konsumi-kvalifikacijski ispit_luka celent

5/27/2018 Konsumi-Kvalifikacijski Ispit_Luka Celent

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0

SVEUILITE U SPLITU

FAKULTET ELEKTROTEHNIKE, STROJARSTVA I BRODOGRADNJE

P Saa

AIFIACIJI DI II

DI JE BADE IEJE

AEAIIH A HAEJA

C

, 2012.


2/53

ADAJ

1. D........ ........................................................................................................................................... 1

2. EDA A HAEJE I DAIAJE................................................................... ...... 3

2.1. HI....................................................................................... 3

2.2. E HI..................................................................................... 8

2.3. HI ................................................................................................. 10

2.4. HI................................................................................. 13

3. HA JA BADA......................................................................................................... 15

4. AEAIE E HAEJE II JE BADE........................................... 20

4.1. .................................... 21

4.2. HI............................................... 24

4.3. ........................................................................................ 27

4.4. .................. 29

5. EJE I AJAJE AAA A BAD DAJAJE EICA...................................... 35

5.1. .......................................................................................................... 37

5.2. ..................................................... 37

5.3. 40

5.3.1. Oa aaaa aa ............................................................................. 41

5.3.2. Ib a aaa aaa aa ................................................. 41

5.3.3. Pa aa a aa ..................................................................... 42

5.3.4. Pca a aaa ..................................................................................... 42

6. JEICE BDIH IAIAJA...................................................................................... 44

7. AJA................................................................................................................................ 46

IEAA... ................................................................................................................................ 47


3/53

1

1.Sac a a a b a aa. Pa

aa aa a a a a, a c

a aa a aa b Z.Naaa ca aa a a a ba a

b b aaa aa ba b aca. N a a

aa a a ba a

aca aa a aa.

Ra a 20. a a a aa a ,

a , a, , a b , a

a. Na a, a aa aa aa

a, a b aa a, a c

a ab a a, a b aa

aa aa. N a a

c, b a a a a a a, a a a

a. N, , aa a a aa

a. S a b aa a a a

aa . D a aa a a a a, a

aa a aa a a. O a a

b aaa a aa b a

c a a . Na a a

a a a, a a a b aa

a a aa, a.

Obaa aa ca a a ba aa

ba. V aaaa aa

a a , a aa a

a a a aaa aaa. Sa a a aa

aa aa ab aa a a a. Ia,

ba ab aaa a aa

a a caa a a a a. Va

a a a aa a a aa a ca


4/53

2

aa , a aaa a. T a a

aa aa, a a

abaa aa aa caa a a . Ra b

a a a ba a aa, a ab ca

ba aa a a a a a

aa aba, a aaa. Ia aa ba

SHIPa, a aa aaa aa a b

a, b b a. Ta aca

aa ba a a a a a aa a

a aa c b a aa ba

aaa a aa a a a a a.

Aa aa bac aaa a a aaa ca aaa aa a aa aa a aa

a a aa aa aa.


5/53

3

2. Sa a a aa (SHIP) a a

ba aa b ca a a

aa aaa baa ba a. K aa aa , baa a aa, a

aa . Va aa aa

a . O a, a a

ba aa ba. Ta

aa a a aaa aaa a

ba aa. K SHIPa a a

a ca a a aa a

a a aa a a ba a. Ma a a

aa aa aaa aaa baa aa a

ba aa.

Ra aa ba aa a SHIPa,

a a a a ba aaa a a a

c aaa a aa aaa aa a c. Da SHIPa

a a aa aa aaa c,

a aaa a ba aa a

ac baa. Na a aa a

aa aa a, b a a aa a a

a , a a a a a

ab a aa (. ),

a aa a a aa a a ba a

aa aa.

2.1. HI

D c a a ba aa:

ca a aa, aa a.P a a a a ca SHIPa a

c, aaa baa, a aaa aaa, a


6/53

, aa aaa , aa aa baa, aa a

aa a baa aaa a c aa a a (.

) aa aaa aca ba aa [1].

P a SHIPa a aa a a a ba

a a B [2]. Oa aa aa SHIPa a a aa

ac ca a ba aa a b a

c aa ba a.

T a a, a ba aa a a

a ca a SHIPa a ba . P aa a

ba a SHIPa, :

) JA a aa, ba, a, a aa. K ba baa aa a a aaa, a a aba. a a a ba

a aaa b aa a

a a (ISO VG 15 ISO VG 46).

) EIJE a a aa a aaa,, aa aa acaa , a aa.

E a aa a b aaa

a ba baa aa

aaa a a.

) IEICI a a a aa a a aa.

) IEICI a a aa, a b a b a.

U a a , a a

a aa. U a a a SHIPa SAD aa a c 1.

Uba SHIPa a SADa [3]


7/53

5

Sa a a aa a ca b,

a a baa a, a 2. O c aa

ba a aa SHIPa. Ta a a

ac : a a, . A

a baa ca aa ac :

(a), (a), ,

(a, c aca), (a, a, ),

(c ) [4].

A aaa aa a aba , a aaa

. Bc a b a baa ca

a SHIPa b a ba ca aa a a

aa aa . P aa SHIPa a aaa a a aa.

Zb aca SHIPa, aaa baa, aa,

a ba aaaa aa, a a a ba aa

a aca b aaa. P ca

aa ac aaaa a. K ca a

c, c ba a a a , aa a

a. K ba a c a a. Paa aaa

a a , a a a aba a baa aa

aa aa aa. U a aa

ba a a . P SHIPa

Ra aa, , aa a aa SHIPa [5][3]

Va

Ea b

U

E Pc Sc

A


8/53

6

a aa ba a a a b

aa SHIPa, Kaaa Sc aba aa [1].

O b ba SHIPa a ba, a

aa a a aa aaa baa, aa.

P aac SHIPa ba :

1) aa a aac SHIPa. T a 10 / a aa a c

(a) a 225 / a aa a ca (a). K

aa ba aa ca a b a

aa a a SHIPa 700 14 000 Pa, a a

ca aa.

2)

aa SHIPa a a a a a baa b baa a aa. U

aa SHIPa a ba (, c,

c) a aa a 70 600 Pa. Ka aa

aa a aa a a,

ba a aa ac a ba a b c

a aa a ca SHIPa a.

