kropac 2010 sswm implementation tools

SSWM Implementation Tools 1

SSWM Implementation Tools

Michael Kropac, seecon international gmbh


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Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open-source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations.

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Disclaimer

The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations.

Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.

Copyright & Disclaimer



Contents

1. Implementation Tools

2. Hardware

3. SoftwareA) Awareness Raising ToolsB) Command & Control ToolsC) Economic ToolsD) Creating an Enabling Environment

4. References



4

How can I optimize my local water management and sanitation system and make it more sustainable?

SSWM Implementation Tools give a concrete and specific answer to the main question:

= „What can I do?“

1. Implementation Tools



5

...can be technical (Hardware) as well as economic, political and social tools (Software).

Seven overarching themes include a large number of different tools to:

1. Implementation Tools…

• Water Sources Management

• Water Purification

• Water Distribution

• Water and Nutrient Use

• Wastewater Collection

• Wastewater Treatment

• Reuse and Recharge of Nutrients and Water

Source: www.sswm.info



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Hardwares are…

… technical tools to optimize your water and nutrient cycle

Save Water !

Save Energy !

Save Money !

Save Nutrients!

… they answer questions like:

？What technology options exist?

？How can I design and built them?

？In which context are they applicable?

？Can I built them on my own?

？How much do they cost?

？How do I maintain and operate them?

？Etc, etc, etc, etc, etc, etc…


2. Hardware



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Hardwares are…

… technical tools to optimize your water and nutrient cycle

2. Hardware

• These are physical solutions that you can see and touch with your hands such as water filters, toilets, treatment systems or technologies to recycle water and nutrients.

• Usually, you will nee a combination of different hardware and software tools to really make a sustainable impact.




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Source: http://www.wsp.org/userfiles/image/2009_JUL.jpg [Accessed: 23.03.2010]

… because hardware is not enough!

3. Software

Why software tools?...



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Softwares are…

… are instruments and set-ups with aim to change the behaviour and attitudes of different actors

3. Software

• Software tools are a bit "fuzzy", as one cannot really see or touch them.

• Software tools can also be implemented without combining them with hardware tools.

• Software tools are divided into four different groups




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What are Software Tools?

The SSWM Software Tools are divided into four groups:

3. Software



... because people pursue goals in accordance with their values and knowledge.

Different types of information, education and communication instruments used to initiate behavioural change and to stimulate social pressure towards a more sustainable use of water resources.

A) Awareness Raising Tools

Tools:

•Media campaigns

•Advocacy to influence leaders

•Empower young people as promoters

•School campaigns

Etc.Source: http://portal.worldwaterforum5.org/wwf5/en-us/Lists/Kyoto%20Prize%20Application%20Form/Attachments/68/Tankaposter-%20poster%20guj.jpg [Accessed: 23.03.2010] 11



Example: Advocacy

Advocacy is the action of delivering an argument to gain commitment from political and social leaders and to prepare a society for a particular issue.

Influencing and involving important leaders, because political support together with support from community leaders and religious leaders can give a water-related project or campaign a powerful boost.

A) Awareness Raising Tools

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Political support: The mayor of Mymensingh Pourashava has supported the Malgudam community to create a demonstration plot for using toilet bags as fertilizer. Source: http://www.pseau.org/gif/couv_gtz_ecosan_newsletter.gif



… because people want to avoid the penalties for non-compliance.

Direct regulations which government bodies can establish so water users as well as services providers are obliged to comply.

B) Command & Control Tools

Tools:

• Prohibitions

• Restrictions

• Permits

• Standards

• Etc. Source: http://themoderatevoice.com/wordpress-engine/files/2008_july/Stop_Sign.jpg [Accessed: 23.03.2010]

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Example: Water Restrictions in Water Use

Restrictions, rationing or full prohibitions are legal tools that have a direct impact on the forms of conduct.

In water use restrictions, public authorities or independent regulatory agencies establish restrictions and bans that water users and provides are obliged to follow.


