kul px drh rutin_234.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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PEMERIKSAANDARAH RUTIN
Indriani Silvia
Patologi Klinik
FK USWAGATI
Blok 234
Semester III
26 September 2012
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.global-b2b-network.com/direct/dbimage/50215890/Microscope.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.global-b2b-network.com/b2b/51/1046/54004/microscope.html&h=360&w=360&sz=25&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=GipzxmHMELIbkM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmicroscope%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3DDGUS,DGUS:2006-24,DGUS:en%26sa%3DN -
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Abstract
Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reportedparameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.
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The CBC interpretation are useful in
the diagnosis of various types of
anemias.
It can reflect acute or chronic
infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.
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Component of the CBC:
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Concentration (MCHC)- Red cell distribution width (RDW)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Platelet
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RBC (varies with altitude):
M: 4.7 to 6.1 x10^12 /L
F: 4.2 to 5.4 x10^12 /L Biconcave disc shape with diameter
of about 8 m
Function: - transport hemoglobinwhich carries oxygen from the lung tothe tissues
-acidbase buffer.
Life span 100-120 days.
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Hemoglobin :
M: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL
F: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL
Hematocrit : (packed cell volume)
It is ratio of the volume of red cell tothe volume of whole blood.
M: 40.7 to 50.3 %
F: 36.1 to 44.3 %
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Abstract
Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reportedparameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.
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The CBC interpretation are useful in
the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.
It can reflect acute or chronic
infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.
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Component of the CBC:
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Concentration (MCHC)- Red cell distribution width (RDW)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Platelet
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Abstract
Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reportedparameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.
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The CBC interpretation are useful in
the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.
It can reflect acute or chronic
infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.
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Component of the CBC:
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Concentration (MCHC)- Red cell distribution width (RDW)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Platelet
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RBC (varies with altitude):
M: 4.7 to 6.1 x10^12 /L
F: 4.2 to 5.4 x10^12 /L Biconcave disc shape with diameter
of about 8 m
Function: - transport hemoglobinwhich carries oxygen from the lung tothe tissues
-acidbase buffer.
Life span 100-120 days.
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Hemoglobin :
M: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL
F: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL
Hematocrit : (packed cell volume)
It is ratio of the volume of red cell tothe volume of whole blood.
M: 40.7 to 50.3 %
F: 36.1 to 44.3 %
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Abstract
Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reportedparameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.
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The CBC interpretation are useful in
the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.
It can reflect acute or chronic
infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.
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Component of the CBC:
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Concentration (MCHC)- Red cell distribution width (RDW)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Platelet
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Abstract
Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reportedparameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.
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The CBC interpretation are useful in
the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.
It can reflect acute or chronic
infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.
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Component of the CBC:
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Concentration (MCHC)- Red cell distribution width (RDW)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Platelet
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RBC (varies with altitude):
M: 4.7 to 6.1 x10^12 /L
F: 4.2 to 5.4 x10^12 /L Biconcave disc shape with diameter
of about 8 m
Function: - transport hemoglobinwhich carries oxygen from the lung tothe tissues
-acidbase buffer.
Life span 100-120 days.
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Hemoglobin :
M: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL
F: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL
Hematocrit : (packed cell volume)
It is ratio of the volume of red cell tothe volume of whole blood.
M: 40.7 to 50.3 %
F: 36.1 to 44.3 %
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Abstract
Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reportedparameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.
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The CBC interpretation are useful in
the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.
It can reflect acute or chronic
infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.
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RBC (varies with altitude):
M: 4.7 to 6.1 x10^12 /L
F: 4.2 to 5.4 x10^12 /L Biconcave disc shape with diameter
of about 8 m
Function: - transport hemoglobinwhich carries oxygen from the lung tothe tissues
-acidbase buffer.
Life span 100-120 days.
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Hemoglobin :
M: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL
F: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL
Hematocrit : (packed cell volume)
It is ratio of the volume of red cell tothe volume of whole blood.
M: 40.7 to 50.3 %
F: 36.1 to 44.3 %
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Abstract
Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reported
parameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.
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Hemoglobin :
M: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL
F: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL
Hematocrit : (packed cell volume)
It is ratio of the volume of red cell to
the volume of whole blood.
M: 40.7 to 50.3 %
F: 36.1 to 44.3 %
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Abstract
Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reported
parameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.
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The CBC interpretation are useful in
the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.
It can reflect acute or chronic
infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.
