krasnoperova m.a. t he cognitive aspects of probabilistic-statistical analysis in reconstructive...
DESCRIPTION
The model of generation and perception of the rhythmical structure of verse text Mechanism of reception Mechanism of generation Operative memory Mechanism of realization of rhythmical structures Language system of meter Upper layer Lower layer External meter Mechanism of rhythmical modulations Operators of rhythmical effects Managing program Diagram 2TRANSCRIPT
Krasnoperova M.A.
The cognitive aspects of probabilistic-statistical analysis in reconstructive simulation of versification
Saint-Petersburg State Universityhttp://fpkfl.pu.ru/personalia.php
The author thanks the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research for financial support of the current stage of this work (Grant 06-06-80423)
General structure of the theory of RS Diagram 1
VERSEPROBABILISTIC-
STATISTICAL MODELS
COGNITIVE
MODELS
MGPRMODELS OF LINE
FORMATION
The model of generation and perception of the rhythmical structure of verse text
Mechanism of reception
Mechanism of generation
Operative memory
Mechanism of realization of rhythmical structures
Language system of meter
Upper layer
Lower layer
External meter
Mechanism ofrhythmical
modulations
Operators of rhythmical effects
Managing program
Diagram 2
1.The state of an undeveloped mechanism of rhythmical modulations. It may correspond, for instance, to the period of formation of the given meter in the
national poetry. In this case, at the generation of the preliminary rhythm, the external meter plays the main role. The formation of verse rhythmics takes place mainly on the basis of the interaction of meter and language.
2.The state of a normally developed mechanism of rhythmical modulations. The preliminary rhythm plays a leading role in forming the text rhythmical structure and the
mechanism of rhythmical modulations, being the main means of its creation, does not fall into states described in items 3 and 4.
3. The state of fatigue of often practiced rhythmical effects and of need in rarely practiced ones. In this case a high activity can be acquired by philters, stimulators, and transformers of
rhythmical effects, the first of which causes the screening of what is drafted by the mechanism of rhythmical modulations, and the second and the third of them advance an appropriate substitute.
4.The state of “degeneration” of the mechanism of rhythmical modulations. “Degeneration” takes place at the expense of a union of operators between them and their
solution in ready speech forms and clichés. The corresponding area essentially widens and imposes its patterns to the preliminary rhythm as well as to the text itself. The activity of the mechanism of rhythmical modulations is being reduced.
Main types of used probabilistic-statistical models and their cognitive analogues
Language models Verse models
Language system of meter
Preliminary rhythm
(States 2,3 or 4 of MGPR)
Meter Language
Language modelof dependence
Language model of independence
Unnormed efforts Normed
efforts
Symmetric
(state 1 of MGPR)
Asymmetric
middle endbeginning end,
middle
beginning endbeginning end,middle
beginningbeginning end;middleend beginning middle
Diagram 3
Rhythmical forms of Russian and German tetrameter
FormNo. Form types Russian examples German examples
I U-‘U-‘U-‘U-‘ (U) Восторг внезапный ум пленил
Die Vorsicht, die die Zukunft sieht
II U-U-‘U-‘U-‘ (U) Что протекала между ними Und Catharinens hoechste Gunst
III U-‘U-U-‘U-‘ (U) В долине тишина глубокой Elisabethens langes Leben
IV U-‘U-‘U-U-‘ (U) То род отверженной рабы So jauchzt auch Wissenschaft und Kunst
VI U-U-‘U-U-‘ (U) Елисавету возглашали Aus dem besiegten Orient
VII U-U-U-‘U-‘ (U) Се царствует Елисавета Ganz Bosnien, SeraglioIX U-‘U-‘U-‘U- (U) Impossible Verlaesst Petrownens Grossmuth nicht
X U-‘U-U-‘U- (U) Impossible Der gnaedigste Elisabeth
Note: «U» indicates a weak position, «-» indicates a strong position, «’» is the stress mark, «(U)» is the optional ninth syllable.
