Ha CnliUH 2.24. 06miK )Kne60Ba 3a6YlUHB3'fa MO)J(e 6HTH np3B I1Jl11 33BojlHf. 03-H3K3 Ja6YllHt:n3'13 l13rne.llarra 611, H3 npHMep, OHaKO: 3a6yw11B3'1 33 He3aWTl1heHO cpe.nJUlJH.e rHe3,O,O O,ll 60 06JIHKa A Ha3l1BHOr npC'iHHKa d = 4 mrn, .o.ecHOpe3HH ca panHHM JKne60M, H3pal)eH OIl genHKa (C.6881; C.7680 HTJl.) ,,!Ma cnenehy 03H3-K)':

3a6ywHB"" A 4 JUS KD3.061, paBaH.

CnJlK3 225. EYPl'uja c:J I1JIO'IHIJ,OM op TBpp'or MCT8}1a

CnHpaJIHe 6yprHje ca nnO'f11UOM Oll TBp.nor MeTana (cnHK3 2.25) npHMeH..yjy ce 33 6yw eH:.e Bpno TBp.Ul1X M3TepHjana Kao WTO cy Kopa CHBor JIHBa, CT3Kno, e60HHT, TDpL\H "ICnHK, KaMeH, 6e-TOH H Cll. HenOCTaTaK OBe 6ypnfje je cna6Hje Oll-Bo1)el-be crpyroniHe, OCna6JbeH npeceK J60r H3paue rHc3D,a J3 H OTe>KaHO nOCTH3a-}be n03HTHBHor rpYAHor yrna 360r Tora ce OBOM 6yprHjoM pauH ca MaJIl1M nOMall,l1Ma

CneQllj3JIllc oyprlljc

CneUHja.JIHe 6yprHje ce npHMeJ-byjy y noce6HHM cnY'IajeDHMa Y HOBl1jC BpCMe y npHMeHH cy eBC BHlllC 6ypn1je Ja 6Yll1CH>C CTeneH3CTI1X OTBopa H pyna (c.JIHKa 2.26). DBe cc mpal}yjy 6PYWCH.CM Hen no-cTojenHx Cnl1panHHX 6ypnija Ha nOTpe6an 06JJHK. 06w-mo ce

f-(Qca'f npHKJbyqyje CaBHTJbI1Ba u.eB ca BHjKOM. CnHpaJIHe 6yprHje ca OrSOpHMa Ja tlOBol')eJ-be CpenCTBa 3a xnal)el-be H nO,uMa~

3HRatbe HJpat)yjy ce O~ 6P30peJHor anaTHor 'fenHKa yprnje ce H3paljyjy O,Q UJHnK3cTOr M3TepHjana KOjl1 HMl,ljy OTBope no lleJIoj .Q,Y)KHHI1 KOjl{ cy ypaljeHH H3 noce6aH Ha'HtH y cnHp3nH. OBO oMoryhana y3 o,npel)eHo lCOHcrpYKTHBHO pemel-be HJpane 6yprl1je, AOBol')etbe Cpe,llCTBa J3 xna1)ei"he T39HO y 30HY pe3atba

a) 6)

Ci1UK8 1.28. 8) /;yprl1jil CII OTIJOPHM8 38 ROlJoheu,e Cpe.o;CTS8 38 XJlaf)Cu,c II nOllMiJ3HlJaTbe II 6) - 6ypruja ca ueB'IH~aMa

< 5

CJnfKII 2.2!l IflcM8TCKI1I1PU/W.11"OIlOJICKC 6YPHt)C

C.lUliil 2. 30. lIPCTCH8C1rl (wyfULa)

6YPf'l4ja

CHiKil 2..u. c..'ljJCpIiW OO/1UK

Cl1UP8JJlIC 6yprujc

Ha ClIHQH 2.28.a) je npH"a3aHa COH-panH3 6yprHja ca MOpJe KOHH'IHOM (MK) IIPlllKOM ca OBHM OTBOpHMa. YCJIeJl, ra1fHO necPHHHC3HOr Kopall3 3aBojHHl.{e OBHX OTDopa MOry ce H3P3llHTH 6ypntje caMO ca oAroBa~ pajyhHM yrJIOM cnJ1pane. OA ODor M3TepHjan3 Moryhe je H3panHTH cse 6ypmje (CDliX CTaHllaplla) npeqHHKa 10 - 35 mm. Ycne,n HenOcr3TK3 OBor M3repHjana 6yprHje oeher npe'iHH~ Ka H3pal'jyjy ce ca JIeMJbCHHM 6a.Kap~ HHM . uenliMu.aMa no 3aJlet:!y Cnl1pan He 6yprHje (enH"' 2.28. 6).

3a 6ywel-be Op~lO ,ny60KI1X OTBO~ pa, Ha npHMep JJ.O 100 d H i1Y6Jbe ynoTpe6Jb3Bajy ce T38. TonOBCKe 6yprHje (ellHKa 2.29). Tello 6yprHje (4) je lllyrJbe paJJ." nponacK. pa-CXnaIlHOr cpe,UcTBa EyprHja je cHa6ileBeHa nnOQHQOM (1) 011 TBP-ll,or MeTaJIa l-Ia KOjOj je q.,opMHpaHa

pe3Ha rcoMeTpl1ja Eypntja I1Ma DotlJ.UJ,e (2) Koje ce cynpoTCTaRJbajy oTnopHMa peJ3tba Ii npeKo KOjHX ce ocnatba Ha o6pafjeHY nonpwHHy oTBopa CTpyronfH3 ce Oll,B01l,H Y3JlY)KHHM KaHaJIOM (5). Kall3noM (3) paCXJl3,IlHO cpe,uCTBO ce ,nODOll,H y 30HY pe3a .....

33 6ywel'Le .ny60KI1X OTsopa eeJlHKOr npe~IHH.[{3 MOry ce ycnewHo ynOTPe6H-TH T3B. npcTeHaCTe - mynJbe 6ypmje (enH"' 2.30). Kp03 aTBap aBe 6ypmje ila-BO,llH ce Te':lHOCT a npH 6yweJ-by oCTaje Cpe,llHIlIt-bH .n.eo MaTepH'jana, KojH ce MO)l(e ynoTpe6HTI1 y .npyre cspxe. Pe3HI1 neJIOBH 6ypntje HMajy 2 - 24 nJIO'lHlle 0.0. TEpnor MeTana, Koje cy TBPAO 3aJleMJheHe.

35

3a 6ywetbe pyoe ca ~l-IOM ci}>epHor 06JJHKa npl1Metbyje ce 6yprHja cncIlHja.n-HO H30WTpeH3 33 ry OnepaUHjy.

Hajnpe rpe6a y uoTpe6HTH HopM3nHY CmtpanHY 6yprHjy KOjOM ce npHnpeM3 pyna 3a KOHalfHO 06.JIl1KODaae. KOHaqaH 06nJiK etPepHC nOBpWHHe ~H3 pyne QCTBapyje ce noce6HO 06nHKOB3HOM 6yprHjoM (cnHK3 2.31). Koja je H30wTpeH3 Ha OnTH'lKoj 6PYCHJJHUH.

KOHycHe 6yprHje 3a llHM ca yrnoM KOHyca 2a" cny)e 33 H3pa.a.y OTDopa y JIB-My ne6JbllHe AD 2mm (cnw(a 2.32, Ta6eJIa 2.9). OBe 6yprnje DMDrybaBajy 113pany OTBopa p33JJHTHX npe9HHKa y pacnoHyd l - d2 y cJIY'lajeBHM3 Ka,ua Hl1je nOTpeOrl3 BCJJI1K3 T39HOCT OTDJp3. OBe 6yprJ1je Mory ce KOPHCTHTH H 33 H3Pauy .OTBOP3 H3 ueBHM3 ca MUbHM ~e6.rbHHaM3 3HDOBa

Ta6ella 2 9 . .

/' ~ ~ ~ ;; ~ ;-1

d, d, d, I

3 14 6 62 8 20 8 GO

\, ,

J , 16 30 9 73 26 40 9 82 36 50 9 85 .

I 46 60 9 88

CiIHKB 232 K OUYCIIB 6ypruja. 3B }tuM

npHMCp 03Ha~IaEHH-ba CnHp3JlHe 6yprHje ca MOP3C-KOHH'fHOM ..opWICOM H nJIO'lHuaMa On TSPJlOr MeTana, ~lHjH je Ha.3HBHH npeI1X ce BPWI1 ynYUIT31-bC H::!6ywCHHX OTBopa paBHO H no)! yrJIOM, !Cao Ji o6)aD.a 'ICOHHX nO.BpWI1Ha Hcnycra F :npOlllJ1pHIlaH.e H36ywCHHX 11 0)lJ111CCHHX orBopa npe o6pan,e pa3RpTaJ-LCM.

YnywT3lfH ce H3pat'jyjy o~ nerHpaHor aJI3nlOr lfCnI1Ka JiJIM cc O.lJ, 6p30pe3Hor 1.fellHKa 06HlfHO H3pal)yje caMO Pe3HH ~eo, :KOjH ce cnaja 3aBapllllaH>CM ca npllIKOM H3pal)CHOM on KOHCTPYKTHBHOr e UHlIHH~PWIHHX OTaop3 (np0ll1HpHB3'tH),

- ynywr3lJC 3a

.ne, pa3BpTat-beM H 6pywel-beM. OHH ynywra'iH MOry ce ynorpeGHTH 3a 38Bpumy o6pa.n:y pyna H OTBopa y OHHM CJlY'iajeBHMa Ka,na ce rpalKH Beha Ta'fHOCT on OHe Koja ce nocnt)f(e 6ypntjoM, a H 60JhH KBaJIHTer 06pal)eHe nODpWHHe. l1open. Ha~ 3HBa npowHp"malla OBM ynynwta'fH ce, 360r CnMpaJIHHX >Klle60Ba, lJecro H33HB3~ jy H CnHpaJIHH ynYllIT3'iH. DBH yny wra'lH MOry ,D,a 6YM C3 APWKOM Kao KO,ll enJ'paJIHe 6ypmje (eJUlKa 2.33.) I< H.ea)lHH (eJlMKa 2.34). OBI< ynywr.'H HMajy rpH HJIH 'feTHpH cnHpa.rma )Jme-Ga, O.D,HOCHO TP" MJIH qeTHpH ce'fHBa )f(.ne60BH ynYWTaqa cy Mathe .ll.Y6HHe on. )KJIe60B3 cnH-paJlHHX 6ypmja jep npHMajy Ma-J-by KOJIWiHHY cTpyronfHe.