3) b a aa b b ba aa ca.

D SHIPa a b aca

SHIP a 5.5 35 MPa. Oa a a

a aa a SHIPa a a c

(aa aaa aa ba c). Va a

a a SHIPa a b ca aa

a a (a ca 20 ) b

aa a baa.

4) // aa SHIPa aa aa a a ca SHIPa,

ca ba. Ka aa

aaa abac a a a aba b ba

aaa a a SHIPa a .


9/53

Naa, a b SHIPa a

a aa a SHIPa a ,

aa a a aa a ba. Ja a

a a a aac SHIPa (a 3), a a b

b a a a ca SHIPa, a a aaa aaa,

a aa ba , a c [6].

Sa a a aa a a

c a a a aa a a , ab a a

aa , a a aaa aca a a.

Oa aa a a a caa a aa

SHIPa a ab a a [7]. M, caba aa aa ca a aac SHIPa a a

a aa aa a , abca 1.

.Pc a c a aa

()

EACIJA( )

IA( )

a aa a aa aa, , ca

baa, a cac,a caca

a Caa aaca a, aa ab aac aaa , ,

aa, a

a c abaa a baa, aaa a a

a c a aca a

O a a, a aac a

baa , a c a.

Pa aac SHIPa aa a a

a a aaa ac a aaa

( a a aaa aaa ba) [3]


10/53

8

2.2. E HI

Ea, aca a a aa ba a a

aa a. Pb b aa a, a a a aa,

a ba a a a a. Na bca ISO

9000 a aa a aa a, ISO 14000 a aaa OHSAS 18001 a aaa a a a a aa,

a aaa a a aa a

a aa a aa a a a. Pa

a a a a a a. Pa , a a

a a a a a a ca

aa [8].

P 1960 a, ac aa aaa ab

a ca SHIPa a ca a a a aa. Daa a

aa a a aa aa c a a a aa

a aa aa ca aa a

c. Na a a

aa a aa b a.

Pa a 2,4 SHIPa a

aa a a b a [9]. O 52%

a ba aa ca a 31% ba a [10]. Aa

aa a a SHIPa, a 36%

, Aa a 30%. K SHIPa aa EU

(Tabca 2), , a a Ia a a

a aa EU [11].

G

E (/)

() HI(/)

S aa 5 200 000 Ka a SHIPa 3 700 000

SHIP a ba 360 000 Pa a 2 300 000

1. B aa a () 220 000 Rca 700 000

2. Ma a (ca) 140 000 Sa a 750 000

E b a ba SHIPa 3 500 000 Gba a 600 000

Ua a SHIPa 3 700 000 N a 100 000

P a aa a a aa a EU


11/53

Ua a aaa b () SHIPa a

ca SHIPa a a , aaa a EU a a

32%, aa abaa aa [12]. Sa a a aa

a b a aa, aaa, aa a a ba,

aa aaa a c a a,

a (Sa 4). Ja a bc a a

ca a aaa ca a a a a aa

ca a a a a a. Ia b a a

aa 30% a SHIPa a [13].

Sa aa baa SHIPa aa ba a

aa. Pa a aa a b ca a aa

b aa a aa aaa a

aa a a a aa [14][15]. Pa a

aaac a a a . Ob

a aa a a. U a a c

b acaa. Va aa, a aaa a

a a a ba aaac aa [16].

V a aa a ca a a aaa

aa a baa a a ba a a. Zb a aa

aa ba aaaa . K SHIP aa a aa a

a ab, a, a aa

baa a b a , aa a,

. Za aa aa a a a

a a a a aaa. T a

Sa baa SHIPa c ba[3]


12/53

10

a a aaa aaca, aaca, aaca,

aaa caca, ca aaa a baa.

T aa aa a a a a a a aa

SHIPa, :

a) A (a baa),b) IIIIAJEcaa b SHIPa,c) EFIA IJAJE I EIAJE aa.U aa a , aaa ab SHIP a a

ca a aa ca a. Saa ac a a

a SHIPa a a

baa a a aa a, a a abaa a. Ta a

aa E a b SHIPa a aaaac 12 aa, E Va a [12]. Ta ac

a ba a aaa aa a c caa

SHIPa a b. N a a a E (EU) a 2001

. a a acaa a a b 2006 . a a (b)

a REACH (. Ra, Eaa, Aa a c

CHca), aa a EU a a. D a

baa SHIPAa a a , a aaa

[17].

2.3. HI

O aa ca a a SHIP aa a a a

baa a b. T a b a

a a SHIP. Pba ca aaa a a a

ab aa a a a a,

.P a a a aa [18]. Ta : aa aa aa a a, aa, b

a a a a a a, bac a

a a a a a aa, a ac ac,

c aa aa, a c . M aa

a b aa a aa aa acaa


13/53

11

[19][21]. Oa aa aaa aaa a a

ac, a a SHIPa b ac

caa. E a ba Saa aa a

a aa a a aa [22]. Tba

aa baa ac, a a, a

ac aa SHIP a baaa ca a a.

Na a aa a [22]. K aa

b aa ac , a aa aa

a aaa.

Ja a a aaC aa aa

ac aaa a a aca a a. J

ac aba a aa a a. Bc a aa ac , a a aa a a

aa . N aa a baa a

aa c aa aa a . Oa a

a aa a a a. Ia bc

a a aa, b . O a

SHIPa a a aaa a a

ba a a, b a aa aaa ba a.

Sa a a aa a a aa

aa aa a a a. Oa a

a aa ca a aaa

cac aa.

Ra ca aca a a a

aaac a aa SHIPa a , ,

, . Za SHIPa :

, ,, , , .

Naca a a a a a (. Naa I

Occaa Sa a Ha NIOSH) c a 1,2

ba aa ca, ba a a ca ba

aa ca aa a a aa [23].


14/53

Naca a a a a a aa a

aaa a aa ba. I a

aca a aa ca aa a a

aa aa aa (ac), a a a.

Oa aa a ac a a a a

a a a b a aa a ba.

