korean national policies to close the digital...

Korean National Policies Korean National Policies Korean National Policies Korean National Policies

to Close the Digital Divideto Close the Digital Divideto Close the Digital Divideto Close the Digital Divide

Chung, YongChung, YongChung, YongChung, Yong----HwanHwanHwanHwanDirector

Ministry of Information and Communication

Republic of Korea

Korean National Strategy to Close the Digital DivideKorean National Strategy to Close the Digital DivideKorean National Strategy to Close the Digital DivideKorean National Strategy to Close the Digital Divide

Chung, YongChung, YongChung, YongChung, Yong----HwanHwanHwanHwanMinistry of Information and CommunicationMinistry of Information and CommunicationMinistry of Information and CommunicationMinistry of Information and Communication

Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

ContentsContents

Introduction

Domestic Status of the Digital Divide

Policies for Closing the Digital Divide

Conclusion



Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

IntroductionIntroduction

Cyber Korea 21 (March,1999)

All Koreans regardless of their age, gender, location, occupatioAll Koreans regardless of their age, gender, location, occupatioAll Koreans regardless of their age, gender, location, occupatioAll Koreans regardless of their age, gender, location, occupation orn orn orn orincome should have an equal opportunity to use computer and Intincome should have an equal opportunity to use computer and Intincome should have an equal opportunity to use computer and Intincome should have an equal opportunity to use computer and Interneterneterneternet

Information Strategy Meeting (April,2000)

TheTheTheThe President expressed a deep concern over the widening President expressed a deep concern over the widening President expressed a deep concern over the widening President expressed a deep concern over the widening digital divide and devised several policies to deal with this pdigital divide and devised several policies to deal with this pdigital divide and devised several policies to deal with this pdigital divide and devised several policies to deal with this problemroblemroblemroblem

Digital Divide Act (Dec.,12)

Establishment of a Establishment of a Establishment of a Establishment of a SSSSpecialpecialpecialpecial Committee for Bridging the Digital Divide,Committee for Bridging the Digital Divide,Committee for Bridging the Digital Divide,Committee for Bridging the Digital Divide,along with a 5along with a 5along with a 5along with a 5----year plan to narrow the digital gapyear plan to narrow the digital gapyear plan to narrow the digital gapyear plan to narrow the digital gap

Master Plan for Closingthe Digital Divide (Sep.,2001)



Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Domestic Status of the Digital Divide (1)Domestic Status of the Digital Divide (1)

Internet Users : 58%, 25.65million (June, 2002)Internet Users : 58%, 25.65million (June, 2002)Internet Users : 58%, 25.65million (June, 2002)Internet Users : 58%, 25.65million (June, 2002)▶ Broadband users : 9.21million(Broadband users : 9.21million(Broadband users : 9.21million(Broadband users : 9.21million(xDSLxDSLxDSLxDSL 5.0 m; Cable Modem,3.1 m) 5.0 m; Cable Modem,3.1 m) 5.0 m; Cable Modem,3.1 m) 5.0 m; Cable Modem,3.1 m)

(June,2002)(June,2002)(June,2002)(June,2002)▶ Broadband users worldwideBroadband users worldwideBroadband users worldwideBroadband users worldwide

▶ Internet banking users :Internet banking users :Internet banking users :Internet banking users : 14.5 million Internet banking accounts 14.5 million Internet banking accounts 14.5 million Internet banking accounts 14.5 million Internet banking accounts (June,2001)(June,2001)(June,2001)(June,2001)



Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Internet Usage (July, 2002)Internet Usage (July, 2002)Internet Usage (July, 2002)Internet Usage (July, 2002)

GenderMale

Female

EducationMiddle School graduates

and belowCollege graduates

and above

Occupation Manual workersOffice workers

Age50 and above

6 - 19

Housewives

Category Sub-category InternetUsers(%)

Domestic Status of the Digital Divide (2)Domestic Status of the Digital Divide (2)

63.552.45.8

82.137.129.281.29.6

90.6



Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Domestic Digital Divide (3)Domestic Digital Divide (3)

