kshitij presentation

7/27/2019 Kshitij Presentation

1/42

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER AND ITS EVOLUTION

PART-A

MADE BY :KSHITIJ BISHT


2/42

Necessity is the mother of invention. The saying

holds true for computers also because computer were

invented as a result of mans search for fast andaccurate calculating devices.

The earliest device that qualifies as a digital

computer is the abacus also known as soroban.

This device permits the users to represent numbersby the position of beads on a rack. Simple addition and

subtraction can be carried out rapidly and efficiently by

positioning the beads appropriately.


3/42

C BH AA BR BL AE GS E

A nineteenth century Professor at

Cambridge University, is considered to

be the Father of modern digital

computers.

Babbage designed a Difference

Engine in the year 1822 which could produce

reliable tables.

In 1842, Babbage came out with his new

idea ofAnalytical Engine that was

intended to be completely automatic. It was

capable of performing the basic arithmetic

functions for any mathematical problem and it

was to do so at an average speed of 60

additions per minute..


4/42

1. The Mark I Computer (1937-44)

Also known as Automatic Sequence

Controlled calculator, this was the first fullyautomatic calculating machine designed by

Howard A. Aiken of Harvard University in

collaboration with IBM (InternationalBusiness Machines) corporation. Its design

was based on the techniques already developed

for punched card machinery.


5/42

2. THE ATANASOFF-BERRY

COMPUTER (1939-42)

This electronic machine was developed byDr. John Atanasoff to solve certain

mathematical equations. It was called theAtanasoff-Berry Computer, or ABC, after itsinventors name and his assistant, Clifford

Berry. It used 45 vacuum tubes for internallogic and capacitors for storage.


6/42

3. The ENIAC (1943-46)

The Electronic

Numerical Integrator And

Calculator (ENIAC) was

the first electronic

computer. It wasconstructed at the Moore

School of Engineering of

the University of

Pennsylvania, U.S.A. bya design team led by

Professors J. Presper

Eckert and John

Mauchly.

It could store and

manipulate only a

very limited

amount of

information, and

Its programs were

wired on boards.


7/42

The operation of ENIAC was seriously handicapped

by the wiring board. This problem was later overcome by

the new concept of stored program developed by Dr.

John Von Neumann. The basic idea behind the stored

program concept is that a sequence of instructions aswell as data can be stored in the memory of the

computer for the purpose of automatically directing the

flow of operations. The stored program feature

considerably influenced the development of moderndigital computers and because of this feature we often

refer to modern digital computers as stored program

digital computers. The Electronic Discrete Variable

Automatic Computer (EDVAC) was designed on stored

program concept.


8/42

5. EDSAC (1947-49)Almost simultaneously with EDVAC of U.S.A.,the Britishers developed the Electronic Delay StorageAutomatic Calculator (EDSAC). The machineexecuted its first program in May 1949. In thismachine, addition operation was accomplished in1500 microseconds, and multiplication operation in4000 microseconds. The machine was developed bya group of scientists headed by Professor MauriceWilkes at the Cambridge University MathematicalLaboratory.


9/42

This computer was a small experimentalmachine based on the stored program concept.It was designed at Manchester University by a

group of scientists headed by Professor M.H.A.Newman. Its storage capacity was only 32words, each of 31 binary digits. This was toolimited to store data and instructions. Hence,the Manchester Mark I was hardly of anypractical use.


10/42

7. The UNIVAC I (1951)

The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) was thefirst digital computer which was not one of a kind. ManyUNICAC machines were produced, the first of which was

installed in the Census Bureau in 1951 and was usedcontinuously for 10 years. The first business use of acomputer, a UNICAC I, was by General Electric Corporationin 1954.

In 1952, the International Business Machines (IBM)Corporation introduced the 701 commercial computer. Inrapid succession, improved models of the UNICAC I andother 700-series machines were introduced. In 1953, IBMproduced the IBM-650 and sold over 1000 of thesecomputers.

The commercially available digital computers, that

could be used for business and scientific applications, hadarrived.


11/42

Data are raw facts and figures. Data are represented by values. These values may benumbers, characters, or sequence of any symbols that carry meaning in certain context.

Example:-20, 60, 98 are the marks of student out of 100. The passing percentage is40. Evaluate how many students have passed?

Sol. Data is 20, 60, 98.

Context marks of student out of 100.

Instructioncompare each data with 40 to find if student has passed or not?