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RBC (varies with altitude):
M: 4.7 to 6.1 x10^12 /L
F: 4.2 to 5.4 x10^12 /L Biconcave disc shape with diameter
of about 8 m
Function: - transport hemoglobinwhich carries oxygen from the lung tothe tissues
-acidbase buffer.
Life span 100-120 days.
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Hemoglobin :
M: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL
F: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL
Hematocrit : (packed cell volume)
It is ratio of the volume of red cell to
the volume of whole blood.
M: 40.7 to 50.3 %
F: 36.1 to 44.3 %
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Abstract
Interpretation of different parameters reported onmodern day analyzers is bit tricky and demandcontinuous monitoring and on-going learning. Inpresent paper interpretation of different reported
parameters has been discussed with approachto diagnosis of various abnormalities.
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The CBC interpretation are useful in
the diagnosis of various types ofanemias.
It can reflect acute or chronic
infection, allergies, and problemswith clotting.
-
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Component of the CBC:
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Hematocrit (Hct) Hemoglobin (Hgb) Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
Concentration (MCHC)- Red cell distribution width (RDW)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Platelet
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OVERVIEW Hematopoeisis
Def Hematopoeisis
Proses pembentukan sel matur lekosit,
eritrosit, trombosit yang berasal dari HSC
pluripoten HSC hematopoietic stem cell
LCR locus control region
ES embryonic stem
HSC:1. pertahanan sistem hematopoiesis di luar siklus
2. regenerasi sel
3. produksi sel progenitor
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Faktor yang mempengaruhihematopoisis
Growth factor proliferasi sel
Regulator nukleal faktor transkripsiaktivasi gen
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DARAH
Merupakan CAIRAN TUBUH YANG TERDAPAT PADA JANTUNG &
PEMBULUH DARAH
CAIRAN LAINNYA:
JARINGAN : TERDAPAT DALAM JARINGAN
LYMPH: TERDAPAT PD PEMBULUH LYMPH
SINOVIAL: TERDAPAT DI ANTARA SENDI
SEREBROSPINAL (CEREBROSPINAL): YANG TERDAPAT PD OTAK
BESAR (SEREBRUM) & MEDULA SPINALIS (poros tulang belakang)
ENDOLIMPH & PERILIMPH: TERDAPAT DI DALAM TELINGA (RUMAH
SIPUT) UNTUK KESEIMBANGAN
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FUNGSI DARAH
1. TRANSPORTASI a. yg berhubungan dg respirasi;b. yg berhubungan dg nutrisi (makanan); c. ygberhubungan dg ekskresi; d. yg berhubungan dgregulasi
2. REGULASI KESEIMBANGAN pH DARAH (7.0-7.2)
mengentalkan darah karena mempunyai plasma protein(albumin, fibrinogen, globulin)
3. REGULASI KESEIMBANGAN Darah dg jaringan
4. MENCEGAH PENDARAHAN (TROMBOSIT)
5. PERTAHANAN TUBUH (LEKOSIT)
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PEMBAGIAN DARAH
PLASMA DARAH 55 %
SEL-SEL DARAH 45 %; TERDIRI DARI: SEL DARAH MERAH (ERITROSIT)
SEL DARAH PUTIH (LEUKOSIT)
KEPING-2 DARAH (THROMBOSIT)
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KARAKTERISTIKA DARAH
BERAT JENIS DARAH : 1.054 1.060
BERAT JENIS PLASMA : 1.024 1.028
VISKOSITAS (kekentalan): 3-5 x AIR
JUMLAH VOLUME DARAH : 5-8 % BB
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PLASMA DARAH
AIR 91 %
SUBSTANSI LAIN 8 % tdd:
PROTEIN PLASMA DARAH 70 %: albumin,
fibrinogen, globulin ENZIM
0,9 % tdd: asam amino, lemak, glukosa, urea,garam, sodium bikarbonat
0,1 % HORMON, ANTIBODI, GAS
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SEL DARAH MERAH
Jumlah untuk pria 5,0-5,5 Juta/dL
Jumlah untuk wanita 4,5 -5,0 Juta/dL
Bentuk bulat atau bikonkaf (bg tepi lbh tebal dari
bg tengah), tanpa inti, diameter 7,5 mikron, luas120 mikron2, volume 85 mikron3
Mengandung jar. bunga karang (stroma) danhemoglobin (Hb)
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Lanjutan seldarah merah
Membran sel terdiri dari: protein 65%, lipid
(lemak) 32 % dan karbohidrat 3 %
