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    PEMERIKSAANDARAH RUTIN

    Indriani Silvia

    Patologi Klinik

    FK USWAGATI

    Blok 234

    Semester III

    26 September 2012

    http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.global-b2b-network.com/direct/dbimage/50215890/Microscope.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.global-b2b-network.com/b2b/51/1046/54004/microscope.html&h=360&w=360&sz=25&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=GipzxmHMELIbkM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmicroscope%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3DDGUS,DGUS:2006-24,DGUS:en%26sa%3DN
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    Abstract

    Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reportedparameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.

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    The CBC interpretation are useful in

    the diagnosis of various types of

    anemias.

    It can reflect acute or chronic

    infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.

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    Component of the CBC:

    Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

    Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

    Concentration (MCHC)- Red cell distribution width (RDW)

    White Blood Cells (WBCs)

    Platelet

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    RBC (varies with altitude):

    M: 4.7 to 6.1 x10^12 /L

    F: 4.2 to 5.4 x10^12 /L Biconcave disc shape with diameter

    of about 8 m

    Function: - transport hemoglobinwhich carries oxygen from the lung tothe tissues

    -acidbase buffer.

    Life span 100-120 days.

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    Hemoglobin :

    M: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL

    F: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL

    Hematocrit : (packed cell volume)

    It is ratio of the volume of red cell tothe volume of whole blood.

    M: 40.7 to 50.3 %

    F: 36.1 to 44.3 %

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    Abstract

    Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reportedparameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.

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    The CBC interpretation are useful in

    the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.

    It can reflect acute or chronic

    infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.

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    Component of the CBC:

    Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

    Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

    Concentration (MCHC)- Red cell distribution width (RDW)

    White Blood Cells (WBCs)

    Platelet

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    Abstract

    Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reportedparameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.

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    The CBC interpretation are useful in

    the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.

    It can reflect acute or chronic

    infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.

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    Component of the CBC:

    Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

    Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

    Concentration (MCHC)- Red cell distribution width (RDW)

    White Blood Cells (WBCs)

    Platelet

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    RBC (varies with altitude):

    M: 4.7 to 6.1 x10^12 /L

    F: 4.2 to 5.4 x10^12 /L Biconcave disc shape with diameter

    of about 8 m

    Function: - transport hemoglobinwhich carries oxygen from the lung tothe tissues

    -acidbase buffer.

    Life span 100-120 days.

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    Hemoglobin :

    M: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL

    F: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL

    Hematocrit : (packed cell volume)

    It is ratio of the volume of red cell tothe volume of whole blood.

    M: 40.7 to 50.3 %

    F: 36.1 to 44.3 %

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    Abstract

    Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reportedparameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.

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    The CBC interpretation are useful in

    the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.

    It can reflect acute or chronic

    infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.

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    Component of the CBC:

    Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

    Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

    Concentration (MCHC)- Red cell distribution width (RDW)

    White Blood Cells (WBCs)

    Platelet

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    Abstract

    Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reportedparameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.

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    The CBC interpretation are useful in

    the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.

    It can reflect acute or chronic

    infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.

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    Component of the CBC:

    Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

    Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

    Concentration (MCHC)- Red cell distribution width (RDW)

    White Blood Cells (WBCs)

    Platelet

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    RBC (varies with altitude):

    M: 4.7 to 6.1 x10^12 /L

    F: 4.2 to 5.4 x10^12 /L Biconcave disc shape with diameter

    of about 8 m

    Function: - transport hemoglobinwhich carries oxygen from the lung tothe tissues

    -acidbase buffer.

    Life span 100-120 days.

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    Hemoglobin :

    M: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL

    F: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL

    Hematocrit : (packed cell volume)

    It is ratio of the volume of red cell tothe volume of whole blood.

    M: 40.7 to 50.3 %

    F: 36.1 to 44.3 %

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    Abstract

    Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reportedparameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.

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    The CBC interpretation are useful in

    the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.

    It can reflect acute or chronic

    infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.

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    RBC (varies with altitude):

    M: 4.7 to 6.1 x10^12 /L

    F: 4.2 to 5.4 x10^12 /L Biconcave disc shape with diameter

    of about 8 m

    Function: - transport hemoglobinwhich carries oxygen from the lung tothe tissues

    -acidbase buffer.

    Life span 100-120 days.

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    Hemoglobin :

    M: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL

    F: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL

    Hematocrit : (packed cell volume)

    It is ratio of the volume of red cell tothe volume of whole blood.

    M: 40.7 to 50.3 %

    F: 36.1 to 44.3 %

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    Abstract

    Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reported

    parameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.