..,..r--~, . "~'1

CJIUKIl 2. 34. M8l1JHIICKH 1I8CCp,1f11 yl1ywrfl'l

/Ii: cas .~., -

CIrHKa 2.33. CnUp8JlHH ynyllJTa'l CD KOIIH'IJlOM JlPlIlKOM (JUS K.D3.30I)

ClUfK8 235. P e3lfe HBHL(e CIlUpB.I1f10r ynywT'JJ'I1l

rpY.llHH yrJO (I') ce yC8aja 113 ra6ene a 3aDHCH On MaTepHja.1Ia 06paTKa Yrao Cfll

Ha'lI1H. OBI1 yrrywTa'll1 MOry I1Mar: 4 - 6 3y6a 113pal)yjy ce yr.r.aBHor.ir O,ll, 6p30pe3Hor 'l"!.r.Y;Ka ca Mop3e-Ko-HyCHO~: ~plliKOM. reoMeTpl1ja rrapa-MeTapa OBI1X yrrywTa'la je I1CTa Kao 11 KO,ll, rrpoWHpHBa'la 03HaKa rro

JUS-y 11M je: yrrywTa'i d JUS K.D3 ...

.-JRr.uJJ.. ., = . _ . ~, 1m t "1 rtf sf' .;g,;-- trl~;_~

OIJ1KiJ 2.36. YnYll1Ta~U 38 riIasy ca MOP.1CKOllYCIlOM YrrYWTa'lH 3a KOHI1'iHO ynyWTa-

}he OTBopa (CJIHKa 2.37) ce HajBI1We npl1Me/-byjy npl1 I13pa,ll,H MeCTa 3a Bl1jKe ca KOHYCHOM rJIaBOM 11 3a o6pa,ll,y Ce,ll,I1WTa 3a pmHe BeHTI1JIe. Yrao Bpxa ynywTa'la 3aBl1Cl1 O,ll, Ha-MeHe 11 Haj'fewne 113HOCH tp = 30-120. 03HaKa' OBHX yrrywTa'la je:

yrrYIIlTaq til JUS K.D3.325.

JIPIIIKOM H H3MCHJbl1HOM HO/]I1I(OM 38

HHjKe ca MCTPI1'IKUM H8fJOjCM

CJII1K8 2.37. KOflH~I/U YUYWTa'l

2.3.4. P.a3BpTaI IIf PmBpTaqH cy pe3HI1 aJIaTI1 lCOjl1 ce yrroTpe6JhaBajy yrJIaBHOM 3a 3asPWl-ly

06pa,ll,y OTBopa OHI-! Ilpl1 06p3,ll11 CKl1,ll,ajy BPJIO MaJIl1 CJIoj MaTepl1jaJIa, YCJIe,ll, 'lera cc ,ll,06l1ja BI1COKI1 lCBaJIHTeT o6pal)eHe nOBpWI1He 11 BeJII1Ka Ta'lHOCT ,ll,I1MeH-3l1je OTBopa J{a 611 ce ,ll,0611JII1 Ta'lHO TpalKeHI1 ,ll,O,ll,aUH 3a pa3BpTa/-be, OTBOPI1 ce n pe pmBpTal-ba Mopajy Hajrrpe rrpl1I1peMI1TI1 a 3aTl1M rrpOWHpl1TI1 yrrywTa'leM (npOWl1pl1BaqeM).

Pa3BpTa'll1 cy o6yxBaheHYI cTaH,Uap,ll,OM JUS K.D3.J 21-20i. Pa3BpTa'll1 ce Mory nO,ll,eJ1J.-ITH Ha BI1We Ha'lI1I-Ia: - !1peMa Ha'IHHY ynoTpe6e Mory 611TI1 py'iHl1 pa3BpT3'l11, KOjl1 Ha Kpajy 11M a-

jy qeTBpTKy pa,ll,li 3aXBaTaJ-ha KJhY'leM (CJ1J.1Ka 2.38) H MaWHHCKI-l, KOjl1 Mory

6i1TI1 l13pat)eHI1 113je,ll,Ha - ca UI1JII1H,ll,PI1'lHOM I1JII1 KOHH'lHOM ilPlUKOM H Haca,nHH - ::,a pa3BpTaJ-he BI1We KOHueHTpH'lHI1X oTBopa 11 oTBopa KOil KOjHX je npl1cTyr ueJIOM pa3BpTa'IY HeMoryh. Ha CJII1KaMa 2.39, 2.40, 2.42, 2.43 H 2.44. npl1KmaHI1 cy MaWI1HCKI1 pa3BpTa'll1.

- TIpeMa Ha'iI1HY I13Bot)eJ-ha 3y6a 11 )l{JIe60Ba r,'ory 611TH pmBpTaQI1 ca rrp-aSl1M (CJIl1Ka 2.38,2.39 l1 2.43) 11 CIlHPaJIHHM 3y611Ma O,ll,HOCHO )l{JIe60BI1Ma (CJ1I1Ka 2.40). Pa3BpTaQH ca Cnl1paJIHI-IM 3y611Ma ce HajQewhe ynoTpe6JhaBa-jy 3a pa3BpTaJ-he oTBopa ca npelCHHyTHM nOBplUl1HaMa CMep CIlJ1paJIe je cynpOTaH cMepy pe3aaa

- IIpeMa HaMCHI1 pa3BpTaQH Mory 6l1TI1 UMJU1HilPMQHH - 3a o6pa,ny UHJIHH-.n.PIT'lHHX OTBopa (CJII1Ka 2.38, 2.39 l12.43) 11 KOHI1'lHI1 3a o6pa,n:y lCOHH'lHI1X oTIlopa (emlKa 2.41 11 2.42).

- npeMa KOHcrpYKUl1jl1 pa3Bpra'll1 Mory 6MTl1 113pat)eHI1 H3je,ll,Ha, ca YMeT-HYTI1M HOiKeBI1Ma 11 n O,ll,eWJhHBH.

Pa3BpTa'I l1 mpaijeHI1 mje,ll,Ha ca TeJIOM El1ile ce Ha CJII1KaMa Oil 2.38. ilO 2.43. OBH pa3BpTa'lH ce Haj'Ie!lJl'i.e H3pah,yjy O.n: JIempaHOr aJIaTHOr Qenl1Ka.

33

)

CJIUKIi 238. Py'llfH pB3BpTS'I ca nposH .., 3y6HMB JUS K.D3.121

CnHKB 2.39. M8llJHIICJ(H pa:Jupra" ca npBBuM ~y. 6HM8 JUS K.D3.132

~ f.l

OIUK.1 240. P838PTB'I 3a o6pR.O.Y OTBOPB C;IHKIl 241. Py'lU KOW/'IUH Pa3JJpTR'I. 3S 38/(UBKe JUS KD3.201 JUS K.D3.190. TUn C

, ::-Z'

QIHKU 242 Mall/HUcKs: XOUl1'1f1H PR38pTaY JUS K..D3.193. TUll C

CJIHKB 243. M.1U1UlICXH J/aCil/1I1H p:nIJpTII'I JUS K03.170

C/lHX8 244. l1oJICW JLHHI'f Ifi/CIl,/II1M p !L1.'pra'l JUS IKeBa nOMohy BHjaKa

39

II!!

Pa3BpTa"lH ca 3aJIeMJbeHI1M n110"l llua~la on Tnp.nor MeTana cy JlajBHwe npHMC~ tbeHH 360r aehe nocTojaHocTI1 38 o6pany TapJJ,HX M3Tepl1jaJIa

rpYllHlI yrao KOA OBIIX pJ3DPT3':t:::' 1f3J10CH 3KC JJ,OJlaTKe 33 o~~a,ay, UHnHHJlPH'-fl-1H JiJIH KaJIH6pHWyhH )leo (2), KOjl1 OMO~ ryflyje nOCTH3albe Ta"l"He MCpC oTBopa If Doljelbe paJBpT3 1fa 11 KOHH':lHl1 .neo pa3-BpTa"l3 (3), KOjH HMa BPJIO MaJUI HarH6 npeMa ,nPWU,H 3JlaT3 pauH CM3J-betLa rpCtb3 Ii oHeMoryhaaal-b3 npOWHpetha pyna. OBaKaB pacClO-pe)l o.u.roBapa y OCHODH CDHM npcTa~ M3 pa3BpTalfa Ha caMOM BpXy pa3BpTa"la HaJlaJli ce o6opeHa I1DI1-

u.a no,lJ. yrnoM 0)145 panli 3aWTliTe ce':tHEa ra6apHTHe Mepe 11 06nHUH pa3'pra"a o6yxaal\eHI1 cy jyroeno-nellCKHM CTaHnap,nOM JUS KD3.

Dpe':lHHK H3 Kpajy K01-1J1'lIror ,nc-JIa 1f3HOCI1 d, = d - (0,04 - 0,08) (mm).

= - _. '<

QllfK8 2./5 Pa.J1I1H oeD P83IJPTa'l8: 1 - PC311If Reo

2 - KlU1I16pumyhu Jrcq 3 - KOWf'l.IIJf ACO

ITpe""IK pe:lIIor lleJIII1I3HOCI1 d, = d- (l,3-1,4)20 (mm), r.lle je:

= 3_5 3a o6pauy clisor mfDa KO)l pa3SpT3':13 3a HenpOJ1 = 45, Kon P)"iHHX p33Dpr3Lla je rp= 0030'- 130', )1.y)tWH3 pe3ue I1Dl.1ue je

d -d2 IJ = 2 ctglf + m ,

gdc je:

m == 1- 3 mm - llo,naraK 3a oC0peHY 33wrHTHY rnm:uy.

40

.uY)!(HHa pa.o:HOr neJla pa3BpTa'Ia

onpel'jyje ce H3 onHoca, , KOjH ce Kpene on 3 3a d = 15 mm na no 2,3 3a d = 30 mm . .uY)!(HHa KaJlH6pHIlIyher llHJlHHnpH'IHOr neJla H3HOCH 12 = (0,25 - 0,5) I .

