kuliah 12b flowering

8/3/2019 Kuliah 12b Flowering

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Flowering Habits of Fruit

and Nut Crops

HORT 319

Temperate Fruit and Nut Production


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HORT 319 - Temperate Fruit and Nut Production

Plant Development Stages

Juvenile phase Not inducible to flower

Basal portion remainsjuvenile

Rooting ease

Adult phase Minimum size, delayed by

slow growth

Apple, 16-20 nodes

Non flowering adult phasevaries with spp/cv


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Plant Development Stages

Juvenile phase

Adult phase

Effect of budding Use adult bud

Flower more rapidly

than seedling


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Flowering Habits

Mostinitiate the

summerbeforeflowering

Summer before Same year

Stone fruitApple and pear

Blackberry

BlueberryGrapeKiwiFig

Pecan - male

WalnutPistachio

Persimmon

QuinceStrawberry

FigPecan - female


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Flowering Habits

May coincide with fruit development Crop load, culture, and climate at this time

affects next years crop

Endodormancy

Leaf fall

Endodormancy or Rest

Chilling Heat Accum.

Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring

Bloom

Growth

begins

Fruit develop

ment

Fruit bud developmentBloom

-2C to -8 C

-21C to -28CDeacclimation


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Age of Fruiting Wood

CurrentSeason

One-yearOld

Two-yearOld Spurs

Both 1&2-year

QuinceStrawberryFig

Pecan-female

PeachAlmondPersimmonBlackberry

BlueberryGrape

KiwiPistachioPecan-male

CherryApplePear

PlumApricot


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Alternate Bearing

Cycle of alternating heavy and lightcropping years

Apples, pecans, plums, apricots, pistachios

Due to poor flower initiation during heavycropping year

Response to developing embryo

GA inhibits flower bud initiation

Nutrients do not appear deficient

Management: control the crop load


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Factors Affecting Fruit BudInitiation

Precocity: Scion and rootstock

Pruning

On young trees encourage vigorousgrowth

Bending

Encourages fruit bud initiation Girdling

May increase if done early spring


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Effect of bending on flowering


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Factors Affecting Fruit BudInitiation

Chemicals Thinning agents

Hormones - auxin and GA

Tree Growth Rate

Crop Load

Environmental Factors Good nutrition

Excessive heat/drought

Insufficient chill


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PollinationPollinator vs. Pollinizer

Pollinator is the agent of

pollen transfer (e.g., a bee)Pollinizer is the source of

pollen


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Pollination Importance of Pollination

Needed for fruit set

Seed development affects fruitgrowth

Fruit shape

Fruit size

Cross pollination can enhance setover self pollination


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Pollination

Wind pollination Pecans, walnuts, pistachios, filberts

Insect pollination Pome fruit

Stone fruit

Small fruit

Parthenocarpic set Persimmons, common figs, and some pears


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Pollination: Terminology

Self compatible

or self

incompatible Self fertile

or self sterile

Self fruitful or self unfruitful

Monoecious

Dichogamous

Protogynous

Protandrous

Dioecious

Staminate plant

Pistillate plant


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Wind PollinationPecans and Walnuts

Dichogamous

Monecious

Self fertile


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Types of varieties

Protandrous = male 1st

Protogynous = female 1st


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Catkins shedding pollen

Female flowers receptive

Pawnee

Cheyenne

Wichita

Choctaw

Protandrous

Protandrous

Protogynous

Protogynous

Pollen shed best

Low humidity (< 85% relative humidity)

Slight breeze


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Cool

climate

Hot

climate

Catkins shedding pollen

Female flowers receptive

Protandrous

Timing of pollen shed and female receptivity varies

with the climate

Thus in pecans orchards, 3 complementary cultivars

are recommended


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Wind PollinationPistachios

Dioecious

One staminate

plant per 10pistillateplants

recommended


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Insect Pollination:Pollinizer Need of Crops

Self fruitful Self unfruitful

PeachApricots*

European plums*Tart cherryStrawberryBlackberry

Highbush blueberry

GrapesWalnuts+Pecans+

ApplePear

Asian plumsSweet cherry*

Almonds*Rabbiteye blueberryLowbush blueberry

* also self fruitful/unfruitful types, + dichogamous so need pollinizers


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Insect Pollination:Pollinizer Choice

Cross compatibility of varieties

Bloom overlap

Pollen production

Culturally compatibility

Comparable pest/diseasemanagement needs

Produce good fruit if possible

lli i f i l


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Pollinizers for Asian PlumsRange from self fertile to self

incompatible

Laroda Mariposa Queen Rosa Santa Rosa

Laroda O F G G

Mariposa F O F F

Queen Rosa G F G G

Santa Rosa G F G F

O = Self unfruitful; F = Fair fruit set most years; G = Good fruit set most years.

lli i f l


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Pollinizers for ApplesTriploids, self fertility, sports, late

blooming

Macspur

McIntosh

GoldenDelicious

Mutsu NorthernSpy

Macspur P P G G P

McIntosh P P G G P

G. Delicious G G F G G

Mutsu P P P P P

NorthernSpy

P P G G P

Pollinated variety


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Pollinizers for cherries


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Pollinizers for Sweet CherriesGametophytic incompatibility


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Pollination:Fruit Set Needed for a Full Crop

Small fruited crops

Range is 40% to 100%

Commonly 60% to 70%

Large fruited crops

Range 2% to 25%

Commonly 3% to 10%


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Pollination:Factors affecting Fruit Set

Competing blooms attractpollinators

Temperature Pollen tube growth

Egg viability


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Pollination:Effective Pollination Period in Pear

Temp.

C (F)

Pollentube

growthto ovule

Ovuleviability

Effectivepollination

period

Fertilizationprobability

10-15(50-59)

4 10 6 High

8-9(46-48)

10 13 3 Medium

5-7(41-45)

13 13 0 None


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PollinatorsPollen Transporters

Most common: European honeybee

Hives are rented to orchardists

Others bees Wild bees: both honey and bumblebees

Difficult to manage Normally adequate for small orchard

Africanized bees or KILLER BEES


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European honey bee on left,

African honey bee, right.

Africanized Honey Bee

Hybrid bee between

African bee

European honey bee

Stings are equallyvenomous

Behaviors verydifferent


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PollinatorsAfricanized Honey Bees

1957 into Brazil

Very defensive of nest Only attack if provoked

Swarm more often 4-8x vs. 1/5x per year

Less selective aboutnesting sites

Produce moreoffspring

Store less honey


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PollinatorsFactors Affecting Bee Activity

Pesticide applications

Very susceptible to many insecticides

Sevin, Diazinon, Parathion

Weather conditions

Wind (10-20 mph)

Rain

Temperature (10C or 50F)


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Pollination Management

Hive density

1-4 per acre

More hives In poor weather

With small fruited crops

Hive position

Normally hives are clustered

Face south - warm up quicker

Protected from wind


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Pollination Management

Pollinizer distribution Entire row every 4th row

Every 3rd tree per 3rd row

Alternate pollen sources if low pollenproduction

Graft pollinizer branches Bouquets

Beehive inserts

Spray, puff, or by hand


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Any Questions?

kuliah 12b flowering

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