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    Hemoglobin :

    M: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL

    F: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL

    Hematocrit : (packed cell volume)

    It is ratio of the volume of red cell to

    the volume of whole blood.

    M: 40.7 to 50.3 %

    F: 36.1 to 44.3 %

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    Abstract

    Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reported

    parameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.

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    The CBC interpretation are useful in

    the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.

    It can reflect acute or chronic

    infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.

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    RBC (varies with altitude):

    M: 4.7 to 6.1 x10^12 /L

    F: 4.2 to 5.4 x10^12 /L Biconcave disc shape with diameter

    of about 8 m

    Function: - transport hemoglobinwhich carries oxygen from the lung tothe tissues

    -acidbase buffer.

    Life span 100-120 days.

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    Hemoglobin :

    M: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL

    F: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL

    Hematocrit : (packed cell volume)

    It is ratio of the volume of red cell to

    the volume of whole blood.

    M: 40.7 to 50.3 %

    F: 36.1 to 44.3 %

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    Abstract

    Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reported

    parameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.

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    The CBC interpretation are useful in

    the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.

    It can reflect acute or chronic

    infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.

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    Component of the CBC:

    Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

    Concentration (MCHC)- Red cell distribution width (RDW)

    White Blood Cells (WBCs)

    Platelet

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    OVERVIEW Hematopoeisis

    Def Hematopoeisis

    Proses pembentukan sel matur lekosit,

    eritrosit, trombosit yang berasal dari HSC

    pluripoten HSC hematopoietic stem cell

    LCR locus control region

    ES embryonic stem

    HSC:1. pertahanan sistem hematopoiesis di luar siklus

    2. regenerasi sel

    3. produksi sel progenitor

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    Faktor yang mempengaruhihematopoisis

    Growth factor proliferasi sel

    Regulator nukleal faktor transkripsiaktivasi gen

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    DARAH

    Merupakan CAIRAN TUBUH YANG TERDAPAT PADA JANTUNG &

    PEMBULUH DARAH

    CAIRAN LAINNYA:

    JARINGAN : TERDAPAT DALAM JARINGAN

    LYMPH: TERDAPAT PD PEMBULUH LYMPH

    SINOVIAL: TERDAPAT DI ANTARA SENDI

    SEREBROSPINAL (CEREBROSPINAL): YANG TERDAPAT PD OTAK

    BESAR (SEREBRUM) & MEDULA SPINALIS (poros tulang belakang)

    ENDOLIMPH & PERILIMPH: TERDAPAT DI DALAM TELINGA (RUMAH

    SIPUT) UNTUK KESEIMBANGAN

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    FUNGSI DARAH

    1. TRANSPORTASI a. yg berhubungan dg respirasi;b. yg berhubungan dg nutrisi (makanan); c. ygberhubungan dg ekskresi; d. yg berhubungan dgregulasi

    2. REGULASI KESEIMBANGAN pH DARAH (7.0-7.2)

    mengentalkan darah karena mempunyai plasma protein(albumin, fibrinogen, globulin)

    3. REGULASI KESEIMBANGAN Darah dg jaringan

    4. MENCEGAH PENDARAHAN (TROMBOSIT)

    5. PERTAHANAN TUBUH (LEKOSIT)

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    PEMBAGIAN DARAH

    PLASMA DARAH 55 %

    SEL-SEL DARAH 45 %; TERDIRI DARI: SEL DARAH MERAH (ERITROSIT)

    SEL DARAH PUTIH (LEUKOSIT)

    KEPING-2 DARAH (THROMBOSIT)

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    KARAKTERISTIKA DARAH

    BERAT JENIS DARAH : 1.054 1.060

    BERAT JENIS PLASMA : 1.024 1.028

    VISKOSITAS (kekentalan): 3-5 x AIR

    JUMLAH VOLUME DARAH : 5-8 % BB

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    PLASMA DARAH

    AIR 91 %

    SUBSTANSI LAIN 8 % tdd:

    PROTEIN PLASMA DARAH 70 %: albumin,

    fibrinogen, globulin ENZIM

    0,9 % tdd: asam amino, lemak, glukosa, urea,garam, sodium bikarbonat

    0,1 % HORMON, ANTIBODI, GAS

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    SEL DARAH MERAH

    Jumlah untuk pria 5,0-5,5 Juta/dL

    Jumlah untuk wanita 4,5 -5,0 Juta/dL

    Bentuk bulat atau bikonkaf (bg tepi lbh tebal dari

    bg tengah), tanpa inti, diameter 7,5 mikron, luas120 mikron2, volume 85 mikron3

    Mengandung jar. bunga karang (stroma) danhemoglobin (Hb)

