kulikov, l. the proto-indo-european case system and its reflexes in a diachronic typological...

7/28/2019 Kulikov, L. The Proto-Indo-European case system and its reflexes in a diachronic typological perspective: Evidence

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alvatore F. Monaco, Archaic fld masurmnts txts Franco gostino, li Kadhem, icia omano, Massimo ida-

le, Mauro ngelozzi,Abu Tbirah. Prliminary rport o th frst cam-pain (January-March 2012)

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Transmission o Knowld in Prmodrn Japan Kengo Harimoto, In sarch o th oldst Npals manuscript lessandro r aheli , Th choic o th bst radin in Bhatta Jayantas

ai

aniele Cuneo, Thinkin litratur: Emic and thic approachs lisabetta Benigni,Encountrs btwn Arabic and Wstrn litraturs:

mic translations and th tic ormation o litrary canons lisa anser, Thinkin Danc Litratur rom Bharata to Bharatanatyam uca Milasi , History as it is or history inord? Th sarch or a nw

Historical Fiction in Miji Japan

Matilde dduci, Th Dvlopmnt Qustion in Asia: Policis and Procsss

Claudia Castiglioni,Economic Dvlopmnt and Political Authoritari-

anism: Th Pahlavi Iran Path to Modrnisation in th Framwork o thCold War

alentina Prosperi,Doin rsarch amon construction workrs in Dlhi Francesca Congiu, Taiwan: th Oranizd Labour Movmnt and its

Obstacls rtemij Keidan,Lanua and linuistics as an analytic tool or th study

o (orintal) culturs uca lieri, A Radical Construction Grammar Approach To Vdic Ad-

jctiv


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Carlo essella,Rconstructin Phonolois o Dad Lanuas. Th Caso Lat Grk

rtemij Keidan, Th a

- dvic as a huristic tool or thcompositional history o Paninis staai eonid Kulikov, Th Proto-Indo-Europan cas systm and its rxs in

a diachronic typoloical prspctiv: vidnc or th linuistic prhistory oEurasia

lena Mucciarelli,Earlist txts. How to intrprt thm Frank Khler,vda 1.160: Th nima o rvalin and concalin idn-

titis

osa onzitti, akti: Indo-Europan Horizons and Indian Pculiaritis Paola Maria ossi, Intrprtin th trm in th Vdic contxt osaria Compagnone, Th Pama in th Pacaratra tradition:

How txts and tradition ar linkd on to anothr?

Cristina Bignami, Sourcs and artistic rprsntation lena Preda, Th Sirohi aaa: an Important Discovry Cristina Bignami, Th Indian Huntrsss: Nymphs or Goddsss?

uscire dal tempo.percezioni dellantico, del moderno, del uturo.atti del seminario del curriculum

di civilt islamica-storia e ilologia (dottorato in civilt,culture e societ dellasia e dellarica), 4 maggio 2011

eonardo Capezzone, Prsntazion orella entura, Gli intrstizi dl tmpo storico lidntit possibil

dli Arabi Marco auri, Scoli suprbi sciocchi. Cartolin dOrint nl antastico

popolar Federico tella, Filosofa islamica storia dlla flosofa. Un problma di

tmpo Marco Boella,Radin a txt, fndin a databas. An anachronistic intr-

prtation ohi in liht o inormation scinc Costantino Paonessa,Saintt t haioraphi dans lypt du xxesicl:

prmanncs t nouvauts ommaso esei, Th Chronoloical Problms o th Quran: Th Cas o

th Story oDu l-Qarnayn (Q 18:83-102)

8 sommario [2]


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note

li l Juburi,A nw txt o Assurbanipal rom th Musum o Mosul (Iraq)

Felice srael,Jan Albrto Sogin. Lucca, 10/3/1926 -Roma, 27/10/2010

recensioni

Furio Jesi, La cramica izia altri scritti sullEitto la Grcia, ( F)

[3] sommario 9


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THE PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN CASE SYSTEMAND ITS REFEXES IN A DIACHRONIC

TYPOOGICA PERSPECTIVE:EVIDENCE FOR THE INGUISTIC

PREHISTORY OF EURA SIA*

eonid KulikovGhent University

In memory o Sergei Starostin, one o the greatest

researchers o the history o Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages

T I-E . T f f : I x .R, I x f , , , E. F, I - I-E x P-I--E , P-I-E . I I - x - -I-E . T, , , , - .