Information2 students passed (obtained after processing instruction)

Data Instruction used

For processing

Information

Data storage


12/42

The word Computer comes from the word Compute which meansto calculate. So, a computer is considered to be a calculating device that canperform arithmetical, logical as well as relational operation at very high speedand with approximately zero error.A computer can be defined asAn electronic device used to process data, convert that data into information which

can be useful to user.

A general purpose machine that processes data according to a set of instructions thatare stored in it.

A programmable computing machine.

A system of hardware

a) Which can accept data (facts, figures, observations) in prescribed form (in specificsequence)

b) Which can process the data according to the stored set of instructionsc) Supply the results of processing in a specific format

i. As an information which cab assist in decision-making

ii. As signals to control automatically further machines or processes.

iii. Store the results in a primary or secondary storage for safe keeping or later reuse.In simple terms, a computer is an electronic device for accepting and processing of data,

convert that data into information, which can further be used in decision-making.


13/42

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

1. Speed2. Accuracy3. Versatility4. Power of Remembering5. Diligence6. No IQ7. No Feelings


14/42

A computer is a very fast device. It can

perform in a few seconds the amount of work the human

being can do approximate in a week.

The speed of computer is measured in

microseconds (10-6), nanoseconds (10-9), and in

picoseconds (10-12). A powerful computer is capable of

performing about 3 to 4 million simple arithmetic

operations per second.


15/42

The accuracy of a computer is consistently high. The degree ofaccuracy depends on designing of the computer. But for a particular

computer, each and every calculation has to be performed with certainaccuracy.

Errors can occur in a computer but these are mainly due to humanrather than technological weakness as:

due to imprecise thinking of programmer due to inaccurate data

It is the most wonderful thing about the computers. At a time, a

computer can be busy preparing electricity bill, at another preparingresume (biodata), and at still another drawing images and animation. Acomputer is capable of performing almost any task provided that the task

can be reduced to a service of logical step.


16/42

As a human being acquires new knowledge, the brain subconsciously select what it

feels is important and worth retains in its memory and neglects the unimportant details orjust forgets them. But with computers this is not the case. A computer can store andretrieve any amount of information because of its secondary storage device capability.Every small information can be retained from the computer as and when required evenafter several years. Computer does not forget unless it is crash or it is explicitly told to do so.

Unlike human being the computer is free from monotony, tiredness of concentrationetc. and hence can work for hours together without creating any error and withoutgrumbling. Due to this property, computers obviously score more over human being indoing routine type of jobs which require great accuracy.


17/42

Computer is not a magical device. It can perform only the task

which a human being can, the difference is that it performs these taskswith unthinkable speed and accuracy. It possess no intelligence of its

own. Till date its IQ is zero. It is told by human beings through a set of

instruction what to do and in what sequence. It depends on the users

decision and not on computers wish what task to perform.

Computers have no feelings and no instincts because they are

made line. Based on feelings, taste, knowledge and experience certain

judgements are made which is not possible with computers. Computers

judgements are based on the instructions given to them in the form of

programs, that are written by programmers.


18/42

APPLICATIONS OF

COMPUTERS

Scientists usecomputers to develop

theories, to collect and testdata and to exchangeinformation electronicallywith colleagues around theworld. Researchers can

access databases indistant locations. Scientistrequires complexcomputation of very highdegree of accuracy andprecision.

In business, where the

computer simply replicated the

previous manual tasks, it nowautomates fully. The process and the

procedures have been improved.

Office automation is defined as

using computer and communication

technology to help people to better

use and manage information. Office

automation technology includes all

types of computers, telephones, e-

mail and office machines that use

microprocessors or other high-

technology components.

COMPUTERS IN SCIENTIFIC

RESEARCHCOMPUTERS IN BUSINESS AND

INDUSTRY


19/42

COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION COMPUTERS IN SCHOOL

Most educational application

packages incorporate interesting and colorfulgraphics to hold the students attention andinclude programs to increase readingcomprehension, improve spelling, buildvocabulary, and develop thinking and otherspecial skills.

In todays world computer will be acommon place as telephones and dictionaries.

To prepare for outside world the studentshould learn how to work comfortably with allkinds of knowledge tools including pencils,

books, calculators, computers and otherinformation utilities.

Students need to have a clearunderstanding of the limitations of thetechnology and the ability to assess the

benefits and risks of applying technology to aproblem. They need to be able to questiontechnology.