Naca a a a a a a aa b

a ca a aa

b a. Ta a a aa

SHIPa, b aa a 0,4 /3aa a a ca (0,5 /3a

a ca), a (. aaTWA) 10 a a

a 40 a a a. Ka a ac a ba aa a aa (Sa 5). P a ba

(aa) a a aa a a ac a a (aaa),

a aca a (caa) SHIPa 2,0 /3aa aa

a a cac. Ta a aa ac

a a ba a b c a aa a

ca SHIPa a.

U abaa a a a a ca

aa [24]. Pa SHIPa ba ac a c

aa aa a a a [25]. O ac aa

aa a a aa, aa

b a caa.

Ka a ac (aa) a aa a a aa

ba [2][3]


15/53

2.4. HI

U aa ac a a a SHIPa,

aa a ba a a c baaa

(aaa) SHIPa. P a aa

aa ba a c a aaa

a caa SHIPa a a caa (a)

SHIPa a ba a (Tabca 3).

Ka SHIPa Ca SHIPa

SAD 378 000 48 000 000 000 $

Ga 75 500 700 000 000 $

Jaa 160 000 900 000 000 $

Pac a Na 75 000 a SHIPa 28 000

a aa a ca a a 355 000 947 000 a

a a. T a baaa SHIPa aa

a a aa aa a a a a

aa.

M, a a a a b

SHIPa a (a) ba baaa a a

a a a aa aa. Ia a aa a

ac, a a aaa a a SHIPa

17% a ( 6), a a b

a aba a aaa 2 4% [28][29][30].

. Raa a ba

P a SHIPa a c a a [26][27]


16/53

Ia U Kaa 400 000 a SHIPa (SHIP a

a aac) a aa c a 8 16 a 2000 [16].

Ma aaa a a a a b aa a c ac a

aaa aa a a aa. Ja ba

53 SHIPa ca , a a aa

a a 1003 SHIPa. Uba a aa

SHIPa 4 a a a ba , 1 a . S

a ab 100 000 aa SHIPa ba

a a . Saa aa a 40 000, a 15 000

a a a SHIPa, 15 000 a aa 6 000 a

c aaca [31]. Ka b aa a a SHIPa,

c a aba SHIPa a aaa , b b a ca SHIPa a a a a (Sa 7). Na a

a SHIPa a , a aba SHIPa

a a aa ca SHIPa. Ba

Waaa aa a SHIPa

a a a aba SHIPa b aa,

100 000$. Ra a aa a a aba SHIP

a a 1,0:1,5 a a 1,0:5,5 a ,

a [32].

K SHIPa aa ab a a

a aa . A aa aa a aa

aa aa, a aa a aca a a

b. O aa a aca a a b b

, a b a b.

c SHIPa a a


17/53

15

3. I aa a ba a a ba

b. Ra ba a a a, a a

a aa a aa aa a

a aa a aaa ba. Ta ADEME, (.

Fc Ac E a E Ma) aa

ba ba (. cc) aaa a a ,

a b a aa ba a a a a

a a a a [33]. O ba :

a aa aaa a a a aa a,

aca a a SHIPa, aba, aaac a a a aaa ,

aca aaa SHIPa a a a a a aa a a aa a ,

aca aaa SHIPa a caa, a aaa (baaa).

O baa, ba caa ba, 17% a a ba a baa. O

b ac a aa a a aa, a,

aaa aaa [34].

Za a aa aa

c a ba aaa. U aa a aa aa

aaa baa, aa aaa ba aa

a ac baa a a

ca. U a acaa ba, a

aa a a ba a aa a, aa

a [35]. Da b aa ba ba ba a a ,

aa aa aa a aa . Aa a

ba a b c aa a aa a a

aa aaa baa . Sa c ba a b


18/53

16

aa a a ca a aaa a ba. T

a a aa ca a bc a ba aa

[36].

K ba ba b b b

a, a aa ba b a aca SHIPa baa

b ca a aa (a

a), a (a ) aca c. P b c

ba aaaa aa a aa, abaa, a aca.

K ba baa aa ca aa a a aa

a aa. Za a baa ba baa

a [33]. Ka a c aa baca a ba, b

a a ca, b a b ba [37] (Tabca 4).Raa ba a a a c b ac

a SHIPa, a aa aa aa, aaa a

aaa aaac , a aaa.

A

Ga

TaB

Naa aa

Ua

Db b

T T a T

U aa aa a a aa

a a a aaa. Pa aaa aa baa

bac aaaa a a aaa, aa a SHIPa

[38]. Pa a a a ba aa b a

aa aa a. Ia ac ba a a

a aa ca aaa a a .

Ra aa a ba a a aaa

aa. Iaa aa a a aaa aa b

ab aaa, a 8. S b a a a

Pa a aaa a ba


19/53

a aa aa, a aa

a a aa. P ab aaa a ba a, a aa

aaa aa b ba aa a c a.

Dba a a aa aaa a aaa [13].

Maa a a aaa a:

a) ; ca ab aa a aa a aaa aba aa ca. Kab b aa a aa

a aba aa a a a. Ja

a baa aaa WC (. cab) ba

a (a aaa) bac aa WC aa

C (ba). Da aaa, a C aa WC a WC c,

a a ca a aa aaa. Ta

aa WC c a C aaa

a a a. Na a a a a

aaa b a a WC

c 0,50,8 0,20,5 aa C 616% [39].

b)C; aa a ba a a ca. O c a a ab. c aaa aa

ac C N. K aaa W C, aba

(T) a a (Ta), (W) a (M).

a ca ca aba,

. Oaa aa aaa a ba aa ca [36]


20/53

18

a ac a [40]. P aaa a a

aaa a ab a a

b a baa. Ia aa a WC

aba a a aa a.

c); a ca, ac. A , aaa

aaa aab a, aa c, a a

a aa aaa. S a Sc , a

b ac aa c a a,

b a a a a a aaa [41].

Iaca a SC a, bac a

a aa , a .d)B ; P a a aaa. Ga ,

a b a a a

aaa b aa (CBN)

a aa. CBN a a aa aa

a aaaa aaa. CBN a a a

aaa aa a aa. CBN aa aa

b b a ca a a. O a

ab a aaa 1400 C [13].

e)D; aa a aba. Ma aa a aa. Ua b , a aa a

a a aaa a a [42]. Daa aa

bac , a a aa, c

a a, a . Ia aa a

a, b aa aba a, ba

aaa aa a a aaa [13].

