SdygbJESifh rdrd\ tlaMumifaMumifEdkifaom p½dkufwpfckwnf;aMumifh rjrifrdcJhaomt&mudk jrifavonf/

bk&m;pif/

bk&m;a& tdrftvnfa&mufwdkif; rdvdIifrsufESmuav;udkom tcGifhomvQif omovdk wdwfwcdk; ai;arm

MunfhaewwfcJhonfrSm onf{nfhcef;ESifh qufvsufüyif bk&m;cef;wpfcef; &SdaerSef;udk owd

rxm;rdcJh&yguvm;/

yef;? qDrD;wdkY a0qmpGm uyfvSLxm;aom bk&m;pifa&SUrSm wef;pDxGef;xm;aom za,mif;wdkif

uav;rsm;udk uref;uwef; a&Munfhrdonf/

]18}wdkifwdwd/

udk,fhezl;om udk,f½dkufypfcsifvdkufrdawmhonf/

oeyfcg; a&usJuav;om wifxm;NyD; qHyif&SnfwdkYudk zm;vsm;csvsufu [uf[ufyufyuf

&,farmaeaom rdvdIifbufodkY vSnfhMunfh&if;u &Suf&,fom &,fjyvdkuf&onf/ vufpowfawmh rdvdIif\

arG;aeYyGJygvm;/

'DZifbmv 25&ufaeYwGifrS wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif arG;xm;aom &Srf;Armruav; rdvdIifonf

wu,fawmh Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfOD;om jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; rdrd rodcJhjyefyg/

]bmjzpfaeMuwmvJ}

vSnfhMunfhvdkufawmh odef;rdk;0ifvmonf/ &,fusJusJESiYf olYvufxJwGifvnf; txkyfwpfxkyf

udkifvmonf/ xdktxkyfay:wGifawmh ]oifhtwGuf aysmf&TifzG,f arG;aeYjzpfygap} [laom t*Fvdyf pmwef;udk

xif&Sm;pGm jrif&onf/

xdkpmwef;udk jrif&csdefwGifawmh odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIifwdkY\&if;ESD;rI xkxnfMum;wGif o0efwdk&rvdkvdk?

odrfi,fovdkvdk cHpm;cJhrdao;onfudk ,ckwdkifyif owd&aerdao;awmh\/

Ä



46

(5)

'kwd, c&pörwf/

'kwd, c&pörwfwGifawmh arxm;&Du rdrdb0 vrf;aMumif;xJodkY rodrom pwif 0ifa&muf vmonf/

tJonfESpfu rdvdIifarG;aeYyGJ rvkyfjzpf/ arG;aeYrwdkifrD wpfywfavmufuwnf;u olYrdb\ aqGrsKd;rsm;&Sd&m

jrefatmifNrdKUodkY oGm;a&muf vnfywfaeonf/

cspfrdaeNyD[k aocsmaeonfh b0rSmyif tlaMumifaMumifom cspfwwfaom rdrdu blwmodkY

vdkufíEIwfqufcJhao;onf/ wu,fawmh c&D;wdkrdkY b,foli,fcsif;rS vkdufrEIwfquf cJhMu/

rdef;uav;rsm;vnf; rvm? a,mufsm;uav;rsm;vnf; rvm/ t&if;ESD;qHk; oli,fcsif;jzpfol odef;rdk;yif

rvm/ a,mifcsmcsmjzpfaeaom rdrdudk rdvdIif\zcifuyif jyHK;í uGufMunfhuGufMunfh vkyfaeao;onf/

rdvdIifuawmh &,farmí

]igr&Sdwkef; eifeJY odef;rdk; vdrfvdrfrmrm aecJhMuaemf} [k aemufajymifavonf/

Ä



47

(6)

c&pörwfaeYusawmh odef;rdk;u &efukefwuúodkvfrS oli,fcsif; c&pf,mefrdef;uav; wpfOD;\ c&pörwfyGJodkY

tazmfvdkufcJhay;&ef rdrdudk ac:avonf/

xdk rdef;uav;onfum; trsm;u ]ar&D}[k ac:Muonfh ]arxm;&D}ac: acwftenf;i,fqefaom

vSyaom rdef;uav;wpfOD; jzpfavonf/

]odef;rdk; rvmwmMumvdkY ',f'DwdkYawmif ar;aew,f}

]aqm&D;uGm? pmar;yGJawG qufaevdkY? abmvHk;uvnf; uefaewmav}

]odyfpGHaewmvnf; Mum;ygw,f}

][m r[kwfu [kwfu}

Ä



48

(7)

tjyefwGifawmh av;a,mufom; cyfaxGaxGESifh taqmifwpfcka&SU *pfwm oGm;wD;&atmif[k wnDwñGwf

qHk;jzwfNyD; rdef;uav;aqmif wpfcka&SU a&mufcJhonf/ odef;rdk;u *pfwmwD;í wpfa,muf wpfvSnfh

oDcsif;qdkMuonf/

taqmif jywif;aygufrS rD;a&mifrsm;udk vSrf;Munfh&if;u rdrdwdkY atmifjrifrI toifhtwifh&onf[k

udk,fhbmomudk,f qHk;jzwfMuonf/

onfpOfrSmyif taqmifapmifhBuD;u pmwpfapmif vmay;onf/ tm;&0rf;om vufckyf oHNydKifwD;MuNyD;

pmudk zGifhzwfMuonf/

]odef;rdk;eJYudkvwf? rl;aevnf; jyeftdyfMu[m? ig oli,fcsif;awGeJY pum;ajymcsifvdkY vmtdyfwm?

'DaumifawG xGufarQmfaeMuawmh igpum; rajym&awmhbl;? eifwdkY toHBuD;awGuvnf; vQmav;tmav;eJY?

taumifpkwfawG? qHk;rr,fhvl r&Sdbl;xifNyD; aomif;usef;aeMuwm? ig 'DaeY jyefa&mufaeNyD[JY? rdvdIif}

odef;rdk;ESifh wpfa,mufrsufESm wpfa,mufMunfhNyD; &,frdMuavonf/

Ä




49

(8)

]eifwdkY tJ'Dnu b,foGm;aomufMuwmvJ}

]enf;enf;yguG}

]at;yg? igu bmajymvdkYvJ? b,frSm aomufvmMuvJyJ ar;wm}

]c&pörwf npmpm;yGJ&SdvdkYyguG? odef;rdk; oli,fcsif;tdrfrSmyg}

]arxm;&Dtdrf r[kwfvm;}

½kwfw&uf tHhMooGm;onf/

]eif b,fvdkvkyf odovJ}

rdvdIifu rJhjyHK;jyHK;jyonf/

]eifuvnf; odyftwmyJ? tJ'g odef;rdk; oli,fcsif; r[kwfbl;[? olYaumifrav;? eifuvnf;

'DavmufwGJvmNyD; rodbl;vm;}

]olu eifhudk tJovdk ajymjyxm;vdkYvm;}

tlaMumifaMumif jyefar;rdonf/

]ajymrvm;[JY? 'Daumifu 'Dudpöudk 'dkifvQdKxm;wm? igodwmu ]&mZl;}u oli,fcsif;awG

ajymjyvdkYodwm? arxm;&Du]avm}u? 'DaumifeJYu usL&SifrSmuwnf;u &if;vmwm? ckawmh 'Daumifu

wpfcsdefvHk; ]avm}rSm csnf;yJwJh? NyD;awmh wdkYausmif;u aumifrav; wpfa,mufu arxm;&D&JU

nDr0rf;uGJwpfa,mufeJY ]abmif'&D}rSm aEG&moDoifwef; wpfckrSm wuf&if;eJY cifzl;awmh tJ'D nDr0rf;uGJu

]odef;rdk;}qdkwm odovm;vdkY ar;zl;w,fwJh? oluodw,f? bmjzpfvdkYvJvdkY ar;awmh olYtpfr&JU ]bJ}rdkYvdkY

b,fvdkvlvJvdkY odcsifvdkY vdkY ajymzl;w,f}

pdwftenf;i,f xdcdkufoGm;rdonf/

pdwfxdcdkuf&jcif; taMumif;u odef;rdk;ESifh rqdkifyg/ odef;rdk;ESifh arxm;&D trSefwu,f ywfouf

rywfoufudk rdrd rod/ odef;rdk;u bmrS ajymrjyzl;yg/ oli,fcsif;ayr,fh 'grsKd;vnf; ajymcsifrS ajymjyrnfh

aumifpm;[k xifonf/

pdwfxdcdkuf&jcif; taMumif;u rdvdIif\ ESvHk;om;udk tuf&S&S avoHrS wpfqifh jrifvdkuf&í

jzpfygonf/ e*dkuwnf;u þodkY xifcJhNyD;om;/ ,ckawmh aocsmaeNyD xifonf/

wu,fawmh rdvdIifudk cspfaerdNyD[k udk,fhudk,fudk aocsmcJhonfh tcsdefrSpí rdvdIifudk zGifhajym&ef rdrd

tBudrfBudrf MuHpnfcJhzl;onf/ MuHpnfvdkufwdkif;wGifvnf; rdvdIif\ yGifhvif;pGm &,farm aemufajymifaeonfh

[efyefwdkY a&SUwGif owådwdkY tBudrfBudrf vGifhjy,fcYJzl;onf/



50

]oGm;rajymeJY? rif;udk olrcspfbl;} [k ESvHk;om;u tBudrfBudrf wm;jrpfaeavonf/

ezl;ay: 0Jusvmaom qHpwdkYudk pum;ajym&if;u trSwfrxif cgwifavh&Sdaom trlt&m?

vufywfem&Dudk nmbufvufwGifom ywfavh&Sdaom tavhtx? twef;wGif; pmar;yGJrsm;wGif pma&;zdkY

pOf;pm;wdkif; atmufEIwfcrf;uav;udk oGm;uav;rsm;ESifh udkufxm;wwfonfh [efyef? bwfpfum;

vufrSwf0,fwdkif;rSm vufrSwfudk vufñId;ESifh vufcv,fMum;rSmñSyfNyD; ,lwwfaom tusifhponfh

tavhtusifhuav;rsm;xdatmif vdkufí cspfcJhrdaom ESvHk;om;u ....

odef;rdk; &efukefwuúodkvfbuf oGm;OD;rnf[k ajymwdkif;rSm pmawG t&rf;vGwfukefygOD;r,f[m[k

toHuav; rodromwkefí ajymwwfonfudk rjrifr&SdcJh/

rdvdIifu avQmcsovdk &,fvdkufonf/

]ig 'DaeY ighabmf'gawGeJY abmvHk;uGif;bufudk 0ifcJhw,f[? odvm;? odef;rdk;udk nutaMumif;

oGm;tpfrvdkY? [dka&mufawmh odef;rdk;awmif ighudk rawGUao;ygbl;? x&defeif em;aewkef;oleJY arxm;&D

uGif;wpfzufrSm ESpfa,mufwnf; ]MuL}aeMuwmeJY igvnf; rjrifatmif jyef vpfvm&w,f? odvm;?

odyf&,f&wmyJ}

rdvdIif\ &,foHonf wu,fawmh r&,f&yg/

Ä



51

(9)

wHcg;0bufrS vlac: acgif;avmif;oHaMumifh twdwfqDodkY vGifharsmaeaom tawG;rsm; rD;cdk;aiGUozG,f

vGifhjy,f oGm;Muonf/

tat;'PfaMumifh auG;xm;aom cE¨mudk,fudk rqefYcsif qefYcsif wdk;qí wHcg;bufodkY avQmufvmí

qGJzGifh ay;vdkufonf/

wHcg;0wGifawmh rdrdESifh rwdrf;r,drf; jzpf[efwlayr,fh rdrdxuf rsm;pGm EkysKd[ef aygufaeonfh

rdef;rysKdwpfOD; &yfaeonf/

oyf&yfpGm odrf;tkyfxm;aom qHyifESifh jrefrmyDoaom 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwdkYu £a`E´jzifh touft&G,f

EkysKdao;aMumif;udk odomapaeonf/

Munfvif awmufyaom rsufvHk;wpfpHku tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm qHkawGUcJhzl;onfh cHpm;csufudk

jzpfay:apaomfvnf; rdrd\ a0rdIif;aeonfh tm½HkwdkYu ½kwfw&uf rEdk;xEdkifyg/

rdef;rysKdu vSypGm jyHK;onf/

]rrSwfrdawmhbl;vdkYyJ ,lqvdkuf&rSmvm;[if}

aMomf-[kwfyg&JU? zkef;vnf; BudKqufxm;&ufeJY/

]aqm&D;aemf ar&D? vm vm}

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Ä



52

(10)

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53

tcka&mufaeNyD? 'DaeY uRefr odcJh&wmuawmh ]OD;pD;}u bmrSawmif qufrvkyfawmhr,fh oabmygyJ?

'gaMumifh apmapmu uRefrajymovdk 'DwdkifwJhudpöuawmh jyóem r&SdvSbl;?jyóemu ....}

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bmjyefajym&rSef; rodawmh/ wdkufcef;wpfckvHk; wdwfqdwfí oGm;avonf/

Ä



54

ESif;rIefMum;rS tdyfrufewforD;

(1)

aumif;uifwpfckvHk; odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;onf/

*sufav,mOf ysHwufwmudk rjrifzl;onfvnf; r[kwf/ i,fpOfu zcifESifhrdcif EdkifiHjcm;odkY wm0efESifh

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onfwpfcgrS r*Fvm'Hk av,mOfuGif; avqdyf pm;aomufqdkifuav; jywif;0wGif &yfí

ai;Munfhae&if; xl;xl;qef;qef; tawG; e,fcsJUaerdonf/

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aumif;raeaybl;vm;/

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taMumaq;ykvif;ESifh uGDEdkifxdk;aq; tygt0if aq;0g;tcsKdU yvwfpwpftdwfESifh vHkvHkxkyfNyD; olwdkYvdkyif

yvwfpwpfp jcHK? carmufaqmif;NyD; vdkufoGm;cJhzl;onf/



55

uHMur®mu rdrdbufu az;rawmh OD;aESmufxJ iSufzsm;ydk; 0ifaeonfh xdkrdef;uav;\ toufudk

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}orD; 'Dwpfcg aeraumif;jzpf&if b,fvdk vkyfrvJ OD;OD;&,f}

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jzpfonf/ aq;½Hk Murf;jyifwGifyif ½dkaopGm xdkifuefawmh awmh q&mawmfBuD;u qGJxlxapNyD;

ukvm;xdkifwGif xdkifcdkif;onf/

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rwlbl;}

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r&wmuae udk,fhzdkYudk,f bmrS rvdkcsif&ifvnf; olrsm; ulnDwJhtvkyfyJ aZmufcs vkyfawmhr,fqdkNyD;

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aEG;aEG;axG;axG; cHpm;&&mrS &if;&if;ESD;ESD;yif pdwfxJ&Sdonfh twdkif; ajymjyrdonf/ q&mawmfBuD;u

jyHK;onf/

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awGUzl;w,f? tJ'DvlawGeJY 'DwpfcgawGU&if 'umBuD; pum;vHk;uav;awG jyefajymjyOD;rSyJ}

q&mawmfBuD; pum;vHk;wdkYaMumifh rsufESmwpfckvHk; aEG;ceJ jzpfoGm;onfudk trSwf&rdjyefyg\/

Ä



56

(2)

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wpfpHkwpfOD;udk vSrf;ac:onf/

xdk wpfpHkwpfOD;yg 0ifvmawmh yg;pyfta[mif;om; jzpfoGm;&ygonf/

Ä



57

(3)

todynm BuD;jrifhí pdwfESvHk; Nidrf;csrf;olwdkYonf wpfyg;olwdkY\ &ifudk tenf;ESifh trsm; xGif;azmufí

jrifEdkifMuayvdrfhrnf/ arwåm&Sif q&mawmfBuD; ajymonfh BuD;rm;aom qHk;½IH;rIudk MuHKzl;olwdkYwGif

rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; ygaeonf r[kwfygvm;/

odkYaomf xdk qHk;½IH;rIu wpfpHkwpfck? odkYr[kwf wpfpHkwpfa,mufudk qHk;½IH;&jcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ

rdrdudk,frdrd jyefí qHk;½IH;&jcif; jzpfavonf/ ydkí &Sif;atmif ajym&vQifrl e*dkxJu csnfheJY ,dk,Gif;aom

udk,fydkif udk,f&nfudk,faoG;wdkY wpfprusef vGifhjy,f qHk;½HI;oGm;ovdkrsKd; cHpm;cJh&jcif; jzpfygonf/

Ä



58

(4)

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avhusifhaeaom odef;rdk;u tdrfodkY zkef;qufNyD; ]n ig vmcJhr,f}[k csdef;onf/

n 10 em&Davmuf NydKifpufbD;uav;ESifh ola&mufvmawmh OD;0dpm&tdrf&mpcef; t0if0

tkwfcHkuav;wGif ESpfa,mufom;xdkif&if; Mu,fa&mif wzsyfzsyf cgaeaom 'DZifbmn aumif;uifudk

ai;arm aerdMuonf/

]odef;rdk; vkyfavuGm? bmajymrvdkYvJ}

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rif;a&m rdvdIifuyg tJ'Dvdk xifaeMuwmaygh? [kwfvm;}

rodrom &ifckefvmrdonf/ wdk;wdk; jyefar;rdonf/

]wdkYu ,HkrSm r[kwfbl;vdkY bmvdkY xifwmvJ}



59

]rif;eJY rdvdIifu ightcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;awGyJ? wu,f[kwfcJh&if igrif;wdkYudk tapmBuD;uwnf;u

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ai;Munfhaerdonf/

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rif;rsufESmudk jrif&if odef;rdk; &dyfrdoGm;vdrfhr,f/

]rdvdIifaygh [kwfvm;? rdvdIifudkaygh}

]at;}

Ä



60

(5)

xdknu odef;rdk; pum;awG trsm;BuD; ajymonf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh pum;enf;ol wpfa,mufu pum;awG

trsm;BuD; ajymjcif;udk cHpm;csufwdkY aygufuGJ xGufvmjcif;[k rdrd oabmaygufonf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh pum;

renf;aom rdrd toHwdwfaejcif;udkawmh odef;rdk; r&dyfrd&Smyg/

odef;rdk;u rdvdIifudk cspfaeonf/ odkYaomf zGifhrajym&J/ rdvdIifuvnf; olYudk cspfaeonfudk pdk;pOf;rQ