The information age clearly makesnew demands on the educational system,

requiring major changes in what and howpeople learn. Many educators believe thatcomputers and IT are essential parts. Manyof the elementary and secondary schools arenow introducing computers. Students andteachers are using these computers in avariety of ways to learn.

Computers allow student to learnbased on drill and practice principle. The

computer based training software allowsstudent to learn at their own pace. Givesfeedback about how much they have learned.

Tutorial software provides directinstruction in a clearly specified skill orproject. Drill-and-practice software andtutorial software are often referred to asComputer Aided Instruction (CAI) software.


20/42

COMPUTERSINENTERTAINMENTAPPLICATIONS

The use of computers in the entertainment field-movies, music, presentation, sports and gameshas

increased over the last decades and now computer play a vital role in these fields.

Computers help in improving productivity by automating time consuming, repetitive and monotonous

processes. They give the movie makers a lot of options by giving them the power to create the kind of special

effects they wantthose that were not possible in early times. The computers can create outer space, alien

characters, extinct animals and so on without the creating of their physical models. The filmmakers can then

integrate these backgrounds and characters with real characters. Computers are used in almost all phases of

movie making may it be writing scripts, creating special effects, editing, adding sound effects and so on.

Computer technology has given the ability to create special effects. Any musical composition i.e., when a piece

of music is treated, when it is played, or when it is reproduced.

COMPUTERSINWEATHERFORECASTING

Weather forecasting is one of the important areas of application of IT. With the advancement of IT,

weather forecasting has become very reliable, accurate and simpler. It is combination of science and art

both. In the modern and scientific techniques, it is possible to read the weather maps in digital medium and

these maps may be processed in such a way that a pattern for the next day is obtained.

Based on the forecasters experience and projected weather maps, the forecasting is done. Use of

computer has facilitated the job of data processing related with weather. The size of data used for weather

forecasting is normally huge, therefore the use of computers for processing these data is essential. There

are several methods used for weather forecasting such as Persistence method, Trends method, Analog

method, Numerical Weather Prediction, Textual examination etc.


21/42

COMPUTER IN BANKINGAPPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS INSPORTS

Banking is yet anothertype of business application thatbenefits from computerisationand information technologybecause of the repetitiveness ofthe transactions, the accuracyrequired, and the speed required

to handle the large volume ofdaily transactions.

Electronic FundsTransfer. To reduce demandsfor handling of paperdocuments, banks have deviseda number of computer

applications that make itpossible to transfer fundsthrough communication betweencomputers. This technique isknow as Eelctronic FundsTransfer (EFT).

In most sports, computerscompile statistics, sell tickets,create training programs anddiets for players and athletes,and suggest game plans andstrategies based on thecompetitors past performance.

Computers are used insports to analyze themovements of sports personsand to find faults in themovements and optimize themovements so that maximumefficiency is achieved.

Computers are used by sportsprofessionals to analyze theirtechniques to find theirstrengths and weaknesses.Computers are used to simulategames and to try out differentgames strategies.


22/42

COMPUTER IN MULTIMEDIAThe term multimedia refers to the integration of multiple media

such as visual imager, text, video, sound and animationwhichtogether can multiply the impact of the message.

Multimedia systems can be used in training the students, teachersand employees located at different places. Through the use of video

conferencing systems, great savings in travel time and cost can beachieved. In modern organisations, video conferencing provides bettercommunication between persons separated by space and time who need towork together on common projects.

Multimedia has also improved interpersonal communicationbetween people. Another use for which multimedia is often used is making presentations in groups. It provides the

presenter with a powerful tool that can enhance communication by

delivering a multi-sensory experience.


23/42

VARIOUS FIELDS OF

COMPUTERS1) Hardware:-Hardware is the jargon term given to the machinery itself and to the

various individual pieces of equipment. It referes to the physical devices of acomputer system.

2) Software:-A computer cannot do anything on its own. It must be instructed todo a desired job. Hence it is necessary to specify a sequence of instructionsthat a computer must perform to solve a problem. Such a sequence of

instructions written in a language that can be understood by a computer iscalled a Computer Program.

3) Firmware:-With the advancement in technology and the reduction in hardwarecost, today software is also being made available by many computermanufacturers on read-only memory (ROM) chips. These ROM chips can beeasily plugged intothe computer system and they form a part of the hardware.Such programs (software) made available on hardware are known firmware.

1) Humanware:-The personnel involved in using and maintaining the computersystem form the Humanware.

Hardware Engineer who takes care of the various components loaded computer.