Epoj 3y6a pa3BpTa'Ia Kpene ce on 6 no 18 3a npe'IHHKe on 3 mm no 100 mm. OBaj 6poj KOn p33BpTa'Ia ca YMeTHYTHM 3y6HMa je MaJ-bH jep ce YMeTaJ-beM CJla6H TeJlO pa3-npTa'Ia Epoj 3y6a MO)!(e ce Onpenl1TH OPI1-jeHTaI.lHOHO 3a pa3BpTa'Ie on 6p30pe3Hor

'IeJlI1Ka no o6pacl.lY: z = 1,5-1d + (2 - 4) ,

rne je d y MI1JlHMeTpHMa Ha CJlI11111 2.46. naTH cy elleMeHTI1 npo-

.~ ._.*._. C JIl1K8 246. EiICMCIITM IIpol/JMJla

P83BpTa'la

if

CPUKS 2.47. EneMeH1U rJloJla.na CJIUKa 248. YrJIOBu PeJ81LfI

~ r jl0.uarm ca rJIO.uaHHM 3y6HMa, KOjH ce H3pa!)yjy rJIO.uaJ-beM nOMohy .upynl x

rJIO.uaJIa (CJI. 2.49'!); ~ rno.uaJIa ca JIe!)HO cTpyraHHM 3y6HMa, KO.u KOjHX ce )fwe6 H3Mel]y 3y6a H

rpy.!l,He nOBplllHHe .u06Hja rJIo.uaJ-beM a nel)Ha nOBplllHHa H KOHH':laH npO.HJI

06pa.uOM Ha cTpyry 3a JIel)Ho cTpyraJ-be (CJIHKa 2.49.II);

C'.!fMKIl 249. nO/lelIa ['J101NUUi flO llI!'1HHY U3PS/ IC

- rJIo.ua.n:a cr. yca1)eHHM 3y6HMa, KO)), KOjl1X cy 3y611 0)), 6p30pe3Hor ':IeJIHKa

HJIH cy ea nJIO'lHuaMa O,ll. TBp.uor MeTaJIa, a Teno O,ll. KOHCTPYKTHBHOr 'IeJIHKa (CJIliK3 2.49. ill).

no 06.flHKY rJIo.uaJla ce .ueJIe Ha: BaJhKaCTa, BaJhKaCTa 'leOHa, KOTypaCTa, yrao-Ha, TeCTepaCTa, BpeTeHaCT3 H npOl1JlH3. OCI1M OBHX OCHOBHHX rpyna nocToje H ,ll.pyre BpCTe r .J:!o,nana Ha np HMep r no)),aJIa 3a HaBoje, T-)f{JIe6oBe, 3yn':laHI1Ke MT,ll.. Ha cm-niH 2.50. npHKaJaHa cy l!eKa O,ll. IIoMeHYTHx f'JIo)),aJIa: BaJbKaeTO (I), SaJbKa-eTa 'leOMO (II), K{nypacTo (Ill),yraoHo (IV), TccTepacTo (V), BpeTeHacTo (VI), 11 npo$HJIHO (VII).

no 06.rrHlcy Jy6a f'Jlo.uaJla ee ,ll.ena Ha: f'Jlo,ll.3Jla ea npaBHM, YKpillTeHl1M 11 33-BojHMM (cn:!paJiHl1M) 3y6uMa.

llpeMa eMepy OOpT3fI ,a rno.uaJI3 Mcr'y OHTH: li.eCHOpC3H3 11 nellope3Ha

42

[ II

11;

vi v,

CJIHKa 250. r/lOp,lJ./Ia- J - h1JJK8.CTO, 11 - BaJhKaCTO 'leDuC), /// - Jtorypacrq IV - yraollo, V - recTcp8cro, VI - sperellacro

Jt Vl/ - npOpUlJHO

rJlO,l(ana. ca rJlOJ(aHlfM 3y6HMa KO,ll, J(OHC'!'pYKll.Hje rJIO.llana aCHOBHH npHHUHnH H YTHu,aj noj c.o.HHHX BPC.ll-

HOCTl{ cy MeTM UJIM CnH'lHH, :lJlH nOCToje Ii 3H3THC KOHCTPYKTHDHC pIDJIHKC H3Mel]y r JIO.LI.3JIa ca rJIO,u3HHM, JICi)HO cTpyraHHM M ycal)eHHM 3y6HM3.

rnO.llaJla ca fJIO)laHHM 3y6HM3 nOCTHIKY 3HaTHO Behy npo.n.yKTl1nnOCT Ii KB3-

JlHTeT o6pal)eHc nOnp1lJHHC y O,llHocy H3 nc1')Ho cTpyraHa rJIO,[l3JIa n OCTojaHocT rnOJlaHHX y OJlHOCY Ha n eljHo crpyraHa f1l0.nan3 je 3H3THO Bcha np" 06pa.J1.H.

43

npBO ce o.upel)yje CnOJbHI1 npe'fHI1K mo.uana jep YTI1'fe 'Ha m60p 6poja'3y6a,

al1XOB 06nl1K 11 11360p npe'lHI1Ka OTBOpa. npeMa 03HaKaMa Ha Cnl1l.\11 2.51.I1Ma-MO: d = d z + 2h r.ue je dz - npe'lHI1K Tena Y311Ma ce 113 CTaH.uap.uHI1X ra6ena

d y mm. Ko.u yraoHl1x rJIo.uana Ha npHMCp O.uHOC d~ = 0,54 - 0,7 r.ue Behe Bpe.uHO-

CTI1 o.uroBapajy Benl1M rJIo.uanI1Ma, h je BI1CHHa npoqlHJIa, YCBaja ce 3a 5-10 mm Bena o.u MaKCHMaJIHe .uy6HHe cJIoja npl1 rJIo.uaay. Y Ta6nl1uaM JUS-a .uaTC cy Bpe.uHOCTH CnOJbaUlaer 11 yHyTpaUlaer npe-

'iH11Ka 11 Ull1pHHe rno.uana YHYTpaUlaH npe'IHHK (npe'lHI1K oTBopa)

rno.uana d J YCBaja ce Y 3aBI1CHOCTI1 o.u npe'lHI1Ka H KOHCTPYKTI1BHOr 06nl1Ka rJIo.uana Kao 11 Ull1pHHe 11 .uy6l1He cnoja KOjl1 ce CKI1.ua CTaH.u-ap.uHe Benl1'1l1He oTBopa cy: 13, 16, 22, 27, 32, 40, 50 mm HT.u.

Epoj 3y6a I1Ma YTHuaj Ha 06JII1KOBal-he 11 o.u-Boljeac cTpyrOTI1He .. CaBpcMeHe KOHCTPYKUHjc Te)l{e MaaeM 6pojy 3y6a, KaKO 611 ce .uo6I1JIO .uo-

BOJbHO npOCTopa y Mel)Y3y6JbY. TI1Me ce IIO-CJll1K8 251. Yraoflo rJlOj]aJlO

CHf)l{e Bena IIocTojaHocT Ce'fI1Ba, nOUlTO ce YMecTo HrJIl1'1aCTe CTBapa KpynHl1ja

cTpyrOTHHa MaTepl1jan TaKol)e yT11'ie H3 6poj 3y6a. AKO ce o6pal)yjy naK11 MeTa-nl1, MeCI1Hr, Bpno MeKI1 'Ienl1K 11 CJI. eKoHoMI1'1HHja cy rno.uana ca MaaHM 6po-jeM 3y6a (KpynHo3y6a rJIo.uana). AKO ce o6pal)yjy TBp.u11 MaTepl1jaJIH, Tpe6a 6HpaTH Benl1 6poj 3y6a (CI1TH03y60 rJIo.uaJIo). Y npaKCI1 ce 6poj 3y6a MO)l{C o.upe-.uHTI1 IIO eMIIl1pl1jcKoM o6pacuy:

z =. m..,j(f ,

r.ue je:

d - CnOJbHI1 npe'fHI1K rJIo.uan3 y MI1JIHMeTpI1Ma, ;n - KoecpHUHjeHT KOjl1 3aBI1CI1 o.u THna rJIo.uana 11 YCJIOBa pa.ua OBaj Koe

06m1K 3y6a rno,UaJIa 3aBHCH all Bpcre H HaMeHe. TIPH M3I-bHM onTepehcaw.m H 3a q,'IHY 06pany 3y6H MOry HMaTH H cna6HjH KopeH (cnHKa 2.52), )(OK RHIlle onTepeheHH 3y6Ji Mopajy HMaTH oja'I3H KopeH.

Ken CHTHHX 3y6a (CJlHKa 2.52) Y3HMajy ce cnenehe BeJIH~HHe: yrao 3y6a 0 = 45- SO', yrao lKne6a" = 8 - y + '1',

r.ne Je: y -1l>Y)(HH yrao 3y6a, r.p - yrao KopaK3 Jy6a, KOjH HJHOCH

36U KO,U rJJo,Uan:a ea npanHM 3v6HM3 !p=--, a - z

. 6 36U KO,n: rJl O)l,ana ca 33BOJHHM 3y 11M3 rp=--;

Z,

npH TOMe ceZl HJpaqYHana no o6pacuy: z

z 1 = :::.:::J:" . coS< nOJIynpe'

Ham!AHH YrdO Y HMa CJ]I1"iaH YTHUaj K

BCJUFIHHa nOllc Tpyrl1B3l-ba onpctlyje Ce"3 o6pacu,a: 7r:

. k=D ' - ' lga r),lC Je: z'

D - npC'IHHK rnO.llana y mm, z - 6poj 3y6a Ha rnO}1.3ny, 11 a - lIe~HH yrao. 05JIHK, lllHpHHa H .ll.yOHH3 npo4>Hna )'TH'iy H3 o.n.pet)H.BaI-be HajM31bCr npe-

'tHHKa npH ,l\OBOJbHOj .llCMHHH cnoj a nil_ Jl.y6HH3 >KJIefia H3MCl)y 3y6a Tpe6a ,ll.a oMoryhH npHCl)'n 33 06nHKOBaH.e 3y6a, aJlH HCTOBpeMCHO He CMe ,na oC11a611 WHpHHy m O,llHOCHO KOpeH 3y6a. . 061i~HO ce YJHMa Jla j e 6pofz = 8 -16 (3a npe'H,," D = 45 - IlO mm), nOllY-

npC'"I.H HK JaOOJLla"b::l .LVICI )I(1fc6(l r := 1- 3 mm, yr-ao npo$HlIa ):IoIc6a ~ = 18" - 3U". a BHCHHa PC3HC HBHUC h Y3HM3 ce Dena 38 1-2 mm OLI. .uy6JiHC o6pa,ne. Yrao KopaKa 3y6a cp o.upel)yje ce K30 H KOn rnO,ll3n3 ca rJTO,UaHMM 3y6HMa.