Internet Usage (July, 2002)Internet Usage (July, 2002)Internet Usage (July, 2002)Internet Usage (July, 2002)

MonthlyIncome

Less than $ 1,250More than $ 2,080


34.972.6

RegionMetropolitan Cities

Rural towns60.742.1

% out of the Total 58.0Internet Usage among the Disabled (July,2002)Internet Usage among the Disabled (July,2002)Internet Usage among the Disabled (July,2002)Internet Usage among the Disabled (July,2002)

Age7 - 19


69.050 - 69 5.9

% out of the Total 24.1



Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Policies for Closing the Digital DividePolicies for Closing the Digital Divide

ClosingClosingClosingClosingTheTheTheThe

DigitalDigitalDigitalDigitalDivideDivideDivideDivide

Contents for the Elderly and the Disabled & Measurement of the D. D.

Provision of IT Learning

Opportunities

Access to Telecommunication

Services

Narrowing the Global Digital Divide

Infrastructure for Telecommunication

Services



Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Infrastructure for Infrastructure for Telecommunication Services Telecommunication Services

Construction of Fiber-optic Backbone NetworkConnection of all 144 telecommunication service districts nationConnection of all 144 telecommunication service districts nationConnection of all 144 telecommunication service districts nationConnection of all 144 telecommunication service districts nationwidewidewidewideto the highto the highto the highto the high----speed network of 155Mbps to 5Gbps ( Feb.2001 )speed network of 155Mbps to 5Gbps ( Feb.2001 )speed network of 155Mbps to 5Gbps ( Feb.2001 )speed network of 155Mbps to 5Gbps ( Feb.2001 )

Provision of Broadband Service in Rural Areas by 2005Special loan of 150 billion won(approx. 120 million dollars) toSpecial loan of 150 billion won(approx. 120 million dollars) toSpecial loan of 150 billion won(approx. 120 million dollars) toSpecial loan of 150 billion won(approx. 120 million dollars) toaccelerate the N/W constructionaccelerate the N/W constructionaccelerate the N/W constructionaccelerate the N/W construction

Provision of affordable satellite Internet service to hinterlanProvision of affordable satellite Internet service to hinterlanProvision of affordable satellite Internet service to hinterlanProvision of affordable satellite Internet service to hinterland d d d

Telecommunications Accessibility Guideline for the disabledand the elderly(2002)Recommend telecommunication services providers and product Recommend telecommunication services providers and product Recommend telecommunication services providers and product Recommend telecommunication services providers and product manufacturers to observe the rules that ensure a minimum lemanufacturers to observe the rules that ensure a minimum lemanufacturers to observe the rules that ensure a minimum lemanufacturers to observe the rules that ensure a minimum level of vel of vel of vel of accessibilityaccessibilityaccessibilityaccessibility

Operating a Operating a Operating a Operating a ““““Telecommunication Accessibility Promotion Standard Telecommunication Accessibility Promotion Standard Telecommunication Accessibility Promotion Standard Telecommunication Accessibility Promotion Standard ForumForumForumForum”””” (www.(www.(www.(www.iabfiabfiabfiabf.or..or..or..or.krkrkrkr))))

Policies for Closing the Digital DividePolicies for Closing the Digital DividePolicies for Closing the Digital Divide



Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Access to Access to Telecommunication Services (1)Telecommunication Services (1)

Community Internet Access CenterCommunity Internet Access CenterCommunity Internet Access CenterCommunity Internet Access Center

Internet Plaza

IT Learning Center in Post Offices

Digital Data Room(in public library)Internet Access Center for the Disabled

Community Access Center

Type 1999 2000 2001174

25

1160 325

25 25

63 613541(by’02)12(by’03)

CyberCyberCyberCyber----Cafe (PC Bang)Cafe (PC Bang)Cafe (PC Bang)Cafe (PC Bang)

More than 23,000 More than 23,000 More than 23,000 More than 23,000 “PC BangPC BangPC BangPC Bang” (Dec. 31, 2001)(Dec. 31, 2001)(Dec. 31, 2001)(Dec. 31, 2001)