&dyfrd[ef ray:/ rdvdIifu rcspfygbl;[krsm; ajzvdkufvQif xdktajzudk em;axmifEdkif&ef olYwGif owådr&Sd/

xkdtajz\ aemufqufwGJtjzpf aeYwdkif;jrifae&? &if;ESD;ae&aom b0uav; aMuysuf oGm;rnfudkyif olu

pkd;&drfaejyefonf/

pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; jyif;xefvGef;í xdknu odef;rdk;udk bmrS jyefraqG;aEG;EdkifcJh/ rdvdIifu odef;rdk;tay:

cHpm;csufrsm;udk rdrd &dyfrdaeaMumif;a&m? odef;rdk;ESifh arxm;&DwdkY cspfol jzpfaeMuNyD[k xifaeyHkrsm;udka&m

ajymjyoifhygvsuf rajymjycJhrd/

n 12 em&DavmufrS odef;rdk;u pufbD;uav; eif;í jyefoGm;onf/ abmvHk;yGJ pcef;oGif;

avhusifh&müyif ntdyfvdrfhrnf/ abmvHk;yGJNyD;rS xyfaqG;aEG; MuwmayghuGm [laom pum;udk

&nf&G,fcsufrJhpGm ajymrdonf/

xdknu rdrdvnf; wpfnvHk; tdyfraysmfcJh/

Ä



61

(6)

odef;rdk;u rdvdIifudk cspfaeonf/ rdvdIifu vHk;0 xifrxm;/

rdvdIifu odef;rdk;udk cspfae[ef wlonf/ odef;rdk;u vHk;0xifrxm;/

ydkqdk;onfu rdvdIifu odef;rdk;udk ol vufvTwf qHk;½IH;NyD;om;[k xifaeonf/ odef;rdk;taeESifh

&Sif;jy&ef tcGifhromao;/ pcef;oGif; avhusifhrI NyD;&ifawmh &Sif;jyrnfh oabm&Sdonf/ onfMum;xJrSm

rdrdu &Sif;jyvdkuf&ifawmh olwdkYtwGuf Zmwfodrf;vSoGm;rnf/

rdrdtwGufawmh jyif;xefaom qHk;½IH;rIwpf&yfyif jzpfayvdrfhrnf/

wu,fawmh ausmif;NyD;? q&m0efjzpf? b0vrf;udk wu,f avQmufvSrf;&awmhrnf qdkaomtcsdefrSm

rdvdIifeJYom qdkvQif qdkwmrsKd;udk tBudrfBudrf pdwful;,Of MunfhcJhzl;onf/

rdk;vif;í rsufpdESpfvHk; zGifhNyDqdkuwnf;u jrifae&rnfh Munfvif oefYpifaom tjyHK;ESifh

om,mat;jraom &,farmoH/ eHeufpm pm;csdefuwnf;u twl&Sdaernfh aEG;axG;vHkjcHKaom ,SOfwGJrI/

avQmuforQ ajcvSrf;wdkif;rSm zGzGuav; wGJzufxm;rnfh vufarmif;uav; wpfzuf\ aEG;axG;rI/

tjrJwrf; wGwfwD;wGwfwm aemufajymif usDp,fae&if;u b,fawmhrS pdwfnpf[ef rjywwfaom

rsufESmvSvSuav;/

'gawG tukefvHk;udk tqHk;½IH; cH&awmhrSmwJhvm;/

rdvdIif&JU oHa,mZOftBuD;qHk; vlESpfOD;xJrSm wpfOD;tygt0if jzpfvsufom;ESifh onfb0

vSvSuav;udk arQmfvifhydkifcGifh rdrdusrS bmjzpfvdkY r&SdygovJ/

txl;ojzifh tckvdk tcsdefrsKd;aygh/

odef;rdk;udk qHk;½IH;NyD;NyD[k rdvdIifu xifaeaom tcsdefrsKd;rSm rdrdu rdvdIifudk zGifhajymvdkufygu rdrdtay:

oHa,mZOfBuD;onfhtjyif wHkYjyefEdkifygoenf;/

awmf awmf awmf yGJvefYwkef; zsmcif;qdkwJh pum;twdkif;yJ jzpfaeygayghvm;/ rdvdIifu wHkYjyefcJhonf

xm;OD;/ odef;rdk;rsufESmudk b,fvdk Munfh&yghrvJ/

]tpuwnf;u igwdkYESpfa,mufu em;vnfrI &NyD;om;? rif; vmwdkifyifwkef;u ajymjy&cufaevdkY} vdkY

ajymvdkuf½Hkom/ bmcufvdkYvJ 'grS rauseyfvQifvnf; wpfoufvHk; taygif;toif; rvkyfcsifaeaygh/

rdvdIifudk qHk;½IH;&wmxufawmh ydkrqdk;Edkifbl;/ odef;rdk;vnf; aemufusNyD;rSawmh rdvdIifudk awhawhqdkifqdkif

oGm;&Sif;aernf r[kwf/

'gua&m tcspf [kwfvdkYvm;/ udk,fhcspfol&JU cHpm;csufudk odaeygvsufESifh vufwpfvHk;jcm;

uG,f0Suf&ef MuHpnfonfh pdwf"mwfua&m bmrsm; *kPf,lp&m &SdvdkYvJ/

a,muf,ufcwfaeaom tawG;rsm;ESifh wpfnvHk; tdyfraysmfcJhaomfvnf; rdk;vif;vif;csif;

rdvdIifudkawmh zkef;qufjzpfavonf/

Ä



62

(7)

aeu ESif;xkudk rcGJEdkifao;onfh tcsdef/

vdyfcHk; cef;rBuD;ab; um;&yfem;&m trdk;uav;atmufrS ajrmif;aygif tjrifhuav;wGif xdkifae&if;u

jynfvrf;wpfzuf&Sd jrefrmhtoH taqmufttHkBuD;udk vSrf;Munfhrdonf/ ESif;u zHk;aeqJrdkY odyfawmh

uGJuGJjym;jym; rjrif&/

ESif;rsm; rnfrQyif ydwfqdkYaeygap onfrsufvHk; ESpfvHk;jzifh jrifEdkiforQ t&mtm;vHk;xJwGif

b,favmufa0;a0; tjrJ rSwfrdaeus oP²mefudk vSrf;jrifvdkufonf/

ausmif;*dwf0rS vrf;avQmufí 0ifvmaom rdvdIifyg/

&Srf;vHkcsnf tjzLa&mif? qG,fwm tjzLa&mifESifh vG,ftdwf tjzLuav;udk ycHk;wpfzufwGif

vG,fxm;aom 19 ESpft&G,f aq;ausmif;oluav;onf ESif;zHk;aom reufcif;wGif '@m&Dqefqef vSyí

aeavonf/ csrf;aeaom [efyefESifh vufuav; ESpfzufudk usHKUusHKUuav; ydkufí trdk;atmufodkY

0ifa&mufvmNyD; jyHK;jyonf/ NyD;awmh rdrdab;rSmyif 0ifxdkifonf/

]csrf;csrf;pD;pD;[,f? bmvdkY tapmBuD; csdef;wmvJ}

]txJ oGm;Murvm;}

]&ygw,f[m? cPae aEG;vmrSmyJ? NyD;awmh ESif;awGusaewm Munfh&wmvJ tvSom;[? eif

bmajymp&m &SdvdkYvJ? ajymav}

acgif;iHkYxm;&if;uyif avoHwdk;wdk;ESifh r0Hhr&J pum;prdonf/

]eif pdwfrqdk;bl;qdkrS}

nifompGm &,fonf/

]udkvwf&,f? eifeJY igeJYMum;rSm pdwfqdk;p&mtaMumif; bmrSr&SdEdkifygbl;? 'gayrJh eifhoabmyg?

eifajymcsifrSyJ ajymyg}

ESif;xkMum;xJodkY ai;armae&if; tdyfruf rufaeol\ avoHrsKd;jzifh ajymjzpfonf/

]rdvdIif eifhudk igcspfaewm MumygNyD? ig tckrS ajym&Jwm}

rdvdIif toHwdwfoGm;ygonf/

Ä



63

(8)

ESif;uGJp jyKvmonftxd ESpfa,mufom; toH wdwfaeMuonf/ ywf0ef;usifu aEG;axG;p jyKvmavNyD/

rdvdIifu vufydkufudk jzKwfNyD; aygifay:wGif wifxm;aom vG,ftdwfuav;\ tNrD;BudK;puav;rsm;udk

vdrfupm;aeonf/ acgif;iHkYxm;onf/ rsufESmuav;u wnfaeonf/

]rdvdIif? eif pdwfqdk;oGm;vm;}

]t"dyÜm,f r&Sdwm[m}

]eif bmrS jyefrajymvdkY}

]ig? ig pOf;pm;csifvdkY}

vdIufceJ 0rf;omoGm;rdoa,mif? onfrQyif arQmfvifhrxm;rdcJh/

]pOf;pm;r,fqdk&ifyJ 0rf;omvSygNyD oli,fcsif;&m? eif tcsdef,l pOf;pm;r,faygh [kwfvm;}

]tck cPav;yg[m? cPav; pOf;pm;aewmyg}

yg;pyfta[mif;om; jzpfoGm;rdcYJyg\/

Ä



64

(9)

]'Dvdk[m udkvwf? cspfw,fqdkwm cHpm;csufyJ Opöm pOf;pm;p&m rvdkygbl;? eifr[kwfbJ

wjcm;wpfa,mufa,mufqdk&if ighrSmtajzu toifh&SdaerSmyJ? ajymvdkuf½HkyJ? tcku eifjzpfaew,f? igh&JU

tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif; jzpfaew,f? 'gaMumifh ½kwfw&uf bmajym&rSef; rodwm? tJ'gudk pOf;pm;ae&wm}

toufyif r&SLrdbJ acgif;iHkYaeaom rsufESmuav;udk ai;Munfhaerdonf/

]eifhudk ig oHa,mZOf odyfBuD;w,f? eifaysmfaewm jrif&if igaysmfw,f? eif pdwfnpfaewm jrif&if

igpdwfnpfw,f? eifeJYtwlwl &Sdae&if ig pdwfcsrf;omw,f? ighaMumifh eif pdwfnpf&zdkYqdkrsKd;udk awG;awmif

rawG;&Jbl;? 'gayrJh udkvwf&,f]

acgif;uav; armhvmonf/ rñdI;i,fpzl; ñdI;i,faeaom rsufESmuav;udk jrif&\/

]eifhudk ig cspfawmh rcspfbl;[}

urÇmavmuBuD;wGif &Sd&SdorQaom toHAvHwdkYonf rjrif&aom wGif;eufBuD;wpfckxJodkY epf0if

aysmufqHk;oGm;onfh tvm; wdwfqdwf oGm;ygonf/

Ä



65

(10)

]udkvwf&,f? rcspfbl;qdkwmudk bmvdkYvJvdkY ar;awmh igu b,fvdk ajz&rSmvJ? cspfwJhpdwf

jzpfrvmwmyJaygh? oli,fcsif; oHa,mZOfu oHa,mZOf owfowf? &ifrckefwm rckefrdwmudk tm;emygw,f

qdkwmuvGJvdkY igvnf; &Sif;rjywwfawmhbl;? 'gightajzyJ[m? udkvwf eifighudk qufawmh cifyg?

a&SmifraeygeJY? ig awmif;yefygw,f? eifhudk igodyfcifw,f? eifeJYig rqufqHbJ ae&wJhb0rsKd; a&mufrSm

ig odyfaMumufwmyJ? uJ vmyg[m? wdkY twef; wufMu&atmif}

ESif;rIefrsm;Mum;wGif tjzLa&mif tdyfruf ewforD;av; uG,faysmufoGm;onftxd cHpm;rIrJhaeaom

ajctpHkudk r<uEdkifcJhaMumif; 10 ESpfausmf MumcJhonftxd vHk;aph ywfaph rSwfrdaeqJyg/

Ä



66

(11)

]tJ'Davmuftxdawmh a&Smifraeoifhbl; xifwmyJ}

EIwfcrf;u rodrom jyHK;rJhrJhvkyf&if; vdIifu qdkonf/ twdwfqDodkY pD;arsmaeaom tawG;rsm; r*Fvm'Hk

avqdyf pm;aomufcef;xJodkY ½kwfw&uf jyef0ifvmMuonf/ ta&mif;aumifwmwGif aumfzDtdk;

oGm;,lay;aeaom arxm;&DESifh wG,fcefYcdkifwdkYudk vSrf;ai;Munfhrd&if;u wdk;wdk;ajzonf/

]a&Smifaewmawmhvnf; r[kwfygbl;? vmwJhudpöuvnf; 0rf;omp&m udpör[kwfawmh? bGJUvGefwufvdkY

tvdkvdku pdwfyifyef;ae&NyD;om; vdIifhudk pdwf'ku© xyfray;csifwmyg}

ryDro tjyHK;uav;yif aysmufoGm;onf/

]tJovdk pum;rsKd;awGajym&if pdwfxJrSm b,favmuf xdcdkufrdwwfovJ qdkwma&m &dyfrd&JUvm;}

rodrom0Jvmaom rsuf&nfwdkYudk rjrif[efaqmif&if;u aqm&D;[k wdk;wdk; ajymrdonf/ arxm;&DESifh

wG,fcefYcdkifwdkY a&mufvmMuojzifh pum;vrf;aMumif;vnf; rodrom ajymif;vdkuf&onf/

]aq;½HkrSma&m tqifajy&JUvm;? pmvnf; t&rf;usuf&rSmyJaemf}

vdIifu rsufvHk;udk vufESifh rodrom yGwf&if;u &,fonf/

]wjcm;bmom trftufpfpD wufaewJh q&m0efawGeJY ygarmu©csKyfeJY trftufpfpD ausmif;ol

ausmif;om; tm;vkH; qHk&wmav? q&mBuD;rvmcifawmh [dkajym 'Dajymaygh? tJ'DrSm q&m0ef wpfa,mufu

&,fp&m ajymwm ajymjyrvdkY}

arxm;&Duyg 0ifí vkyfygOD;[k jyHK;NyD;qdkonf/

]bGJUvGefausmif;om;qdkwm reuf aq;½HkvmvdkY wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf qHk&if r*FvmygvdkYvnf;

EIwfrqufMubl;? *Gwfarmeif;vdkYvnf; EIwfrqufMubl;? ]pdwfnpfw,f} qdkNyD; EIwfqufMuw,fwJh?

'gaMumifh bGJUvGefwufaewkef;rsm; pdwfnpf&if rtHhMoeJY? tqifrajywmawGu udk,fhusrS jzpfwm

r[kwfbl;? obm0yJ? b,folrS vmoem;r,f rxifeJYwJhav}

avmu"Hudk [moOmPfjzifh &ifqdkifwwfaom udk,fht&G,f vli,fq&m0efudk jrifa,mifMunfh&if;u

oabmuspGm jyHK;rdonf/

]at;av? 'gawGu aemifwpfaeY olrsm;udk ulnDwJhae&mrSm olwumxuf omNyD; olnDEdkifatmif

&if;&wmyJOpöm? wefygw,f}

]ajymae? oljzifh bmrS rajzbJeJY}

&,fíom aevdkuf&onf/ arxm;&Du 0ifí ][kwfw,f? cGJpdwfwm odyfawmfw,fvdkY emrnfBuD;aewm

cGJpdwftxl;uk bmvdkY rajzvJ} [k ar;onf/

jyHK;í acgif;cgjyvdkufonf/



67

]cGJpdwfvnf; rwwfygbl;? vnfyif;BuD;awGawmh awmfawmfrsm;rsm; cGJcJh&awmh tJ'Dwpfckawmh jrefjrefeJY

oyfoyf&yf&yf vkyfwwfwmayghav? pepfwus oifMum;xm;wJh cGJpdwfuk q&m0efvdkawmh jyóem

trsKd;tpm;vdkufNyD; vdkovdk rsKd;pHk pOf;pm; vkyfwwfwmrsKd;awmh b,f&SdrSmvJ? cGJpdwfawmfw,f qdkwmu

udk,fhudkcspfwJh vlemawGu cspfvdkY *kPfazmfajymMuwJh [mrsKd;yg}

vdIifu rsufapmif;vSvS wpfcsuf xdk;vdkufonf/

]udk,fhudk,fudk,f avQmhrajymygeJY? cGJpdwf wufaewJh wpfa,mufuawmif ajymaew,f? csif;awmifrSm

'DAD*sDa*s(DVGJ) vkyfvTwfvdkufwYJ vlemwpfa,mufudk awGUvdkYwJh? olwdkY q&mawGuawmif ajymw,fwJh?

csif;awmifuvnf; vmw,f? 'DAD*sDa*sudk 'DavmufcGJaMumif; ao;ao;av;uae oyfoyf&yf&yf

vkyfvTwfvdkufw,f qdk&ifawmh 'g csif;awmifvwfNidrf; vuf&myJ jzpf&r,fvdkY ajymawmh vlemu tYHMoNyD;

[kwfygw,f? q&mwdkYvnf; olYudk odaevkdYvm;vdkY ar;w,fwJh}

arxm;&Du tHhtm;oifh[efjzifh

][kwfvm;? 'geJYawmif bmvdkY cGJpdwfrwufvJ} [k 0ifar;onf/ acgif;om ukwfjyvdkufonf/

]pmusuf ysif;wmawmhvnf; r[kwfbl;? ckvnf; zwfae&wmyJav? 'gayrJh wpfckck txl;uk

wufvdkuf&if usefwm rvkyf&rSmvnf; ESajrmovdkyJ? tcku uav;vnf; ukcsif? rD;,yfom;zGm;vnf;

vkyfcsif? bmrSudk rvTwfcsif jzpfaewm}

vdIifu &,fí ]odygNyD? odygNyD? tvkyf avmbBuD;rSef;} [k qdkonf/

]wpfcgawmh jzpfzl;w,f? cGJpdwfuk wufcsifwYJpdwf}

]wu,f? b,fwkef;uvJ}

]csif;awmifrSmyJ? um;arSmufwJh vlwpfa,muf acgif;xdoGm;vdkY ]bm;[dk;}azmuf&wmav? r&bl;?

qHk;oGm;w,f? wpfnvHk; vkyfNyD;rS rdk;vif;cgeD; aowmqdkawmh NyD;vnf;NyD;a&m ajcypfvufypfaygh?

trSefawmh xdwm jyif;wmvnf; ygygw,f? 'gayrJh xHk;pHtwdkif;aygh ighae&mrSm ighxufawmfwJh

vlwpfa,muf&Sd&if &Sifcsif&SifrSmvdkY awG;NyD; pdwf"mwfuswmrsKd;av}

arxm;&Du MuHMuHzefzef[k qdkonf/

vdIifuawmh rodrom wdwfqdwfoGm;onf/

[kwfyg&JU/ odef;rdk;vnf; acgif;udk xdcdkufcJhao;onfyJ/ rqifrjcif ajymrdjyefNyD/ 'Dyg;pyfu/

aemifwjzifh rdrdyg wdwfqdwfoGm;cJhonf/

Ä



68

(12)

'kwd, trfbDbDtufpf tBuD;wef;ESpfu aq;ynmOD;pD;Xme ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf'dkif; abmvHk;NydKifyGJwGif

aq;wuúodkvf(1) abmvHk;toif; 'dkif;qk&cJhonf/ odkYaomf *dk;orm;jzpfol odef;rdk; wpfa,mufawmh

*dk;wdkifESifh acgif;aqmifhrdNyD; jyif;xefpGm 'Pf&m &cJhavonf/

owd&wpfcsuf? r&wpfcsuf jzpfaeaom odef;rdk;udk vlemwif,mOfay: ayGUwifMuawmh odef;rdk;\

vufwpfzufudk qkyfudkif&if; pdk;&drfBuD;pGm rdrd vdkufygcJhonf/

]udkvwf}

]oli,fcsif; ig&Sdw,f? raMumufeJY NidrfNidrfuav;ae? wdkY aq;½HkoGm;MurvdkY}

acR;ap;rsm; jyefaeaom odef;rdk;rsufESmudk vufudkify0gESifh okwfay;aeonf/ tpdk;&drf vGefaeaom

oli,fcsif;tkyfBuD; 0dkif;aeojzifh vlemwif,mOf aemufzHk; ydwfí r&/ q&mwpfa,mufu vltkyfBuD;udk

&Sif;ae&onf/

]rdvdIifa&m}

]igvnf; &Sdw,f odef;rdk;? NidrfNidrfuav; ae? igvnf; q&mr um;eJY vdkufcJhrSm}

rdvdIif toHuav; rarQmfvifhbJ teD;wpfae&mrS ay:vmí armhMunfhvdkufawmh rsuf&nf

pD;aMumif;rsm;ESifh wkef,ifaeaom rdvdIifudk q&mrwpfOD;u zufxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/

odef;rdk;u jyHK;í rsufvHk;jyefrSdwfoGm;onf/ acR;ap;rsm;u jyefvmjyefonf/

aemuf ....