rnOAana ca YMCTHyrJ1.M Jy611M3 ce MHOro npHMCl-byjy, a" HapO"lHTO KOA 'tco-HHX rnOJl,ana Met)YTHM, H KOll BaJbK3CTHX H KOTypacTHx npHMel-byje ce Cl1CTeM

YMCTHYTHX HO)f(eBa. KO}l tbHX ce HO)f(eBl1 noceoHo H3pa1')yjy, a 3aTHM nOCTaBJbajy Y cneUHjaJIHe )I{J1e60ne lia Teno rnoll,a.na (CJ1HKa 2.49.111), TeJ10 rJIO,ll3JI8 C~ H3pal)yje Oll KOHCTpYKTHBHOr 'i eJIHKa (KOD. M8tbH.X npeqf"II-'lKa) HJIl1 J1HBetbeM all. eHnor Ii 1.fenw:lHor JlHOa (XO}l BeJ'I.HX npe1.fHHK8). HO)KeBH Mary D.a 6yllY H3pal)eHH. 113jellHa on 6P30peJHor 1.fenHKa HJUt OD. KOHCTpYKTHBHOr '1eJ1HKa ca nn01.fI1UOM 0.0:

TBpnor MeT3.Jl3. nnO'fHua ce MO)f(e 3aneMHTH HJJH MeXaHH1.fKH npl1~mpcTHTH Ha

1I0>K. Pe3He nno~lHue MOry Aa 5y.ny H MeXaHH1.fKH. Y1.fBpwheHe HJIM 3a.neMJbeHe Ha TeJTy rJ10nan3.

Oll. rJlOD.aJ1a ea YMeTHyrHM HO)l{eBHMa HajnOJH8THja ey BeJIHKa 'IeOHa rJJOJl.a~ na, T8K03B3He rJ1o.na'fKe rJIaBe, 'fH.jH ce npC1.fHHK ICpel'l.e Oll. 75}lo 2000 mm. OBO ey BlUlleceQHH aJ1aTI1 KojHMa ce nOCTH>Ke BHCOKa npo.nYKTHBHOCT KOn o6pa,ue paJ~ HI1X pal>HJiX 51 KOCHX nOBpWHH3.

[ I

D._. CnU K8 2.57. DIOP8JJ8 ca 38JU!M.JLeflUM nnO'JUlI8M8 op T8p,aUX MC1'a)Ul

47

rnOJl,ana ca JaJ1CMJbeHMM nJIO'!Hll,aMa (cnHK3 2.57) yrn3BHoM ce npHMeH>yjy 3a Matba rnOllaJIa Mana rnOllaJIa (DY H yHyTparul-by o6pa-Il.Y HaBoja Ha YHI1Bep3aJlHHM H penonBep CTpyroBHMa, aYTOM3THM3 H nonyaYTO-M3THMa. OHM a.n.3TH j3BJbajy ce y 1])11 BH,ll3 H TO Kao HOPMa.n:HH, npJ13M3TH"IHH H oKpyrnH HO)KeBH.

- HOPMaJIHH HO:>KeBH no ofinHICY Ii H3'1HHy pa.n3 nH'Ie H3 Beh nOMeuYTe cTpyrapclCe HO)KeBe. H3pat)yjy ce H3je.nH3 HJIH ca nnO'lHU;OM O,ll TBp.n.or MeTana. npHMetbyjy ce 33 H3Pa,ny MeTpJllCUX H .upyrHx oWTpoyrmu HaBOja, Tpane3HHX H npasoyraoHHx. HO)f(eDH 33 H3Pauy CnOJbHOr H YHYTP3IllH.er Me-rpH'IlCOr H3BOj3 CTaIII\apIIH30BaHI1 cy (JUS K.C1.030 H 031). CTaHllapilH30BaHH cy 11 HOlKeBH ca nnG'JHuaM3 0)], TBp.!lOr MCTa.rra Ja H3pany ODOr HaBoja (JUS KCI.063 J1. 064). Hop-M3nHH HO:lK 3a pe33J-be CnOJbHOr Hanoja BH,U,H ce Ha CnHUJ.i 2.59.

48

$\

Haj,ewhe cy y npHMeHH BaJbKaeTa rJ10)1a.na (JUS K.D2. 130) (eJ1HKa 2.03.) H BpeTeH8cTa (JUS K.D2. 01, CJlHKa 2.64.).

H3pat)yjy ce ca net)Ho cTpyrdHHM 3y6HMa. ITpe1-lHHK BKe 611TI1: 45, 55, 65, 80, 90

061lJ1K Jj ca yn33HMM ).{eJIOM 3,5 Jl,D 5 KDpaKa ca KOCOM pelHOM HBI1l.{OM; o5JUi:K B ca YJI33HHM Jl,eJIOM 2 no 3 KOP:JK3 33 pync. Ha Cnl1UH 2.67. Dl1)le ce

06JlHl.\H MalllHHCKHX YPe3HHK3 rJle je P KopaK.

Ype3HI1IU1 33 MaWI1HCKI1 pa.o CT3DJ1.ajy ce y rroce6He CHryPHO-CHe rnane KojHX 11M3 Bliwe KOH-CTpYKtJ;Hj a CeM OBora npHMel-by-jy CC Ii 0611'IHM HOca'!H.

lJapC3/-/Hue

A B

CnUK8 26Z 05J[HI.(U M8WUHCKUX YPe:JHHK8

Hape3Hl1ue CJIy:ee 3a pC3alDe cnOlbHor Hanoja OHe cy CTaH,o:apJ(l130naHe no JUS K..D6.200 Ii 201. Hape.3HHua I1Ma BI1We npCTa, rum HajBHlllc cy Y npHMCHI1 oKpyrJIor 06JIHKa(CJIMK3 2.68). OHC ce ynOTpe6.n.anajy 33 P)"!HC H M311umCKC pa-.Ilone.

CiIHKll 268. Jiapc311HK CnHXll 2.69. Jiape:JHHK y npcccKy

Hai-oj H3pal)cH HapeJHHUOM HMa HeUITO neha O,lJ;CTynaH.a y KopaKy, Koja H3-cTajy ycnc.u n.ccjJopMal.{Hje npH pC3al-by. 360r Ton CC :lpCUI13HH H3S0jH H3pa1)yjy HO)f(CM Ha CTpyry. Ben11'lHHC npCtJHHKa cy CTaH.I13PJU'"30naHC H .naTC cy y Ta6eJI3-Ma ,Lla 611 ce oMorypl1JIo O)l,BOl)CI-be CTPyroTHue, .1106110 npHcTyn 3a JIcl)HY 06pa-7JY H .na 611 ce .n.0611T.H rpy)lH~ yrJIOnH PC33l'h3, y Teny Hape3HMue cy M36ywCHH nepHcpepMjcKH oTnopH. l-bHxoD 6poj ce Kpene 0.113 )J.o 7. Ca o6e CTpaHe oTfJOpa uape3HUIJ,e l-JanpaBJbeHe cy KOCHHe no,U yrJIOM If = 20 " -30'" (cJUma 2.69) .

.uYX(HHa 11 jc pe3Ha .llY)f(HHa Hape3HHue a .IlY:>luma KaJIH6pHUJyher .nena 12

CneUHjaJIHH a.naTJJ 3a HaBoj

Y cneUHjaJIHe MaTe 3a H3PallY Halloja MOry ce y6pojam: rJIaBe 38 pe3a",e Ha-BOja, anaTH 3a BaJbal-be HaBoja H anaTH 3a 6pywelbe HaBoja

r JIaBe 3a pC3al-be HaBoja npHMcl-byjy cc 3a 113Pany CnOJbHOr Hanoja nOlliTO je nOTpe6HO millie BpeMCHa, 3a pe3al-bC Hanoja HapC3HHUOM Ha Mallll1HaMa TO ce 33 nenHKocepHjcKY npOH3B0.l1l-bY BHWC npHMel-byjy rJIaBe 3a pe3al-be HaBoja. Haj-B3)f{HHje BpCTe OBliX rJIaBa cy: rJIane ca 0KPyrJIHM HOIKCnH.Ma, rJIaBe ca pa,nHjan-

51

HO nOCT3BJbeHHM HO)f(eDHMa Ii rnaae ca r3HreHUHjanHo nOCTaBJbCHHM HO)f{enli-Ma

rn3Be ca oKpyrJIHM HO)l{eBHMa (cllHKa 2.70.). HMajy ll1HP0K)' npHMeHY H 60Jbe cy no CBOjHM eKcnnoaT311HOHHM cBojCTBHM3 011, APyrHx. Mory ce MHOro nyra olllrpHTH a nOCTHJKC ce H BeJIHKa ra'lHOCT ypa~cHor npe'lHHKa

HO)l(CBH cy CTaHAap.nHH a nocr3an.aj y ce y rnane H MOry n,a KJlH3C no Jtmc60BHM3 rnaBe.

AnaTH 33 BaJb3H.C HaBoja npHMeJ-Lyjy CC y nc-IlHKOCCPHjCKOj npOH3BO.LlH>H BHjaKa H lI,pyrHx M3WHHCKHX CJICMCHara Oll KOjH.X ce HC TpaIKH BC.IDtKa ra'!HOCT. TaKo ce Ha M3WH.HH 3a BaJb3.!-be HaBoja nJbOCHaTHM anarHM3 nocnnKY 6p3HHe 85 - 100 KOMao,a Ha MHH}'T 33 QCJIH'iHC BHjKe 0 6x45. TIoPCJl HaBe.n,eHHX TIJhOCHaTHX aJlaTa (y BH.I\Y nllO"e) (ellMKa 2.71.) npHMeH>yjy ee H Ha-BOjHH DalbUM 3a Il3pany Hanoja (ellHKa 2.72.).