Affordable price at less than $1 per hourAffordable price at less than $1 per hourAffordable price at less than $1 per hourAffordable price at less than $1 per hour

Policies for the Closing Digital DividePolicies for the Closing Digital DividePolicies for the Closing Digital Divide



Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Access to Access to Telecommunication Services (2)Telecommunication Services (2)

Increased PC OwnershipProvision of 12,981 recycled PCs Provision of 12,981 recycled PCs Provision of 12,981 recycled PCs Provision of 12,981 recycled PCs

Provision of 50,000 Internet PCs with 5Provision of 50,000 Internet PCs with 5Provision of 50,000 Internet PCs with 5Provision of 50,000 Internet PCs with 5----year free Internet accessyear free Internet accessyear free Internet accessyear free Internet access

to the lowto the lowto the lowto the low----income students with high GPAs (2001)income students with high GPAs (2001)income students with high GPAs (2001)income students with high GPAs (2001)

Discount of Telecommunication Service ChargeUp to 30 and 50% discount on wired and mobile telephone servicep to 30 and 50% discount on wired and mobile telephone servicep to 30 and 50% discount on wired and mobile telephone servicep to 30 and 50% discount on wired and mobile telephone servicecharges for the disabled and the lowcharges for the disabled and the lowcharges for the disabled and the lowcharges for the disabled and the low----income familiesincome familiesincome familiesincome families

Up to 50% voluntary discount to the disabled for highUp to 50% voluntary discount to the disabled for highUp to 50% voluntary discount to the disabled for highUp to 50% voluntary discount to the disabled for high----speedspeedspeedspeedInternet service Internet service Internet service Internet service

Provision of 256 Kbps Internet access to all schools free of chProvision of 256 Kbps Internet access to all schools free of chProvision of 256 Kbps Internet access to all schools free of chProvision of 256 Kbps Internet access to all schools free of chargeargeargearge




Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Provision of IT Learning Opportunities (1)Provision of IT Learning Opportunities (1)

National IT Training program for 10 million people (April,2000)Providing IT learning opportunity to 10 million by 2002 VisionAchieving digital welfare society through expansion of IT literacy to all people including the marginalized groups in the society Strategies

Cooperation with private computer academies, colleges, welfare organizations, post offices etc. Use of various training methods including distance learning andhouse calls




Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002


No. of marginalized people Attending IT Training ClassesNo. of marginalized people Attending IT Training ClassesNo. of marginalized people Attending IT Training ClassesNo. of marginalized people Attending IT Training Classes

Students in lowStudents in lowStudents in lowStudents in low----income Householdsincome Householdsincome Householdsincome Households

Residents in local CommunitiesResidents in local CommunitiesResidents in local CommunitiesResidents in local Communities

FishermenFishermenFishermenFishermen

HousewivesHousewivesHousewivesHousewives

FarmersFarmersFarmersFarmers

Type 2000 2001 Total

500,000

1,265,062

- 500,000

2,949,937 4,214,999

33,1611,540

299,947

75,73811,310

124,212

108,89912,850

424,159

People with DisabilitiesPeople with DisabilitiesPeople with DisabilitiesPeople with Disabilities 13,680 47,355 61,035

The elderlyThe elderlyThe elderlyThe elderly 36,330 361,875 398,205

Prison inmatesPrison inmatesPrison inmatesPrison inmates 23,075 70,767 93,842

TotalTotalTotalTotal 2,172,795 3,641,194 5,813,989




Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002


2nd Stage of the National IT Training Program (June,2002)

Vision

Producing Producing Producing Producing “Creative eCreative eCreative eCreative e----KoreansKoreansKoreansKoreans” who can utilize IT effectively who can utilize IT effectively who can utilize IT effectively who can utilize IT effectively

Strategies

Customized programs suitable for various social circumstancesCustomized programs suitable for various social circumstancesCustomized programs suitable for various social circumstancesCustomized programs suitable for various social circumstances

Efficient use of existing facilities and online learning prograEfficient use of existing facilities and online learning prograEfficient use of existing facilities and online learning prograEfficient use of existing facilities and online learning programsmsmsms

Use of IT literacy gauging tool to increase Use of IT literacy gauging tool to increase Use of IT literacy gauging tool to increase Use of IT literacy gauging tool to increase thethethethe efficiency of theefficiency of theefficiency of theefficiency of the

learning programlearning programlearning programlearning program

Goals

EnableEnableEnableEnable 3.5 m persons to apply IT in their everyday lives and 3.5 m persons to apply IT in their everyday lives and 3.5 m persons to apply IT in their everyday lives and 3.5 m persons to apply IT in their everyday lives and

businesses. businesses. businesses. businesses.