]q&m av,mOfqdkufNyD}

wG,fcefYcdkif toHaMumifh ½kwfw&uf owd jyefvnfvmjyefonf/

][kwfvm;? at; qif;Mu&atmif}

vdIifESifh arxm;&Dvnf; vdkuf&yfMuonf/

]pma&;r,faemf? udkvwf jyefrSmvm;}

vdIifu wdk;wdk; ar;onf/ NyD;rS &,fí ]rajzeJY? rnmcsifbl; r[kwfvm;} [k ajymonf/

½kwfw&uf bmjyefajym&rSef; rod/ EIwfqGHUí oGm;jyefavonf/

aMomf? wu,fawmhvnf; EIwfqGHUoGm;rdwmudku tm;emp&m/

Ä



69

Mu,fpHkaomnü ao;odrfpGm &yfwefYjcif;

(1)

]q&m r&GwfeJYaemf? q&m &GwfwmawG uRefawmf onf;cHNyD; MunfhaecJhwm MumNyD? 'Dwpfcgawmh q&mhudk

uRefawmf ay;r&Gwfawmhbl;? uRefawmfhpum;udk q&m em;axmifawmh}

rEÅav;ol vufaxmuf q&m0efruav;u vufñdI;uav; waxmifaxmifESifh twnfayguf

a[mufaeonf/ rdrdxuf oHk;ESpfausmfi,fNyD; rdrdatmufwGif wm0ef xrf;aqmifaeolu onfavoHESifh

rdrdudk jyefajym0Hhonf qdkuwnf;u u½kPma'gaomom jzpfp&m&Sdonf/ xdku½kPm\

aemufuG,fwGif&Sdaom apwem xkxnfudkvnf; todtrSwf rjyKír&/

&,fusJusJESifhom vufavQmhvdkuf&onf/

}uJ oabmyg rEG,f&,f? rEG,f&JU trdkifEdk'&pfyf csdwfcsifvnf; csdwfawmh? wdkYuawmh cgwdkif;vdkyJ

bdk;vyfwpfvHk; xdk;NyD; aomufaq;eJY vdkufvdkuf&if tvkyfqufvkyfvdkY&r,f xifwmyJ? Munfhygvm;? wdkY

tckawmif pum;ajymaeEdkifwmyJ}

]oGm;prf;yg q&m&,f? pum;vHk; wpfvHk;eJY wpfvHk;Mum;xJ em;NyD; ajymae&wmawmif pdwfu

ravQmhao;bl;? uJ tpfra& trdkifEdk'&pfyfjyifawmh? q&mh tcef;xJrSmyJ csdwf&atmif? q&m q&mh½Hk;cef;rSmyJ

'Dn tdyfvdkufawmh}

xbDtjym0wf q&mrav;u acgif;ndwfí tcef;xJrS xGufcGmoGm;onf/

Ä



70

(2)

ajymawmhvnf; ajymp&m/

csif;awmif jyefa&mufNyD; aemufydkif; rdrd yef;ema&m*gu azmufvmonf/ &ifusyfaom tBudrfa&

rsm;vmonf/ rdrduawmh at;aom &moDaMumifh[k xifrdaomfvnf; rdrd\ wpfOD;wnf;aom vufaxmuf

q&m0efjzpfol a'gufwm,rif;EG,fuawmh aeYrtdyf nrtdyf tyifyef;cHrIrsm;ESifh aeYpOfaeYv,fpm

vGwfavh&Sdaom cGJpdwfrIrsm;udk tjypfwifavonf/

onfwpfBudrfwGifawmh cGJpdwfae&if;uyif qufrvkyfEdkifavmufatmif jzpfvmojzifh ]rEG,fa&?

ydwfay;vdkY &rvm;} [k zGifhajymí cGJcef;xJrS xGufcYJ&onftxd jzpfavawmhonf/

]&ifwkefao;vm; q&m}

,rif;EG,f\ ar;oHaMumifh yufvuftdyfae&mu ckwifab;odkY vSnfhMunfhrdonf/

]&ygw,f? ckrS ydkaeomoGm;wm}

q&m0efruav;u rsufapmif;vSvS wpfcsufxdk;onf/

]'Davmuf jzpfaewmawmif 'DaeY tdkwDudk ydkpfhykef;rvkyfbl;? uRefawmfjzifh cGJae&if;u ]qdkif&ifEdk;ppf}&wJh

vlemyJ jrifbl;ygw,f? cGJae&if; ]qdkif&ifEdk;ppf}&wJh q&m0efrsufESmuawmh wpfoufvHk; rSwfrSwf&&yJ}

cGJcef;oHk;rsufESmzHk; cRwfvdkufpOfu rdrdEIwfcrf;rsm; jymcsifcsif jzpfaeonf[k ,rif;EG,fu ajymcJhonf/

vuftdwfcRwfpOfu vufonf;rsm; jymaecJhonfuawmh rdrdvnf; owdxm;rdcYJonf/

]tdkwDuvnf; a<u;awG rsm;aewmudk; rEG,f&JU? apmifhae&wJhvlawG oem;ygw,f}

,rif;EG,fu EIwfcrf;plrvdkESifh &,fjyefonf/

]ta&;ay:awGrS r[kwfwm q&m&,f? csif;awmifvwfNidrf; jyefa&mufvmw,f Mum;vdkY jyHKqif;vmwJh

vlawGyJ? csif;awmifvwfNidrf; aeaumif;&if qufcGJr,f? aeraumif;&if em;r,f? vlyJ? puf½kyfrS r[kwfwm}

onfrdef;uav;ajymrSyif rdrdudk,frdrd ]aq;ukaompuf½kyf}tjzpf oabmxm;aerdcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;

twefi,f MumNyD[k &drfrdvmoa,mif/

]q&m i,fi,fuwnf;u 'DvdkyJ jzpfaeusvm;? 'DjymwJh txdaum t&ifwkef;u jzpfzl;vm;}

]touf ESpfq,fausmfrS pjzpfwm? omh'ftrfbDrSmyg? tJ'Dwpfacgufu qdkif,if;Ekd;ppf &w,f

ajymMuw,f? owdvpfaeawmh rodvdkufbl;? aemufywfwf0rf;rSm e,fuGif;qif;ae&if;u wpfcgjzpfawmh

jymao;w,f? aemufydkif;awmh &SLaq;av; rSefrSefOD;atmif ½SLawmh odyfrqdk;awmhbl;}

,rif;EG,fu oufjyif;csí ae&rS xonf/

]em;OD;av q&m? uRefawmf arG;cef;buf oGm;OD;r,f}



71

][dk ]pifwdk}oGif;xm;wJh rdef;r oGm;MunfhrvdkYvm;}

,rif;EG,fu EIwfcrf;pljyonf/

]q&m tck q&m0ef r[kwfbl;aemf? vlem? wjcm;vlemawGudpö 0ifrygeJY? udk,fh[mudk,f em;em;aeae

tdyfaeyg? uRefawmfwpfa,mufwnf; Munfhxm;vdkY &w,f? 'gyJ}

]aumif;ygNyDAsm}

Ä



72

(3)

vluom em;ae? vSJavsmif;aeaomfvnf; pdwfu wwd,ESpf trfbDbDtufpf ausmif;om;b0odkY

jyefa&mufoGm;onf/ rdrdyef;ema&m*g yxrOD;qHk; pwif cHpm;&aomESpf? ajym&vQifawmhvnf;

wwd,ajrmuf c&pörwfuyif ponf[k qdk&ayrnf/

wwd,ajrmuf c&pörwfwGifawmh rdvdIifu olYarG;aeYyGJudk olYtdrfwGifyif vkyfjzpf\/ rdrdESifhodef;rdk;

tygt0if oli,fcsif;tcsKdUudk zdwfMum;cJhonf/

rSefygonf/ odef;rdk;wpfa,muf aouHra&mufí toufraysmufcJh/ OD;aESmuftm½HkaMum

cGJpdwfukq&m0efBuD;u odef;rdk;\ nmbuf em;xif½dk;atmufwGif&Sdaom aoG;cJudk tcsdefrD cGJpdwf

z,f&Sm;EdkifcJhojzifh odef;rdk;onf ESpfvtMumwGifyif ausmif;jyefwufEdkifcJh½Hkru pmrSefrSef ul;ay;í

aq;½Hktxdvdkuf pmulusufay;wwfaom rdvdIifaMumifh 'kwd,ESpf trfbDbDtufpf pmar;yGJudk trsm;eJYtwl

atmifcJhNyD; wwd,ESpf trfbDbDtufpfodkYyif twl wufEdkifcYJonf/

][JY tvSL&Sif? aemufusvScsnfvm;}

rdvdIif tdrfwGif a&mufESifhaeaom rdef;uav; wpfOD;u qD;aemufawmh odef;rdk;u yg;pyfa&SUwGif

vufaxmifNyD; }&SL;} [kqdkum &,faeonf/

xdwfceJ &ifxJwGif jzpfoGm;onf/ arQmfvifhxm;NyD; tajctaewpf&yfayr,fh wu,fjzpfaeNyDvm;[k

awG;rdaomtcg &ifxJu odyf vufrcHcsifrd/ rkefYyGJwdkY vmcsonfhtcgüvnf; rdvdIifu tm;vHk;\

yef;uefxJodkY tkef;EdkY&nf avmif;½Hkom avmif;xnfhay;NyD; odef;rdk;udkawmh udk,fwdkif e,fz,fay;aeonfudk

jrifaevsufuvnf; ]r[kwfygapeJY} [k usdwfNyD; qkawmif;rdaeqJ/

]udkvwf eifa&m odef;rdk;qDu pm;&NyD;NyDvm;? wdkYawmh rpm;&ao;bl;}

yxr vSrf;aemufol rdef;uav;u qufaemufonf/ rdvdIifu acgif;iHkYí &Sufudk;&Sufuef; &,f&if;

vufokwfy0gESifh aumufaygufonf/ vufokyfy0gu rdef;uav;\ a&SUrS rkefYyef;uefxJ 0ifoGm;awmh

tm;vHk; 0dkif;&,fMujyefonf/

rdrd wpfa,mufom ryDrjyif a,mif0g;0g; jyHK;jy&if;u &,f&aumif;rSef; rodaom taetxm;ESifh

usef&pfcJhavonf/

]ckauR;aewmyJ}

]tr,f bmqdkifvdkYvJ? 'gu rdvdIifauR;wm}

]olauR;&if wdkYauR;ovdkyJ[m}

teD;uyf xdkifaeaom rdvdIif odef;rdk; vufarmif;udk &SufpEdk; qGJvdrfonf/

]a[Y rsufpd &Sufw,fa[Y}



73

ausmif;om;wpfOD;u vSrf;atmfpawmh t&SufBuD;aeaom rdvdIifu vufokyfy0g wpfxnfESifh

aumufaygufjyefonf/ aemufwpfa,mufuawmh [efYovdkvdkESifh ]a[Y wdwfwdwf pm;Muprf;yg? rif;wdkY

toHawGeYJ? em;azmufNyD; jzpfawmhrSmyJ} [k xyfponf/ tm;vHk;0dkif;&,fMuonf/

'Dwpfcgawmh rdrdvnf; vdkuf&,fjzpfonf/ &,f½Hk tjyifa&m bmrsm; wwfEdkifOD;rSmrdkYvdkYvJ/

Ä



74

(4)

tESpfESpf tvv pdwful;,Of wnfaqmufvmcJhaom om,mvSyonfh b0tdrfuav;\ 0if;wHcg;onf

aomhtxyfxyf cwfNyD;om; jzpfoGm;cJhavNyD/ 0ifvrf; vHk;0 r&SdEdkifawmh/ onftod onftawG;aMumifh

tonf;onf qwfqwfcgrQ cHpm;ae&onf/

onftawG;ESifhtwl acsmufcsm;zG,f&m trSefw&m;wpfckudkyg owdxm;rdvdkufonf/

odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIifwdkY\ tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif; jzpfygvsuf onfudpöudk tb,faMumifh rdrdaemufqHk;rS

od&ygoenf;/ &Sif;ygonf/ odef;rdk;tay: rdrd vufwpfvHk;jcm; ESvHk;om; vufOD;rI &,l&ef

MuHpnfcJhjcif;onf odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIifwdkY em;vnfrI &vdkufcsdefwGif bl;ay: ovdk ay: oGm;cJhíyif jzpf&rnf

r[kwfygvm;/

odef;rdk;u rdvdIifudk zGifhajymrnf/ rdvdIifu arxm;&Dudpöudk ar;rnf/ odef;rdk;u &Sif;jy&if;u rdrd

odaMumif; wdkifwnfrnf/ rdvdIifu tHhtm;oifhpGmjzifh rdrdu olYudk &Sif;rjycJhonfhtjyif rdrdudk,fwdkifuvnf;

olYtcspfudk awmif;cHcJhaMumif; ajymjyrnf/

onftcsdefwGif rdrd acG;jzpfavNyD/

wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;jcif; BuD;pGmjzifh &,farm aysmf&TifaeMuaom wpfwef;wnf;om;rsm;udk

ai;Munfhaerdonf/ wu,fawmh rdrdonf jrwfjrwfEdk;Edk; cspf&ygaom rdef;uav; wpfa,mufudk vufvGwf

qHk;½IH;vdkuf&½Hkomru xdkrdef;uav;ua&m? tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;wpfOD;ua&m txifao; ypfy,frIudk

cHvdkuf&awmhrnfrSm aocsmaeavNyD/

Ä



75

(5)

tjyefwGif odef;rdk;u ol aecJhOD;rnfajymNyD; vufxJodkY pmacgufuav; wpfck rodrom

xnfhay;vdkufonf/

ajcmufaoGU&Sif;vif;aom OD;0dpm&vrf;rwpfavQmuf a,mifcsmcsmwpfOD;wnf; vSrf;avQmufvmcJhNyD;rS

odef;rdk;ESifhtwl xdkifaeus tkwfcHkav;ta&mufwGif ajcypfvufypf 0ifxdkifNyD; pmacgufuav;udk

pdwfryghwyg xkwfzwfMunfhrdonf/

]oli,fcsif; udkvwf

wdkYudk cGifhvTwfyg? ½kwfw&uf rif;

b,fvdkcHpm;&r,fqdkwm rawG;&Jao;vdkY

wdkY rif;udk rajymjzpfao;wmyg?

wdkYaysmfaeMuwm rSefayrYJ

tcspfqHk;oli,fcsif; rif; 0rf;enf;ae&r,f

qdkwmvnf; wdkYarhvdkY r&Edkifao;ygbl;/

odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIif}

rsufvHk;wdkY jyma0oGm;cJhonf/

bk&m;a& olwdkY ighudk cGifhvTwfMuygvm;/ olwdkYuawmif jyefNyD; awmif;yefaeMuyga&mvm;/

olwdkYESpfOD;\ pdwfxm;jzLpif jrifhjrwfrIudk av;pm; aus;Zl;wif&if;uyif rdrd\ udk,f&nf udk,faoG;wdkY

wjznf;jznf; usKHU0if ao;odrfoGm;oa,mif cHpm;ae&\/

bk&m;? bk&m; ig tvum;aumif jzpfaeygayghvm;/

rnfolyJ odod? rodod? uJh&JU? uJh&JU? ruJh&JU? ruJh&JU/ rdrd\ twå? rdrd\ avmbwdkYonf rdrd\

pdwf"mwfESifh trltusifhwdkYudk tjrJ vTrf;rdk;aewwfonfrSm Mumygayghvm;[k ½kwfw&uf acsmufcsm;pGm

awG;rdonf/ onftwå? onfavmbwdkYaMumifh rdrd\ pdwf"mwfESifh trltusifhwdkY tjrJwrf; ñdI;EGrf;

ao;odrfaecJh&yguvm;[kvnf; awG;rdonf/

wu,fawmh twå\ tvdkqE´´wdkYonf twdkif;tq r&Sdpaumif;? jznfhí jynfhoGm;onf[lívnf;

r&SdEdkif/ vdkorQwdkYudk &atmif usm;ukwfusm;cJ BudK;pm;í b0udk &SifoefcsifolwdkY\ &v'fonf

onfaeYZmwfvrf;rsKd;udkyif tBudrfBudrf ujyae&rnfrSm aocsmvSpGm\/ wGif;wl;í &wem&SmoluJYodkYyif

vluom epf0ifoGm;onf/ b,fawmh em;&rnfvJrod/ b,fawmh &rnfvJ rod/

olrsm;bufuom wpfcsdefvHk; pOf;pm;í olrsm;qE´udkom wcsdefvHk; ulnDjznfhay;vdkaom olwdkYrSmum;

wGif;udk jyefjznfhay;aeaom olwdkYuJYodkY oufaomifhoufom &SdvSpGm\/ wl&Gif;wpfcsuf aumfwdkif;

aumfwdkif;rSm &v'fudk jrifae&onf/ yef;wdkifESifheD;vmovdk pdwfwuf<uí aeMurnfyif/

trsm;tusKd;udk rdrdtusKd;xufydkí pdwf0ifpm;wwfolwdkY\ vkyf&yfonf aqmif&GufNyD;cJhorQ tvkyf

atmifjrifNyD;cJhorQ &v'fwdkYudk ]enf;ao;onf? rvHkavmufao;} [kvnf; pOf;pm;aerdrnf r[kwf/