Tb aa aaa, aaa a ba ba

a aa. O a ba, a a

c SHIPa, a a a aa aa a a a

b ca. O a a a aaa, a a

a a a. Pa aaa a ca aa aaa


21/53

19

aa a a aba a ( a), a a a,

a baa aaa baa. K c aa a baa

a aaa a a [43].

Pa aca c (aa) a:

1. CD (. Cca Va D) a aa aa

2. D(. Pca Va D) a a aa aPa c a ( aa

a aaa) [44].

S aa b a aa aaa a,

ba a aa a ba. Ob a a b b

a a ba, a a a a. Na

a aa , a

b a a c a

a b 2 5 [45].

S a aa a caa aa

a a. O baa ab a aa

a a. D a aa b

ba b, a TAN a, a

aa a a aba/a (WC/C). Za

ac c a a 1 ba. Ra aa

a a a aaa aaa a aaa a c aa

WC/C a [35]. P ba a aa a aa a

ba, aa c aaa. T a a a

b MS2 a WC/C. O b a a

aa.


22/53

4.A Ra , a , bc a

a aa a a a b aa

ac aa a aa ba, 9. Ta aa a aa a a a b

a ba aG Maac,

G C [46]. Va aa a , a, b

a, aa ca ba.

J 1990. a ba

a a a a a aa [47]. K a ca

a a a a aa. P

a b ba, aaa aaa a a a a

a ba, a a aa [48]. Ja

a aaa a ba a

a aa b ba. K a a a a

aa a a a aa aaa baa, aa

ba a b aaaa aa a

a ba [49]. Pa a a ,

. Ra aa a aa aa a


23/53

21

a aa a ca ba [50]. Ta

bac a aa a a a, MQL (. M Qa

Lbca) a a a a a aa,

aaa 0C, aaa b a ca ba

[51]. Ta MQL a aaa aaa , a

a ca ba a a.

Pb MQL a a ba, a aa a.

4.1. Na a ac ba a aa

ca aa a a aa. K a a aa

a ca SHIPa a aaa baa, a c ac c aa. U a SHIP, a a a a

c a a , a a

a a. U aa a a a,

a aa a [36]. N a a a

a aa a b a.

Oa a aa a aa , aa

a aa ba. Ha a a

a a c. Va c, aa a Ra

Hc a c (RHVC) aaa a aaa a

aa caa a aa a ac aca

[52]. V c (. V b) 1933. ac

a a G Ra, a a a a R Hc. G

1947. Hc ba a aa (a c)

ac c a a a aa. RaHc

a c a a aca, , a a a

a a, a aa a c. Sca aaa a

a ac a a aa, baa a

ba aa, aa aa [53]. P a a

a c, aa aa aa, 10.


24/53

Maa a a c aa a a a, a

a a a ba. V a a aca a

a c aaa a ab a aa, a

. Haa a aa a c ca a a

aca a a aa c a a

c ( 9).Ca aaa a a aa a aabaa

aa aa c. Raaa

c aa a aa a 11. Ia

a aa a a aa aa a a a

c. Oaa a c a a b. K

c a a b, a a

a [54]. Ha a aa aa aa

b. Ta a aa a b a.

Raaa c aa a

. Sa a a RHVC a [53]


25/53

Va c a a, a

a a a CNC a, aaca, ca aa, . Va

a c baa a a, a

c a a a a a aa aa. B a c

aaa a , ca

aa a aa. Na c aa c aa

a a aa a a 12.

Ra aaa a a a a aa,

a a ba. Ta b ba b a

c aaa aaa 10 a [55]. Pa

aa aaa caa a a

a 7% aa ca c aaa [56]. Ta

a A390 aa c, aa aa

a aaa baa b ba aa b aa a aa. Oaa a aa a ca

aa aa aaa aaa a baa a

b c baaa [57].

Pa a aa a aa a aa, ba

aa c a . Zb a c

Pc aa c aa a: a a aa

(A), aaa ac a c a a (B) (C) aa,

a aa aa aa (D), a aa

c (E), a a aa b c (F), a a (G)


26/53

24

c a a aa aaa. Ta a c

aa SHIP a ba a 103104 W/2K (16,17 23). Kc

c a a a L C ac a

a 505000 W/2K, 160 W/2K a a

a a a 15C 860 W/2K a a a a

a 25C [58]. U aa a a

a aa aaa aa, aa b aa

aa ca a aa 20 C. K a

aaa aaa SHIPa aa a a a a

a a a aa a a ba

aaa aaa [59]. Ta Na a a a a

a aa a a a aaa aaa [60]. C a aa ca a aa, a a 4 25 C a

4 ba aa a a aa a aa, aa aa ba

a aaa aaa a [61]. Ta

aa a baa aa 480/, a baa a a

a a ba b ba a aaa, baa

a aa aaa a b a ba [62].

4.2. HITa bac a aa a a a (MQL)

a aa. Da a baa a SHIPa

a aa. O a c , a

a:

1. (. M Qa Lbca)2. C(. M Qa C)

Oa a a aa , ba a 1970

a a a . P MQL a

ca aa aac SHIPa (a, aca,

a .) :

aba a a a aa a,


27/53

25

MQL a 50500/ (a 50/) 34 aa a aa ca ba

aa [63],

30% a a b ca a, aa a aa a ba , aa

a ba a a

a b a ,

MQL a a a a a aba, aa, aa aa SHIPa,

a MQLa aaa a a aa ca SHIPaa a a.

Ta MQLa aaa a aa ca

a SHIPa aa ba. S ac a a a

b a SHIPa aa a MQL. Ua a

a a baa SHIPa, ac a a aa

aaa, a MQL. V aaa a a

a ca ba. P

aaa MQLa a a ba a a, aa

a a aaa aaa ca a b a a a a. Pa aa a aa a

a. Ta MQLa aa a aca a

aa a 24,4% a 32,2 % a ba [49]. Zaa

a aaa a baa MQLa b a

a aaa aaa a caa ba. U a

ba, MQL aa ba aaa aa a a

a ca a a. Baa a a MQL a b

a acaa ba ac a

ba [64]. P a MQLa b a b a

a aa ca ba aa

aa a a aa. E ac b

aa (. ) MQL a a a 3040% aaa aaa 2030%

a a b a ca a.