1. Introductory remarks: synchronic vs. diachronic typology

inguistic x

. O , synchronic x ,

* I . Af, V. C, P. K, A. K, A. , H. M, A. V.D . I x XII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschat (K,O 2004), Workshop on Indo-European and typological aspects o Case and Argument Structure(B, A 2008), PD Lo studio dellAsia ra Antico e Moderno (R, J 2010) I , M (A2007) U U (D 2010), ; , J. B, M. C, .. C J, T. E, G. H, S. H, H.

H, T. K, G. M, C. S, I. S, Y. T, .

L


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290 leonid kulikov [2]

, . . O , diachronic . T , .

T - - .

2. A diachronic typology o case system:three evolutionary types o languages

, f - , , evolutionary types

o languages. T :() Case-increasing languages, .. x-

;() Case-reducing languages, ,

;() Case-stable languages,

q .

3. The Proto- Indo-European case system and it s developments

3. 1.Proto-Indo-European cases: a reconstruction

T P-I-E , (1) (, , Szemernyi 1990: 166.; Beekes 1995: 172.;Fortson 2010: 115.; Kortlandt 2010: 39.; , I ):

)Proto-Indo-European case system(S)

N -s, -V -, -e

A -mG -(o)sD -(e)i

A -(o)s, -(e)dI -(e)H -i, -

Q , I-E :

F , Kulikov 2009.


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[3] evidence or the linguistic prehistory o eurasia 291

, -,-, - . M , ( -, ) - I-E , , .

3. 2. Case-reducing languages

M I-E - .T .

3. 2. 1. 8 4-6 : I, O C, O G

A I-E

W E 1 BC f 1 AD . T ( I -), O C, O G , G O N( P-G ).

H f x f . W -, - q .F , I - : 8 4-6.

A x 6 , - PIE PIE q , , , (2):

) Syncretism o oblique cases in LatinPIE

A AI

I, . T, -o(d) 2 PIE *o-ed (-o-); .. -is .. *-oisu; .. 3, 4 5 -bus *-bhos ( P-I P-C),

I PIE , domi Romae, . F , Beekes

1995: 172.; eumann 1977: 405.; Gasperini 1999.


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*-ios, .. - *-bhi-s (Kortlandt 1984: 103. = 2003: 50; Bardal & Kulikov2009: 473.).

T q, , only . T f x - .

3. 2. 2. 8 2-4 : B

A , , B P--I-E 2-4 , , -

( .. Joseph 2010: 622), , , - ( B M G). H R, A B; . x A f ( - , , Orl 2000: 232.):

)Albanian case system(o-)

S. N.-A. dem- G.-D.-A. dem-i

P. N.-A. dem-aG.-D. dem-eA. dem-esh

N , G (M, H-) , M E, -, C (-H) G f ( ), - : B , - M G.

3. 2. 3. (8) 4-6 0(-2) : G R

F, G ( x G) R (x R) (x - , , , , ), 8 . T -

P .


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G R.

3. 3. Case-stable languages: 8 7-10 type (Baltic, Slavic, Armenian)

T , I - , I-E , B S. A A.

T, P-I-E- . M, O f, , . T - ,, , B. T , ,

, (?) *n -n *pi (< B. *prei) ,, (4):

) Old Lithuanian case systemN. mk-as

A. mk- (< *-am)G. mk-oD. mk-uiI. mik-

() . mik- (< *mik-)V. mk-e( . *mik-i)I mik-an (mik-a) (< *-am + na)

A mik-pi (-p) (< *-+pi/pi) () A mik-epi (-ep) (< *-i +pi/pi)

S x x . A C S P-I-E- 8 , , -

R, , .T - ( vtoroj predlonyj -

) R 2

T, , - , , x - , - .

F , , , Zinkeviius 1996: 112.;Serants 2004; Kortlandt 2005.

F , , , Zaliznjak 1967; Plungian 2002;

.. Kiparsky 1967: 26.; Hentschel 1991.


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*-u- ( O R . . dom- (< *dom-u-s) . . dom-u (< *dom-u)). U , (v) med-u (), -u- *-o- , - . T 13 . Sq, *-u- -, (*-o-) ( - , , , Zaliznjak 1985: 375-376; Plungian 2002).

T () -u ( M R - , aj , md pesok ) *-u- , : . .

med- . . med-u (< *medh-ou-s). T x 14 .T (5),

R 2 O R ( Kulikov 2009: 448.):

)Russian locative (second prepositional) and partitive (second genitive)

M R O R2 *-o-type *-u-type

N. les- orest aj- tea md- honey ls- med-G. ls-a j-a md-a ls-a med-u

P. ls-u j-u md-u D. ls-u j-u md-u ls-u med-oviP. les-e j-e md-e ls- med-u

. les- med- A - I-E A. T P-I-E - - - ( A , , ,Kortlandt 1984).