76

NyD;cJhorQudk tjrwf[k awG;í awmufy wuf<uatmifjrif aewwfMurnfrSm trSefyif/ onfvdk

Munfvifaom rsufESmuav;rsm;udkvnf; jrif&oltaygif;ucspfcif av;pm;Murnfyif/

tckawmh rdrdrSm olrsm;u cGifhvTwfygonf[k ajymonfhwdkifatmif onfrsufESmudk b,fem;

oGm;jy&rnfyif rodawmh/

axGjym; ½IyfyGaom tawG;trQifwdkYudk tprodrf;EdkifbJESifhyif ae&mrS a,mifcsmcsm x&yfí

aumif;uifjyifudk armhMunfhrdonf/

wdrfuif;pifí Mu,fa&mifpHk awmufyaeaom n\ aumif;uifjyifBuD;atmufwGif udkvwfqdkaom

rdrdonf ao;ao;uav;rS wu,fhudk ao;ao;uav;&,fyg/

Ä



77

(6)

wpfvcefY ausmif;rwufjzpf/ pmtkyfa[mif;qdkif aygufaph avQmufoGm;onf/ r[mAE¨Kvyef;jcH?

uefawmfBuD;wdkYvnf; a&mufjzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&Hvnf; tif;vsm;uefapmif;wGif oGm;xdkifonf/

nydkif;wGif tjcm;ausmif;rsm;rS oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh rMumcP qHkí t&ufaomufonf/ rl;vmvQif

rdef;uav;aqmifrsm;a&SU oGm;í *pfwmwD; oDcsif;qdkMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&Hvnf; oli,fcsif;wpfOD; tdrfwGif

pktdyfNyD; nvHk;ayguf zJ½dkufcsif½dkufjyefonf/

bmrS rvkyfcsifavmufatmif pdwfnpfaeonfh tcgrsKd;? odkYr[kwf bmrS rvkyfEdkifavmufatmif

aiGjywfaeonfh tcgrsKd;wGif a&Twd*Hkbk&m; &ifjyifay:&Sd aemifawmfBuD; apwDab; acsmifuav;wGif

em&Daygif;rsm;pGm wpfa,mufwnf; oGm;xdkifaejyefonf/

rdbrsm;u EdkifiHjcm;a&mufaecdkufrdkY twlwlaeol wpfOD;wnf;aom nDi,fu rdrd wckckjzpfaeNyDudk

&dyfrdonf/ odkYaomf rdrdudk rajym&Jonfu wpfaMumif;? rdrd\ qifajcwHkw&m;onf tcsdefwefvQif rdrdudk

jyefxdef;odrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfaejcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; bmrS zGifhrar;cJh/

odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIifuawmh ausmif;rwufonf avmufudkyJ &dyfrdonf/ olwdkYvnf; azsmif;zs

csifaomfvnf; pum;vHk; &SmawGU[efrwl/ wpfBudrfwGifawmh awmfawmf t½kyfqdk;oGm;onf/

armfvNrdKifrS oli,fcsif;oHk;OD; vdkufvmonfh n/

Ä



78

(7)

yxrawmh ukuúdKif; rD;yGKdifhteD;&Sd w½kwf pm;aomufqdkifwGif t&ufaomufMuonf/ awmfawmf

rl;oGm;MuNyD;aemuf ukuúdKif;rS rdrdtdrf&Sd&m OD;0dpm&vrf;odkY ajcusifavQmufjyef&ef pdefac:rdMuonf/

tiSm;um; pD;avmufatmif ydkufqH rusefonfu ponf[kxifonf/

OD;0dpm&vrf; tv,faumif&Sd opfyifwef;uav;rsm; ta&mufwGifawmh nuvnf; 10em&DausmfNyD/

opfyif wpfyifatmuf&Sd jrufcif;uav;ay:wGif vSJolu vSJ? xdkifolu xdkif/

onfrSmyif wpfOD;u tdwfxJrS ykvif;jym;uav; wpfvHk;xkwfay;onf/

]rD;awmuftppfuG? b,faumif cs&JvJ? &JwJhaumif cs}

ykvif;udk zrf;qGJvdkufonfudk owd&onf/ ]a[Yaumif udkvwf rvkyfeYJ? rif; wtm;rsm;aeNyD} [laom

atmfoHrsm;udkvnf; owd&onf/ vufrsm;u0dkif;í wGef;Mu qGJMuonfudkvnf; owd&onf/ armhcsvdkuf

rdonf rrdonfudk owdr&/

tarSmifwdkufu ydwfzHk;oGm;onf/

Ä



79

(8)

owd&vmawmh jrufcif;ay:wGif rdrd wpfa,mufwnf;/

oli,fcsif;rsm;udkvnf; wpfa,mufrS &SmrawGU/ vufuem&Dudk axmifMunfhawmh eHeuf5em&D/ rdk;yif

vif;awmhrnf/ vufpowfawmh vrf;v,facgif jrufcif;rSm wpfnvHk; tdyfaysmfaecJhonfudk;/

&Jywåa&mifeYJom awGUcJhvdkYuawmh wpfnawmh vdkuftdyf&rnfrSm aocsmvSonf/

0wfxm;aom tuÐsvnf; ESif;wdkYjzifh pdkpGwfaeonf/ ESm&nfuvnf; w&pyf ,dkpD;aeonf/

wu,fawmh xdknu oli,fcsif;rsm;vnf; trl;vGefí rdrdab;wGif tdyfaysmf aeMujcif;jzpfonf/

olwdkYEdk;csdefrSm rdrdudk EdI;r&ojzifh um;iSm;&ef vdkuf&SmaeMujcif; jzpfonf/ 'gudk rodaom rdrdu olwdkYudk

tjypfwif usdefqJí odyfrusefawmhaom c&D;udk qufvSrf;&ef jyifvdkufawmh ....

tm;ceJ atmfNyD; udk,fhajcaxmufudk udk,fjyefMunfhrdonf/ a0ghuif;&SL;udk cRwfMunfhawmh

t&nfMunftzkBuD; ESpfzk/ zdeyfaygufaeavNyD/ zdeyf cRwfMunfhawmh zkawGu ajcaxmuf ESpfzufpvHk;wGif

awGU&onf/ &SL; rpD;Edkifawmh/ pdwfysufysufESifh &SL;ESpfzuf\ oJBudK;rsm;udk yl;csnfí vnfyif;wGif

odkif;vdkufonf/ ajcAvmESifhyif uwå&mvrf;rwpfavQmuf tdrfbuf qufavQmufcJhonf/

eHeuf 5em&Dausmf jzpfojzifh aqmif;wGif; xHk;pHtwdkif; vrf;avQmufolwdkY BudK;Mum;? BudKMum;

xGufaay:vmMuonf/ zdeyfESpfzuf vnfyif;odkif;í ajcAvm avQmufvmaom rdrdudk olwdkYvdkyif

atmufarhMu[efwlonf/ vSnfhrMunfhMu/

e0&wf&dyfoma&SU ta&mufwGifawmh ajcvSrf; wHkYoGm;onf/

odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIif/

odef;rdk;u tm;upm;0wfpHk tjynfhESifh NydKifbD;uav;wGef;vsuf avQmufvmonf/ rdvdIifu

bavmufpfESifh vHkcsnfay:wGif tm;upm;*smuifuav; xyf0wfNyD; OD;xkyfaqmif;? uif;AwfzdeyfpD;í

ab;u avQmufvmonf/

][dwf aumifrav;udk vTwfvdkuf}

vufñdI;ESifh aoewfypfovdk csdefí vSrf;atmfvdkufawmh ½kwfw&uf vefYoGm;NyD;rS rdrdudkvSrf;jrifNyD;

&,fMuonf/

]vrf;avQmufxGufvmMuwmuG}

odef;rdk;u rvdktyfbJ ajz&Sif;aeonf/

]b,folu rif;udkrdef;r cdk;vmwmwdkY pGyfpGJaevdkYvJ}

][,f udkvwfaemf? taumifpkwf}



80

rdvdIifu &Sufudk;&Sufuef;ESifh ycHk;udk vSrf;xkonf/ &if;ESD;[efuav; <uif;usef aeao;onfudk

MunfEl;&rvdkvdk? aqG;jrnfh&rvdkvdk cGJjcm;í r&EdkifcJh/

]eifhtdrfudk nu odef;rdk; zkef;qufao;w,f? eif jyefrvmvdkY eifhnDav; pdwfylaew,fqdk}

]at;yg[? ig tckjyefawmhrSm}

]a[mawmh tckrS jyefrSm? nu eif b,frSmtdyfvdkYvJ}

pum; rSm;oGm;onfukd &dyfrdvdkufNyD; &,fusJusJESifh ]oli,fcsif;tdrfrSmyg? uJuJ qufavQmufMu? ig

jyefvdkufOD;r,f} [k a&mcsvdkuf&onf/

'gayr,fh aemufawmh olwdkY odoGm;Muonf/

od&onfh taMumif;&if;u xdknu rdrd zsm;onf/ nDi,fu tzsm;BuD;NyD; touf½IoH w&TD;&TD;

jrnfaeaom rdrdudk MunfhNyD; bmvkyf&rSef; rodojzifh odef;rdk;udk zkef;qufonf/ odef;rdk;u rdvdIifudkyg

ac:í a&mufvmonf/ nu twl rl;aom oli,fcsif; oHk;a,mufvnf; a&mufvmonf/ ajconf;

vufonf; jymESrf;p jyKvmí owd&wpfcsuf r&wpfcsuf jzpfaeaom rdrdudk MunfhNyD; acsmufcsm;pGmjzifh

oli,fcsif;rsm;u tjzpftysuftm;vHk; ca&apYwGif;us odef;rdk;ESifh rdvdIifudk ajymjyMuonf/

rdvdIifuawmh idkonf[k nDav; aemufawmh ajymjyonf/

odef;rdk;uawmh rdrdudk ayGUcsDí um;ay:wifNyD; aq;½Hk ta&;ay:XmeodkY ajy;avonf/

owd vpfaeojzifh tao;pdwf rodvdkuf&aomfvnf; xdknu rdrdtoufudk q&m0ef? q&mrwdkY

tawmf vkvdkuf&onf[k od&onf/

a&m*gowfrSwfcsufuawmh erdk;eD;,m; tqkwfa&mif a&m*gESifh tjyif;xefqHk; yef;em&ifusyfa&m*g

xjcif;/

rSefygonf/

wpfoufvHk; rjzpfcJhwJh yxrqHk;tBudrf jzpfaom &ifusyfjcif;&,fyg/

Ä



81

(9)

udkvwfqkdaom vli,fwpfOD;onf vlYavmuwGif r&Sdoifhawmhaomol wpfOD;[k ,lqrdonftxd

rdrdudk,fudk rdrd jyif;xefpGm rkef;wD;rdonf/

twåaZmjzifh opömrJhcJhrdonf/ vkyfaewkef;uawmh udk,fhudk,fudk taMumif;&if;yJ cdkifvHkae

oa,mifa,mif b0twGuf pDrHudef; trsKd;rsKd;udk rnfuJYodkY pdwful;,Of ajymif;vJ wGufcsufrdonfjzpfap?

rdvdIifudk rdrd\ cspfol ZeD;ae&mu xm;í pdwful;,Of MunfhcJhrdonfom/ aemufqHk;awmh a&SUavQmuf&rnfh

b0c&D;udk rdvdIifrygbJ ravQmuf0Hhawmhonftxd ydkifqdkifvdkpdwfu jyif;xefvmcJhonf/

onfydkifqdkifpdwfaMumifhyif onfvdkopömrJh rdjcif;om/

ao;odrfnHhzsif;aom twåorm; wpfOD;[k cspfolESifh oli,fcsif;u rpGyfpGJcJhonfhwdkif olwdkY\

cGifhvTwfrIu rdrdudk ydkrdkíacsmufcsm;zG,f&maumif;aom taetxm;odkY wGef;ydkYypfvTifhypfcJhonf/

b0udk a&pkef arQmvdkufawmhrnfhol wpfOD;/ zsif;nHhavvGifhaeol vlwpfOD;[k qHk;jzwfjzpfcJhonf/

udkvwf\ [efyef? udkvwf\ tajymtqdk? trIt&m? udkvwf\ p½dkufESifhtBudKuf? udkvwf\ ydkifqdkifvdkrI

rsm;tm;vHk;udk pGefYypf ajymif;vJEdkifatmif BudK;pm;cJhonf/ aemufqHk; wpfcgrS roduRrf;zl;ao;ol wpfOD;ESifh

pwif rdwfqufvQifyif ]armifvwfNidrf;}yg? ]a'gufwmvwfNidrf;}yg ponfjzifh rdrdudk rdwfqufNyD;

&if;ESD;wJhvlawGu udkvwfvdkY ac:ygw,f} [k b,fawmhrS ajymrjyjzpfawmh/

wpfenf;tm;jzifh qdk&vQifrl udkvwfqdkaom twåBuD;onfh aq;ausmif;om;wpfOD; csKyfNidrf;

aysmufuG,foGm;NyD; ]armifvwfNidrf;} xdkrS ]a'gufwmvwfNidrf;}ac: rdrd tusKd;ESifh rdrdudk,fudk b,fawmhrS

xnfhrpOf;pm;wwfonfh vl&G,fwpfOD;ay: xGufvmcJhoa,mif&Sdavonf/

]vwfNidrf;}taeESifh rdrdonf bmwpfckudkrS rydkifqdkifjzpfcJh/ rdrdb0 BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf&m

wdk;wufaMumif;wdkYudk bmwpfckrS raqmif&GufjzpfcJh/ odkYaomf vwfNidrf;b0ESifh usifvnfjzpfcJhorQ

jzpf&yftm;vHk;twGuf wpfcgrQvnf; aemifw r&cJhzl;yg/

cufonfu onfyef;ema&m*gaMumifh pdwfoGm;wdkif; udk,frygEdkifcJh/

wu,fawmh onfyef;ema&m*guvnf; ]udkvwf} ay;cJhaom ]vwfNidrf;}twGuf tarGr[kwfygvm;/

Ä



82

(10)

]q&m q&m}

ta0;BuD;u vdkvdk? teD;uav;u vdkvdk ac: oHwpfcku wdk;vdkuf? us,fvdkuf Mum;ae&onf/

tm;,lí rsufvHk;udk zGifhMunfhawmh rdrdezl;ay:rS acR;ap;rsm;udk vufudkify0gESifh okwfay;aeaom a'gufwm

,rif;EG,fudk jrif&onf/

]rEG,f bmvJ? wdkY aumif;ygw,f}

]raumif;bl; q&m? pum; rajymeJYOD;? q&m tckrSowd&wm? 'DrSm q&m acR;ap;awG wtm;

xGufaew,fqdkvdkY uRefawmf vmMunfhwm? q&mh ][wfwf&dwf}200 ausmfaew,f/ ]y&uf&Sm}vnf;

usaew,f? uRefawmf ]trdkifEdk}jzKwfvdkufNyD? tck ]*vl;udkpfh}xdk;aewm? q&mcP rSdef;aeOD;}

olajymrSyif rdrd\ jyif;xef vsifjrefaom ESvHk;oHudk rdrdbmom jyefowdxm;rdonf/ rsufpdydwfí

rSdef;vdkufawmhvnf; todpdwfu wpfcsufwpfcsuf rdkufceJ uG,faysmufcsifaejyefonf/

]rjzpfbl;xifw,f rEG,f/ olYudkvnf; &efukefydkYvdkY &rSmr[kwfao;awmh olY&efukeftdrfudkyJ tjref

taMumif;Mum;&rSmyJ/ wpfa,mufa,mufawmh vdkufvmrS jzpfr,fxifw,f}

olemjyKq&mruav;\ wkef,ifaomtoHtNyD;wGifawmh bmrS rMum;&awmh/

Ä



83

NydKusyJhygoGm;aom jrpfurf;yg;uav;rsm;

(1)

]q&m? q&m owd&&JUvm;? rsufpd zGifhjyygOD; q&m}

,rif;EG,f&JU toH/ bmjzpfvdkY idkoHygNyD; wkef,ifaeygvdrfh/ wufae&wmyJ/ ol ighudk twif;

EdI;ae&w,fqdkawmh igrsm; owdvpfoGm;ao;vdkYvm;/

olwdkY odyf pdwfylaeMuNyD/ ig wpfckck ajymrS/

yg;pyfudk BudK;pm;[vdkufonf/ bmrSef;rodaom ap;yspfyspf t&nfrsm; yg;pyfxJwGif tjynfh

&Sdaeonfudk owdxm;rdonf/

]qyf&Sif? qyf&Sif jrefjrefvkyfyg? 'DrSm cRJydwfaew,f}

,rif;EG,f toH ....

aemufawmh armfwmoH wdk;wdk;av;wpfck/

aemufawmh tarSmifwdkufBuD;u vdIif;wHydk;ozG,f a0gceJ 0ifa&mufvmonf/

Ä



84

(2)

vdIif;wHydk;/

[kwfyg&JU/ [dkrSm 0JuawmhBuD;/ ab;rSm odef;rdk; ,ufuef ,ufuefeJY/ odef;rdk; a&epfaewm/ 'Daumif

wjcm;tm;upm;om vkyfwm/ a&rul;wwfbl;/

]odef;rdk;? odef;rdk;}

wu,fawmh oli,fcsif; a,mufsm;av; wpfodkuf\ wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;pGm atmf[pfoHrsm; qlnHpGm

xGufay:vmojzifh urf;pyfodkY tl,m;zm;,m; ajy;qif;vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ a&mufa&mufcsif; a&v,fodkY

vSrf;arQmfMunfhpOfu a&jyifudk aea&mifjyefawmufaeonfudkom jrif&onf/ vludk rjrif&ao;/

]udkvwf? vkyfygOD;? odef;rdk; aysmufoGm;vdkY}

][m 'ku©ygyJ? tJ'DrSm pkyf0J&Sdw,f? q&mav;wdkYu 'Dae&mrSmrS a&qif;csKd;Muwmudk;}

toufBuD;BuD; vlBuD;oHaMumifh vSnfhMunfhvdkufonf/ urf;em;rS wHigonfBuD;rsm;yg

a&mufvmMujcif; jzpfonf/ aemufqHk;ESpf tydkif;(u) vlxkusef;rma&; uGif;qif;avhvm&if; rdrd? odef;rdk;?