28/53

26

B a a a aa a

aaa a aa, MQL a ba. F b a b

b ba a a aaa. MQL a aaa

a aaa aaa, a ba a baaa a

aa aaa [65]. S a a acaa

aa a Maca a, a MQL a

aa a a aa a a a ba,

a b a aa a ca ba [66].

Ia ca MQLa a a a aa a

ba. Taa aaa b aa 300 / ba ba 1060C ,

MQLa aa ba 1000C. Raa a 60C

a ac b aa 50 / [49]. Zaa ba aa,a aa a a a ca ba [67]. T

aa a aa a a a, a aa

SHIPa a MQL aaa

ca ba. Faa a aa caca

ca a ac aa b ba a a MQLa, a

a baa a MQL a aa c a. Ia b

ca ba, MQL a a (ac)

caa SHIPa aa ba b aa .

Ta aa aca a a a MQL

baaa a aa ba aa ca. Pb aa

, a a aa a b a a

caa. Kaa baa a a aa b ba b b

a aaa a a aa a MQL . MQL b a

ba a aaa, aa aa a a aa,

a ac MQL a ba a

[36].

Zb a a SHIPa, a MQL a

aa baa aca aba ab. Lba a

b ab a . K a aa baa

a, a 70C . Ka MQL


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a baa, b a a ab a

a. Naaa a baa aa

a a baa aa 168 a a a. U

a a ac a a

a. Ia, baa aaa a c ab a

. O ac baa aa a a , a

baa. Daa ba a ba baa

a.

Ia MQL a a ca ,

a a aa aaa

a a c c ,

a b a ca aaaa, b a aa,ca aa b a a a, caa a a

a a a. Ja a aa a a a a a

a MQL aa. Iaaa aaa a aa aca ba a

a aa a a . Ra a aaa

aa a a a MQL aaaa. B a c a

a SHIPa MQL a aa a ca a a aa.

4.3. K a ca ba aa a 1950 .

Sa a aaa aa a a CO2 a

a a a b a aa aa aa.

T a a b a a a a aa

a a a a a. Daa aa a

aa a aa aa a aa

aa ba a a a a ba a

a.

Pa aa aaa a baca ba a

aaa a a b a aa ca ba [31].

Ea aa a a a a ba a ba

ca a a a ba , a a,


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28

a aa, a ca a , aa

(, ca ) a ca ba.

P ba aa caa aa a ba a

a aaa a aaa aa aa

, c, a a a [68]. Ha

a aaa aa ba.

T a a 196C a aa. D ba aaa

a b a a a aa. O c baa aaa

a a ba , a a b a a ca

a b a. T aba , b aaa a a

a a aa. K aa a ba

a baa aa, aa aa caaa a

aa aa a ac aa. E aa

a a b aa. T a

ba aa a a caaa a c a a aa

aa ac a aa.

Za aa a a aa a aaa

a aaa aaa. Ra a a ba a

a a ab aa, b aa 100/ b a

0,5 aaa aaa 13,45 a a,

aaa aaa 57,45. T a a a aa

aaa aaa a 4,27 a [69]. Ra a a a ba T6A4V a

WC aa a 70/ b, a 0,2/ b

a 2, a a a aa a a a a

3,4 a a ba 2 a a [70]. Oa a

ca aa a a

a a a a aa [71]. Raa aa

aa aa aa aa ba

300C (a aa aa ba). Naa

a aa 16 ba a

a ba [49]. S aa a aa


31/53

29

a ba, aa c a aa aaa

baa .

Pa a aa a a aa

aaa aaa baa a ba . Oa

aaa a a a baa ca aaa b aa a

a a a 55% c a a 30% c

aa a a a aaa. K aa aa

aaa aaa aaa aa a

a a. Na a a aa aa

c. S a a a a a

a.

4.4. Ha aaa aa c aa a aa

a a c ba baa aa aca. Na a a

aa a a aaa aaa b a

baa. V aaaa aa a , a a

a baa aa aa a aaa aaa. Pa

aa a aaa. V aaa aaa

a a a aa a b,

a aa aa aa a a. Ua

a a a aaa aaa a a ba

a baca a ba, a aaa

a a [72]. P aa c ba a baa a

aa a. T a ba aa b

a a aa, a baa a a aa a aa

c. Obaa a aaa, b aa

aa aa, aa a a. Na b aa ba,

aa aa aaa a c. Ra c

ba aa a a a b SHIPa b a a

aaa a a aa.


32/53

Za ac ba, a aa, aa

c a ba b a aaa ca.

Ka c a a ba a a. Ia a

aa a a c, ac a

ba. Zaa ba b a aa, a a

a c SHIPa. Pc a a c, a

b, aa a b aa a SHIPa,

ca a a b b a ca b SHIP,

a 13.

Sa baa aa a aa

aa ba aa ca a aaa a a, :

a) GDAJE a ba a a aaa aaa aa a ba. Ia aa

ba aa a aa ab aaaa a b

a. Raa a aa ca a MQLa

c aa [73]. Ra b aa b a MQLa

ca aa aa. Da Sa Va aa

aa ca ca ba a aaa

a b aa AISI 1047 a a ab aa

I aa ba aa ca b a a a


33/53

31

[74]. Sa a a aa ba aa aa a

aa: a, a ca MQL. Rca

a 15 000/ a 5% 276 000/

a a aa. Ra aa a

a a, MQL a aa a

aaa, aa.

Faa a

a aa aaa a c aa baa 16MC5

5560HRc [67]. O aa ba ba aa 130 / aa

a 2,7/ baa. Pa aaa VBa=0,3 a aa

a a aaa aaa a aa. T aaa ba a

ca a b a MQL. Pa aa ba aa MQL , ba aaa ca

a.

Yac a a a a aa a

aa aaa ba aaa b a. Paa

a baa, baa ca a , baa a

a a a 0C [75]. V VBa=0,3 a a

a a baa AISI 1050 10HRC. T aaa

a ac ba a a 15 , baa ca

a , baa a a a ac a a

30. Ra aa a aaa a

aa, a a aa. S a

aa b a a ba aaa b

c a aa aa a aaa. Za a aaa

b a ca a a

a a a. Ra a aa a

aa a aa a aaa ca

aa , aaa aa a b a ba

. U a a a a a a a c

bac ca aaa a a a

.