C/IHK8 270. l j ,aBa C8 oxpyr.J1HM H O)l(CBWM8

CiIHKIJ 271. I1JIO'fe 3lI IIJJ.ILIUC 1I8BOjIJ Q IUKa 272 Hasojllu B8J"'IU 3a JJaIl>SH>e naBojn

2.3.7. IIpOBJIaKa'fll npOBnaKaqH cy anaTH 33 o6pany oTllopa p aJnHQHTHX npCCCKa, )lCnc60Ba H

CnOJhHHX nOBpwHHa 06pa,na ce HJBOAH nOMohy CC':IHB3 (Jy6a) pacrropel'}eHHx . .ny)f( npoenaKalfa, Oll KOjHX CB3KH CKH,lla o.npcJ)erm CJloj M3TepHjana

!lpeMa npCTli o5pane pa3mfKyjy cc npOBnaKa

KOHcTpyxauja ITpOBJIaKa'fa Y 3aBI1CHOCTH OJ], npOI1JIa Koje Tpe6a ypaJ],I1TI1 npOBJIa'!efheM, nocToje 11 pa3-

HM 06JII1l1.H npCBJIaKa'!a Ha CJIHlI.H 2.74. npHKa3aH je npOBJIaKaq 3a o6paJJ,y OTBO-pa ca rJIaBHHM J],eJIOBHMa.

L. Is I, I.

CiIMK8 2.74. IIPOBJl8K8'138 o6pa,ay OTBopa V

- ApwKa (1 ce npH'!Bpwnyje Ha nOBJIa'!HO nOCTOlhe MaWI1He 3a npOBJIaqefhe nonpe'!HHM KJII1HOM HJ1H CTeJKe nOMol1y '!elhycTI1. AI1MeH311je J],pwKe

YCBajajy ce H3 Ta6e.na jep cy cTaH,napJ],H30BaHe.

BpaT (2) Be3yje ,nPlLlKy H npeJ],H:.H Bo,netm. ,neo nOMony npeJIa3HOr KOHyca_ - TIpeJIa3HI1 KOHYC (3) nOBe3yje BpaT ca npeJ],fhl1M BOJ],enI1M J],eJ10M (yrao KQ-

Hyca H3HOCH 200-3(0). - TIpeJ],fhH BOJ],enH .neo (4) BOJ],H npOBJIaKa'l Kp03 npeTXoJ],Ho o6paljeHH OTBOp. - Pe3HH J],eo (5) cacTojH ce OJ], Beher 6poja 3y6a 3a pe3afhe. Epoj pe3HHx 3y6a

3aBHCI1 OJ], J],e6JbHHe cJIoja MaTepHjaJIa KOjH Tpe6a 06paJJ,I1TH (,no,naTKa 3a

npOBJIa'!efhe) 11 J],e6lhl1He cTpyroTHHe KOjy CKI1J],a jeJ],aH 3y6. Ae6lhHHa

cTpyronlHe KOjy CKHJ],a jeJ],aH 3y6 Y3HMa ce o,n O,OlJ],o 0,2 mm. OBa ,ne6lhH-Ha 3aBI1CI1 OJ], BpCTe MaTepl1jaJIa H ,nyJK pe3Hor J],eJIa aJIaTa 06H'!HO je jeJ],Ha-

Ka, OCHM HeKOJII1KO 3aJ],fhl1X 3y6a KOJ], KOjl1X ce nOCTeneHO cMafhyje.

TIpOCTOp 3a CTpyroTI1HY 113Meljy 3y6a Mopa 611TH HajMafhe HeKOJIHKO nyn

Benl1 OJ], 3anpeMI1He CTpyroTHHe KOjy 3y6 CKl1.ll,a HOpMaJIaH 6poj 3y6a y

3aXBaTY, npH ocpeJ],fheM xnaljefhY, 113HOCI1Z = 4 - 6, ,nOK npI1I1HTeH3!1BHOM xJIal)eH:.Y MO)lW J],a 113HOCI111 AD 8 3y6a y 3aXBaTY.

- KaJIH6pHwynl: Aeo (6) CJIY)l(I1 PaJJ,H J],o6HjaH:.a Ta'!Hor npOHJIa nOCJIe npo-BJ1a'!efha H Kao pe3epBa 3a oWTpefhe. Epoj KaJIH6;mwynHx 3y6a 3aBHCH OJ],

Tpa)l(eHe Ta'!HGCTH H 06JIHKa npOBJIaKa'!a YCBaja ce H3 Ta6eJIe.

- 3aJJ,fhH BOJ],etJl1 Aeo (7) HMa 06J1HK H J],HMaH3Hje npeMa OTBOPY KOjH ce npo-BJ1a'!H a HMa 3aJJ,aTaK J],a BOAH npOBJIaKa'! Kp03 ypal)eHH OTBOP KaJ],a cy 3y611

H3aWJIH H3 oTBopa 06paTKa

- I1pHxBaTHH Aeo (8) HaJIa3H ce Ko.n.nymx H TeWKHX npOBJ1aKa'!a Ka.na Tpe6a

o6e36e.nHTH Bol)efhe KO,n: XOPH30HTaJIHHX MaIllHHa 3a npOBJIa'!efhe. Hope,n: Tora oBaj ,[(eo CJIY)l(H H 3a XBaTafhe npH npeHOIlleH:.Y aJIaTa.

Ha CJlHlI.l1 2.75. npHKa3aHH cy KOHCTPYKTHBHH eJIeMeHTH 3y6a npOBJIaKa'la, 'mjH ce npopa'!yH H3BO,n:H Ha CJ1e,n:eli.H Ha'lHH:

53

- KOpRK 3y6a: I = ( 1,5 - 2) v7 mm,

r)J.eje 1- yKynH3 .ny:lIUtH3 !1POBJI3'iCt-ba y mm.

Mal-bH H3HOC 3a MeKH a BeliM: 3a TBpl)H M3TepHjaJI.

- BHcHHa3y6a: t f r h = (0,35 -0,5) . I (mm)

- PauHjyC Me~y3y6Jbll: r = (0,1 - 0,2) . I (mm)

- BpenHOCT rpynHor yrna (r) YCBaj. ce H3 Ta6eJ1e, y 3aBl1CHOCTH O,U MaTepHjana o6paue. JIc~HH yrao 3y6a (a) 1

pe3HOr lfeJ1HK3, JIentp'lHOr anaTHor lJeIIHKa HnH O,lJ. nJIOlJHua O,lJ. TSp.ll.Qr MeTana,

npHQBpwheHH:X 3a TeJJO npOBJ13Ka'la JleMJbelheM HJIH MeXaHl1'iKOM He30M.

TBpJlofia CBflX 3y6a npOBJIaKaqa Tpe6a ,!!a mHOC" 62 - 64 HRe.

I

II npecek A -A

CiIHK.8 2.76. f1PORJIOXS'IU 3S CIlOJhUY o6pllJiY

o an3THMa 3a H3Pauy 3yn'l3HHKa Ha rnO)lanl111aMa K30 H 0 TOUHnHM3 Ja 6pywefbe roROPHJlO ce y TeXHOJTOrnjH 06pa.Lle n 3a III pa3pe.ll MaWHHCKe CTpyKe.

55

3. TIPHEOPH 3A CTE3AlbE

3.1. nO,lJ;EJIA H IIPHMEHA nPHEOPA 3A CTE3AfhE

TIpH60PH 3a CTe38H.e 11JlJ1 CTe3Hl1 npl150pH npe,llcraBJbajy noce6He HanpaBe Koje HMajy Ja.a.ar8K na O.llpcn,e T8'faH nOJIOJKaj o6paTK8 y OJlHOCY H8 pe3HI1 311aT H H3Bpwe CTe38!-be o6pa,naKa, a nOHeKa)l 11.ua Bo.ne pe3HH aJIaT 33 BpeMe o6pa.ue.

TIocTOje.llBe "pCTe npH60pa H TO: - YHJlOepJaJlHK nplloopu, KOjli. HMt:ljy ODlIITH KapaKTep npHMeHe, liJID 3Ha~1H

),la !-Il.fcy BC3aHM 38 je,llHY reXHonOWKY onepauMjy. Oone clla.najy: MeHrene (cre-re). CTeJHe rJIaBe KOn cTpyra If 6YWHJUtLle, 'f8XYPe, 06PTHH. CTonOBH Ii- .up. 0811 npH60pH ce H83Hoajy jaw H Cr8H,lJ;ap,l1;HI1 npH6opH. .

- Cneu.HjaJIllif npl-loop", KOjH ce KOI-!CTPYHIllY 38 je.!lHY TeXI-IOJlOWKY- onepaUH-jy Ha ,ll,OTH'tJHOM npOH3BOJlY, yrn8BuoM ce KOpl1Cre npH cepHjcKoj H M8COBHOj npOH3BOLU-bH y MCTanonpepal)HB8'iKOj HHllYcrPHjH, ,nOK ce y M31IOcepHj cKoj npOH3DOIU"bH KOpHCTe caMO aKO ce 06pan3 6e3 H.HX He Mm:{;! M3BCCTI1" Y npmn-BOD.HOM npouccy nOCTojl1 6e36poj Z;i"I"H;\ar.3- npOH3Bo..na paJJUf'-lIITOr 06..nHKa KO-jH IIpH cepMjcKoj I13panl1 3axTesajy cneuHj31IHH CTe3HI1 npH6op" Ynpauo 36or" TaKO BeJIHKe pa3HospCHOCTIi OSH npH.50pH ce He MOl,,), CTaH.Ilap.llH30BaTH, ami 3a-TO " PH H>HXOBOj KOHCTPYKUHjli Ii H3PaJ~H Tpe5a KOPHCTHTI.f uno BHwe CTi.tli-JIap.IlHliX e..n:eMeHaTa H nO.llCKlIOnOB3"

no ca,ll,3 je y OKBHpy npaKce H TeXHollorHje o6pa)J.e 6IUIO nOCTa roBopa 0 yHH-nep3allHOM CTe3HOM npH6opy" OB,Ue he ce o6pal'jHBaTH npHMel-la Ii. KOHCTpYKUl1ja caMO cneUHjanHor CTe:lHor npJ160pa. ..

r JlaBHa Kap3KTCpHCTJ1K3 cneUHjaJIHHX CTe3HJ1X npa60pa jecTe Ta lUTD no-uel'lasajy TeXHH'-IKO-TeXHOJ\OWKe MOI"),hHOCTH M3WJ1Ha Ha KOjHM3 cy yrpa!)CH I.f

HllH nOcr3BJbCHJi" Ha OBHj Ha"'lHH BpWH ce MO,ll;epHH3

n'IHl1ja o6pa,Ua 113pa,UaKa, Bena je,UHoo6pa3HOCT ,UeJIOBa H cHrypHa 3aMeH-

JbI1BOCT 6e3 HaKHa,UHe ,Uopa,Ue;

- H36eraBaI-be cKynor OIJpTaBaI-ba H 06eJIe)KaBaI-ba 06paTKa npe 06pa,Ue H CMa-I-bHBaI-ba 6poja MepeI-ba;