Protein : stromatin
Lipid: sefalin, lesitin & kholesterol
Karbohidrat: glukosa
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PRODUKSI SEL DARAH
Lahir sampai tua dilakukan oleh sumsumtulang (1.5-3.5 Kg) dan dibantu oleh hepar &limpha
21 thn sumsum tulang dr tlg kecil Sum2 tlg merah: produksi sel darah
Sum2 tlg kuning: produksi lemak & pembuluhdarah
Pembentukkan & pematangan sel
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Pembentukkan & pematangan sel
darah merah
Proeritroblast (hemasitoblast) (20 j)
eritroblast basophilik (20 j) Hb mulai dibentuk
eritroblast polikromatophilik (25 j) eritroblast
ortokromatophilik = normoblast (30 j)
Hbselesai dibentuk retikulosit (sdm muda) (72 j)
sel darah merah (120 hari) telah
menjalankan tugas sepanjang 700 mil
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BEBERAPA ISTILAH
Hematokrit % tase sel darah merah dariseluruh jumlah darah (sel darah putih & kepingdarah diabaikan krn jumlah sangat sedikit)
Pd pria: 47 + 7; berkisar antara 40 54, se
dangkan pd wanita 42 + 5; berkisar antara 3747
Contoh: 47 artinya 47%; sel darah 47, plasmadarah 100 % - 47 % = 53 %
Bil d i il i h t k it 54 % b ti l
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Bila pada pria nilai hematokrit 54 % berarti sel
darah merah 54, plasma darah 46
Dengan dmk darah terlalu kental, shg akan
mengganggu aliran darah yang tdk lancar
Utk mengencerkan darah dapat minum obat
aspirin (asam salisilat)aspilet & ascardia(generik)
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Lanjutan istilah
Isotonis: larutan fisiologis NaCl 0,9% yang
sama dgn cairan tbh atau darah
Hipotonis: larutan fisiologis lbh kecil dari NaCl
0,9 % (0,8 %; 0,6 %; 0,3 %; 0,1 %) Hipertonis: larutan fisiologis lbh besar dari NaCl
0,9 % ( 1 %; 2 %)
Rouleaux: sdm spt tumpukan uang logam
Darah bila dimasukkan ke dalam larutan
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isotonis tidak akan terjadi perubahan
apa-2
Darah bila dimasukkan ke dalam larutan hipotonis
membran akan mengembang krn lar. hipotonis masuk
ke dalam sdm kmd pecah di satu tempat shg
Hb keluar hemolisis
Darah bila dimasukkan ke dalam larutan hiperto nis
membran akan di tarik kesegala arah pecah di
banyak tempat shg sdm mengkerut Hb juga keluar
krenasis
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Hemoglobin (Hb)
Satuan: % Hb atau g/dL
Secara genetis Hb mempunyai 146 pasanganbasa nomer 6 glutamin (glu) Hb normal
Hb yang tidak normal
sickle cellhemoglobine nomer 6 valine (val)
Hb pria 15,4 g/dL ; Hb wanita 13,8 g/dL
Tanpa melihat jenis kelamin 14,6 g/dL
SEL DARAH PUTIH
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SEL DARAH PUTIH (LEUKOSIT) jumlah5000 10000 sel/dL
Berdasarkan ada/tidak
adanya granul/partikel
Granulosit: NEUTROPHIL,
EOSINOPHIL
(ASIDOPHIL),BASOPHIL
Agranulosit: LIMPHOSIT,
MONOSIT
Berdasarkan banyaknya
inti
Polinukleus/Polimorphi:
NEUTROPHIL, EOSINOPHIL
(ASIDOPHIL), BASOPHIL,MONOSIT
Mononuleus/monomorphi:
LIMPHOSIT
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GRANULOSIT
Besarnya lbh krg 10 -12 mikron & bergranul
NEUTROPHIL: inti tdd: lebih dr 2 3,4 atau 5, granul
kecil & halus jumlah 62 %
EOSINOPHIL atau ASIDOPHIL: inti 2 (dua) granul
besar & kasar jumlah 8 %
BASOPHIL: inti tidak jelas apakah 2 (dua) atau lbh dari
2, tetapi granulnya dapat di buktikan kombinasi
antara kecil & halusserta besar & kasar jumlah 0,51 %
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AGRANULOSIT
Tidak mempunyai granul
Besarnya lebih kurang 12 15 mikron
LIMPHOSIT: intinya hampir sebesar selnya
sendiri jumlah 18 % MONOSIT: 2 (dua) macam inti ginjal (kacang
merah) & tapal kuda jumlah 13 %
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Sifat-sifat sel darah putih
1. amoeboid dapat merubah bentuk
2. fagositosit dapat memakan terutama
bakteri, virus, parasit lainnya
3. diapedesis dapat keluar masuk jaringandan pembuluh darah
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KEPING-KEPING DARAH
Berkoloni setiap keluar dari pembuluh
darah atau ada luka Jumlah 150000 400000 sel/dL