34/53

32

b) AEJE a ba a ac aa ba aa a. O bac

aaa aca aa aaac a ab

aaa, aaaa aa a MQL aaaa. Za ba a

a ba aaa a. Obaa aa

b aa a a, aa MQL

. K.W a ca c ba a aa aaa

a. Ta a b aa, a b aa

a, ba aa ca a a baa.

Aa aaa a aa a MQL [36].

Maca a a a AISI 1040 a

SHIPa (0,0033 L/ a 0,0049 L/ a ) a a a. Ra a a a a ba

aac a aa a a aa SHIPa

b aac 5,2 L/ ca ba [66].

Waabaa a a 0.6MPa a a a

a cacaa a a a. Oa a aa a b a

aaa c aaa a ca

SHIPa aa b a a ba [76].

c) BEJE aa ac b aa a aa() c, aa c aaa. Aa

aa a a a ac ba. Va aaaa

b a aa a. P MQL ac aaa

aa a aa , a aaa a b a

a .

Oac b ba b a a b

a a a MQL aa a aa [36]. Za

ba a a a aa MQL a aa

aaa, a a aa a a aa

baa a ba a/a.


35/53

33

) AAJE ba a MQL a aa a a a. Na MQL

a a SHIPa a aa, a aa

a aa a c.

D ca ba a aaaa aa a

a a , aa a aa aa aa

ba aa a ba a a a

a b aa a ba ca

a aa [13].

) AEIAJE AJA ba aa a aa b a aaa. Za a

aca aaa a MQL a [77]. Pa

aaa aa a a baa aa b aa

a aa baa a c.

K aa a a aa aa a aa a

aa. U a a aa a a aa

b aa a aaa ba, a b

a MQL . Ia a aabaa a aa

aa a aa a aaa aa, aa

aaa a aa a ba.

) AEJE aa aa a ba aa ca c aa. Na a a

aa b a aaa. K a

aa a aa ba ba a aa a aa.

Zb a aa a a . T

b a ba a aa b aa aa

a aaa aaa aa, b a

a aaa a aa b a, aa

a a [78]. K a aaa aaa a

a b.


36/53

34

O aa ba aa ca a

c a ba aa a

aaa aa a .

B a a ca a a a () SHIPa.

Haba a aa a MQL ba ca ba [79].

W a aa aa a a a. U b a

ca a, a aa b a MQLa.

Sa a a ba aa a

c a a b, aaa b aa

c. Za ba MQL a ba, b

aa a aaa b a ca. Na

c a a a aaa . K ca ba a aaa aa aa a

. Za b, a MQLa a

a a a a. U aa a a

a b aa, a a b, a a b aa

aa a a a baa b a MQL a [13].


37/53

5. Pc aa (aaa ca) aa a a b aa a

aa a a b aa,

a a aaa.R aa a ba a aaa ca, aaa

c c a, b

aa a a a aaa a c ba. P aa a

aa a ( 15 N ) a a , aa

c aa ( 70 GPa) a a ( 1000 C). S

a aaa a b aaa a

b c a c aaa.

T aaa a a a ba aaa a aa

a b a aa b ba aaa aaa. Sa

aaa a a b a (aa) aa aaa.

Pc aa a b a a, a a a

ca a a aa ca ba aa

aaa, 14. S b a b a aaaa, a a a aa

aa , b aca .

Pc ba a a a aa b ca

a aaa, 15.

M ca aa


38/53

Uc a a (aaa) a aa ba, a

b aa, a a. T aaa c a

a aa a, a aaa aa a a

a a ( 16):

(abaa aa, a a aa) ( ),

(a) (aca,aa a a).

Ga ca a a aaa aa a aaa baa

aaa aa aa. Ka a c a aaa a:

- a a ,- a aa ba ,- a (a) aa,- a a aa,- aaa baca (aa, . ),- aa a baa,- a a.

. U aaa aaa

U aac a aaa


39/53

37

5.1. Na bc a aaa, c a baaa a abc 5.

Obc a aaa a c a a

1.Pa aa a

Pa ba aa aa

Sa b aa,aba aa aaa

2.Ka a

Pa aa c a aaa

Sa b aa a, b aaa

3.

b a

a

Pa ba aa aa

Sa b aa,

aba aa aaa

4.Paaaca

Pa , abaaa a aaa,a aaa (aa baa),a aa

Sa a b aa, aba"a" aaa, aba aaa aaa

5.Naa(BUE BU E)

Pa aa, a aaa( c,a, ac,...)

Pa baa, abaaaa aa, aba aaa

6.Taaa

Ocaca a, ( aa), aaa a aa

Sa b ba,aba aaa aaa

7.Kac

P , a "aba" ca aaa,a aa

Iaba aaa, ab aa, aa a a

8.Oaac

Pa a ,aba aa aaaa, a aaa,a aa

Sa a b aa, abaa aa aaa,aba b

c

5.2. P aa a a a aaa. Gaa a a

(c) (ac) . Ta c ac

aa aa aa a aa a, a a


40/53

38

aa aaaa a

(, , a) a aaaa a ca

aa c a aaa [80]. U a aaaa

a a aa ac a aa a

aaa a aa c aa .

Pca a a aa a ca aa. U

a a c aa, c

, a ba,

a. U aa a a (NC CNC),

ca a a aaa aa a a . aa aa

aaa. Ta a ba aa

aaaa: aa a aa aa. Pb aa a a a c a aaa b ac b a a a

a ( aa aca) a aaa.

Pa aaa a a () aa a

a a aa aa. Iaaa ( caa)

a aa aa a (aa). Pa aaa

aa a (aa) a a a a a :

, ,

. Paa aaa aa aca (

b ab ba . b aaa), a (aa

aa a b aa aa aaa bac a)

(a ac aaa baa aaa). P

aa a ():

1. a a aaa b a a a a a aa aaa, ab aaaa aa .

2. b b a aaa aa a aa

a a aaa ca.

3. aa ba a a.Ja a, a a b a aaa

ba aa.


41/53

N a (aa) c aaa. Pa

a aaa (ISO) a a aa aaa (HSS, a, aa)

a (aa) aaa aa

a. K aaa :

I. Ka a a a c a aII. a aa a a a aaaIII. Dba aa, a aa a (. a a

a )

I. V aa aaa a aaa. Ta aaa aaa a a abaa

aa aa a aaa

I.