Software Engineer who manages and handles the softwares loaded onto the computer.


24/42

Accuracy:--Computers provides very highlevel of accuracy or correctness incomputing without doing any errors incomputing.

No fat igue:--A computer is free fromtiredness, lack of concentration at fatigueetc.

Memorising effect:--A computer is alsocalled as a Store Houses has the power of

storing huge amount of information or data. Analysis of d ata:--Computer cantransform data into meaningful information.

Speed:--Computers can work very fast. Ittakes only few seconds for calculations thatwe take hours to complete.

Dynamic ro le:-- Computer are capable ofplaying a versatile job.

Intangible benefits:-- Computers givemany intangible benefits like flexibility,

ability to accommodate changes andexpansion.

No psyc ho log ica l prob lems:--Ascomputers are machines they do not comewith any emotional ego and psychologicalproblems, which are otherwise destructive innature.

Cost reduct ion:-- Inspite of the cost ofcomputerisation, which is coming downdrastically over the years, the benefits whichcomputer give override the cost, thereby

making the cost incurred to be recoveredwithin no time, in turn reducing the effectivecost, thus one can have competitive edgeover others.

Works automat ically (Autom at ion):--Computer is a device, which is much morethan a calculator which is not able to dovarious automatic operations and need ahuman operator to press the necessary keysfor any operation to be performed.


25/42

LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTERS

1) Computer does not work on it self, it receives aset of instructions and only then it can function.

2) Computers are not intelligent, they have to be

instructed about each and every step which they

have to perform i.e., each and every task to be

performed by them should be given in detail.

3) Computers cannot take decisions on its won, one

has to programme the computer to take an action

if some conditions prevail.

4) Data handling through computers is prone to the

loss of information and being tampered. Thus, it

requires special protection routines.

5) Computers, unlike humans, cannot learn by

experience.


26/42

Processor

Memory

Input and Output device

Storage


27/42

INPUT OUTPUTPU

MEMORY

STORAGE

PROCESSOR MEMORY


28/42

PROCESSOR MEMORY

Processoris the brain of thecomputer that organizes andcarries out instructions that comefrom either the user or the

software.1) The function ofArithmetic

and Logical Unit(ALU) is toperform.a. Arithmetic operations as adding,

subtracting, multiplying, anddividing one set of data with

anotherb. Logical Operations (AND, OR,

NOT, exclusive OR) which is doneby analyzing and evaluating databy matching it with the set ofknown data that are included in the

program or called from memory.This unit also performs increment,

decrement, shift, and clearanceoperations.

2) Control Unit(CU) generatescontrol and timing signalsnecessary for the processing of aninstructions. It controls all theoperations of the computers.

The CPU of small computers is aMicroprocessor.

Memory is also known as

storage, Memory is like an

electronic scratch pad inside the

computer.When new data is entered

into the computer it is stored into

memory but only temporarily.

The most common type of

memory is Random Access

Memory (RAM). Unit ofmeasurement of computers

memory is the bytethe amount

of memory it takes to store a

single character.

Secondary or Auxiliarymemory is used to store

operating system, compiler,

assembler, application programs,

data files etc. which are not read

by CPU directly.

Another kind of memory which isplaced between the CPU and the

O


29/42

Without interaction with user thecomputer is useless. Input devices accept

data and instructions from the user orfrom another computer system. Outputdevices return processed data back to theuser or to another computer system.

The mouse, trackball and touchpadenable to draw or point on the screen.

The joystick is especially well suited forplaying fast moving video games.

A scanner can copy a printed page of text

or a graphic into the computers memory,eliminating the time consuming step of typinginput or creating an image from scratch.

Digital cameras record live images thatcab viewed and edited on the computer.

I

N

P

U

T

AN

D

O

U

T

PU

T

D

E

VI

C

E


30/42

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS2) On the basis of Processing Speed and

Storage CapacityAccording to the processingspeed and storage capacity computers can beclassified as follow:

i) Micro Computer. Micro computer is a small sizedand an inexpensive computer which was originatedin late 1970s.

The most familiar kind of computer is themicrocomputer. The past, microcomputers havebeen considered to be of two types:

a) Personal computers

b) Workstations

ii) Mini Computer. A mini computer is a small generalpurpose computer with computing power largerthan a microcomputer their capacity lies betweenmicrocomputers and the mainframes.Minicomputers are usually designed to handlemultiple client requests.

iii) Mainframe Computer. Mainframe computer aremore powerful than a minicomputer. Themainframe computers have word length of 32-bits,48-bits or 64-bits.

iv) Super Computer. Super computers are the mostpowerful computers. These system have extremelyhigh processing speed and a very large size. Thefastest super computers can perform more than 1

trillion calculations per second.