N -

( Kulikov 2009: 451.) -


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3. 4. Case-increasing languages: (8) 82-3 6-10 type(Indo-Aryan, Ossetic, Tocharian)

A I-E, I-A T, -.

B M I-A , 2 AD, I-A - O I-A (OIA) - (, x , P-I-E). G, , ( ) q ( O I-A ); q

, , , ; . S- -en/-in A -e, - OIA -a- , -ena.T - .

I N I-A , q . V q , , . S , ,

S (6) ( , Kulikov 2009: 442):

)New case morphemes in Sinhala. S . -ta ( K . -te) < OIA ,

. S . -ge < OIAghe (. . gha- )

I N I-A , O I-A k- (kar-) , :

)New Indo-Aryan genitive

. H -ka, -ke < OIA . . karya- . A, M -ker < OIA . . . kta- , . B -kae < OIA . ktya-

, , , A -e - *-eti. F , -, P-I-E , , , Meill et 1936: 64.; Godel 1975: 99.; Daukjan 1982: 85.; Bubenik & Hewson 2006:160.; Kortlandt 1984; Matzinger 2005.

F , Bloch 1934; Zogra 1976; Masica 1991: 230.


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, k-, H -ko, O -ku M- -ke, O I-A k- (kar-).

I N I-A (q-) () f: fx - . H, NIA - . A - x S, D (), T; x- , S 4.1.

A x O, I-E(I) PIE , , - ( , Cheung 2008; Stilo 2009;

Belyaev 2010). Nx , , P-I-E , - . T :. -aen *ana (. A ana , , ) *anu (.O P anuv, A anu , , ); -bael(D) *upari , , . A . T -imae ( I ) -, . A ma, . T .

T x *-ia- (. V prvata- parvatya- ). T q - x -vant- ( V tva- -tvvant- ).

F T (, , I-A), Pinault 1989: 71.; Bubenik & Hewson 2006: 317.; Kulikov 2009: 443.

3. 5.Limits o diversity

T , P-I-E . E - (, O G - 1 BC, R G - 1 AD), . T x , ,

, B-S, -


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Prot

o-Indo-Europeancasesysteman

ditsdevelopment:themainevolutionarytypes.

It

alic/Romance

G

ermanic

C

eltic

Baltic

Slavic

Greek

Albanese

Anatolian

Armenian

Indo-Irania

n

Tocharian


17/28


, q x .

4. anguage contacts as one o the sources

o typological diversityE I-E q: ?

4.1. Indo-European case: evolutionary types and linguistic areas

A, x . F , R S ,

G M I-A , . H-, R G , S - , N I-A . C- , S , - -. T, (, , R

G ) - (, ..,Wackernagel 1920: 303), - - ( -) , x, x .

I ( ) , are-al, , . I B S-, x I-E . O R x-

. T F-U F-U B-S N-E E ( .. Mathiassen 1996: 38). N, -, - - , F (8), Hakulinen 1961: 67. Ylikoski 2011, :

T ; , , Koivul ehto 1990; Kallio 2005. I P K P-U

H .


18/28

[11] evid ence or the lin guistic prehistory o eurasia 299

)Finnish case system and its historyF P-F P-F- P-F-

V U

N. - < *-A. -n < *-mG. -n < *-nE -na/-n < *-naP -ta/-t, -a/- < *-ta (*.-A.)T -ksi < *-k-s-e

I I -ssa/-ss < *-s-na/-s-nE -sta/-st < *-s-ta/-s-tI -hVn, -n, -seen < *-sen, -zen

Ex A -lla/-ll < *-l-na/-l-nA -lta/-lt < *-l-ta/-l-tA -lle() < *-lenA -tta/-tt < *-k-ta-k/-k-t-k

*-p-ta-k/-p-t-kC -ine- < *-i-n (?)

I, qparameters, .. (-/-/-

), , f, .T, F, (O) R

- ( F-U). B (O) F mechanism -x ( -) x () F. E (?) *n, , , F-U, x -na/-n -s.

, R , -, F-U (, .., Grenoble 2010: 584).T F-U ( ) .T F / , R , -.

M ,

(E) S / B .


19/28


A , , x - S (O) T ( Gair 2003: 780.;ehmann 1998: 80):

) Sinhala case system (Singular) Old Tamil case system (Singular)N. pot balla N. malar

A. pot balla(-w) A. malar-aiI.-A. pote balla-ge S-I. malar-otu, malar-an .

Eq-A. malar-inD. pot -a balla-a D. malar-kkuG.-. pot e balla-ge G. malar-atu

. malar-il, malar-kan .