rdvdIifwdkY tygt0if aq;ausmif;om;? aq;ausmif;ol&SpfOD; yifv,f0 jrpfurf;ab; onf&GmodkY

a&mufaeMujcif; jzpfonf/ rdrdu ypönf;rsm; ae&mcsaeqJwGif odef;rdk;wdkYtzGJY a&csKd; qif;oGm;onfudk

trSwfwrJh &SdvdkufrdcJh\/

]uJ BudK; &SmMua[Y? avSeJY xGuf&SmMur,f? awGU&if BudK;omypf? vlrqif;eJY? 0Ju ]uawmhcGuf} BuD;}

wpfa,muf wpfaygufESifh ajymqdkaeMuaom vltkyfBuD;udk wdk;a0SYí ausmif;olrsm; a&mufvmMuonf/

olwdkY txJwGifawmh rdvdIif? wqwfqwf wkefaeonf/ bmoHrQ rxGufEdkif/ ausmif;olwpfOD;u ab;rS

az;rí wGJxm;&onf/ rdrdudk tm;udk;wBuD; vSrf;Munfhaeonfh pdk&TJaom rsufvHk; wpfpHkudkvnf;

&ifqdkifvdkuf& ao;onf/ [kwfyg&JU/ tif;vsm;uefapmif; toufu,ftzGJYrSm aEG&moDwdkif; rdrd taysmfwrf;

vkyftm;ay;wwfonfudk rdvdIifESifh odef;rdk;om odonf/

]a[Y [dkrSm [dkrSm}

ausmif;om; wpfa,mufu xatmfonf/ vSrf;Munfhawmh rnf;ueJ vl&dyfudkom jrif&onf/ aea&mif

ajymif;jyefrdkY roJuGJvS/ vljzpfzdkYawmh rsm;onf/

]a[Y? a[Y q&mav;? roGm;eJY? 'Du BudK;ypfr,f}

wpfa,muf wpfayguf qlnHpGm wm;aeMuonfh toHrsm;onf aemufwGif &dyfceJ usefaecJhonf/

b,folrS rxm;EdkifcifrSmyif a&xJ ckefcsNyD; jzpfoGm;onf/

vl&dyf jrif&&mae&modkY acgif;axmif Munfh&if;u w&SL;xdk;ul;cwf oGm;onf/ odef;rdk; acgif;a&xJ

jyefrjrKyfcifrSmyif a&muf&Sd oGm;cJhonf/ pkyf0Judkawmh "m;vG,fckwfwGif jrif&onf/



85

odef;rdk;u qD;zufonf/ oifMum;xm;onfh yHkpHtwdkif; ½dkufz,fonf/ aemufwpfzuf ½dkufz,fonf/

toufu,foifwef;rS oifcef;pmudk pdwfat;at; xm;í jyefpOf;pm; ac:,lonf/ odef;rdk;\ ausmbufodkY

uyfonf/ nmcsKdif;atmufrS rdrd nmvufudk vQdKoGif;onf/ odef;rdk;\ aemufapY qHyifpudk qGJvdkufonf/

odef;rdk; ,ufuef,ufuef jzpfoGm;onf/ rdrdtm; rzufEdkifawmh/

onfawmhrSm urf;pyfqDodkY rsufESmrlí ajcudk pHkuef xGufvdkufonf/

odkYaomf? pkyf0Ju pí qGJaeavNyD/

Ä



86

(3)

BudK;p a&mufvmonf/ BudK;pudk rvGwfatmif qGJxm;vdkufawmh pkyf0JrS vGwfxGufvmonf/ onfodkYESifhyif

ESpfOD;pvHk; aouHra&muf oufraysmufbJ urf;odkY jyefa&mufvmMuonf/ ta&;ay: a&tefatmif jyKpkay;

tNyD;wGifawmh odef;rdk;vnf; owd vnfvmcJhonf/ rdvdIifuawmh uyfí csKH;yGJcs idk&Smavonf/

]awmfao;wmaygh? 'Dq&mav; taocHNyD; qif;qGJvdkY? BudK;&wJh tcsdefrSomqdk&if [dkq&mav;awmh

a&atmufu ajrBuD;xdaeNyD}

]taocH} [laom pum;wGif rdvdIif udk,fuav; wGefYceJ jzpfoGm;onf/ 'l;pHkaxmuf xdkif&if;u

tarmajzaeaom rdrdudk rsuf&nfvnf&GJESifh armhMunfhonf/ ]udkvwf&,f} [k toHrxGufbJ EIwfcrf;vIyfí

nnf;xGm;onf/ rsuf&nfwdkYu ydkí ydk;ydk;aygufayguf usvmonf xif\/

]idkp&mvm; rdvdIif&,f}

rdvdIifacgif;uav;udk rematmif rxdwxdvSrf;xdk;vdkufNyD; odef;rdk; ycHk;ay: vufwifí&,f&if; ....

]r&PzGm;? aorvdk ESpfcg&SdNyDaemf? owdxm;OD;}

odef;rdk;u jyHK;onf/ taysmfoabm oli,fcsif; oHk;a,muftwl aA'if oGm;ar;MupOfu rdrda&m

odef;rdk;yg r&PzGm;rsm;rSef; odcJh&zl;onf/

]rif;vnf; owdxm;OD; r&PzGm;? a&rTef;xm;wmeJY &ifjyefusyfaeOD;r,f}

Ä



87

(4)

xdknu wu,fyif &ifjyefusyfcJhonf/ w&TD;&DT; toHrsm; jrnfvmNyD; pum;rajymEdkifonftxd jyif;xefpGm

usyfcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ NrdKUe,f q&m0efu vmMunfhay;NyD; trdkifEdk taMumaq; xdk;cdkif;onf/ rdvdIifu

xdk;onf/

trdkifEdkaq;udk 10rdepfMumatmif jznf;nif;pGm xdk;&if;u rsuf&nf awGawGusaeaom rdvdIifukd

usefausmif;om; ausmif;ol ig;OD;u em;rvnfEdkifaom rsufESmrsm;jzifh 0dkif;MunfhaeMuonf/

]rdvdIif awmf [m? t"dyÜm,f r&Sdwm}

pum;rajymEdkifonfh Mum;u wm;,lcJh&onf/

]udkvwf pum; rajymeJY? tdyfaysmfatmif tdyfvdkuf? vdIifuvnf; udkvwf pdwfnpfatmif rvkyfeJYav}

odef;rdk;u rdvdIifycHk;udk zGzGzuf&if;u avoHESifh ajymonf/

rdrdwdkY oHk;OD;om em;vnfaom rsuf&nfwdkYudk ai;Munfh&if;u rdvdIif rsufESmuav; 0g;í

aysmufuG,foGm;avonf/

Ä



88

(5)

]bmajymvJ}

]wpfrdom;pkvHk; EdkifiHjcm;rSmwJh? c&D;pOf ygoGm;wmwJh? wpfywfavmuf Mumr,f ajymw,f?

olYtaz½Hk;u vufaxmufñTefrSL; a':arxm;&D qdkwmeJY ajym&w,f}

]'ku©ygyJ? b,fvdk vkyfrvJ}

]tJ'D trsKd;orD;u q&meJYvnf; &if;ESD;yHk&w,f? ajymwmeJY toHawGyg uwkefu,if jzpfvmwmyJ?

EdkifiHjcm;vnf; taMumif;Mum;ay;r,fwJh? olvnf; teD;qHk; av,mOfeJY uav;udk wufvmcJhr,fwJh}

]olvmr,f? [kwfvm;}

][kwfw,f rEG,f}

]olu bmygvdrfh? q&m tJ'Demrnf wpfcgrS rajymjyzl;ygbl;}

]rEG,f&,f? rEG,fq&mu bmrsm; ajymjyzl;vdkYvJ}

]at;av}

ajcoHrsm; w&Syf&SyfESifh a0;oGm;onf/ rdrd owd&aeNyDjzpfaMumif; vSrf;atmfí ajymjycsifaomfvnf;

xdkrQawmh tm;u r&Sd/

ar&D vdkufvmrnf qdkygvm;/

rSefygonf/ ar&DU taMumif;udk rdrd b,folYudkrS ajymrjyjzpf/ ajymjyvdkY aumif;aom

taMumif;t&mrsm;vnf; r[kwfyg/ wu,fawmh ar&DESifh rdrdonf rdrd tvkyfoif q&m0ef b0wGif

jyefvnfqHkawGU &if;ESD;cGifh &cJhonf/

wcsdefu ar&Dudk odef;rdk;\ cspfoltjzpf txif vGJcJhzl;ojzifh EIwfquf&rSm r0Hhr&J jzpfaeaom rdrdudk

ar&Duawmh &if;ESD;yGifhvif;pGm EIwfqufcJhavonf/

]orD; 'g tefu,fhom; vwfNidrf;wJh? tvkyfoif q&m0efqdkawmh a'gufwm vwfNidrf;aygh}

ar&Dudk tvkyf&atmif ulnDay;aom azazhudk ar&DU azaz olYoli,fcsif;u tdrfwGif npmpm;

zdwfonfudk vdkufoGm;&if;u qHk&jcif; jzpfavonf/

ar&Du rsufvHk;uav; ydwfatmif &,fonf/

]tefu,fu rdwfqufae? tefu,fhom;u 'DtdrfrSm c&pörwfawmif vmpm;NyD;NyD tefu,f&JU}

]a[ aumif;a&m}



89

onfodkYESifhyif &if;ESD;cJhMuonf/

&if;ESD;NyD; wpfESpfcefY tMumwGifawmh ESpfzufrdbrsm;u rdrdwdkYESpfOD;udk vufxyfay;csifaMumif;

ajymvmMuawmhavonf/

tvGefcsrf;omaom ar&D\ rdbrsm; trnfESifh &mxl;*kPfodef BuD;rm;aom rdrd rdbrsm;\ trnfonf

zdwfpmay:wGif tvGef wifhw,fpGm wGJzufrdMurnfrSm rSefaomfvnf; rdvdIif\ trnfudk ESvHk;om;ay:wGif

aoG;aygufaygufusatmif xGif;xkrdxm;aom rdrdu tjcm;rdef;uav;wpfOD;ESifh vufquf&ef b,fvdkrS

pdwful;Munfhí r&cJhyg/

ar&Dbufuvnf; rdrdtay:wGif MunfjzL[ef &SdaeNyD; 0wfpm;qif,ifyHk acwfqef[ef &dSaomfvnf;

pum;ajymMunfhonfESifh awG;ac: qifjcifwHkw&m; euf½Idif; xufjrufvSaom rdef;uav; wpfOD;rSef;

&dyfrdcJhonfjzpfav&m? aiGrruf? *kPfrrufwwfaom rdbrsm;\ rdef;uav;udk onfavmuf vdkvm;&jcif;

taMumif;&if;udkvnf; &dyfrd&jyefavonf/

&,fp&maumif;onfu onfvdk udpörsKd;twGuf wdkifyif&rnfh tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;onf wpfcsdefu

ar&D\ cspfoltjzpf txifvGJcHcJh&NyD; ,cktcsdefwGif rdrd wu,f cspfjrwfEdk;&ygaom rdef;uav;\ b0

vufwGJazmfavmif; odef;rdk; jzpfaeavonf/

rwwfEdkif/ odef;rdk;ESifhyif wdkifyif&ayrnf/

Ä



90

(6)

odef;rdk;u e,fpyf wpfae&modkY wm0efusí xGufcGgcgeD;qJqJ tcsdef? rdrdu {&m0wDwdkif;? jrefatmifNrdKUodkY

vufaxmuf q&m0eftjzpf cefYxm;cH&í xGufcGgcgeD;qJqJ tcsdefwGif oli,fcsif; ESpfa,muf Munfhjrifwdkif

qdyfurf; aAmwHwm;wGif &efukefjrpf\ ae0ifcsdefudk ai;&if; pum;ajymMuonf/

]ig wpfvavmuf Mum&if wpfacguf jyefvmr,f? jrefatmifudk wef;vmcJhr,f? rif; rdvdIifudk

enf;enf; apmifha&Smufxm;ay;yguGm}

]'g ]rSm}aer,fhudpö r[kwfbl; odef;rdk;}

odef;rdk;u &,fusJusJESifh ]at;yguGm} [k qdkonf/ rdvdIifu aqGrsKd;rsm;&Sd&m jrefatmifwGif

or0g,raq;cef; q&m0efvkyfonf/ vufaxmuf q&m0ef 0ifcGifhpmar;yGJ ratmifjrifao;/

xdknaeu odef;rdk;udk arxm;&DtaMumif; ajymjyjzpfonf/ odef;rdk;u tHhMo[efjyayr,fh rwkefvIyfcJh/

]igxifwmawmh rif; wpfa,mufa,mufudk OD;aESmufeJY a&G;cs,fr,fqdk&if ar&Davmuf oifhawmfwJh

rdef;uav; awGUzdkY awmfawmfcufr,f udkvwf? igajymwm ar&D csrf;omvdkY ajymaewm r[kwfbl;?

olYtawG;tac:eJY olYÓmPf&nf xufjrufrIaMumifh ajymaewm}

]tJoavmuf av;pm;ae&ifvnf; tpuwnf;u rif;BudKufvdkuf NyD;a&m}

pdwfwdkwdkESifh bkrIwfawmh odef;rdk;u &,fí ycHk;zufonf/

]oli,fcsif;&,f? rif; vdIifhudk b,favmuf cspfw,fqdkwm igem;vnfygw,f? tJ'Dtwdkif; iguvnf;

cHpm;cJh&wm? vdIifhtjyif wjcm;wpfa,muf b,ftcsdef b,fcspfEdkifrSmwJhvJ? tcku vdIifu ighudk

a&G;cs,fcJhw,f? uHMur®mu ar&DUudk rif;twGuf a&G;cs,fay;cJhw,f? ig rif;twGuf wu,fhudk

apwemoufoufeJY ajymwm? rif;udk iga&m vdIifa&m odyfcspfMuw,f? rif; 'DpdwfeJYvnf; wpfoufvHk;

rcHpm;apcsifbl;? 'DudpöawG arhNyD; wpfa,mufa,mufudk a&G;vdkufawmhr,f pdwful;&if ar&D[m

toifhawmfqHk;yJ oli,fcsif;}

wpfa,muf &ifwGif; wpfa,muf jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm;yDyD odef;rdk;u yGifhvif;pGm ajymavawmhonf/

oufjyif;om csí wdk;wdk;av; jyefar;onf/

]rif;wdkYu b,fawmhvJ}

odef;rdk; rsufarSmifMuKwfonf/

]bmvdkYvJ[? tquftpyfr&Sd}

]igajymvdkY rif; pdwfqdk;&if ighom qGJxdk;vdkuf? rif; yGifhvif;rSawmh igvnf; yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yJ

ajymcsifw,f? rdvdIifxuf t&if ig b,fawmhrS tdrfaxmifjyKzdkY pdwful;vdkY r&bl;? rdvdIif ighudk cspfcspf

rcspfcspf? igu ighudk,fig rdvdIifudk cspfaewJhvlvdkY owfrSwfxm;NyD;rSawmh rdvdIif a,mufsm;,lNyD;rSyJ ig

tdrfaxmifjyKzdkY pOf;pm;csifw,f? EdkYrdkYqdk&if ig? ighESvHk;om;udk igjyef rxDrJhjrif vkyfrdovdkBuD; jzpfvdrfhr,f}



91

odef;rdk; yxrawmh aMumiftrf;trf; jzpfoGm;onf/ NyD;rS &,fonf/

]igwu,fxdk;&if rif;aoawmhr,f? 'gayrJh rif;uvnf; ighudk xdk;&r,fh[mawG &SdaevdkY ig

rxdk;awmhbJ onf;nnf;cHvdkufawmhr,f}

]bmajymw,f}

]bmrS r[kwfbl;? 'DrSm 'Dudpö rif; pdwfat;at;omxm;? ig wpfvae&if vmcJhr,fvdkY ajymw,f

r[kwfvm;? tJ'g ig ighrdbawGyg ac:vmrSm? vdIifeJY vufxyfzdkY wpfcgwnf; pDpOfawmhrSm? 'Dawmh rif;

pdwfwHk;wHk;csNyD; ar&DeJY apYpyfwm vlBuD;awGudk acgif;ndwfvdkufawmh}

acgif;udk cgrdonf/

]rif;[mu jAKef;pm;BuD;ygvm;uG}

odef;rdk;u oufjyif;csí ae&mrS x&yfonf/ &efukefjrpfa&jyifudk ai;Munfhaeonf/ NyD;rS

vSnfhrMunfhbJ wdk;wdk;ajzonf/

]'gaMumifh rif;uvnf; ighudk xdk;p&m&Sdaew,fvdkY ajymwmayghuGm? igvnf; aemifw &ygw,fuGm?

rif;om ighae&mqdk&ifawmif 'Dvdkjzpf&ufrSm r[kwfbl;vdkY}

]bmvJuG? bmawG jzpfaewmvJ}

odef;rdk;u vSnfhMunfhí wdk;wdk;ajymonf/

]vdIifhrSm udk,f0ef&SdaeNyD}

]bmuG}

rsufpdxJwGif rD;0if;0if; awmufoGm;onf/ 0kef;ceJ ae&mrSxí odef;rdk;tusÐpudk qGJvdkufrdonf/

odef;rdk;u wdk;wdk;uav; qufajymonf/

]wu,fyguGm? udk,f 'Davmuf jrwfjrwfEdk;Edk; cspfwJh rdef;uav;wpfa,muftay: 'Dvdk BudKwif

tcGifhta&; r,loifhbl;qdkwm igvnf; odygw,f? rif;tck ighudk xdk;csifvnf; xdk;vdkuf? ig auseyfygw,f}

]awmuf}ceJ wufacgufí vTwfay;vdkufonf/

odef;rdk;u rdvdIif cspfol/ rdrdu tjyifvl/ Mum;0ifí pdwfqdk;cGifh b,fvdkrsm; &SdEdkifrSmwJhvJ/