Enable 1.5 m persons to obtain basic IT literacyEnable 1.5 m persons to obtain basic IT literacyEnable 1.5 m persons to obtain basic IT literacyEnable 1.5 m persons to obtain basic IT literacy




Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Provision of IT Learning Opportunities (4)Provision of IT Learning Opportunities (4)Policies for Closing the Digital DividePolicies for Closing the Digital DividePolicies for Closing the Digital Divide

Internet Use Ability Rate Internet Use Ability Rate Internet Use Ability Rate Internet Use Ability Rate 90%(39.75 million)90%(39.75 million)90%(39.75 million)90%(39.75 million)

Computer Application Ability Rate Computer Application Ability Rate Computer Application Ability Rate Computer Application Ability Rate 50%(22.08 million)50%(22.08 million)50%(22.08 million)50%(22.08 million)

2006200620062006

Internet Use Ability Rate Internet Use Ability Rate Internet Use Ability Rate Internet Use Ability Rate 56.6%(24.38 million)56.6%(24.38 million)56.6%(24.38 million)56.6%(24.38 million)

Computer Application Ability RateComputer Application Ability RateComputer Application Ability RateComputer Application Ability Rate19%(8.18 million)19%(8.18 million)19%(8.18 million)19%(8.18 million)

2001200120012001

Internet Use Ability Rate Internet Use Ability Rate Internet Use Ability Rate Internet Use Ability Rate 70%(30.84million)70%(30.84million)70%(30.84million)70%(30.84million)

2nd2nd2nd2ndNationalNationalNationalNational

IT Training IT Training IT Training IT Training 1.5 M1.5 M1.5 M1.5 M

2nd2nd2nd2nd2nd2nd2nd2ndNationalNationalNationalNationalNationalNationalNationalNational

IT Training IT Training IT Training IT Training IT Training IT Training IT Training IT Training 1.5 M1.5 M1.5 M1.5 M1.5 M1.5 M1.5 M1.5 M

2222ndndndndNationalNationalNationalNational

IT TrainingIT TrainingIT TrainingIT Training3.5 M3.5 M3.5 M3.5 M

22222222ndndndndndndndndNationalNationalNationalNationalNationalNationalNationalNational

IT TrainingIT TrainingIT TrainingIT TrainingIT TrainingIT TrainingIT TrainingIT Training3.5 M3.5 M3.5 M3.5 M3.5 M3.5 M3.5 M3.5 M

Computer Application Ability Rate Computer Application Ability Rate Computer Application Ability Rate Computer Application Ability Rate 35%(15.42million)35%(15.42million)35%(15.42million)35%(15.42million)

20042004200420042004200420042004



Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Contents for the Elderly and the Disabled, Contents for the Elderly and the Disabled, and Measurement of the Digital Divideand Measurement of the Digital Divide

Support to the construction of online contents for

the elderly and the disabled

20 types of contents such as rehabilitation, health, social even20 types of contents such as rehabilitation, health, social even20 types of contents such as rehabilitation, health, social even20 types of contents such as rehabilitation, health, social events, ts, ts, ts,

transportation, leisure, welfare (in 2002)transportation, leisure, welfare (in 2002)transportation, leisure, welfare (in 2002)transportation, leisure, welfare (in 2002)

30 more contents 30 more contents 30 more contents 30 more contents to be made available to be made available to be made available to be made available in 2003in 2003in 2003in 2003

Assessment of the Digital Divide

The state of the digital divide is assessed twice per year The state of the digital divide is assessed twice per year The state of the digital divide is assessed twice per year The state of the digital divide is assessed twice per year