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Water Policeman in Australia controlling that water is properly used.Source: http://www.ballardian.com/images/water_police.jpg



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Example: Australia drought Stages Planning

Different concrete stages of water restrictions which can currently be applied in Western Australia Source: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_reg/waub2007297/sch2.html Accessed: 08.06.2010]


Stage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Reticulation sprinklers:

Daily Alternate days

3 times/wee

k

Twice weekl

y

Once weekl

y

No sprinklers

Sprinkler times:

Before 9.00am or after 6.00pm

Hose watering of

gardens:

Any time No hose watering

Swimming pools:

No restricti

on

No over-filling

No topping-up

No filling

Car washing:

No restriction Bucket only



Example: Water Restrictions in Water Use


Restrictions are a “quick-fix” and not a tool that guarantees a sustainable use of water in the long run Restrictions are a “quick-fix” and not a tool that guarantees a sustainable use of water in the long run.

Water use restrictions should be regarded as a last resort tool that can be applied in critical situations

16

Awareness raising campaign on TV in Sydney, watering before 10 am.Source: http://www.sydneywater.com.au/Water4Life/WaterWise/ Accessed: 08.06.2010]



…. because people want to achieve maximal benefit at minimal cost.

Involve the use of prices and other market-based instruments to provide incentives to consumers and all water users to change behaviour.

C) Economic Tools

Tools:

• Water pricing (tariffs)

• Subsidies

• Charges (irrigation, wastewater)

• Tradable water rights

• Etc. Source: http://www.wsp.org/userfiles/image/november2002.jpg [Accessed: 23.03.2010]

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Example: Subsidies

A subsidy, also known as a subvention, is a form of financial assistance paid to an individual, a business or an economic sector in order to achieve certain policy objectives. (WSSCC 2009)

Subsidies are usually implemented by public authorities but in developing countries non-governmental organizations also implement subsidies.

C) Economic Tools

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A typical subsidy is the subvention from governments to big farmers.Source: http://rothroad.blogspot.com/2009/02/comic-farm-subsidies.html [Accessed: 08.06.2010]



… because you need a sound framework to establish a sustainable water and sanitation management strategy.

These tools are the necessary preconditions for a successful implementation of the other tools.

D) Creating an Enabling Environment

Tools:

• Policies and legal framework requirements

• Building an institutional framework

• Developing human resources

• Etc.19



20

Example: Building an Institutional FrameworkAn institutional framework for SSWM consists of a range of different organisations that are in place (or need to be in place) to develop and manage water resources and the delivery of water and sanitation services, at different levels of society. (GWP

2008)


AdjudicationAdjudication

Pollution Control

Pollution Control

Conservation and

Protection

Conservation and

Protection

Flood Control and Risk

Mitigation

Flood Control and Risk

Mitigation

Water Treatment and Reuse

Water Treatment and Reuse

Wastewater Collection

Wastewater Collection

Allocation and Supply

of Water

Allocation and Supply

of Water

Surveillance and

Monitoring

Surveillance and

Monitoring

Regulation, Control and Enforcement

Regulation, Control and Enforcement

Networking, Information Exchange

Networking, Information Exchange

Education and

Awareness Raising

Education and

Awareness Raising

Policy Formulation

Policy Formulation

SSWMSSWM



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Building an Institutional Framework: Regulatory Bodies and Enforcement Agencies (GWP 2008) E

Extremely important role in establishing and ensuring the effective application of other tools.

Functions include:

Allocation of water rights, ensuring water quality, monitoring, etc.

Setting prices and performance standards for service providers

Tools for enforcement: Fines, taxes, penalties, withdrawal of permits and licences etc.

TThe legitimacy of the regulatory body is critical in ensuring compliance.


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GWP (2008). Toolbox. Integrated Water Resource Management. Global Water Partnership (GWP). URL: http://www.gwptoolbox.org/ [Accessed: 21.09.2010]

WSSCC (2009): Public Funding for Sanitation. The Many Faces of Sanitation Subsidies. Geneva: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC). URL: http://www.wsscc.org/fileadmin/files/pdf/publication/Public_Funding_for_Sanitation_the_many_faces_of_sanitation_subsidies.pdf [Accessed 21.09.2010]

4. References

SSWM Implementation Tools 23

“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture”

SSWM is an initiative supported by:

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