Gaa aa aII. Gaa a aU a aa a a a (b

a) a aaa ( 17) [81].

a aa a a a aaa a

a aa aa aaa. V a a b

acaa B aa aa a a

a aaa ( 16). Maa aaca a aa,

aa a a a aaa ISO 3685:1993, a aaa a

a a a a aaa ( 6).

. a aa a a a a aa C (a a

a c), B ( a aa a), A (a a a aa a), N

( a aa b a a )


42/53

40

P a ac a a a a aa aaa

B

Ca

ab

Ca

abKa

() A2O3 S3N4

Gba baa B 0,35 1,0 0,3 0,5 0,3 0,5 0,25 0,3 0,25 0,5

Zaa baa B 0,2 0,3 0,1 0,25 0,1 0,25 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,2

N a aaa a:

- = 1,5 - G 0,3 = 1,5 - B

5.3.

Ka b a b

aa a aac (C Ia Maac CIM, Ta

a Maa TQM, J I T JIT), ac (aa aaa,

a aaa, a, SHIP) a ( ba baa, baa

aaa, C A D CAD / C A Maac CAM).

P ac a a b aaa, a

aa a aaa a a aaa a

aa aa( , , ),a aaa(

),aa aaa (HSS, TM, CBN, PCD; a), aa baa (aa, a

a a) SHIP. Da ca a aa aa a. P

a aaa aaa aa b baa a a a a

aa. N ba b a

aa a b aa aaa aa a

aaa aaa a b ca ba a b. O a

a a aaa aaa a :

- a aa (aaaa aa),- c aaa aaa (ba ca),- b a aa,- aaa.


43/53

41

5.3.1. Oa aaaa aaP a a aa aa b a (),

a () (). P a ac

aa aaa, a aa, a aa a.

Paa aa aa a a a ba aa a a ca a

a aaa, a a a a ba aa.

5.3.2. Ib a aaa aaa aaPb aa a b aaa a aa a

a a aa ba. U a

aa a a a a ba c, ,

aaa a a, aaa.M, a aaa a a a

a a a ac aa aaac, b aaa

b aa aa . Ua

aa aaa aaa, aa a aa

a aa a a a aaa. Ra

a c a aa a

aaa aa aaa.

Ua ba a aaa aaa, aaa aa

, a a b aa

a a. Za a b a ba

ba a aaa a a a aa a

aa a aa. Ra

aaa aa (a) a aa a aa:

a aa aaa a. Paa a ba, aa aa aa aa aa

c. Ta aaa aaa . N a a

TAN ATN, a, a ba a

a a a a.


44/53

42

aba a ca bac aaa a aaa aa a c.

Va a, a c a aa aa a

a aa c aaa. T a

aa aa a , . aa a.

K , a, SHIP aa baa, a aa c a a. Kaa a aa aa

ac, a a aaa.

5.3.3. Pa aa a aaO a a b aaa a

aa b a c a a . Na a

a a a a, a a

a , ca . U a c ba

ca aa aa a a b a aa

ca a b a a a. Ga aa ca

a a SHIPa a baa a a a a, MQL

c aa ba a

aa.

P a aa a a aa

aaa a ba a aa a aa a

a aa c aa ca a

a. U a a a a

c MQL a aa b a ca aa a

b a a aaa aaa a, aaa ba.

5.3.4.

Pca a aaa

Naca aa ba a a aa. Ta ca

a aaa aa a a ca ba

a aa aa ba a

a. Iaa ba c a aaa aa

a aaa aa, a b aa, aa b


45/53

aa, a a ca aab a a aaa aaa. T

aa a a a b a aaa ba aa,

aab a a ca ba a b aa

aa a a a.

Ta a a aaa aaa a. P aaa (Faa I) a

ba a a aaa 0,050.1 ,

a (Faa II) aaa a (Faa III) a

a a . K b a ba aa

baa a aa ISO 3685:1993. Pa a aa aaa

b aa () aa a aa ca aa aaa

aa aaa acaa. Maaa a aaa

a a a a aa a aa a aaa( 18).

Ra aa a a

a a a ba a aa

a b a a a (aba aaa) a (

aa ba). Ua aaa, aa a

a aa.

. Ga a ac aaa a a ca aaa


46/53

44

6. O a a aa a a

ba a , ca a. P a

a b ba a a ba ca

aa a a aa. P ca

aa aaca a SHIPa, a ca SHIPa a

a, aa a a b SHIPa.

Ea a a a aac aa a aa

a ca a a aa a ca a

a a ba aa a.

Iaaa a a a ba aa a

ba aa aaaa aa a a aa a

ca ba aa: a aa, aa a aaa. M b

aaa b a aa . Taa a

b ca b SHIPa, ba aa a aa

aa a aaa a ba. P a aa aaa b

aaa a a, aac a a

aaa. Ka b aaa, ba a

ba a :

1. Ib abaa , b ba aa bca (Tabca 7).

bc b aa aa

A

E

I

Haa

a aN N N S N V V

Sa ab SHIPa(MQL)

V V V V V S S

Ka abaa V V V V V V V

, ,


47/53

45

P a ba b aa aa

aa a a a a b a a a

c aac, a b a aa aa

aa a . M, a

ca a aaa aaa, a ba ,

b a (ba) aaaa aa, ba aaa,

ca, a b a MQLa

ca aa. Ia, b aa aa aa

aac a ca aa aa

aa a , ca a.

2. Ib abaa , b a ba a , , ,

3. Ib abaa , a aa a aa baa. Ib a a aa

a, a b a ac, a

b a aaa.

Ib aa aa aa a a a

ba b, a ca. K aa

a aa aba, a a aaa SHIPa,

a aa (a) a a

aaa b b ba aa a aaa aaa. P a

a a a a a aaa aaa aa

ba, aa aa aaa a a a c a c

aaa a a aaa, a a aa. Taa aaa

aa a b a a c a a aaa. Paa a aaa a aaa a

aa a a .