]vdIifhtaz aeraumif;wHk;uGm? olYtaruvnf; aq;½HkrSm apmifh&w,f? igu vdIifhudk

tdrfjyefjyefydkYay;&w,f? olY taz tvkyfuvnf; em;vdkufcgp? usef;rma&;uvnf; awmfawmfraumif;? olY

rdom;pkxJrSmvnf; tqifrajywmawGu rsm;eJY? vdIifvnf; wrdIifrdIif wawGawGygyJuGm? igvnf; apmifh

apmifhaeay;&if;u}

]awmfygawmhuGm}



92

]at;yguGm? rif;eJYig Mum;rSm bmvQdKU0SufcsufrS rxm;csifvdkY&,f? NyD;awmh vdIifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk

od&if rif;u teD;uyf &Sdaer,fhvlqdkawmh ulnDEdkifatmifvdkY&,f ajymjywmyg? ckawmh olYtazuvnf;qHk;?

olYtaruvnf; jrefatmifrSm vdIifeJYvdkufaeaewm qdkawmh 'Dwpfacguf ighrdbawG ac:cJhNyD;&if

jrefatmifrSmyJ tm;vHk; pDpOfvdkufrSmyg? rif;vnf; ar&DeJY pDpOfp&m&Sdwm pDpOfvdkufawmhav}

onfvdkESifhyif rdrdESifh ar&D apYpyfjzpfcJhonf/ 'gaMumifhvnf; aemufqHk;wpfacguf jyefqHkMupOfu

ar&Du ]olpdrf;awGrS r[kwfwm} [k qdkcJhjcif; jzpfayrnf/

odkYaomf wu,fwrf;usawmhvnf; ar&DESifh vufrxyfjzpfcJhjyef/

Ä



93

(7)

]rdvdIif? pdwfudk cdkifcdkifxm;yg[m? ig tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif; wpfa,mufudk qHk;½IH;&NyD;NyD? eifwpfa,mufyJ

usefawmhw,f? eifhtwGuf ig pdwfrylyg&apeJY? eif pdwf"mwf cdkifrmw,fqdkwm ig pdwfcsyg&ap}

w,fvDzkef; wpfzufrS ½IdufoHoJhoJhudkom Mum;ae&onf/

]rdvdIif}

]at;yg[m at;yg}

idkoHyguav;ESifh ajzonf/

]eif olYtwGufom vkyfp&m&Sdwm tm;vHk; vkyfay;cJhyg? ighpdwfudk igEdkifygw,f}

]at;at; ig tJ'Duae jrefatmif wef;jyefvmcJhr,f}

Ä




94

(8)

rdvdIif {nfhcef;xJwGif wpfa,mufrsufESm wpfa,muf Munfhí Muufaoao &yfaerdMuonf/ rdvdIifu

pum;wpfcGef;rS ajymrxGufEdkif&Sm/ &if0wGif pum;tm;vHk;wdkY wpfqdkYaeav[ef/

ESpfodrfhí &Edkifaumif;aom pum;vHk;wdkYudk rdrdvnf; pOf;pm;ír&/

aemufqHk;awmh wqwfqwf wkef,ifaeaom rdvdIif\ teD;odkY jznf;nif;pGm uyfoGm;rdonf/

MuifempGm ayGUzufí tm;ay;csifpdwfu &ifxJwGif jynfhESufaomfvnf; rMumao;rDurS uG,fvGefoGm;aom

tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;\ cspfol ZeD;avmif; [lonfh owfrSwfcsufu wpfzufowf cspfaeqJ cspfolqdkonfh

owfrSwfcsufxuf BuD;rm;aejyefonf/

nmbuf ycHk;uav;udkom nmvufjzifh zGzGuav; qkyfudkifay;rdonf/ xdk vufzsHay:odkY

rsufESmtyfí rdvdIif idkavonf/ idkcsifoavmuf idkygap[kom wdwfqdwfpGm &yfí cGifhjyKxm;vdkufonf/

tidk pJawmhrS vufudkify0guav;wpfxnf xkwfay;vdkufonf/

rsuf&nfpwdkY woGifoGif pD;qif;aeao;aomfvnf; ½dIufoHwdkY Nidrfoufp jyKvmprSmyif rdvdIifu

wpfzufodkY vTJMunfhae&if;u wdk;wdk;uav; ar;onf/

]bmrSmoGm;ao;w,fwJhvJ [if? udkvwf}

]bmrS rSmvdkufEdkif[ef rwlygbl;[m? nudk owdvpf? reufapmapm qHk;wmyJwJh}

]vG,fvdkufwm[m}

rdvdIifu acgif;uav; rodrom cgonf/

]'Davmuf tzdk;wefwJh touf wpfacsmif; 'Davmuf tzdk;wefwJh vli,fwpfa,muf jzpfvmatmif

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ½kef;uef ysKd;axmifcJh&wm uHMur®m&JU rsufawmifwpfcsuf cwfpmyJ &Sdw,faemf}

bmjyefajym&rSef; rodí olYudkyif wdwfqdwfpGm ai;Munfhaerdonf/

vdIifu qufí &yfraeEdkifpGrf; r&Sdawmh[ef csmceJ vSnfhí aemufaz;cef;odkY 0ifoGm;onf/

oGm;idkayvdrfhOD;rnf/ 0atmif idkygap[laom todjzifh eD;&m ukvm;xdkifodkY ajcypfvufypf0ifxdkifrdonf/

eH&Hay:rS wdkifuyfem&DBuD;\ wcsufcsuf jrnfoHu wdwfqdwfaomtcef;udk BuD;pdk;íaeavonf/

aMomf r&PzGm; ESpfcg&SdNyD aorvdkY[k aemufajymifvdkufrdaom odef;rdk;onf oHk;cgajrmufwGifawmh

jyefrvmEdkifawmh&Smygvm;/

]udkvwf eifbmpm;cJhvJ? ig wpfckck vkyfvdkufr,fav}

rsuf&nfpwdkYudk pifatmif okwfNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; eD&JrdkYtpfaom rsufvHk;wdkYjzifh twGif;cef;

wHcg;0wGif &yfaeol rdvdIifu toHtuftufuav;jzifh ar;aejcif; jzpfonf/



95

½kwfw&uf bmu pajym&rSef; rodojzifh olYrsufESmuav;udk ,lusHK;r& oem;MuifempGm

ai;Munfhaerdonf/ olu ajcmufuyfuyftoHjzifh &,fonf/

]&w,f? ighudk pdwfryleJY? wpfvavmufawmh 'DvdkyJ owd&wdkif; idkae&OD;rSm? eif 'Davmuf c&D;a0;BuD;

um;pD;vm&wm? wpfckck pm;ygvm;}

]rdvdIif}

rxifrSwfbJ rdrdtoH us,foGm;onf/ ½kwfw&uf tvefYwMum; rdvdIifyg;pyf ta[mif;om;

jzpfoGm;onf/

]bmvJ [if udkvwf}

]odef;rdk; ighudk rSmoGm;w,f}

rdvdIif rsufESmuav; pdwf½IyfaxG;[ef ay:vmonf/

]bmvJ[? eif olYtoufudkrS rrDvdkufwm? bmudkvJ}

ajym&cufaom pum;twGuf oufjyif;cs&jyefonf/

]eifwdkY a&SUv vufxyfMur,f qdkwmudka&m?bmaMumifh csufcsif; pDpOfvdkuf&ovJqdkwmudka&maygh}

rdvdIifrsufESmuav; azG;ceJ aoG;qkwfoGm;onf/

EIwfcrf;tpHku wpfpHkwpfckudk xpfxpfaighaigh &Sif;jy&efjyifaeMuonf/

bmoHrSawmh xGufrvmEdkif&Sm/

Ä



96

(9)

{&m0wD jrpfa&jyifonf 0ifvkqJqJ aea&mifjcnfatmufwGif wzswfzswfcg vufíae\/ jrpfurf;yg;,Hudk

NydKrusap&eftwGuf umqD;zdkY wifxm;aom ausmufom;jyif eH&HBuD;\ xdyfzsm;&Sd jrufcif;jyifay:wGif

pufbD;uav; a'gufaxmufí ESpfa,mufom; xdkifrdMuonf/

ausmufavSum;xpfBuD;ESifh a0;vHaom ae&muav;jzpfí þae&mwGif oabFmwdkYruyf/ xdkYaMumifh

vlolvnf; r½IyfaxG;/ [dkta0;qDwGif ukefwifukefcs jyKvkyfaeMuaom armfawmfrsm;udk ai;armMunfh&if;u

wdk;wdk;uav; ar;vdkufonf/

]bmjzpfvdkY rjzpfEdkifwmvJ rdvdIif}

rdvdIifujznf;nif;pGm acgif;cgonf/

]uHMur®mu ighwpfa,mufwnf;udk &ufpufoGm;wmygudkvwf&,f? eifu rMumcif ar&DeJY vufxyfNyD;

eifhb0uav; eif wifhwifhw,fw,f jzpfatmif wnfaqmufawmhr,fhqJqJ? acgif;0ifvQdKNyD; tepfrGef;

rcHprf;ygeJY? NyD;awmhvnf; ig vufxyfjzpfcJh&ifvnf; tJ'g tcspftwGufyJ jzpf&r,fvdkY wpfoufvHk;

tcdkiftrm qHk;jzwfxm;wm eif pdwfrqdk;eJYaemf}

aqG;jrnfhpGm jyHK;rdonf/

]pdwfrqdk;ygbl;[m? eif ighudk rcspfbl;qdkwm ig tckrSod&wmrS r[kwfwm? NyD;awmh eifodyfcspfwJh

odef;rdk;&JU &ifaoG;udk ighudk taz rac:apcsifwmvnf; obm0 usygw,f}

ajymvufp pum;udk &yfí ausmufurf;yg;,HBuD;udk vufñdI;xdk;jyvdkufonf/

][dkrSmMunfhprf; rdvdIif]

rdvdIifu aMumiftrf;trf;ESifh vSrf;Munfhonf/

]wdkYb0awGu t&G,fuav;vnf; a&mufvma&m? aysmfp&muav;awGu enf;enf; vmvdkufwm? [dk

jrpfa&wdkufpm;vdkYyJhyJh ygoGm;wJh ajrom;urf;yg;jyifvdkygyJ[m? igvnf; b0rSm tqifb,favmufyJ ajyajy

aysmfae tm;&aewmrsKd;awmhvnf; rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;[? 'gayrJh eifhb0rSm urf;yg;NydKovdk

jzpf&r,fhta&;rsKd;rSm tck jrifae&wJh ausmufurf;yg;,HBuD;vdk 0ifNyD; umuG,fay;vdkufEdkifwJh tcGifhta&;rsKd;

wpfoufrSm wpfcgawmh &zl;csifw,f[m? tJ'D tcGifhta&;om &cJhr,fqdk&if aemif ighb0rSm bmaysmfp&mrS

jzpfrvmcJh&ifawmif ig eifhtwGuf 'Dvdk vkyfay;vdkuf&zl;w,f qdkwmudk wpdrfhpdrfh jyefawG;NyD; ig

aowJhtxd MunfEl;oGm;csifw,f}

EIwfcrf;vSvSuav;wdkY wpfpHkwpfckudk txpf txpf ajym&ef BudK;pm;vmMujyefonf/

]aeOD; rdvdIif? eifrajymeJYOD;? igqufajymr,f? igeJY q&mr,fvuGefu wpfzuf? [dktkyfpkuwpfzuf

jyóemawG wufMuwm eifodw,f r[kwfvm;}

toHwdwf acgif;ndwfjyNyD;rS ]ig wm;om;yJ} [k wdk;wdk;ajymonf/tom&,fí ....



97

]rSefw,fxif&if ravQmhwwfwm eifvnf; od&ufom;eJY tckawmh [dkvlvnf; jyKwfNyD? igwdkYudkvnf;

vlpkuGJNyD? q&mr,fvuGefu csDaAG? igu csif;awmif 'DvxJ oGm;Mu&awmhrSm}

pdk;&drf[ef rsufESmuav; ay:vmonf/ ]eif b,fvdk vkyfrvJ} [k ar;onf/

]at;? 'DrSm eifeJY igeJY vufxyfMur,f} [efaqmif vifr,m;aygh[m? tefwDhudkyJ trSefudkay;odr,f?

vlawG rar;&atmif cPaejyNyD;&if ig csif;awmifoGm;r,f? wpfcgwavvnf; cGifheJY jyefvmawGUr,f?

arG;cgeD;&ifawmh eif 'Dtvkyfu xGufvdkuf? &efukefrSm vmarG;? uav;rsufESm jrifNyD;avmufusawmh ig

uGmay;r,f}

rdvdIifu acgif;udk jyif;xefpGm cgonf/

]bmjzpfvdkYvJ}

]eif ajymwm odyf pdwful;,OfqefvGef;w,f? ar&DUudk b,fem; oGm;xm;rvJ}

]ar&DUb0u NydKusr,fh urf;yg;rS r[kwfwmuGm? olYvrf;ol qufavQmufrSmaygh}

]eifhb0usawmha&m}

ajcmufuyfuyf toHESifh [uf[ufyufyuf &,frdonf/

]igh b0urf;yg;u NydKusNyD;oGm;wm Mumyga&mvm; rdvdIif&,f}

rdvdIif bmjyefajym&rSef; rod/ qGHUtoGm;onf/

[dk;ta0;rSmawmh ausmufurf;yg;BuD;onf {&m0wDjrpf\ twGef;twdkufudk MuHhMuHhcHaeqJ/

Ä



98

BudK;Mum0dnmOf

(1)

]uRefawmf a'gufwmvwfNidrf;ESifh uRefr a'gufwmoG,fpkvdIifwdkYonf tdrfaxmifr&Sd vlysKd?tysKdrsm;

jzpfMujcif;udk toD;oD; 0efcH ajymqdkMuNyD;aemuf wpfOD;udk wpfOD; jrwfEdk;pHkrufonfh tm;avsmfpGm}

rdrd cspfaomolESifh wpfoufvHk; onfodkY &Gwfqdk Edkifvdrfhrnf[k rarQmfvifhxm;cJh&mu wpfckaom

we*FaEGaeYwGif jrefatmifNrdKUe,f w&m;½Hk;ü onfodkY oHNydKif &GwfqdkcJhMu&zl;aMumif;udkvnf; jyefajymif;

owd&rdae\/

MunfEl;p&m tajctaersKd; r[kwfonfudk odpdwfu odaevsufESifh tvdkufrodwwfaom &ifu

wdwfwcdk; xckefjzpfonfudkvnf; trSwf&rdao;onf/

]udkvwfNidrf;? cifAsm; awmfawmf qdk;wJhvlAsm? uRefawmf 'Davmuf cifAsm;eJY wGJaewmawmif cifAsm;

vQdKxm;w,f? 'Daumifrav; ajymif;vmuwnf;u tJ'g uRefawmfh &nfpm;AsvdkY ajymxnfhvdkuf NyD;a&m}

q&m r,fvuGefu yGifhvif;pGm usDp,fonf/ rdvdIif rsufESmuav; rodrom ysufoGm;ojzifh

olYvufuav;udk vSrf;qkyfudkifí cyfzGzGuav; ñSpfay;vdkuf&onf/

xdkYaeYu rdvdIif? olYararESifh rdrdwdkY oHk;OD;ae&ef iSm;xm;aom tdrfuav;ay: twufwGif pwwf?

aemufwwfaom q&marmfvuGefwdkY\ a&TBudK;udk cJzdk;jzifh z,f&Sm;cJh&ao;onf/ vlr&dyfrdap&ef

r*Fvmtcrf;tem; tuste jyifqifxm;ayrJh xdktcef;wGif rdvdIifESifholY ararom tdyfcJhNyD; rdrduawmh

rdvdIiftartcef;[k trsm;odaom tcef;wGif oHk;&ufaecYJonf/ NyD;awmh csif;awmifodkY ajymif;jzpfcJhonf/

arxm;&Dudkawmh BudKwif aqG;aEG;cJh&onf/ rdrd ajymorQudk ESpfem&DcefY wpfcGef;rS jyefrajymbJ

em;axmifaeaom arxm;&D rsufESmuav;u ai;ai;idkifidkif&,fyg/ NyD;awmhrS ....

]q&m EdkifiHjcm;u tazeJY tarudk 'gawG ajymjy raeeJYawmhav? q&mwdkYvnf; uav;arG;NyD;&if

jyefuGmMuOD;rSmqdkawmh jrefatmifu vlawGyJ todcHNyD; usdwfvkyfvdkufygvm;}

]uRefawmfwdkY 'DoDwif;uRwf vufxyfr,fvdkY olwdkYu odxm;wm usawmha&m}

ar&Du cyfajcmufajcmuf &,fonf/

]'gu uRefrbufu wpfzufowf pDpOfvdkY &ygw,f? uRefrtdrfu uRefr wpfcGef;yJ? EdkifiHjcm;uvnf;

oGm;p&m &Sdao;vdkY? jyefrvmrcsif; tdrfaxmifa&;udk rpOf;pm;csifao;vdkYayghav}

tm;empGmjzifh aus;Zl;wifrdonf/

]apYpyfwmawmh zsufaMumif; q&mhrdbawGudk uRefrrdbawG vSrf;ajymcdkif;vdkufr,faemf}



99

]cifAsm? aMomf [kwfuJY}

]txifrvGJygeJY q&m? q&mhudkpdwfuGufvdkY ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? q&m bmrqdk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf

tjrJ qHk;jzwfEdkifatmif zGifhxm;ay;wJh oabmyg}

em;rvnf/

]uRefawmfu bmudk qHk;jzwf&OD;rSm rdkYvdkYvJ}

ar&Du oJhoJh &,fjyefonf/

]xm;ygawmh q&m&,f? q&m vdIifhudk cspfovdk pdwfrsKd;eJY ar&DUudk cspfr,fhvl r&Sdwmawmh

ar&DUuHw&m;yJvdkY oabmxm;yghr,f? q&muom avmuBuD;rSm tJoavmuf pGefYvTwfNyD; cspfwwfwJhvl

q&mwpfa,mufwnf; &Sdw,fvdkY xifrxm;ygeJY}

ya[Vdrsm;pGmudk xm;í arxm;&Dudk ausmcdkif;cJhavonf/

rdvdIifESifh qufqHa&;uawmh vltrsm; r&dyfrdap&ef ]udkvwf} ]vdIif}[k ajymif;vJ oHk;EIef;

cJhMuonfrSty tcspfqHk; oli,fcsif;rsm;xuf ydkrvmcJh/

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumcJhNyD; onftcsdefwGifawmh rdrdu csif;awmifwGif udk,ftkyfcsKyfaom aq;½HkwGif

jyefwufae&aom vlemjzpfaeNyD; ]vdIif}a&m? ]arxm;&D} a&muawmh &efukefwGif usifvnf aeMuavonf/

aMomf? [kwfom;yJ/ arxm;&D vdkufvmrnf[k ajymxm;om;yJ/

reufjzef av,mOfESifh ygvmrnf xifonf/

wu,fawmh rdrduvnf; oufompawmh jyKaeavNyD/

]bm oufomwmvJ q&m? awmf awmf? tvkyfjyefvkyfzdkYawmh vHk;0 pdwfrul;eJYOD;? 'DtcsdefrSm

uRefawmfu q&mh q&m0ef? uRefawmf cGifhrjyKbl;}

a'gufwm ,rif;EG,fu twnfayguf a[mufcJhao;onf/

]at;yg? rEG,f&,f? q&muvnf; rEG,fudk tdrfjyefem;ygvdkYyJ ajymwmyg? 'DaeY &moDOwkuvnf;

awmfawmf qdk;aew,f? rEG,fuvnf; aq;½Hk vmtdyfwm rsm;aeNyD? wpf&ufwav tdrfjyeftem;,laygh?