Membantu dalam proses pembekuan
darah atau koagulasi
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PROSES PEMBEKUAN DARAH
LUKA1. Serotonin vasokonstriksi (penyempitan
pembuluh drh pd daerah luka
2. Tromboplastin protrombintrombin
ion Ca 2+ & enzim trombokinase
Trombin Fibrinogen fibrin (benang2
anyaman) proses
pembekuan terjadi
FAKTOR2 YG MEMPENGARUHI
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FAKTOR2 YG MEMPENGARUHI
PEMBEKUAN (KOAGULASI)
1. SUHU KAMAR, DINGIN, PANAS
2. PENGOCOKAN (SENTRIFUGASI) PERLAHAN,DIDIAMKAN, CEPAT
3. BENDA ASING KACA, KACA + LILIN, KACA + KAIN KASA(PEMBALUT LUKA)
4. KALSIFIKASI
5. HEPARIN (EKSTRAK HEPAR BABI)
6. HIRUDIN (KEL. LUDAH LINTAH) & PACETIN
7. GLUKOSA
8. BISA ULAR RINGAN, SEDANG, BERAT
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Pemeriksaan Darah rutin
1. COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT(CBC)
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Hematokrit (Ht) atau packed cell volume(PCV)
Trombosit (Tr) atau Platelet(Plt)
Lekosit atau white blood cell(WBC)
MCV
MCH INDEKS ERITROSIT
MCHC
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Pemeriksaan Darah rutin
Red blood cell count(RBC)/jumlah eritrosit
2. HITUNG JENIS SEL
2.1 Hitung jenis lekosit: basofil,
eosinofil, netrofil, limfosit, monosit
2.2 Morfologi Sel
3. Hitung Retikulosit
4. Laju Endap Darah (LED) atau
erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)
Red cell distribution width -
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Red cell distribution width
RDW Measure of RBC size
variation (anisocytosis)
Increased in irondeficiency
Normal inthalassaemia trait
Normal/raised inanaemia of ch.
Disease Can be very high in
megaloblasticanaemias
?practical value
h ik
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Perhatikan
Pra analitik kesalahan teknik pengambilanspesimen, identifikasi, pengumpulan spesimen
hasil tidak akurat/tidak valid
TUJUAN Pemeriksaan darah rutin:
Interpretasi hasil ada tidaknya kelainanhematologi, yaitu:
nilai sesuai usia dan jenis kelamin
identifikasi kelainan morfologi sel darah
korelasikan dengan gejala klinis kasus yang
diamati
H il
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Hasil
Hasil dapat bervariasi tiap laboratorium
berdasarkan ketetapan nilai dari fabrikasinya,
usia, jenis kelamin, dan ketinggian.
Antikoagulan
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)
k l h
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kesalahan
Pra analitik
Pengumpulan spesimen:
1. Identifikasi
2. Labelling
3. Hemolisis
4. Darah membeku/clottinglarge atau micro
clotting5. Salah tabung atau volume darah kurang
mencukupi
k l h
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kesalahan
Analitik
Paska Analitik
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CBC I t t ti
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CBC --- Interpretations
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Nilai Normal CBC Dewasa
Nil i N l L k it
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Nilai Normal Lekosit
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75/89
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
76/89
INDEKS ERITROSIT
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
77/89
INDEKS ERITROSIT
I d k it it (l j t )
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
78/89
Indeks eritrosit (lanjutan)
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
79/89
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
80/89
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
81/89
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
82/89
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
83/89
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
84/89
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
85/89
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
86/89
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
87/89
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
88/89
-
7/27/2019 Kul Px Drh rutin_234.ppt
89/89
Red cell distribution width(RDW)