MorynHocT I1CTOBpeMeHe o6pa,Ue BI1We ,UeJIOBa H nOBenaI-ba np0I13BO,UHO-

cnI pa,na rrYTeM CMaI-beI-ba nOMOnHI1X BpeMeHa, MaIllJiHCKOr BpeMeHa H

IllKapn;

oMorynaBaI-be 06pa,Ue CJIO)J(eHHX ,neJIOBa Ha je,UHOCTaRHHM YMeCTO Ha crre-

I1.l1jaJIHHM aJIaTHHM MaIllHHaMa, O,UHOCHO npOIllHpelhe TeXHI1'IKO-TeXHO-

JIOIllKe MorynHocTI1 Mallll1He. 0BO ,UOJIa3H ,no 113pa)j(aja HapO'IIlTO rrpH

rrpeJIaCKY Ha HOBY rrpOI13Bo,nI-bY; OCJI06aljalhe BI1COKOKBaJIl1qll1KoBaHepa,UHe CHare 3a ,Upyre CJIQ)KeI-Il1je rro-

CJIOBe 11 CM3lheI-be

3.2.1. TeJIO npHoopa TMO je OCHOSHH neD npH60pa KOjH cse OCTane ne.nOBe HOCH H none3yje y

je.D,HY 4>YHKUHOHallI-lY uenHHy. Ha tbCMy ce HaJlaJe npHlfspwheHH eJlCMeHTH Ii ypel)ajH 3a CTC33tbe, enCMeHTH 33 nOK3UHjy, soljHue pe:lHor anaT3, nOMohHH ypeJ:l3jH 33 HKCHpal-he n0J10)l(aja H ,ap. Te.no npH60pa Tpe6a A3 HcnYlhaB3 cne-Aehe 33XTeBe:

- .o.a je .D,OBOJbHO 'tBPCTO H XpyTO TaKO na MO)f(e npHMHTH C::~ Ci1'ne CTeJ3l-ba H peJ3n.3. Koje ce j3BJhajy y npouecy o6pa.r;.~, a Y3 TO .ua I1Ma WTO MaHoY Te)KHHY;

- Jla o6e36eijyj~ 5P30 Ocnatb3!-he, OJlHOCHO .D,3 nOCT3.BJh3fbe, CTe33H:;e H CKH)l.3-

a,e 06paTKa 6Ylle ;UTO JlaKllle Ii jellIiOCTaBHHje; - JJ;a o6e36ef)yje R3KO O)l,BoJjel-be CTpyroTHHC H cpenCTB.3 33 XJ13l)clbe H nOlI-

M33HB3tDe. DOBpWH"He H3 Koje mUla CTpyroTHH3 11 Te':lHOCT Tpe6a.na cy Ha-rHyre no.D, yrJloM 250 _ 400, 33BHCHO O,D, BpcTe cTpyroTHHe, K3KO 6M OHa caM3 Kn H3HJld,;

- ,aa ce naKO npH'tspwhyje 33 pamm eTO M3111l1He H n3 ce Ha f-beMY n aKO UeH-TpHpa.

06mfK H JlHMeH3l1je Tena onpef)yjy ce Ha OCHOBY 0511HK3 H ra6apHTHHX Mepa 06paTKa H Ha OCHOBY YCBojeHor 06nHKa }f pacnopena eneMeHaTa 3a CTeJaI-Le, ocnal'b3tbe M Bol)eH>e pe3HKX aJlaTa 3Ha'iH. TeJlO npH60pa Mopa 6HTW npM113-rot)eHO 06J1HK)' 06paTKa, MalllHHH H OrrepaUHjH xoja ce Ha TOM 06pan.-y H3BOJlii. ITomro ce CHJ1e CTC3Bt-ba H pe3aHXI, Koje .neJ1yjy Ha 06pa,naK, npenoce H Ha TellO npH60pa, TO y cJ1~ajy He,nOBOJLHe KpyrocTH Tena MO)f(e .u.ohY! ao ,ae4>0pMaUHj a H

58

. BI,f6paUHja 3a cpeMe Mexa-

)

en. 3.1. K(mcrpYK1tHja :iWRtI II npCJI83Q

HH'tKe o6paae. 080 je Bpno HenOlKeJbHO na 6H 360r Tora Tpe6ano Jl3CTO-jaTH J.{l! ce noro.nHOM KOH-CTPYK[{MjOM rena cnpe'Ie one no jaBe.

TenQ npw)opa MD)Ke 6HTH H3pal}erro Ha BMw e Ha'UfHa: JIl1.Bel-t.eM, 3aBa

pHB3H.eM o)1,rDBapajyh oM MeXaHH'fKOM 06pa,n.OM 113 j eJUm r .n.eJIa, caCT2BJha f-beM " 3 El{we ,nenOBa no-Mohy olljaKa JfJIH 330apV...9a.H.eM H KOM6HH3-UMjOM H

ynoTpe6JbaBa CHDH nl1B 60Jber Kn3JUneTa (Hflp. SL20 HJIH SL25, a 33 Beha Hanpe-3alM SUO). KoJl, J1lfBeHHX TeJla Tpe6a ofipaTHTH na)f(J:bY Ha 3aKOWeli>3, 3ao5Jbeaa H J::(OJlaTlCC 38 o6papy. 3aKOllleI-ba ce HJpal)yjy .n:3 611 ce npH K3JIynonaay MOllen MOidO naKIUe H.3BaDJITH H3 neCKa (KaJIyna). Ha CJIHLJ;1i 3 .1. BHlUf ce HenpaBHJ1HO (1) 11 npaBHJIHO (2) pewelbe KOHCTPYKnHje 3.H,n,a. 3ao6.n.el-La ce H3pa1)yjY}la 611 ce H36erJlH OWTPJ1 npeJl33H Ii Harne npOMCHe npeceKa 311)],OB3 O;!l,1lHBKa, jep ycne.ll

HepasHoMepHor XJlal)eI-ba OJl)lHBK3 H3CTajy Hanpe3aI-ba Ii nop03HOCT y MaTepH-jany. CJIHKa 3.1. nOK83yje HenpanHJIHO (3) H npaBHJlHO (4) pelllea.e KOHCTPYK-LJ;Hje npeJIaJa 33 CJIyqaj Ka)], je Jle6JbHHa 3H,ll3 HejeJlH3Ka .l1.0)],

C'irUKB 3.3. OjaQan8u,e 38Hapelle KOHC1PYKlluje pe6puMB

2 a

II

0 1-----

2. 3anapcHo TCJIO npH-Mel-byje ce npeTelKHO 33 TeJ13 CJlOlKeHOr 06Jll1K3 H rrpl1 rroje,n:HH3'1HOj 113pa-,n:H npH6opa, 33THM y CJly-'1ajy K3,n je BpeMe 33 l13Pa.uy npl160p3 Kp3nO 11 33 npH60pe 3aTBOpeHOr THna Kao MaTepl1jaJI KOpHCTe ce JIHMOnH H npOHJlI1 O,n: KOHCTPYK-lJ,110HOr '1eJ1I1Ka '1BpCTOne am = 40 - 70 daN/mm2. Pa,n:H nOBenalba KPYTOCTU TeJIa npu60pa 3aBapeHe KOHCTpYKlJ,uje ce noja'la-Bajy pe6pl1Ma (1), CJlI1Ka 3.3. Pe6pa Tpe6a y ymo-BUMa (2) YBeK no,n:pe3aUi ,n:a 6u ce CMal-bHJJa Hanpe-3al-ba npM xJJal]erbY 3aBapa ilPM H3pa.u11 TeJla y o6JJI1-KY 3aBapeHe KOHCTPYKlJ,H-je caCTaBHe .neJlOBe Tpe6a Hajnpe o 6pa,n:HT 11 H3 npH6JJH)I(HY Mepy ca oc-T3BJheHMM rroTpe6HI1M ,n:o-,n:aTKOM 3a HaKHa,n:HY o6pa,uy TaKO ,n:3 ce rrOCJJe

II

CJIUKa 3.4. JIOCTYII8K U3plJ,lJ.e 3anape1l0r TeJla

60

J3DapHBaJ-b3 Teno MOJKe 06Pa.IlHTH Ha JaBpwHy Mepy Kao jeJlHa ~em.fHa. Ha npH-MCP, aKO Ha ,neny (1), cnHKa 3.4., Tpe6a .na ce H3n

ue jaBlbRjy yHyrpaWH>a HanpeJ3H,a H .n,eopMaUHje, a He.uocT3T3K 11M je WTO ce J.!~ MOry npHMCHHTH 33 TeJIa cnO>KCf-mjcr 06JIHKa jep 6H 113pana TaKBOI' Tena 6Hn3 Epno cnO)KeH3 Ii .oocra cKyna Ha CJ1I1UJ1 3.5. npHK33aHo je Teno O.ll L-npo-Ilmna.