vlemvnf; pdwfyl&wmrsKd;rS r&Sdwm}

tawmf ajym,lawmhrS rEÅav;ol q&m0efr vufcHawmhonf/ 'gawmif olemjyK q&mruav;udk

vSnfhí ]vlem ta&;BuD;&if &moDOwk qdk;vnf; uRefawmfhudk &atmif vmac:aemf? q&mhudk oGm;rajymeJY?

q&m rxapeJY} [k rSmaeao;onf/

]&w,f rEG,f? pdwfcsjyef? arG;vlemvnf; wpfa,mufyJ&Sdw,f? tdkaurSmyg}

a'gufwm ,rif;EG,f jyefoGm;awmh taMumaq; wef;vef;ESifhyif wa&;tdyfjzpfonf/

Ä


jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmifzdk&rf 100

(2)

]udkvwfa&? udkvwf}

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vufwpfzufESifh rsufvHk;udk xyfyGwfMunfhrdonf/

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rdrdckwifwGif wifykvTJ xdkifaeygvm;/

]odef;rdk;? oli,fcsif;? rif; aoNyDqdk}

odef;rdk;u toHrxGufatmif &,fonf/

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&ifqdkifcJhwmyJ? r&dyfrdao;bl;vm;}

pdwf½IyfpGmjzifh acgif;cgjyrdonf/

]tck ig aooGm;wmrsm;vm;}

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wcsKdUvlawG uHaumif;aeao;vdkY rif; raowm}

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onfwpfcgawmh rdrd &,frdonf/

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odef;rdk;&ifaoG;rdkY vdIif ESajrmwornfrSm trSefyif/ onfuav;twGuf rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf;

wnfaqmufvkqJqJ b0wpfckESifh &if;ESD;vdkuf&ayr,fh rdrdb0udkawmh rdrd trSwfw&odyfr&SdvS/ odef;rdk;ESifh

vdIiftwGufom pdwfraumif;jzpfrdonf/



]rif;udk vdIifu pmcsKyfawmif;vdkYvm;}

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odef;rdk;u jyHK;í acgif;cgonf/

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ay;cJhw,f? vdIifuvnf; rif; wpfjcrf;wnf; vufrSwfxdk;xm;wJh pmcsKyfudk bmrS rvkyfbJ tHqGJxJudk

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&dyfrd&JUvm;}

pdwf½IyfpGmjzifh rsufarSmifMuKwfrdonf/

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]tJ'gu rif;u olYtcuftcJudk ajz&Sif;ay;zdkY vufxyfr,fhqJqJ ajymcJhwmav? rif;udkol rcspfbl;vdkY

ajymcJhwmrS r[kwfwm}

][kwfygw,f? 'gayrJh ighudk rcspfbl;vdkY ajymcJhNyD;om;av}

odef;rdk;u acgif;cgonf/

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wpfoufrSm wpfcgysufoGm;NyD;&if jyefjzpfzdkY r&awmhwJh xl;qef;aom t&mBuD;vdkY cH,laewkef;yJvm;?

NyD;awmh vdIifu aq;ausmif;om; udkvwfudk rcspfcJhwm? q&m0ef a'gufwm vwfNidrf;eJY aq;ausmif;om;

udkvwf&JU toGifa&m tESpfa&m wlvdkYvm;? rif; enf;enf; owdxm;Munfhrd&if &dyfrdzdkY aumif;wmawG

trsm;BuD;&Sdaew,faemf a[Yaumif}

bk&m;a&/

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rsufESmuav;/

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NyD;awmh ....

yxrOD;qHk;tBudrf csif;awmifrS jrefatmifodkY cGifhjzifhjyefvmpOfu ....

Ä



(3)

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vdIifhararu at;csrf;pGm jyHK;onf/

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]vdIifa&m aeaumif;&JUvm; tefwD}

]aumif;w,f om;? [dkrSmav}

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owdxm;rdonf/ vdIifu ycHk;av;usKHU vufydkuf&if;u tjyHK;jzifh csOf;uyfvmonf/ aysmfwwfaom NrdKUe,f

or0g,rvlBuD;u us,favmifaom toH0gBuD;jzifh vSrf;ponf/

]q&mES,fhAsm a':oG,fpkvdIifu q&mvmr,fqdkNyD; arQmfaewm ckavmufqdk a&wif oHk;cgcsKd;NyD;NyD?

rjrifbl;qdkawmh tif; q&mawmh cg;ukef;NyD}

rdrdvufqGJtdwfudk qGJay;xm;aom or0g,r pma&;vli,fuav;u ]bmvJ tpfudkBuD;&?cg;u

bmvdkY ukef;&rSmvJ} [k 0ifar;onf/

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tm;vHk; &,fMuawmh vdIifvnf; &Suf&,f&if;u acgif;udkiHkonf/ ykcHk;xyfusKHUonf/

]csrf;aewmvm;[if}

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&yfxm;&modkY avQmufoGm;ESifh aeMuonf/

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tay:qHk;wGif tqifoifh wifxm;aom odk;arG;qG,fwmuav;udk xkwfvdkufonf/

]tawmfyJ? 'g vdIifhtwGufav}

vdIifu £a`E´&&uav; jyHK;&if;u jyefar;onf/

]odyfvSwmyJ awmfawmf ay;cYJ&rSmaygh}

]udkvwfu qif;&Jom;yJ? odyf ay;&&if b,f0,fEdkifrSmvJ? wpfcgwnf; 0wfvdkufav}



tjyHK;uav;ESifh acgif;ndwfonf/ vufydkufudkrl rjzKwf? ykcHk;u usKHUxm;qJ/ awGa0pGmjzifh

taEG;xnfuav;udk udkif&if;u vdIifhrsufESmuav;udk ai;Munfhaerdonf/ vdIifu rsufvTmcsonf/

onfawmhrS t"dyÜm,fudk &dyfrdNyD; usKHUxm;aom ykcHk;ESpfzufay:odkY odk;arG;qG,fwmudk vTrf;í

wifay;vdkufonf/ rdrdxHrS ESif;aiGUjzLwdkYvTrf;aom xGufoufavonf vdIifhem;o,fqHpuav;rsm;tm;

wdk;a0SYoGm;MuaMumif; owdxm;jzpfatmif owdxm;rdvdkufao;onf/

&ifuawmh aEG;axG;pGm ckefaecJhonf/

Ä



(4)

]vdIifu ighudk oli,fcsif;vdkyJ cspfcJhwmvdkYyJ tjrJ ,lqxm;cJhwmuG}

odef;rdk; acgif;cgonf/

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wG,fwmwmuG? wG,fwmwm? tjrJ jrifaecsifwm? tjrJ twl&Sdaecsifwm? aumif;wmav;awGyJ jzpfatmif

az;ray;aecsifwm? tJ'gawG[m bmpnf;rS r&Sdbl;? igvnf; vdIifhudk oli,fcsif;vdkyJ cspfcJhwmvdkY

udk,fhudk,fudk xifcJhwm? tJ'D pdwfuav; &ifhvmawmh cspfoljzpfcsifvmcJhwm? vdIifvnf; ightay:rSm

tJovdkyJ jzpfcJhw,f xifwmyJ? at;? rif;tay:rSmvnf; twdkif;twm wpfckxdawmh &SdcJhrSmyJ}

pdwf½IyfpGmjzifh acgif;cgjyonf/

]vlESpfa,mufpvHk;udk cspfzdkY jzpfEdkifyghrvm;uG}

odef;rdk;u ae&mrS xonf/

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vufawGUb0eJY vdkufavsmnDaxGatmif xdef;uGyfNyD; oHk;xm;vdkYom vSvSyy &Sdaewmyg? bmyJjzpfjzpf

ckcsdefrSmawmh rif; olYab;uae wpfcsdefvHk; cGmxGufaewm vdIif odyf pdwfqif;&J&SmrSmyJ]

]rif; ajymovdkawmh ighudk t&dyft>rufawmif rjyygbl;uGm}

]jyrvm;uG? olYbufrSm tm;enf;csufeJY tm;i,fae&wm? rif;bufrSmvnf; arxm;&Dvnf; bmrS

rqdkifawmhbl;}

odef;rdk;u &,fonf/

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]vmjyefNyD}

odef;rdk;u &,fonf/

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&SdrSmayghuGm? at; reufjzef arxm;&D vm&ifom ar;Munfh? vdIifhudk rif; aeraumif;wm ajymjycJh&JUvm;vdkY?

rajymjycJhbl;qdk&if ol rif;udk cspfaewkef;yJ? aocsmNyD}

]ajymjycJh&ifa&m}

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]bmvJ}



]ajymjycJh&ifawmh reufjzef av,mOfeJY a&mufvmr,fh rdef;uav;[m arxm;&D rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;? vdIifyJ

jzpfvdrfhr,f}

odef;rdk; ½kwfw&uf tarSmifxJwGif aysmufuG,foGm;onf/

Ä



(5)

zswfceJ tdrfrufu vefYEdk;vmonf/

tdyf&mEdk;vm&wmESifh rwl/ acgif;wpfckvHk; Munfvifaeonf/ tdyfcsifpdwf idkufrsnf;pdwf pdk;pOf;rQ r&Sd/

ywf0ef;usifwGifawmh tarSmifxku BuD;pdk;aeonf/ tjyifbufu rdk;BuD;avBuD; &Gmcsaeojzifh vQyfpD;

wpfcsuf wpfcsufvufvQifom tcef;xJwGif vif;ceJ wpfcsuf wpfcsufjzpfoGm;onf/

bm odef;rdk;rSvnf; r&Sd/

aMomf igpdwfa&m vlyg odyfyifyef;aeNyD xifw,f/

ESpfESpfjcdKufjcdKuf tdyfaysmfoGm;rdíom acgif;u Munfvifaejcif; jzpfrnf/ wpfoufvHk;u awG;cJhaom

tawG;? cHpm;cJh&orQaom cHpm;csuf tm;vHk;wdkYudk tdyfrufxJodkY xnfhí rufypfvdkufjcif;ygay/ odef;rdk;u

tqpf 0ifygvdkuf&ao;onf/

wpfa,mufwnf; &SufjyHK;jyHK;rdjyefonf/

vdIifuvnf; udk,fhudk cspfaeowJhav/ awmfawmf jzpfcsifwJhbuf vdkufNyD; rwfwwfwJhtdyfruf/

aemufwpfacguf jyeftdyfypfvdkufzdkYawmif aumif;ao;&JU/ odkYaomf acgif;u odyfMunfvifaeacsNyD/

&ifuvnf; rodrom usyfcsifovdkdvdk/

armhMunfhawmh trdkifEdkzdkifvif; xnfhxm;onfh taMumaq;ykvif;u ydkufxJtxd t&nfcef;aeNyD;

&yfwefYaeaMumif; awGU&onf/

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aemufqHk;awmh &SLvnf;&SL? taMumaq;vnf; qufrnf[k qHk;jzwfonf/

ckwifab;odkY ,lxm;aom cgwdkif; pm;yGJay: wifaeus vlac: acgif;avmif;uav;udk ESdyfvdkufonf/

ajcoH wcRwfcRwf Mum;&NyD;aemufwGif tcef;rD; zswfceJ vif;oGm;onf/ aq;½Hk tvkyform;uav;

0ifvmonf/

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q&m0efpdwfudk aoewfarmif;uGif; ñSpfcsvdkufovdk cHpm;&\/

]a[ awmfawmf MumaeNyDvm;}



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tck xGufrvdkY[m? tjyifrSm rkefwdkif;u wtm;jyif;aew,f? aq;½Hkaxmifhu vufyHyifawmif usKd;usoGm;NyD}

]'Drdk;eJY rif;u oGm;Edkifawmha&m rEG,fu b,fvdk vdkufrvJuG? ig &SdaewmyJ[m? uJ t&ufjyef

ykvif;ay;? 'DydkufjzKwfNyD; oGm;Munfh&atmif}

Ä



(6)

]tck ]qifwdk} u b,favmuf jzpfaeNyDvJ}

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tjrifhBuD; vdkao;w,f}

]tufzftdwfcsftufpf ua&m}

]vGefcJhwJh em&D0ufuawmh 0rf;tdwfwD; q&m}

]uJ x&rf;yufay;}

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axmufNyD; tajcbufwGif em;udk uyfvdkufonf/

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wD;cwfvdkufouJYodkY &dSavonf/

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0ifaeNyD}

q&mru wHkYqdkif;qdkif; jzpfoGm;onf/

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]uRefawmf aumif;ygw,f? tck ½SLaq;vnf; ½SLxm;w,f? 'Drkefwdkif;eJY b,fvdkvkyf oGm;ac:rvJ?

vmyg zGifhMu&atmif}

Ä



(7)

cGJcef;0wfpHk 0wfNyD; vuftdwf pGyfaecsdefwGifawmh rdrdtouf&SLoHu w&TD;&DT; pjrnfonf/ acgif;pGyfESifh

rsufESmzHk;Mum;wGif uGufuGufuav; ay:aeaom olemjyK q&mrav;\ rsufvHk;wpfpHku rdrdbuf

vSnfhvmonf/

]q&m trdkifEdk xdk;vdkuf&atmif? NyD;rS vufjyefaq;aygh}

acgif;cgjyvdkufonf/ vlemuvnf; tylcsdef wufaeonf/ uav;uvnf; touf&SL&ef

BudK;pm;awmhrnfqJqJ/ rdepfydkif; aemufus½HkESifh ESpfa,mufpvHk; toufudk &awmhrnfr[kwf/

]pr,f? &,f'D}

q&mruav; oufjyif;csí cGJpdwf ckwifay: vTrf;&efydwftpdrf;udk ,lvmonf/

Ä



(8)

uav;udk tarhAdkufay: arSmufcHk wifvdkufonf/ ½kwfw&ufawmh uav;u Nidrfaeonf/ csufBudK;udk

jzwfNyD;onfESifh olemjyKtuluav; vufudk vSrf;ray;cif ajcz0g;uav; ESpfzufudk axmifí rdrd

vuf0g;ESifh ESpfcsuf½dkufvdkufawmh ]tJ}ceJ toHuav; xGufvmonf/

olemjyKtul uav;,loGm;í tEDS;pdkudk okwfoif vJvS,faecsdefwGifawmh atmifjrif pl;&Saom

uav;\ idka<u;oHu w&TD&TD jrnfaeaom rdrd\ touf&SLoHudk zHk;oGm;onf/ arm[dkuf yifyef;aom

'Pfudk pí ododomom cHpm;&p jyKvmaomfvnf; tm;wif; jyHK;NyD; olemjyK q&mruav;udk

vufrwpfacsmif; axmifjyvdkufonf/

olemjyK q&mruav;uawmh wkef,ifaom toHESifh vSrf;ajymonf/

]q&m uvifhzfyfzrf;NyD; cPxGuf aq;xdk;vdkuf&atmif}

acgif;cgjy&if;u jrefjrefqufcsKyfaeonf/

wpfcsuf wpfcsufwGif rdkufceJjzpfcsif\/

Ä



(9)

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oGm;ac:vm[efwlonf/ aemuf cGJcef;0wfpHkESifh ajy;0ifvmonfudk awGU&\/

odkYaomf rdrdu ta&jym; aemufqHk; tyfcsKyfcsufudk xdk;NyD;aeNyD/ xdkYaMumifh EHk;acGaeaom vufjzifhyif

BudK;pudk qGJcsnfvdkufonf/

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wpfcsuf wpfcsuf vpfrvdk jzpfaeonf/ tdyfaq;aomufNyD; vrf;avQmufaeonfh vlwpfa,mufESifh

rjcm;vS/

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,rif;EG,f taMumaq;tyfudkudkifí ajy;vmaeonfudkvnf; 0g;aeaom rsufvHk;u vSrf;jrifonf/

rdrdab;odkY a'gufwm ,rif;EG,f ta&mufwGifawmh q&mruav; wGJxm;onfhMum;rS 'l;rsm;

ñTwfusoGm;onf/ vufwpfzufu olYudk ½dkufrdonf/

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cGyfceJ zefom; uJG&SoHudk Mum;&NyD; Murf;jyifay: odkY yHkvJusoGm;onf/ at;pufaom Murf;jyif\

tawGUudk yg;wpfzufjzifh odEdkifaeao;\/

]atmufpD*sif? atmufpD*sif}

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tarSmifwdkufu ydwfzHk;oGm;\/

Ä



BudK;MumawmifyHcwfoH

(1)

csif;trsKd;om;av; wG,fcefYcdkifu vufxJu vufywfem&Dudk iHkYíMunfhvdkufonf/ t&SdefaooGm;NyD;

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&yfwefYoGm;onf/

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r[kwfbl;[k awG;rdonf/

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wzGJzGJ qif;vmonfh c&D;onfrsm;xJodkY wG,fcdkifcefY tuJcwfvdkufonf/

qHyif&Snf&SnfESifh cyfoG,foG,f ½kyf&nf acsmarmvSyaom rdef;rysKdwpfOD; cyfoGufoGuf

qif;vmonfudk jrifvdkufonf/ q&m a'gufwmvwfNidrf;ESifhtwl &efukefrS vmpOfu avqdyfvdkufydkYaom

tpfrayyJ? vGJp&m r&Sdawmh/

tem;odkY ajcvSrf;usJrsm;jzifh avQmufoGm;vdkufonf/

]tpfr vm? vm 'Dbufudk uRefawmfhudk rSwfrdygw,faemf}

rdef;rysKdu oJhoJhrQ jyHK;jyonf/

][kwfuJY? q&m vTwfvdkufwmvm;}

][kwfuJY uRefawmf*spfum; ,lvmygw,f}

]q&ma&m oufom&JUvm;}

pdk;&drfaom rsufESmuav;jzifh tavmwBuD; ar;aeonf/

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xdkifaeygNyD? qefjyKwfvnf; aomufEdkifw,f? naeydkif;awmh uRefawmfu av,mOfuGif;BudKzdkY 'DrSm

vmtdyfvdkufawmh rod&ao;bl;ayghav? nuawmh rkefwdkif; awmfawmfat;awmh q&m jyefusyfae&if