1) On the basis of

Technology Computerscan be classified on the

basis of technology i.e., onthe basis of type of data

processing for which they

are designed

i. Analog Computers. These

computer operates on the

data which are continuously

varying with respect to samephysical quantity.

ii. Digital Computers. These

computer manipulates

discrete data and can perform

arithmetic and logical

operation. The data which are

countable and discrete data

iii. Hybrid Computers. Hybrid

computer is the combination

of analog and digital

computers. In hybrid

computers some calculations

are performed in the analog

portion of the computer and

some are performed on the

digital portion of the computer.


31/42

3) On the basis of Purpose

General purpose computers. These computers areused to perform as many task as possible. Thesecomputers are store different programs and can beused to execute counters applications.

Specific purpose computers. These computers are

designed to perform only one specific task. Theprograms or instructions are wired into or permanentlystore in these machines. These machines lacksversatility but performs their single task quickly andefficiently.


32/42

DIFFERENT GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

FIRST GENERATION (1942-1955) SECOND GENERATION (1955-1964)

This generation include:- ENIAC,EDVAC, EDSAC, MANCHESTER MARK I, theUNIVAC I. These machines used VacuumTubes which was delicate glass device thatcould control and amplify electronic signals.

Advantages :

Vacuum tube technology made possible the

advent of electronic digital computers.

These computers were the fastest calculatingdevice of that time, performed operation inmillisecond.

Disadvantages :

Too big in size.

Non-portable.

Requires air-conditioners to run.

Prone to frequent hardware failure.

Unreliable.

Requires constant maintenance.

Commercial use is limited.

Costly and difficult to use for commercial

production.

The second generation was revolutionized by theuse of transistors in lieu of vacuum tubes.Transistors are smaller and more reliable and socalled the brain of computers. This reduced thesize of computer.

Advantages :

Smaller in Size

More reliable.

Can be ported.

Generates less quantity of heat.

Hardware failure is less.

Wider commercial use.

Reduction of computational time from

milliseconds to microseconds.Disadvantages :

Requires air conditioners to run.

Requires regular maintenance.

Commercial production is difficult andcostly.

Individual components have to be manually

assembled into functional units.


33/42

Advancement in electronictechnology made possible to

integrate large number of circuit

elements into very small surfaces of

silicon called Chips, calling this new

technology as Ics (Integrated

Circuits).Advantages :

Smaller in size.

Generates still less amount of heat.

Easily portable.

More reliable.

Requires less power to run.

Low cost of maintenance.

General purpose machines.

Cheaper and easier commercial

production.

Disadvantages : Sometimes re uires air-conditions.

This era came with the integration of over30,000 components over a single chip

called large scale integration

technology (LSI). Fourth generation

computers has LSI chips as its brain.

Advantages :

Compact, with high components density.

Generates negligible amount of heat.

Very reliable.

Cheapest as compared to all generation

computers.

Least air conditioner required.

Much faster in computation.

Hardware failure is minimum.

Less maintenance is required.

Easily portable as size is small.

Totally used as general purpose machine.

Assembling stage requires minimum laborcost and difficulty.

THIRD GENERATION (1964-

1975)

FOURTH GENERATION (1975-

1995)

TYPES OF SOFTWARE


34/42

TYPES OF SOFTWARE

Application

software, also known

as an application

package, is a set of

one or more programs

designed to carry out

operations for aspecified application.

System software,

also known as system

package, is a set of one

or more programs,designed to control the

operation of a computer

system. These

programs do not solvespecific problems.

a) Application software b) Systems software


35/42

COMPILER INTERPRETERA computer hardware is

capable of only understanding

machine level instructions andso it becomes compulsory to

convert the instructions written

in high level languages to

machine level instruction before

the execution of the program.

Assembleris used to

convert assembly language

instructions to machine level

instructions. Compileris usedto translate the program written

in high level language into

machine language. Compiler is

a translating program which is

much more sophisticated thanan assembler.

An interpreter is a typeof translator used for

translating high-levellanguage into machine code.It takes one statement of ahigh level language andtranslates it into a machineinstruction which is

immediately executed.Advantages :1. Fast response to change in

the source program.