4. Teno H3paljeflo cnajan.eM nOl\1OtJy oHjaKa npHMCf-byje cc npcTc)J{HO 3a npH-60pe CJIO)KCHHjcr 06Jl1.1Ka. Y ODOM cJlY'lajy ce noje.oHHH e.nCMCHTH TeIla (1-6) npcTxoAHO o6pane TaKO .03 .oo6Hjy KOHa':taH 06JlHK H .lU1MCH3Hje, a 3aTl-1M Me~yco6Ho Be3yjy nOMony UMj.K. (7) Y jellHy l\enHHY (enHKa 3.6.). Be.nH'IHHa, 6poj Ii pacnopen BHjaKa 3anHce OA 06JlHKa Ii Denl1'iHHC .lleJIOBa KOjH cc cnajajy, Kao H 0Jl, nClIWU'fHc. H3npe33l-b3 KojHMa cy H3JTO}f(CHa YKonHKO OJlPct)eHH e.ne-MeHTH rena rpeoa J],a 3ay3H.Majy YBCK HCTH. nono)Kaj, Mopajy cc UCHTpHpaTH no-Mohy tUiBl1ja (8) . MaTcpHjan Tena je OOH'IHO KOHCTPYKUHOHH 'fCnHK (U

Tana nocTojH Befla MoryflHOCT )l,3 350r Heo'll1wheHe CTpyroTHHe H npIbaHIllnUl e

Teno He ne)K11 CT36HnHO H npaBHllHO. HmKI1L1,e MOry 611TI1 0llJll1UeHe 3ajeJ].HO ca TenOM, J3TJ.-fM H3pal)eHe peH,/J}fC3l-beM MnJ1 fno,n;atbeM Ha C3MOM Teny M YBpHyre OJ].HOCHO ynpeCOBaHe y TenO (cnHKa 3.8.). JIHBeHe HOJlmue (1) ce ynlaBHoM KO-pl-fCTe KO)], BehHx Tena npJ1fiopa OnoM 06JTl1KY HOJKHlJ,3 He cMeT3jy T-)KJTe6oBH 1-13 paAHOM cTony. Ha MaJIHM TenHM3 (2) HO)KHue ce H3pa!)yjy YH3KPCHHM peHJll"lca-theM HJlH fnO,U3theM. HO)l(Hue (3) T3Kol)e ce H3pal)yjy fnO.llatbCM "JIM peH.nHca-

C/IUK8 3.8. /JO)KlILl e lUi 1't:/lY npH6, pa

H.eM. DBe HmlCHue cy Hap09J1TO no,UeCHe 3a cnY'laj Ka.n.a Ha Teny l"pe6a yrpan..HTH e.neMeHTe 3a JIOK3UHjy npH6opa. YnpeCOB3He HJlH yDpHyTe HO)KHue (4) qeCTO ce npHMetbyjy, HapO""TO XOIl npll60pa 3a 6Ylllell.e. f!Jpa~yjy ce on "eJiIiKa, MIIHH-M3lLHe 3aTe3He lJBpCTOfle 60 daN/mm2, a KOHH'IHH Jl.eo HOiKHua Mopa 6HTI1 KaJbeH. PMH Debe Ta'lliocTH Hanerne nOBpWl1He HOXKl1ue Koje cy cHMeTpH'IHO pacnopel)eHe y pOrJbeBHMa, a pel)e TpH. Y ODOM npyroM CJlY'iajy HO)f(lUle Tpe6a paJMeCTHTH TaKO ,Ua 'iHHe PaBHOCTpaHH HflH paBHOKP3KM

Tpoyrao.

63

YnpeCOB1lHe MnH YBpHyre HO)I

1

CJllfK8 3.10. Tello ca 1I0)f(Jl1J,8M8 118 BJlIlle JIOBpIllHU8

3.2.1.2. Ype3II IIylllHIJ.e

IIpH'IBpllInHBalhe npH60pa 3a pa;:J;HH CTO arIaTHe ~~aIlIHHe Tpe6a.1l.a ce H3Be.1l.e IlenHcxo.n:HO. Be3HBalhe ce oCTBapyje nOMony Tena H o.n:roBapajynHx ype3a KOjH ce H3pal)yjy Ha lheMy. Ype3H Mory 6HTI1 113pal)eHH 06pa;:J;OM pe3alheM (1) aKO je TeJlO H3pal)eHo 0.1l. Ba.JhaHHX nl1MOBa HJlH npoqmna (CJlI1Ka 3.11.) 11.1111 nHBelheM (2) YKOJlI1KO je TeJlO nHBeHO. JIHBeHI1 ype3H ce H3pal)yjy ca py60M. Epoj H pacno-pe.1l. ype3a 3aBI1CH 0.1l. BenH"II1He 11 06JlHKa TeJJa H BeJJI1'1HHe CHJJa pe3alha Ko.1l. Ma-lhHX npH60pa .1l.0BOJbHa cy .1l.Ba ype3a KOjH cy IIOCTaBJbeHH CHMeTpl1'IHO je.1l.aH HacrrpaM .1l.pyror Kao IIlTO je rrpHK33 (1) Ha cnHIlH 3.11. Ko.1l. BenI1X H BHllIe OIITe-peneHMx TeJla M3pal)yjy ce "IeTl1pH ype3a KOjH Mory 6HTH IIOCTaBJbeHM ca ,11,Be cTpaHe, npMK33 (2) Ha CJJHIlH 3.11. HJlM YHaKpcHo Ha cBaKoj cTpaHM no je.1l.aH, WTO je peljH cJJY'Iaj. Ko.!l naparIeJJHOr nOCTaBJbalha ype3a Tpe6a BO.!lHTH pa'lYHa 0 TOMe.1l.a p33MaK H3Mel)y lhHX (L) O.!lroBapa pa3MaKY T-)lwe6oBa Ha Pa;:J;HOM CTOJJY

65

CJIHKa 3.11. PacllOpCJl ype3B HB TCJlY nplf60pa

npecek A-A e

..c:: I

~t 1 U .Q 0L-,.~~,--.-+-+1J ~ ,'I.

CJlIfKB 3.12. YWlflje 3a nplf'lBpwhIfBB1{,C npu60pa

66

M3WHHe. Y 3aBHCHOCTH OJl. KOHCTPYKUHje Tena ype:m MOry fiHTH H3pal)eHH Ha caMOM Teny }um Ha n o-Ce6Hi1M McnYCTI1Ma TeJIa

- y wHuaMa.

Ha emill" 3.12 npHK3-JaB j e H3j'lewhe ynoT-pe6JbaOaHH 06nliK miBe HliX yumua 33 Be3HB3ae npl160pa

nOHeKaD., YKOJIl1lCO TO

KOHCTPYKu,Hja 3aXTeoa, yllil1Ue MOry 61IT11 no-CTaBJbeHe Ii ca CTpaHe, npHKa3 (I ), CJII1Ka 3.13, J1nI1 MOry 6HTH H3pal)eHe 05pa.ll.OM p e3al:beM H 3aV3-pelIe 3a Teno npH6opa, npI1Ka3 (2). Y OBOM cJly"ajy yllil1ue (2) MOry cnY)Kl1TH H Kao HO)l(J1U,e

33 Ocn3I-L3H,C npH6opa.

AKO ce y pe3H 33 CTe3a-u.e He MOry I1Jpa,llHTI1, TenD Tpe6a KOHCTpYHca-TJ1 TaKO ll.3 ce CTe3albe npH60pa MO)Ke H30p-llIHTH nOMohy wana Kao fill CJl }Hl,H 3.14.

Ql,3.14 Crc3all.c IJPu60pa nOMohy lUana

I =-+=----1t:...-l141-l1

._ ._ ._._ .-I-f:r:=

C/lUKIl 3.13 JluBclle Ii 38BSPCUC ywuuc

3.2.1.3. EneMeHl'M 3a JIOKal!ujy fTpu60pa

YKOJlHKO CTeJHH npll60p Tpe6a na 3aY3Me OllPe~eHll. nOJlOlKaj y OI\UOCY Ha Pe3HK anar }UIH Kper3H>e p aa.Hor CTona, P3lUi 6pJKer H naKwer nOCTan.Jb3J-ha npl160pa Ha TeJIY ce YflJal)yjy eneMeHTH 33 JJOK3UHjy. JIoKallHja ce H3BOJlH 00-

" 67

Molly IOla BOAe!la ynolUK. (I), enllKa 3.15, KOjll je!tHIIM !tenOM yna3e y lKnefi (2) H3pal)eH H3 OCJ10HOj nOBpWl1HH Ten3 (3), a .llpyrHM ,o.enOM y T-)KJIe6 H3 pa,.o:HOM cTony. KoJ,l, xpahHx Tena )l{J]c6 ce 06W-IHO H3pal')yje H3 ueJloj IlY)KJUlH (rrpHKa31), a Kon .ll)'>KI1X CHMeTpHllHO ca jenHe Ii APyre CTpaHe Ha ITOTpefiHoj ;::ty)KHHI1 (npw-

Ka3 il).

Cil. 3.]5. f!ocT:m,JLaIJ,c YJJOUJKil 38 JI0K81lJJjy fla reJlY JJpHSOpa

3a JIOK3UHjy ce KopHCTe TJH1 06miKa YJIO)K3X3 (CJlHK3 3.16). YnowUH "p

AKO npl160p Tpe6a ,Ua cc ueHTpHpa Ha oKpyrnoM CTony rllO.l1.aJlHUe, YMCCTO . npl13MaTI1'fHl1X YJIO)K3Ka KopneT CC jClI,3H OKpyrJU1 "len (TpH). YJJOWIlM ce

l13pal)yjy Oll 'tfeJJHKa 3a UCMcHTaUl1jy (:.1220. floBpuHmc H3ncrcUf,a ce UCMcHTyjy ria .D:y6HHH HajM3rhC 0,2 mm, Kane Ii 6pyce.

3.2.1.4. PY'llme 38 HOl1lefbe IJPJl60pa

3a rrOn113arhe, HpeHOlllCrbC, OKpCTalbC li npH)]'pJlCaBatDC MaIhHX npH60pa KO-

pHCTe ce OBanHe PY"Hue (1), paBHe PY"Hlle ca KyrnoM 0)1 nnaCHI9He Mace (2) 11 33aapCHC py'tfHUC (3), JJ.OK ce 3a TpaHcnopT TCiKliX npH60pa Hajqcwhe KOPHCTC cneUHj3JIHH Bl1jU.H c'a YWHllOM (4), CJIHKa 3.17.

Cnux83.17.

PJ"lU'lle It ywItJle

I I

.~-:!J 3ab

I

-'-'- ' - ~"l-

3

eHO

3.2.2. EJICMCHTII 3a OCJIalhalbe (JIOKaQJljy) 06paTKa EJ1CMCHTH 3a nOKaUHjy HJIH n03HUOHHp3I-Le cnY)fCC 3a ocn3H.aI-bC o6p3TKa y

npH60py H 3a o.npel)HBaJ-bC !-beroaor TaqHOr nono)Kaja y O,UHOCY lIa PC3HH anaT. DBH cneMCHTH cy BproO Ba>KHH no CBOjOj yno3H C 063HPOM na 3aXTCBC cimpcMcHe

IIPOH3BO,UH>C y norJIc.ny Ta'fHOCTH . .l1:a 6H ee Morao H3B;JWHTH npaBHJIaH H360p CncMCHara 33 OCJIaJ-b3I-bC, IlOTpe6HO je npcrXOAHO yno3uaTH KaKO ce ofipan;aK rrOCTaBJba y npJ160p C 063HPOM Ha H350p 6a3HH:X nOBpWHHa H norpe6aH 6poj Taq3K3 JIOK3UHje.