A S D -

, I-A , structural , D () - S(, , N I-A) () -, .

Y x - , , A- K, . M A(, .., Dum-Tragut 2009: 68.; C A , ,Schmitt 1981: 90.) G ( Hewitt 1995: 33.):

) Modern Armenian case system Georgian case systemN - N -i, -

A - N (= E) -m(a)G -i, -u, -va, G -isD -i, -u, -va, D -s

A -ic, -uc A -adI -ov I -it

-um V -o, -

A , , - A K N I-A (S) D(T) , q f.

N O T, , , () D-

, I-A.


20/28


4.2.Language contacts and evolution o case systems: possible scenarios

I , I -

(, ) .A -

. S, -, 1 2, . I 2 , 2 1 .U, () . A, 1 () 1

(q ) 2. (O , - - 2 1, - ). F , x K1 2 ( Table 1 ), - C1 C2 , 1 , K1 K1b. B , K2 K3 , x 1. T , K2 K3 (K2/K3) (K2/3).

Table 1. S - .

T , Weinreich (1953) :Thomason 2001; Winord 2002; Hickey 2010 ( ).

C., , C 3 Winord 2002 O N O E, N - E (Winord 2002: 81); . Schrijver (2004: 221) : W A B B A. S Johanson 2008; 2010: 653 - Sasse 1992 Muysken 2010: 275

- /.

C 1:-/

C 2:

C 2 1-

C1K1

K1

C2 K1b

C3K2

K2/K3 K2/3K3

C4 K4


21/28


F 2 1 - 1 2, 2 ( , 2, ). T, - 1, () (2) 1.

S , , S . A C S (P-S) , S x F-U (U) , N N-E S . I F , -

, (11).) O- F (Hopper & Thompson 1980: 271)

. Liikemies kirjoitti kirjeen valiokunnalle:nom :ACC :allT .

. Liikemies kirjoitti kirjett valiokunnalle:nom :PART :allT .

W (P-)S , x q

F , , , . Q , F-U F-U/B-S B S , F-U -x. T B-S -, B-S : B-S q B-S B S - P-B-S. T - , - ( ), , , - , - .

S x R .

F , , , Holvoet 1999: 99-116.


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, A/K S/T . A - x A: A-K ( , , Vogt 1938;Matzinger 2005: 2, 145; Chirikba 2008: 79), K - A ( P-I-E ), .

I S, D (T) ( M I-A S),, , ( O I-A ) .

I , ( )-I-E E, - - Schwyzer (1917/1920); Wackernagel 1920: 305; Pokorny 1936: 72 = 1968: 182. N x- , x- , ().

M, ()

N I-A D , , T ( NI-A ) - ( A/T). F, - O , (, .., , Cheung 2008; Stilo 2009; , , O Belyaev 2010), C(K , , N C; , , Chirikba2008: 76) , x, T / - .

R W I-E , - G , O G- , x . G x

O T-T , , , Winter 1963. N , I-A, T, A D,

C-S A ( Hock 2007).


23/28


x : , S , , , .

5. Substr ate and ancient language contacts:reconstructing linguistic prehistory

S () x P-I-E , B-S,I-A, O A, x- P-I-E , - I . T

.I , q , x

( , -, .), . T ( - ) .

T, 8 4-6 , I, ( )C G, ( ) - ( ) - q P--I-E.

T - Bq, . A , , (-) S , ( -

).T B (8 2-4) x P-I-E . I - , , G, () -I-E . O ( M) ,

O S ( S-) , , , Jong eling 1995; Vennemann2003; Mailhammer 2011. A ( -I-E C B ( ),

A) Kallio 2004: 234, . 5, .


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, A x. S (Sergeev 1984; Sergeev & Cymburskij 1984; , , P. S W. V) , A , N C , A U, , - /-, /-, (, , Pack ard 1974: 115). A - , N(-W) C , , C , ..,K E C (N-D) -. A P-NC ,

, , , q ( ?) ( , Kumaov 1989: 30.;Starostin 2007; Alekseev 2003; Chirikba, ) B . T q -- B , - -.

T B N C - f . A B -

fx x NC .

M .I R G- ( , ), , , - q x? B x- . B, , B , I-E .

Q Nichols 2007: 791, . 6. I V C P-N C -

. O . O N E , , Schrijver 1997;

2001; Bammesberger & Vennemann 2004.


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