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    Lanjutan seldarah merah

    Membran sel terdiri dari: protein 65%, lipid

    (lemak) 32 % dan karbohidrat 3 %

    Protein : stromatin

    Lipid: sefalin, lesitin & kholesterol

    Karbohidrat: glukosa

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    PRODUKSI SEL DARAH

    Lahir sampai tua dilakukan oleh sumsumtulang (1.5-3.5 Kg) dan dibantu oleh hepar &limpha

    21 thn sumsum tulang dr tlg kecil Sum2 tlg merah: produksi sel darah

    Sum2 tlg kuning: produksi lemak & pembuluhdarah

    Pembentukkan & pematangan sel

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    Pembentukkan & pematangan sel

    darah merah

    Proeritroblast (hemasitoblast) (20 j)

    eritroblast basophilik (20 j) Hb mulai dibentuk

    eritroblast polikromatophilik (25 j) eritroblast

    ortokromatophilik = normoblast (30 j)

    Hbselesai dibentuk retikulosit (sdm muda) (72 j)

    sel darah merah (120 hari) telah

    menjalankan tugas sepanjang 700 mil

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    BEBERAPA ISTILAH

    Hematokrit % tase sel darah merah dariseluruh jumlah darah (sel darah putih & kepingdarah diabaikan krn jumlah sangat sedikit)

    Pd pria: 47 + 7; berkisar antara 40 54, se

    dangkan pd wanita 42 + 5; berkisar antara 3747

    Contoh: 47 artinya 47%; sel darah 47, plasmadarah 100 % - 47 % = 53 %

    Bil d i il i h t k it 54 % b ti l

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    Bila pada pria nilai hematokrit 54 % berarti sel

    darah merah 54, plasma darah 46

    Dengan dmk darah terlalu kental, shg akan

    mengganggu aliran darah yang tdk lancar

    Utk mengencerkan darah dapat minum obat

    aspirin (asam salisilat)aspilet & ascardia(generik)

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    Lanjutan istilah

    Isotonis: larutan fisiologis NaCl 0,9% yang

    sama dgn cairan tbh atau darah

    Hipotonis: larutan fisiologis lbh kecil dari NaCl

    0,9 % (0,8 %; 0,6 %; 0,3 %; 0,1 %) Hipertonis: larutan fisiologis lbh besar dari NaCl

    0,9 % ( 1 %; 2 %)

    Rouleaux: sdm spt tumpukan uang logam

    Darah bila dimasukkan ke dalam larutan

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    isotonis tidak akan terjadi perubahan

    apa-2

    Darah bila dimasukkan ke dalam larutan hipotonis

    membran akan mengembang krn lar. hipotonis masuk

    ke dalam sdm kmd pecah di satu tempat shg

    Hb keluar hemolisis

    Darah bila dimasukkan ke dalam larutan hiperto nis

    membran akan di tarik kesegala arah pecah di

    banyak tempat shg sdm mengkerut Hb juga keluar

    krenasis

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    Hemoglobin (Hb)

    Satuan: % Hb atau g/dL

    Secara genetis Hb mempunyai 146 pasanganbasa nomer 6 glutamin (glu) Hb normal

    Hb yang tidak normal

    sickle cellhemoglobine nomer 6 valine (val)

    Hb pria 15,4 g/dL ; Hb wanita 13,8 g/dL

    Tanpa melihat jenis kelamin 14,6 g/dL

    SEL DARAH PUTIH

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    SEL DARAH PUTIH (LEUKOSIT) jumlah5000 10000 sel/dL

    Berdasarkan ada/tidak

    adanya granul/partikel

    Granulosit: NEUTROPHIL,

    EOSINOPHIL

    (ASIDOPHIL),BASOPHIL

    Agranulosit: LIMPHOSIT,

    MONOSIT

    Berdasarkan banyaknya

    inti

    Polinukleus/Polimorphi:

    NEUTROPHIL, EOSINOPHIL

    (ASIDOPHIL), BASOPHIL,MONOSIT

    Mononuleus/monomorphi:

    LIMPHOSIT

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    GRANULOSIT

    Besarnya lbh krg 10 -12 mikron & bergranul

    NEUTROPHIL: inti tdd: lebih dr 2 3,4 atau 5, granul

    kecil & halus jumlah 62 %

    EOSINOPHIL atau ASIDOPHIL: inti 2 (dua) granul

    besar & kasar jumlah 8 %

    BASOPHIL: inti tidak jelas apakah 2 (dua) atau lbh dari

    2, tetapi granulnya dapat di buktikan kombinasi

    antara kecil & halusserta besar & kasar jumlah 0,51 %

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    AGRANULOSIT

    Tidak mempunyai granul

    Besarnya lebih kurang 12 15 mikron

    LIMPHOSIT: intinya hampir sebesar selnya

    sendiri jumlah 18 % MONOSIT: 2 (dua) macam inti ginjal (kacang

    merah) & tapal kuda jumlah 13 %

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    Sifat-sifat sel darah putih