Table 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
I III the rest
The Khotin Ode
SymmetricGerman LMD
Fig. 1
Distribution of main rhythmical forms in Lomonosov's “Ode on the Capture of Khotin” and in the symmetric German
LMD (results obtained together with E.V.Kazartsev) ( Fig 1, Table 2)
Rhythmicalforms The Khotin Ode Symmetric German
LMD
I 0,6964 0,6942
III 0,1571 0,1525
the rest 0,1464 0,1533
Table 2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
TEXTLMD 2/3
Profiles of word boundaries in Lomonosov’s odes of 1741 and in the symmetric LMD
(Fig. 2, Table 3 )
A B A B A B
word 1 word 2 word 3
Fig. 2
WORD NUMBER
ENDING TEXT LMD 2/3
1 A B
0,434 0,566
0,455 0,545
2 A B
0,484 0,516
0,493 0,507
3 A B
0,599 0,401
0,620 0,380
Note: A is the case of word boundaries after stressed syllables, В is the case of word boundaries after unstressed syllables
Table 3
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.20.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
1 2 3 4 6 7
TEXTSHYPOTHESIS
Distribution of rhythmical forms in Lomonosov’s iambic tetrameter of 1745-1764 and in the modified LM (Fig. 3, Table 4)
Fig. 3
Forms Texts Hypothesis1 0,273 0,296
2 0,030 0,028
3 0,222 0,208
4 0,426 0,404
6 0,031 0,034
7 0,018 0,031
Table 4
Profiles of stressness of the 17th century German iambic tetrameter and the symmetric LMD
(according to E.V.Kazartsev’s data) (Fig. 4, Table 5 )
0.820.840.860.88
0.90.920.940.960.98
1
I II III IV
German verse(Gryphius)SymmetricLMD
Fig. 4
I II III IV
German verse (Gryphius) 0,9075 0,9125 0,8875 0,9775
Symmetric LMD 0,9206 0,9129 0,8795 0,9732
Table 5
Profiles of stressness of the 17th century Dutch iambic tetrameter and the asymmetric LMD
(according to E.V.Kazartsev’s data) (Fig. 5, Table 6)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
I II III IV
Dutch verse (Vondel)Asymmetric LMD
Fig. 5
I II III IV
Dutch verse (Vondel) O,9459 0,8279 0,8344 0,9869
Asymmetric LMD 0,9233 0,8182 0,8386 0,9827
Table 6
Evolution of ratios between profiles of stressness of iambic tetrameter in Russian poetry and the recalculated LM (Fig. 6, Table 7)
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
2 4 6
1745-17601760-17751775-17901790-18051805-18151820- appr. 1880
Fig. 6
SYLLABLES 2 4 6
1745-1760
In textsModelRatio
0,926 0,952 0,970
0,773 0,741 1,040
0,538 0,543 0,990
1760- 1775
In textsModelRatio
0,910 0,965 0,940
0,821 0,751 1,090
0,534 0,5500,970
1775-1790
In textsModelRatio
0,933 0,983 0,950
0,823 0,765 1,080
0,553 0,560 0,990
1790-1805
In textsModelRatio
0,931 0,990 0,940
0,847 0,770 1,100
0,5430,564 0,960
1805-1815
In textsModelRatio
0,885 0,938 0,940
0,8740,7301,200
0,4440,5350,830
1820 - appr. 1880
In textsModelRatio
0,835 0,932 0,896
0,9400,7281,295
0,4170,5350,786
Note: at making this table we have used text’s data obtained by A.Beliy, M.L.Gasparov, V.A.Zapadov, K.F.Taranovsky, and united by M.L.Gasparov.
Table 7
Distribution of rhythmical forms in the Russian verse of the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XX century
and verse models (Fig. 7 – 10, Table 8 )
00.050.1
0.150.2
0.250.3
0.350.4
0.450.5
1 2 3 4 6 7
TEXTVM
The iambic tetrameter of the end of the XVII - beginning of the XIX century
Fig. 7
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 2 3 4 6 7
TEXTVM
The iambic tetrameter of the XIX century
Fig. 8
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
1 2 3 4 6 7
TEXTVM
The iambic tetrameter of “Ashes” by A.Beliy
Fig. 9
00.05
0.10.15
0.20.25
0.30.35
0.4
1 2 3 4 6 7
TEXTVM
The trochaic tetrameter of fairy tales by A.Pushkin
Fig. 10
FORMS
GROUPS 1 2 3 4 6 7
XVII-XIX Text VM
0.2600.277
0.0620.059
0.119 0.105
0.4640.446
0.0900.093
0.0050.020
XIXText VM
0.2380.251
0.0740.068
0.0690.062
0.4960.482
0.1210.127
0.0020.009
“Ashes”Text VM
0.1260.178
0.0940.093
0.3190.268
0.3190.267
0.1180.119
0.0240.076
Trochaic tetrameter
Text VM
0.1880.203
0.1980.187
0.0150.010
0.3610.347
0.2380.249
0.0000.004
Note: at making this table there were used G.A.Shengeli’s text data united by periods by M.L.Gasparov
Table 8
Frequencies of stresses in Russian folk octameter and in the two-complex modified language model of trochaic tetrameter
(Fig. 11, Table 9)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TEXT
2CLM4T
Fig. 11
Syllable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TEXT 0,383 0,076 1 0,269 0,074 1 0,00 0,067 0,0
2CLM4T 0,363 0,019 1,00 0,284 0,075 1,00 0,00 0,00 0,0
Note: in this table there were used text data obtained by J.Bailey
Table 9
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
2 4 6
TEXT
SLMD
The first hemistich and the symmetric LMD
Profiles of stressness calculated for hemistichs of Lomonosov’s iambic hexameter on the background of iambic trimeter models
(“Letter Concerning the Usefulness of Glass”)
(data obtained together with E.V.Kazartsev) (Fig. 12,13; Tables 10,11)
Fig. 12
Syllable 2 4 6
Text 0,948 0,663 0,750
SLMD 0,943 0,668 1,000
Note. The disagreement of data in the sixth syllable is caused by structural reasons: by the obligatoriness of stress on the last syllable of the verse and its optionality on the last syllable of a hemistich. It turns out that the poet is oriented towards iambic trimeter, but sometimes in the process of versification he substitutes the stressed sixth syllable by an unstressed one.