Special surveys on the disabled, the elderly and the urban lowSpecial surveys on the disabled, the elderly and the urban lowSpecial surveys on the disabled, the elderly and the urban lowSpecial surveys on the disabled, the elderly and the urban low

income families from 2002income families from 2002income families from 2002income families from 2002




Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Narrowing the Global Digital Divide (1)Narrowing the Global Digital Divide (1)

President Kim Dae-jung's Suggestion President Kim DaePresident Kim DaePresident Kim DaePresident Kim Dae----jung suggests several projects to solve the jung suggests several projects to solve the jung suggests several projects to solve the jung suggests several projects to solve the

digital divide at various summit meetingsdigital divide at various summit meetingsdigital divide at various summit meetingsdigital divide at various summit meetings

2000. 10

2001. 10

2001. 11

DateDateDateDate MeetingMeetingMeetingMeeting President Kim DaePresident Kim DaePresident Kim DaePresident Kim Dae----jungjungjungjung’’’’s Suggestions Suggestions Suggestions Suggestion

The 3The 3The 3The 3rdrdrdrd ASEMASEMASEMASEMSummitSummitSummitSummit

The 9The 9The 9The 9thththth APECAPECAPECAPECSummitSummitSummitSummit

Constructing 'TransConstructing 'TransConstructing 'TransConstructing 'Trans----Eurasia Information Eurasia Information Eurasia Information Eurasia Information Network(TEIN) to increase cooperationNetwork(TEIN) to increase cooperationNetwork(TEIN) to increase cooperationNetwork(TEIN) to increase cooperationbetween Asia and Europebetween Asia and Europebetween Asia and Europebetween Asia and Europe

The 5The 5The 5The 5thththth ASEAN+3ASEAN+3ASEAN+3ASEAN+3SummitSummitSummitSummit

Providing Internet network and web designProviding Internet network and web designProviding Internet network and web designProviding Internet network and web designeducation for the developing countrieseducation for the developing countrieseducation for the developing countrieseducation for the developing countries

Holding IT Camps for youths with disabilityHolding IT Camps for youths with disabilityHolding IT Camps for youths with disabilityHolding IT Camps for youths with disabilityResearch on ways to improve WomenResearch on ways to improve WomenResearch on ways to improve WomenResearch on ways to improve Women’s s s s IT Capability IT Capability IT Capability IT Capability




Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Narrowing the global Digital Divide (2)Narrowing the global Digital Divide (2)

Invitation of IT Trainees from South East Asian CountriesInvitation of IT Trainees from South East Asian CountriesInvitation of IT Trainees from South East Asian CountriesInvitation of IT Trainees from South East Asian Countries

Short Term Training

Long TermTraining

APT Short TermTraining

Course Description

Inviting people from the developing countries and Inviting people from the developing countries and Inviting people from the developing countries and Inviting people from the developing countries and providing them with IT knowledge on CDMA, xDSL, providing them with IT knowledge on CDMA, xDSL, providing them with IT knowledge on CDMA, xDSL, providing them with IT knowledge on CDMA, xDSL, SI, etcSI, etcSI, etcSI, etc.

Inviting future IT leaders to enroll in academic degreeInviting future IT leaders to enroll in academic degreeInviting future IT leaders to enroll in academic degreeInviting future IT leaders to enroll in academic degree

programs for 26 monthsprograms for 26 monthsprograms for 26 monthsprograms for 26 months

Inviting IT officials of the developing countries Inviting IT officials of the developing countries Inviting IT officials of the developing countries Inviting IT officials of the developing countries




Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Narrowing the Global Digital Divide (3)Narrowing the Global Digital Divide (3)

Special projects for Closing the digital divide inEast-AsiaSpending 1 million dollars for closing the digital divide in EasSpending 1 million dollars for closing the digital divide in EasSpending 1 million dollars for closing the digital divide in EasSpending 1 million dollars for closing the digital divide in Eastttt----AsiaAsiaAsiaAsia