    1. amoeboid dapat merubah bentuk

    2. fagositosit dapat memakan terutama

    bakteri, virus, parasit lainnya

    3. diapedesis dapat keluar masuk jaringandan pembuluh darah

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    KEPING-KEPING DARAH

    Berkoloni setiap keluar dari pembuluh

    darah atau ada luka Jumlah 150000 400000 sel/dL

    Membantu dalam proses pembekuan

    darah atau koagulasi

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    PROSES PEMBEKUAN DARAH

    LUKA1. Serotonin vasokonstriksi (penyempitan

    pembuluh drh pd daerah luka

    2. Tromboplastin protrombintrombin

    ion Ca 2+ & enzim trombokinase

    Trombin Fibrinogen fibrin (benang2

    anyaman) proses

    pembekuan terjadi

    FAKTOR2 YG MEMPENGARUHI

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    FAKTOR2 YG MEMPENGARUHI

    PEMBEKUAN (KOAGULASI)

    1. SUHU KAMAR, DINGIN, PANAS

    2. PENGOCOKAN (SENTRIFUGASI) PERLAHAN,DIDIAMKAN, CEPAT

    3. BENDA ASING KACA, KACA + LILIN, KACA + KAIN KASA(PEMBALUT LUKA)

    4. KALSIFIKASI

    5. HEPARIN (EKSTRAK HEPAR BABI)

    6. HIRUDIN (KEL. LUDAH LINTAH) & PACETIN

    7. GLUKOSA

    8. BISA ULAR RINGAN, SEDANG, BERAT

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    Pemeriksaan Darah rutin

    1. COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT(CBC)

    Hemoglobin (Hb)

    Hematokrit (Ht) atau packed cell volume(PCV)

    Trombosit (Tr) atau Platelet(Plt)

    Lekosit atau white blood cell(WBC)

    MCV

    MCH INDEKS ERITROSIT

    MCHC

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    Pemeriksaan Darah rutin

    Red blood cell count(RBC)/jumlah eritrosit

    2. HITUNG JENIS SEL

    2.1 Hitung jenis lekosit: basofil,

    eosinofil, netrofil, limfosit, monosit

    2.2 Morfologi Sel

    3. Hitung Retikulosit

    4. Laju Endap Darah (LED) atau

    erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)

    Red cell distribution width -

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    Red cell distribution width

    RDW Measure of RBC size

    variation (anisocytosis)

    Increased in irondeficiency

    Normal inthalassaemia trait

    Normal/raised inanaemia of ch.

    Disease Can be very high in

    megaloblasticanaemias

    ?practical value

    h ik

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    Perhatikan

    Pra analitik kesalahan teknik pengambilanspesimen, identifikasi, pengumpulan spesimen

    hasil tidak akurat/tidak valid

    TUJUAN Pemeriksaan darah rutin:

    Interpretasi hasil ada tidaknya kelainanhematologi, yaitu:

    nilai sesuai usia dan jenis kelamin

    identifikasi kelainan morfologi sel darah

    korelasikan dengan gejala klinis kasus yang

    diamati

    H il

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    Hasil

    Hasil dapat bervariasi tiap laboratorium

    berdasarkan ketetapan nilai dari fabrikasinya,

    usia, jenis kelamin, dan ketinggian.

    Antikoagulan

    Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)

    k l h

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    67/89

    kesalahan

    Pra analitik

    Pengumpulan spesimen:

    1. Identifikasi

    2. Labelling

    3. Hemolisis

    4. Darah membeku/clottinglarge atau micro

    clotting5. Salah tabung atau volume darah kurang

    mencukupi

    k l h

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    68/89

    kesalahan

    Analitik

    Paska Analitik

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    69/89

    CBC I t t ti

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    70/89

    CBC --- Interpretations

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    71/89

    Nilai Normal CBC Dewasa

    Nil i N l L k it

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    72/89

    Nilai Normal Lekosit

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    73/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    74/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    75/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    76/89

    INDEKS ERITROSIT

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    77/89

    INDEKS ERITROSIT

    I d k it it (l j t )

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    78/89

    Indeks eritrosit (lanjutan)

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    79/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    80/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    81/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    82/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    83/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    84/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    85/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    86/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    87/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    88/89

  • 7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt

    89/89

    Red cell distribution width(RDW)