2. Interpreter eliminates theneed for separate compiling

run after each programchange to add features orcorrect errors.

3. Compiler is a complexprogram as compared tointerpreter.

4. Interpreters are easy to write.


36/42

NUMBERSYSTEM

PART - B


37/42

NUMBER SYSTEMNumber systems are basically of two types :

Non-positional and positional number system.

Non positional : In early days , humanbeings counted on fingers. When the fingers

were not adequate then on stones , pebbles orsticks were used to indicate value. This methodis Non positional or additive approach.

Positional : In this number systemthere are only a few symbols called digits. Thesesymbols represents different values dependingupon the position they occupy in the number.


38/42

Decimal number system Binary number systemThis number system, consists

of ten digits. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, and 9. A decimal number can berepresented in combination of

these 10 digits. The positions ofdigits are represented according toplace value of the digits. The basevalue for decimal number is 10and so the number is representedas (6734)10. The expanded form is

(6734)10= 6*1000+7*100+3*10+4*1(6734)10=6*103+7*102 +3*101 +4*100The power of ten indicate therelative position of the digits of

the number from right to left.

In the binary number system thebase is 2. So we have only 2digits and these digits are 0 and1 which can be used in binarysystem.

(11011)2=1*24+1*23+0*22+1*21*1*20(11011)2=1*16+1*8+0*4+1*2+1*1= 16+8+0+2+1(11011)2= (27)10


39/42

OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEMHEXADECIMAL NUMBER

SYSTEM

In the octal numbersystem the base is 8. So wehave 8 digits starting from 0and ending with value (8-1)=7 i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7,

(4621)8=4*83+6*82+2*81+1*80

=4*512+6*64+2*8+1*1=2048+384+16+1

(4621)8 =(2449)10

As there are only 8 digits inthe octal number system, so 3bits (23=8) are sufficient torepresent only octal numberin binary. Following tableshows 3 bit number with theirdecimal values :

In the hexadecimalnumber system the base is16.

(A31)16= A*162+3*161+1*160

(A31)16= A*162+3*16+1*160

= 10*256+3*16+1*1= 2560+48+1

(A31)16= (2609)10

As there are only 16 digits inthe hexadecimal numbersystem, so 4-bits (24=16) aresufficient to represent anyhexadecimal number in binaryform.


40/42

CONVERSION AMONG VARIOUS NUMBER SYSTEM

1) Converting

any base number

to decimal

The three steps which are

used to convert any base

number to decimal.

Step i. Determine the

positional value of eachdigit. This depends on the

position of the digit and the

base of the number system.

Step ii. Multiply the obtained

positional values from Step

1 by the digits in the

corresponding columns.

Step iii. Sum the product

obtained from step 2. The

total is equivalent to the

decimal value.

2) Converting

from base 10

3) Converting

from a base other

than 10 to a baseother than 10

Decimal number to a new

base (Division Remainder

Technique)

Step i. Divide the decimal

number to be converted bythe value of the new base.

Step ii. Record the remainder

from the step 1 on the right

most digit of the new base

number.

Step iii. Divide the Quotient

by the new base.Step iv. Again, record the

remainder of step 3 as the

next digit of the new base

number.

The three steps which are

used to convert any base

number to decimal.

Step i. Convert the original

number to a decimalnumber i.e., base 10.

Step ii. Convert the decimal

number to the new base

number.


41/42

(a) Converting binary number to an octal numberStep 1. Divide the binary digits into groups of three, starting from the right. If the

left most group fall short of digits then insert required number of zeros to the left

of most significant bit (MSB).

Step 2. Convert each group of three binary digits into one octal digit.

(b) Converting binary number to hexadecimal numberStep 1. Divide the binary digits into groups of four, starting from the right. If the left

most group fall short of digits then insert required number of zeros to the left ofmost significant bit (MSB).

Step 2. Convert each group of four binary digits to one hexadecimal digit.Hexadecimal digits 0 to 9 are equal to decimal digits 0 to 9 and hexadecimal digitsA to F are equal to decimal digits 10 to 15


42/42

(c) Converting octalnumber to binary

number

(d) Convertinghexadecimal number

to binary number

Step 1. Convert each octal digit toa 3 digit binary number.

Step 2. Combine all the resultingbinary number into a singlebinary number.

Step 1. Convert the decimalequivalent of each hexadecimaldigit to 4 binary digits.

Step 2. Combine all the resultingbinary groups into a singlebinary number.

kshitij presentation

Documents