IT InfrastructureIT InfrastructureIT InfrastructureIT Infrastructure

ResearchResearchResearchResearch

Forum & Forum & Forum & Forum & SymposiumSymposiumSymposiumSymposium

Projects Description

Holding meetings and symposiumsHolding meetings and symposiumsHolding meetings and symposiumsHolding meetings and symposiums

Supplying PC to developing countries within ESCAPSupplying PC to developing countries within ESCAPSupplying PC to developing countries within ESCAPSupplying PC to developing countries within ESCAP

Providing OnProviding OnProviding OnProviding On----Line educationLine educationLine educationLine education

Setting up anSetting up anSetting up anSetting up an advisory committee for closing advisory committee for closing advisory committee for closing advisory committee for closing the digital divide in Eastthe digital divide in Eastthe digital divide in Eastthe digital divide in East----AsiaAsiaAsiaAsiaResearch on the digital divideResearch on the digital divideResearch on the digital divideResearch on the digital divideSupporting the nonSupporting the nonSupporting the nonSupporting the non----governmental information and governmental information and governmental information and governmental information and communication council of ASEAN+3communication council of ASEAN+3communication council of ASEAN+3communication council of ASEAN+3




Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Closing the Global Digital Divide (4)Closing the Global Digital Divide (4)

Youth Internet Volunteer Program

Launched in 2001aunched in 2001aunched in 2001aunched in 2001

175 youths who possess IT skills as well as English proficiency175 youths who possess IT skills as well as English proficiency175 youths who possess IT skills as well as English proficiency175 youths who possess IT skills as well as English proficiency

were dispatched to the Asian countries that need IT expertswere dispatched to the Asian countries that need IT expertswere dispatched to the Asian countries that need IT expertswere dispatched to the Asian countries that need IT experts

46 teams, 205 volunteers will be dispatched to 26 countries in 46 teams, 205 volunteers will be dispatched to 26 countries in 46 teams, 205 volunteers will be dispatched to 26 countries in 46 teams, 205 volunteers will be dispatched to 26 countries in

2002200220022002

Founding Member of the Development Gateway

Foundation(2001.12)

Global digital divide program initiated by the World Bank Global digital divide program initiated by the World Bank Global digital divide program initiated by the World Bank Global digital divide program initiated by the World Bank

5 million dollar contribution and an IT training program offere5 million dollar contribution and an IT training program offere5 million dollar contribution and an IT training program offere5 million dollar contribution and an IT training program offered d d d

from 2002from 2002from 2002from 2002




Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002Aug 6, 2002

Conclusion Conclusion

▶ ProvidingProvidingProvidingProviding at least one free Internet access facility per every local at least one free Internet access facility per every local at least one free Internet access facility per every local at least one free Internet access facility per every local

administration office(about 3,500 units)administration office(about 3,500 units)administration office(about 3,500 units)administration office(about 3,500 units)

▶▶▶▶ Provision of the basic as well as advanced IT skill to all the Provision of the basic as well as advanced IT skill to all the Provision of the basic as well as advanced IT skill to all the Provision of the basic as well as advanced IT skill to all the

persons who wish to learn persons who wish to learn persons who wish to learn persons who wish to learn

▶▶▶▶ Provision of highProvision of highProvision of highProvision of high----speed Internet service to the whole countryspeed Internet service to the whole countryspeed Internet service to the whole countryspeed Internet service to the whole country

including the remote areas by 2005 including the remote areas by 2005 including the remote areas by 2005 including the remote areas by 2005

▶▶▶▶ Assistance to the development and provision of valuable online Assistance to the development and provision of valuable online Assistance to the development and provision of valuable online Assistance to the development and provision of valuable online

information especially for the disabled, the elderly and for information especially for the disabled, the elderly and for information especially for the disabled, the elderly and for information especially for the disabled, the elderly and for those those those those

living on a lowliving on a lowliving on a lowliving on a low----income and those living in rural areasincome and those living in rural areasincome and those living in rural areasincome and those living in rural areas

Goals of the Digital Divide PolicyGoals of the Digital Divide PolicyGoals of the Digital Divide PolicyGoals of the Digital Divide Policy

korean national policies to close the digital...

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