Table 10
The second hemistich and the recalculated LM
Syllable 2 4 6
Text 0,936 0,423 1,000
RLM 0,939 0,420 1,000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2 4 6
TextRLM
Fig. 13
Table 11
1. К вопросу о законе регрессивной акцентной диссимиляции и его причинах (To the question of the law of regressive accentual dissimilation and its reasons). Russian Literature. 1982. XII. N 2.. С.
217-225.
2. К вопросу о становлении анапестического ритма в русском народном восьмисложном стихе. (To the question of the formation of anapest rhythm in Russian folk octameter). Русский фольклор. Том XXXII.Материалы и исследования.СПб, Наука, 2004. С.108-129.
3. Концепция реконструктивного моделирования стихосложения в контексте европейских и американских теорий метрики и ритмики стиха (The conception of reconstructive simulation
of versification in the context of European and American theories of metrics and rhythmics of verse). VIII Международная конференция. Когнитивное моделирование в лингвистике. Труды. Т.1.
The VIII International Conference "Cognitive Modeling in Linguistics". Proceedings, V.1. September 4-
2005. Moscow-Varna,2005. Казань, 2006. Февраль. С.62-66.
4. Модели лингвистической поэтики (Models of linguistic poetics). Л., 1989. 87с. С. 55-70.
5. Моделирование процесса стихосложения по вероятностным параметрам (Simulation of the versification process on the basis of probabilistic parameters). Russian Verse Theory: Proceedings of the 1987 Conference at UCLA. UCLA Slavic Studies. Vol. 18. 1988. С. 183-192.
Main publications of the author on the theme of the present report
6. Модель восприятия и порождения ритма. (The model of perception and generation of rhythm). Вопросы кибернетики. Общение с ЭВМ на естественном языке.. Вып. 80.-1982. С. 124-140;
7. Новые модели и новая ориентация в изучении ритмики стиха.(New models and new orientation in the study of verse rhythmics). Славянский стих. Стиховедение, лингвистика и
поэтика. М., 1996. С. 246-252.
8. О глубинных единицах стиховой ритмики (On deep-seated units of verse rhythmics). Сборник научных трудов. МГИИЯ им. Мориса Тореза. Вып. 352. Единицы поэтической речи. М.,
1990. С. 13-26.
9. «Ода… на взятие Хотина» 1739 года М. В.Ломоносова на фоне языковых моделей ритмики русского и немецкого стиха (“Ode…on the Taking of Khotin”of 1739 by M.V.Lomonosov on the background of language models of rhythmics of Russian and German verse). Славянский стих: VII. Лингвистика и структура стиха. Языки славянской культуры. - М., 2004. С. 33-46
(Together with E.V. Kazartsev).
10. Основы реконструктивного моделирования стихосложения.(Fundamentals of the reconstructive simulation of versification). СПб., 2000, 237 с.
11. Основы сравнительного статистического анализа ритмики прозы и стиха (Fundamentals of the comparative statistical analysis of verse and prose rhythmics). СПб, 2004, 131 с.
12. Evolution of the Rhythmics of Russian Verse and a Semiotic Model: On the Material of Russian Iambic Tetrameter.Meter, Rhythm, and Performance ¦ Metrum, Rhythmus, Performanz. Frankfurt
am Main 2002. P 425 – 438.
13. More about the Early Iambic Tetrameter in M.V. Lomonosov’s Poetry. Elementa. Vol.2. 1996. P. 233-256;
Materials of other authors used in the present report
Publications
1. Гаспаров М.Л. (Gasparov M.L.). Современный русский стих. Метрика и ритмика (Modern Russian verse. Metrics and rhythmics). М.: Наука, 1974. 487 с. Табл. 26, 26а, с.207-211.
2. Казарцев. Е. В. (Kazartsev E.V.). К вопросу о типологии становления силлабо-тоники в немецком и русском cтихосложении (To the question of the typology of the formation of syllabo-tonic system in German and Russian versification). Фонетические чтения в честь 100-летия со дня рождения Л.Р.Зиндера.СПб,2004.С.142–149.
3. Казарцев. Е.В. (Kazartsev E.V.). К вопросу о становлении силлабо-тонического стихосложения в Нидерландах: Некоторые особенности ритмики 4-стопного ямба на фоне языковых моделей размера (To the question of the formation of syllabo-tonic versification in Netherlands:
Some particularities of rhythmics of the iambic tetrameter on the background of language models of meter). Формальные методы в лингвистической поэтике, II. СПб, 2007. С. 103-119.
4. Bailey, James. Three Russian Lyric Folk Songs. – Ohio, 1993. – 432 p.
Reviews Златоустова Л.В. (Zlatoustova L.V.) О новом направлении в стиховедении: Теория
реконструктивного моделирования стихосложения (On a new direction in the theory of verse/Theory of Reconstructive Simulation of Versification). Вестник Московского
университета. Сер. 9, Филология. 2004. №5. 122-125.
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