48/53

46

7.Ia ac , ba c,

aa a a, aaca a. Raa a aa,

aa a a a aaa / a,

ba. P a a a a

aaa ab aaa a a

b a aa a a aa. T

aa a aa ba b a a aaa

aa, a a a aa aaa. Na

aa b ba b a aa aa a a c b

aa ac SHIPa, b b a aaa

aaa aa aa a aa.

Ia b aa ca a aa b a, aa

a a aa aa, a a a aa

a b a a a SHIP a ba a

a a aaa aa a aa ba aa

ca.


49/53

47

IEAA

[1]Kaaa S., Sc S.R.: E , Pa Eca, PcHa (2010) 591614

[2]B J.P.: ( ), Ta & Fac G, CRC P (2006) 215[3]Aa V.P., C,Tb a Iac E S, E L.

(2006) 326343

[4]Ba H., R A., Ic T., Sc K., B K.: E ,Cca E a Pc (2003) 105119

[5]K M., E C , W S Ea CcE, J W & S, N J (2007) 95101

[6]Rac R., Rac Z.: , Ja Maa Pc Tc (2002) 2531

[7]P L., Pc ., a M., Sc B,: , Ga Maa (2001) 237263

[8]S P., Saa M.: : , A. CIRP (1995) 427433

[9]G T., Va A F.: F, Ja Sc Tb a Lbca E (2004) 3134

[10]Bc T., Wa A.: F , Ja AbaE Sc,(1998)

[11]Baa W., Ga, M., Pa, D.:A , E ca c Ma ac ,

a c , IC8, D, Ga (1999) 6182

[12] M R.M., F M.F., O S.T.: C L (3 E), SScc+B Ma B.V. (2010) 435457

[13] B G., D D., Da B.: A C , Laba Maaca Saab, U Caa, B (2003)

[14] Caa P.M.: F , E. Ja E 11(1995) 17

[15] Sc M., Mac K.: E , Ja Maa Pc Tc 109 (2001) 181189

[16] Ha N., Bca G., TaA F., A B.P., , Cca E a Pc 43 (2004) 811821

[17] Ea C: E EACH D, E Dca Ga, 2006/121/EC


50/53

48

[18]Ba W.J., L , Tb Iaa 31 (1998) 3547[19]U S., S Y., Yaa K.: , I. Ha 40 (2002)

291292.

[20]TRGS (Tcc R Ga) G L a AbaL Babba, 6, 90; 9, 48; Babba 10 (2003) 3463.

[21]Aa, A., 1994. , Dac Cc 12 (1994)537546.

[22]Kb M., Fa W., Bac M.:A , Tc L V. 151 (2004) 211217

[23]Naa I Occaa Sa a Ha (NIOSH): C E F,U.S. Da a a a

c (1998) 2124

[24]Mac, C.: H E : A B , Tc a Ia Ha (1990)

429440

[25]T, P.; DK, J.; Sbaaa, P.: E A A, B, A E , Aca Ia H Aca Ja.

(1996) 11631167.

[26]Naa N., Yaa Y., Taa S., a K H.:A A C D ,Aa CIRP, 16 (1997) 43 48

[27]Ga C.: D D B, Mac a Pc. E (1994) 1420[28]F S. C., Ha M., C I D , Pc

Iaa W E a Maac (2000)

[29]K N., Ka L., Sa J.: D : A C C,Pc Qa a A Fa, SAE (2001) 15791588

[30] Da J.P.: : F A, S Scc+B MaB.V. (2008) 196210

[31]Pac F., S A., Ka J.: , T 16(2009) 39

[32]Ba T.J., Waaa F.L.: C F F,R IWa Maa a Rac C, I Sa U (2004)

[33]D D., D A., M A., La D.:A I 718 , Iaa Ja Mac T & Maac

(2004) 439456

[34]La M., D O., N R.:A , Sac a Ca Tc (1999) 687691


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49

[35]D V., Ba H., Za H.: / , Saca Ca Tc V. 113 (1999) 286292

[36] W K , Iaa I., Sa J.W., Waabaa T.: D L,CIRP Aa, Maac Tc V. 53 (2004) 511537

[37]Sc H., D J., Ra I.J., .,Lc T., E G.: D

, Sac a Ca Tc 146 (2001) 480485

[38]T H.K., M A.: DC , Saca Ca Tc 93 (1997) 8892

[39]D K., Wa H., S V.: D H, C C E , VDI Sa H ac c c (2000) 2627

[40]Pa R., B A.: C, Aa CIRP (1999)[41]W E.D.: C , , N

bca, Pa R, N J (2000)[42]Bc M.: CD D , Da, Ua B (2003)[43]Kc F., K T.: C C F A, Aa

CIRP,42 (1999) 515525

[44]Va B H.,Wa H., Tab R.: D A C C, EU Cc Ha Maa a Da T (2002)

[45]Dc C., B V., Sac F.: D, C D C C C C , Sac a Ca Tc

(2003) 681688

[46]H Q., G L., Y X.: A G , Aac Maa Rac (2011) 217221

[47]G V.A.: , Tba 162 (1999) 890901[48]Ja L., R H., L Z., Hb G.:

, Wa 262 (2007) 442452

[49]Saa V.S., Da M., S N.M.: C ,Iaa Ja Mac T & Maac (2009) 435453

[50]Ca O., Ka M., Aa E.: C ,Ja Maa Pc Tc 153 (2004) 3541

[51]K T.J., K H.S., C B.G.:A , IaaJa Aac Maac Tac 15 (1999) 470477

[52]Hc R.: , R Scc I V.18 (1947) 108113


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50

[53]Pa A.M., U O., Kac V.: H , Iaa Ja a V. 32 (2009) 1487

1494

[54]Ga C.: E H , Pc, TccU E (2005)

[55]A R.B.: : , Mac D 48 (1996) 140143[56]L C., H R.: C , Maac

Tc & Mac T 1 (1997) 3031

[57]C H.Z., L S.W., J H.D.: A CB , Ja Maa Pc Tc 111

(2001) 265268.

[58]L J., C K.: A , Mac T & Maac V. 47 (2007) 635645

[59]K S.W., L D.W., Ka M.C., K J.S.: E , Ja Maa Pc Tc 111

(2001) 256260

[60]Na A.K., Gaa M.C. Pa, S.: 6A4, Iaa Ja Mac T Maac. 49 (2009) 182198

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