'ku©yJvdkYawmif awG;rdao;w,f}

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um;qDodkY tdwfrsm; o,fí avQmufcJhMuonf/

Ä



(2)

][if}

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rxm;wm}

wG,fcefYcdkifu wD;wdk;a&&Gwfí um;udk aq;½Hkum;uav; ab;odkY uyfí &yfvdkufonf/

rdef;rysKduvnf; um;ay:rS oGufoGuf vdkufqif;vdkufonf/ av;aom tdwfudk um;ay:wGifyif xm;cJhNyD;

aq;½Hk taqmufttHk t0if0odkY oGufoGuf avQmufcJhMuonf/

a&SU0ifayguf wHcg;udk a[mif;avmif; zGiYfxm;onf/ tapmiYfr&Sd/ jyifyvlemXmeudk jzwfawmh

aomhcwfydwfxm;aom vlemprf;oyfcef;udk tHhtm;oifhpGm awGU&jyefonf/ r[kwfygbl;/ 'Dtcsdef a'gufwm

,rif;EG,f jyifyvlem MunfhaeusyJ[m/ bmvdkYrzGifhxm;ygvdrfh/ a'gufwm ,rif;EG,f b,fa&mufaevdkYvJ/

wG,fcefYcdkif pdwfxJwGif xifhceJ jzpfoGm;onf/

rnfonfhae&mwGif rnfrQ ta&;BuD;aom jyóem ay:aygufaeygoenf;/ r[kwfEdkifygbl;av[k

pdwfudk ajzodrfhNyD;rdef;rysKdbufodkY wpfcsuf vSnfhMunfhrdonf/

atmufEIwfcrf; twGif;om;udk oGm;jzifh rodrom udkufxm;onfudk awGU&\/

wdwfqdwfpGmyif rdef;rysKdudk ausmfjzwfí wm0efcef;bufodkY avQmufvmcJhonf/ ajcoHwdk;wdk;

ygvmojzifh rdef;rysKdvnf; aemufu vdkufvmaMumif; &dyfrdvdkufonf/

wm0efcef;wHcg; yGifhaeonf/

txJwGifawmh b,folrS r&Sd/ q&mrawGvnf; r&Sd/ tvkyform;vnf; r&Sd/ jznf;jznf;

vnfywfaeaom pm;yGJwif yefumwpfvHk;\ wtDtD jrnfoHu olwdkYESpfa,mufudk qD;BudKaeaom

wpfckwnf;aomt&m/

wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;pdwfudk onf;rcHEdkifavmufatmif cHpm;vm&onf/ tm;wif;í jyHK;NyD;

rdef;rysKdbufodkY vSnfhí ajymvdkufonf/

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rdef;rysKdu wdwfqdwfpGm acgif;ndwfjyonf/

ESpfOD;om; vlemaqmifudk jzwfavQmufvmcJhonf/ tpDt&D ckwifrsm;ay:wGif ililuav;xdkifvsuf?

vSJvsuf &SdaeMuaomvlemrsm; rsufvHk;aygif; rsm;pGmwdkYu xufMuyfruGm vdkufvmMuonf/



pum;ajymoH? acsmif;qdk;oHwdkYudkaomfrQ rMum;&/

yuwd wdwfqdwfaeMuonf/

vlemrsm;\ rsufESmay:rS xl;qef;aom trlt&mrsm;udk wG,fcefYcdkif wpfa,muf

rzwfwwfavmufatmif jzpfvm\/

vlemaqmifudk ausmfNyD;aemuf a'gufwmvwfNidrf;? NrdKUe,fq&m0eftqifh(2) [laom

tcef;uav;a&SUodkY a&muf&SdvmMuonf/ qdkif;bkwfatmufrS wHcg;ESpf&Gufu apYí xm;avonf/

wG,fcefYcdkifu rdef;rysKdbufudk vSnfhí BudK;pm;jyHK;jyonf/

rdef;rysKduawmh yuwd wdwfqdwfaeqJ/

Ä



(3)

wHcg;udk zGifhí 0ifvmMuonf/

vlem ckwifqDodkY Munfhvdkufawmh vdIufceJ [moGm;onf/ ukwifay:wGif b,folrS r&Sd/ oefYjyefYaom

aq;½Hktdyf&mcif; tjzL cif;xm;onfh arGU&may:wGif acgif;tHk; wpfvHk;ESifh apmifwpfxnfom &Sdonf/

aq;½HkoHk; AD½dkuav;ay:wGifvnf; bmrS r&Sd/

tcef;xJwGifvnf; b,folqdk b,folrS r&Sd/

ckwif ajc&if;&Sd vlemrSwfwrf; csdwfxm;aom oHjym;uav;onfyifvQif [mvm[if;vif; jzpfaeonf/

bm pm&Guf pmwrf;rS r&Sd/

rdef;rydsKu vnfvmaom rsuf&nfwdkYudk rusap&ef OD;armhí wpfzufodkY vSnfhvdkufonf/

wdwfqdwfrIESifh twl wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;rIu BuD;pdk;vmcdkuf ....

oJhoJhrQaom vloHawG/

cyfa0;a0;u xGufvmonf/ vlawG trsm;BuD;&JU toH/ odyfta0;BuD;awmhvnf; r[kwf/ odkYaomf

tm;vHk;u wdk;wdk;uav; pum;ajymaeMuonfh toHrsKd;/ oJhoJhuav;om Mum;ae&onf/ pum;vHk;

roJuGJ/

tcef;wHcg; 0kef;ceJ wGef;zGifhí xGufvdkufonf/

toHvm&m aq;½Hk taemufbufjcrf; &ifcGJ½Hka&SU jrufcif;bufqDodkY tavmwBuD; tajy;wpfydkif;

xGufvmcJhonf/ pBuøeH&HESpfzufonf wG,fcefYcdkif\ ab;wGif w&dyf&dyf ajy;vsuf&Sdonf/

rdef;rysKduvnf; rsuf&nfpwdkYudk odrf;í wG,fcefYcdkifaemufrS tajy;wpfydkif; vdkufvmcJhonf/

Ä



(4)

jrufcif;ay:wGifawmh vltkyfBuD;/

a'gufwm ,rif;EG,f? olemjyKtkyf q&mrBuD;? olemjyK q&mrrsm;? aq;½Hk0efxrf; tm;vHk;vdkvdkygvm;/

tdk b,furvJ/ NrdKUrdNrdKUzvlBuD;rsm;? tkyfcsKyfa&;ydkif;rS yk*¾dKvfrsm;tm;vHk; jrufcif;ay:wGif &yfaeMu&mrS

tajy;wpfydkif; 0ifa&mufvmaom wG,fcefYcdkifESifh rdef;rysKdudk vSnfhMunfhMuonf/

wG,fcefYcdkifuawmh bmpum;rS rajymEdkifbJ vltkyfBuD;xJodkY uref;uwef; wdk;a0SY 0ifa&mufoGm;onf/

vltkyfu &SJay;onf/ rdef;rysKduav;vnf; xyfMuyfruGm vdkufygvmonf/

vltkyf tvnfaumifwGifawmh ol&Smaeaomoludk &SmazG awGU&SdoGm;onf/

a'gufwm vwfNidrf;/

&SLxm;aom yifhoufudk jyefxkwf&efyif owdr&rd/ ½kwfw&uf &yfvdkufNyD;rS ab;odkY tom

z,fvdkufonf/ aemufrS rdef;rysKdu a&SUodkY jznf;nif;pGm wufvmonf/

]udkvwf}

wkefcgaeaom toHwpfck roJruGJ xGufvmonf/ ywf0ef;usifu wdwfqdwfaeíom

Mum;vdkufEdkifjcif; jzpfonf/ vltm;vHk;uawmh rjrifzl;onfh rdef;rysKd\ rsufESmudk tHhtm;oifhpGm

0dkif;MunfhaeMuonf/

]vdIif}

a'gufwm vwfNidrf;\ toH/ tdk [kwfyg&JU/ q&mu &yfaewmyJ/ vufxJrSmvnf;

pm&Gufpmwrf;awGeJY/ tvkyf vkyfaewmaygh/ 'gqdk q&m aeaumif;aewmaygh/ igwdkY pdwfylcJh&ovdk

r[kwfygvm;/

rdef;rysKdu a'gufwmvwfNidrf; teD;odkY jznf;nif;pGm uyfoGm;onf/ vltkyfBuD;u rodrom

&SJay;onf/ onfawmhrS a'gufwmvwfNidrf; ab;wGif &yfaeonfh ta0;ajy; um;vkyfief;ydkif&Sif

olaX;vifr,m;udk owdxm;rdonf/

[kwfom;yJ/ olwdkY 'DajruGufvyfrSm oHCmaqmif aqmufNyD; vSLr,fvdkY ajymxm;MuwmyJ/

q&meJYawmif ajrae&m a&G;MuNyD;om;/ q&m aeraumif;wJhMum;u taqmifaqmufzdkY

ae&mvmcsaewmudk;/ 'gaMumifh &SdorQ vlawGtm;vHk; 'Dudk a&mufaeMuwmudk pdwfylcJh&orQ tm;vHk;twGuf

tajz&Sm& oGm;ojzifh wG,fcefYcdkif\ &ifxJwGif Nidrf;csrf;oGm;onf/

rdef;rysKduawmh bmpum;rS rajymEdkifao;bJ wkef,ifaom ajcvSrf;rsm;ESifh a'gufwm vwfNidrf;

teD;odkY cyf,dkif,dkif csOf;uyfoGm;onf/

NyD;awmh ....

a'gufwmvwfNidrf;\ &ifcGifxJodkY rsufESm arSmufcsvdkufNyD; ½IdufBuD;wiif idka<u;ygawmhavonf/

Ä



(5)

]odyfaMumufwmyJ udkvwf&,f? roGm;ygeJYawmh}

idkoHESifh avoHrQaom pum;oH AvHk;AaxG; a&maeojzifh ab;uvlrsm; Mum;Edkif[ef rwl/

Mum;rMum;udkvnf; a'gufwmoG,fpkvdIif wpfa,muf *½kpdkufrnfh[ef r&dS/ a'gufwm vwfNidrf;\

tuÐs&ifbwfwdkY pdk&TJonftxd rsuf&nf NzdKifNzdKif us&if;u wdk;wdk;uav; awmif;yef&Smonf/

a'gufwm vwfNidrf;u a'gufwmoG,fpkvdIif\ ycHk;uav;udk cyfzGzGuav; zuf&if;u acgif;armhí

tvSL&SifbufodkY vSnfhajymonf/

]a'gufwmoG,fpkvdIifwJh? uRefawmfh trsKd;orD;yg? &efukefrSm txl;ukoifwef; wufae&mu

vdkufvmwm ?uRefawmfwdkYudk cP cGifhjyKygOD;}

rSifwufrdaeaom tvSL&Sifu ,ckrS touf0ifvmovdk jzpfNyD; ajzonf/

]oGm;yg q&m? oGm;yg nuwif wtm;usyfxm;w,fvdkY a'gufwm ,rif;EG,f ajymxm;wm?

xvdkufvmvdkY uRefawmfwdkYu tm;emaewm}

a'gufwm ,rif;EG,fESifh wG,fcefYcdkifwdkYu tvdkufodpGmyif vltkyfBuD;udk OD;aqmifí aq;½Hk

taqmufttHkbufodkY ac: oGm;Muonf/

a'gufwm vwfNidrf;uawmh a'gufwm oG,fpkvdIif\ ycHk;av;udk zufí az;r&if; aq;½Hknmbuf

tpGef; awmifukef;xdyf ae&mav;odkY ac:vmcJhonf/ csif;awmif\ NrdKUi,fuav;onf

awmifwef;atmufwGif vSypGm &SdaeNyD; rsufpda&SU wnfhwnfhwGifawmh wdrfjzLjzLtrQifrsm; ajy;vsuf

&Sdaeavonf/

a'gufwm oG,fpkvdIifuawmh tm;&atmif idkaeqJ/

Ä




(6)

]cGJNyD; xGufxGufoGm;&muae jyefrvmrSmudk tjrJ aMumufcJh&wmyg udkvwf&,f? vdIifh bufuvnf; pOf;pm;

ay;ygOD;}

rsuf&nfvnf&TJ rsufESmuav;udk ycHk;bufwGif rSDvsufu avoHuav;ESifh awmif;yefawmh &ifxJwGif

eifhceJ cHpm;&onf/

]pdwfcsyg vdIif? 'Dwpfcg b,fawmhrS xGufroGm;awmhbl;? oGm;cJh&ifvnf; vdIifhudkyg tjrJac:

oGm;awmhrSm? vdkufr,f r[kwfvm;}

rsuf&nfrsm; Mum;rSyif jyHK;í acgif;ndwfjyonf/ vufwpfzufuvJ a'gufwm vwfNidrf;\

vufwpfzufudk qkyfudkifí zGzGuav;ñSpfudkifonf/

&ifxJwGif MunfEl; csrf;ajrhjcif; twdESifh aumif;uifudk armhMunfhrdonf/

tvdk ....

BudK;MumawG [dkta0;rSm tkyfpkvdkufBuD; ysHaeMuygvm;? rdkifaxmifcsDwJh c&D;&SnfBuD;udk ysHoef;vmMuwJh

tm;rmeftjynfheJY iSufawGaygh/

rdrd vufudk qkyfudkifxm;aom vdIifhvufuav;udk jyefiHkYMunfhrdonf/ El;nHh aEG;axG;aom

vufuav;rS tm;opf tifopfrsm; rdrd cE¨mudk,fxJodkY pD;arsm 0ifa&mufvmMuovdk cHpm;ae&onf/

]zdk0ifiSuf}(Phoenix)vdk wpfzef jyefvnf &Sifoef&OD;rSmwJhvm;/ onfvdkrsKd;om jzpfvQifawmh

rdkifaxmifcsDaom c&D;ru? aomif;? odef;txdyif tiftm;tjynfhjzifh ysHoef;Edkifrnf[k xifonf/

tm½HkxJwGif ]BudK;MumawmifyHcwfoH}udkyif oJhoJh Mum;&ovdkvdk/

Ä Ä Ä

vuFm&nfausmf

(20-7-2006)



pma&;ol\ ukd,fa&;tusOf;

trnf&if;rSm a'gufwm &Jjrifhausmf jzpfonf/

tz OD;wifñGefY? trd a':jr&DwkdYrS 1961 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 20 &ufaeYwGif {&m0wDwkdif;? jrefatmifNrdKUe,f?

NrdKUr wJBuD;ukef; aus;&GmwGif arG;zGm;onf/

&efukefNrdKUwGif BuD;jyif;cJhNyD; t.x.u (1)? vrf;rawmfwGif ynm oifMum;cJhonf/ 1979 ckESpfwGif

trSwf (2) a'oaumvdyf &efukefwkdif;rS ]yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&; twwfynm 'Dyvdkrm} &&SdcJhonf/ 1980 rS

1985 twGif; aq;wuúodkvf (1) &efukef ESpfvnfr*¾Zif; aumfrwD\ wm0efcH pmwnf;tjzpf

aqmif&Guf&if; ]vuFm&nfausmf} trnfjzifh 0w¬K? uAsmrsm; pwifa&;om;onf/

1985 wGif M.B.,B.S. bGJU &&SdNyD;aemuf 1986-87 twGif; aq;okawoe OD;pD;XmewGif

uGif;qif;okawoe t&m&Sdwm0ef xrf;aqmifonf/ 1987 ckESpfrS 1990 twGif; ]Adkvf} tqifhjzifh

wyfrawmfwGif aq;rSL;wm0ef xrf;aqmif&if; &Srf;jynfe,f? rGefjynfe,fESifh u&ifjynfe,f a&SUwef;

ppfrsufESmrsm;wGif taeMumcJhonf/ 1990 wGif t&yfbuf wm0ef jyefvnf xrf;aqmifonf/

1990 rS 1991 ckESpftwGif; oxHkNrdKUe,f jynfolY aq;½HkwGif vufaxmufq&m0ef wm0ef

xrf;aqmifcJhNyD; 1991 rSpí bGJUvGef aq;ynm oifwef;rsm; qufwdkuf wufa&mufcJhonf/ 1993

ckESpfwGif aq;wuúodkvf (1) &efukefrS M.Med.Sc. (Paediatrics) bGJU &&SdcJhonf/ 1997 rS 1999 twGif;

UK EkdifiHodkY ynmawmfoif oGm;a&mufNyD; MRCP (UK) bGJU? MRCPCH bGJUESifh DCH (Glascow) bGJYrsm; &,lcJhonf/ 2005 ckESpfwGif aq;wuúokdvf (1) &efukefrS Dr.Med.Sc (Paediatrics) yg&*lbGJUudk

vnf;aumif;? 2006 ckESpfwGif Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh rS FRCP (Edin) bGJUudkvnf;aumif; csD;jr§ifhcJhonf/

2000 jynfhESpfrSpí emrnf&if;jzifh a&;om;aom uav; usef;rma&;ynm aqmif;yg;rsm;jzifh

pmaye,fodkY jyefvnf 0ifa&mufcJhNyD; ]vuFm&nfausmf} trnfjzifhvnf; &opmayrsm; jyefvnf

a&;om;cJhonf/ 2003 ckESpfwGif ausmfoufckdif pmayrS xkwfa0aom ]usef;rmjynfh<u,f? &ifaoG;i,f}

pmtkyfrSm yxrOD;qHk; xkwfa0aom tifwmAsL; aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyf jzpfNyD; 2006 ckESpfwGif &wemokduf

pmayrS xkwfa0onfh ]yxrtdyfruf 0w¬Kwdkrsm;} pmtkyfrSm yxrOD;qHk; xkwfa0aom 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf

pmtkyfjzpfonf/ 2007 ckESpfwGif eef;a'0D pmayrS xkwfa0aom ]uav; usef;rma&;qkdif&m t,ltq

trSm;rsm;} pmtkyfrSm yxrOD;qHk; yifudka&; aqmif;yg; aygif;csKyf jzpfNyD; þ ]BudK;MumawmifyHcwfoH} onf

yxrOD;qHk;aom 0w¬K&Snf p? qHk; jzpfonf/

q&monf ,cktcg wdkif;jynfolY aq;½HkBuD;? rauG;wGif wm0efcH uav;txl;uk q&m0efBuD;

&mxl;jzifh oifMum;a&;? ukoa&; wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifaeqJjzpfNyD; a'gufwm&J (uav;txl;uk q&m0ef)?

vuFm&nfausmf ponfh uavmif trnfcGJ ESpfckjzifh okw? &o pmayrsm; pOfqufrjywf a&;om;vsuf

&Sdonf/

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