3.2.2.1. lIOCTaBJblllbe 11 orpaHIf~aBa.fbe KpeTaFba 06paTIill y np1160py

OCH08" " nOjMoRD 0 fia:JaMa H fbHXORa KJlaC"ilHlmuuja. ~ TIO.l1. fia30M ce nOJJ.pa-3YMeBajy nOBpWl-lHe. oee, JIHHHje HJIH Ta':lKe Koje HM3jy CBojy TYHKllHjy Y KOH-CTPYKl(HjH HJlH rrpH H3Pa;:J.H. 3a npaBHnaH HJ60p fia3a HeOnXO.l1.HO je .ueTaJhHO

69

rrpoy'fI1TI1 CKJIOrrHI1 u:pTe)K 113 Kora ce BH)J,H H3MeH3 H CPYHKU:l1ja CB3Kor noje)J,H-

HOr )J,eJIa, YO'f3B3 CPYHKU:HOH3JIHOCT CB3Ke )J,HMeH3Hje H o)J,pel)yje KOHCTPYKTHBH3

6333. Ha CJIHUH 3.18. npHKa3aHe cy HajBa)fCHHje BpcTe 633a.

IUEMAEA3A

KOIICTPYKTI1BIIA .GA3A TEXHOJIOlliKA };A3A

EA3A 3A OCJWhAIhE .GA3A 3A nElITPl1P AlhE

Cli. 3.18. KJIaCUt/JlJK8UUj8 6838

KOHCTPYKI'HBHHM Oa3aMa Ha3HBajy ce rrOBpUlHHe Koje o)J,pel)yjYOCHOBHH rro-

JIO)l{3j )J,3TOr ,D,eJIa y OJ],HOCY H3 nOBpWHHe HeKor J],pyror J],eJI3 HJIH CKJIOn3 KOjl1

06e36el)yje Taj OCHOBHH nOJIQ)lcaj. rJ],e raJ], je TO Moryhe, Tpe6a ce npI1JJ,p)KaBaTH

npHHU:Hrra J],a ce KOHCTPYKTHBHa 6a3a KOPHCTH H 3a nOCTaBJhaIf,e (JIOKaUHjy)

06paTKa y CTe3HOM npH60py. CB3Ka nOBpWHHa o6paTKa Koja ce 06pal)yje Mopa

I1MaTI1 CBOjy 6a3y rrOCTaBJhatha y CTe3HOM npl160py y OJ],HOCY H3 pe3HH 3JIaT. H3

CJIHUH 3.19 KOHCTpYKTHBHa 6333 oce OTBOP3 Ha 06p3TKY (1) J],ecpHl-IHC3H3 je C3 TIHf eJIeMeHT3: nOBpwHH3Ma (a) H (b) OJ], KOjHX cy J],3Te J],I1Me3l1je (r) 11 (Y) J],O oce oTBopa 11 rrOBpWI1HOM (c) H3 KOjy je oca OTBopa HOPM3JIH3. KOHCTPYKTI1BHa 6a3a 33 ocy OTBopa H3 o6paTKY (2), OJ],HOCHO 33 KOTY (I) je J],otha IIOBpwlIHa (a).

TeXHOJlOlUKHM Oa3all-Ja H331fB3jy ce OHe nOBpIllI1He Koje CJIY)Ke 3a nOCT3BJhaH,e

06paTK3 y IIpl16opy. 113 weMe ba3e BI1.l.\I1MO ).(a 6a3C 3a JJOKau:l1jy Mory 611TI1 6a3e

33 OcnathaIf,e 11 6a3e 3a u:eHTpl1pathe.

1

a

a

CJl. 3.19. KOHCTPYKTHRUe 683e

B a 33 3 a 0 C n 3 If, 3 If, e je rrOBplUl1Ha npeKO Koje ce 06pa,D,aK 3a BpeMe

06pa,D,e OCJIaI1>a Ha eJIeMeHTe JIOKaUHje. Bpoj OBHX rrOBpIllHHa Ha je,D,HOM KOMa,D,y

70

Kpcl'le ce on 1 .no 3. J-Ia npHMep, oc.nmfy 6a3y I-Ia o6paTKY (1), CJ1HKa 3.20, npe,n.cTaB-Jha nOBpw,,"a (a) 3a BpeMe o6paIle nODpw"He (b) Ha Kory (h).

Ea3e 3a ueHTpHpaJ-be cy e.neMeHTH 06paTKa no KojHMa ce OH !J,OBO.o;H y OJl.pel)eHH nOJIo)Kaj y O,llHOCY Ha PeJHH amn. }(ao 63.Je 38 U.eHTpHpaJ-be I\wry ce Y3eTH, OCHM nOBpWHHa, JIHHHje }1JIH Oce. Ha CJIHIU1 3.20. npHK33aHo je l\eHTp}1-pa"", o6parKa (2). Y OBOM CJIy9ajy nperXOIlHO "36yweH orBop (3) cny"''' .ao 6a3a 3a l.\eHrp"palbe np" 6yweiLY oTeopa (4) Ha 3aI1aToM pacTojalbY (I). OCJIOHY 6a3y npe.ucT3en.a nonpwHH3 (a).

I-----!-l r 1 . I

-c i a

C;1J.tKa 3.20. Ea:Je 311 OCJJ8JhlJJl>e II llCH"fpl1pall,e

MepHltM (KOItTpOJllUtM) 6a3aMa Ha3HBajy ce nODpWHHe op, KOjH.X ce HJUf no KojHM3 ce nponepaB3 y3aj3MIIH nOJImfGlj nOBpWHH3 (napanem-tOCT, ynpaDHOCT). Kao MepHe 6a3e, OCHM nonpWHHa, MOry nocnY)KHT" JlHHHje "JI" T3'1Ke O)l KOjHX ce OtfHT3Bajy llHMeH3Mje npH. Mepel-bY .D.eJIa Epoj OBliX 6aJ3 33 je.D.HY nonpWHHY r.oja ce o6pal']yje, JCpehe ce o.n 1 no 3. flPH KOHCTPYHcatt>y HeKor ,ll,CJla Tpe6a H3cTojanf. na ce KOHCTPYKTHBHa H MepH3 633a nOKJlanajy. Met]yrHM, npH KOH-CTPYHcaI-LY CTe3HOr npH60pa nOCTaDlba ce Kao je.uaH OJ{ HajB3)KHHjHX 33XTCtla ,ll,3 ce nOKJl3najy 6a:Je 38 MepeI-be H 6a3e 33 l10KaUHjYJ KaKO 611 ce rpewK3 6a:JHpaH.3 C13eJla H3 HyJlY.

OApeqIIB8JLe nOTpe6Hor 6poja Ta-I3IGl 33 OCJlaHNtlbC. - TIpaBHnHO nOCTaBJh3J-be 06paTK3 y npH60p y nCJIJ1Koj Mepw 33BHCH OJ]. npa!JHnHor Ju60pa nOTpe6HOr 6poja Ta'l3Ka 11 l-bI1XOBOr pacnope.o3 Iia TeXHOJlOWKHM 6aJ3M3. BehHH3 MaWI1H-CKHX .D.eJ10na HMa npanl1J1He nOBpWHHe Koje MOry 6V.TH paBHe, lJ,HJlHHJ].pHqHe, KOHI1~f-Ie H CIt, a Koj e ce KOpl1CTe Kao 6a3e 33 ocnaHKUb~. Ha oCHoey Tora Pa3JlH-xyje ce 6aJHpan.e np.f3MaTH9HHX Ii Ba.n.~3CTHX .oenooa H JlOlU1pal-be no KOHH-~HHM nonpWHH3Ma

- Da3ltpalbe npH3M3TH"tH"X JJ.eJloca. - CB3KO npI13MaTH9HO TeJlO nOCM3TpaHO y npOCTopHOM KOOp)lHHaTHOM CHCTeMY X, y, Z HMa: TP" TpaHcnaUHje y npaBUY KOOpnl1H3THHX oca Or, Oy, Oz Ii TpM pOTaUHje OKO nOMeHYTHX oca 3a caaKH CTeneH cJlo60.lle nOTpe6H3 je no je.llHa TaqK3 3a ocnaH:.aH.e, WTO 3H3'1H .na 611 ee 0.ny3eno CBIiX meeT creneHH cJlo6011.e KpeT31-ba, nOTpe6HO je HMaTH meeT TalJaK3 3a ocnalt..af-be. Ha CJII1UH 3.21 I npHKaJ3HO je npl13M3TI1'iHO TeJlO y npOCTopHOM KOOpJUtH3THOM cHCTeMy, Koje HMa nOTnYHo O.llpe!)eH nOJ1o)Kaj y npoCTopy ca meCT OCJIOHHX TaqaKa Y paBHH 1 I1Ma TPH oenOHe TaqKe Koje orpaHHlJaoajy cno60ny TpaHcnaUHje y npaBUY ace Oz H CJlO-

71

6o.uy pOTaU11je OKO oca Ox 11 Oy. ,UBC Ta~KC y paBHH 2 orpaHH9"aBajyrp~HcJ]aUHjy ,U)')K Dce Ox H POT3UHjy OKO Dce Oz.. Y pa~HI1 3 I1Ma jeJ],HY ocnoHY ra"lK)' Koja orpaHH'faBa TpaHCnaUtfjy y npaBUy oee Oy. Arm T29"Ke JJOKaUHje 3aMeHHMO ea O.nPCljCHHM OCJ10HUHM3 11 H3 npc,UMcr .ncnyjcMO Cl1J1aMa CTC33tba FSt' F S2 H FS 3

(npHK33 II, eJ1. 3.21) rrpe.nMCT he 611TI1 npaBHJ1HO nOCTaBJbCH Ii CHryPHO CTcrnYT y Tpa)f(CHOM nOJ1o)l{ajy.

z I

72

Z II 3

CmfK8 ."1.2l. ll1t!WJ /101mpanl1

Il/JU3MmWJIIHX /lCJIOlJil

x

CJI.UKB 3.22 IIpHMt!p I1palJUJlIIOr H350pa

lJorpc611or 6poj8 TO'lI/XIl J10Klluuje

,[(0"'" nOBpWHHa (a) 06p.TKa (1) CJII1K3 3.22. ca rpl1 ocnOHC Ta'-l.KC Ha3J1B3 ce rmIDU3 6a:m 3a J101\"31ll1jC. 3a ony 633y ee Y3HM3 nOBpWI1H3 ca

HajDchHM ra6apHTHHM .nHMcH3I1ja-

Ma bO'1Ha nOBpJUHH3 (b) ea .nec DcnOHC Ta'-lKC Ha3HB3 cc YCMepaRa-

jytl3 6a3a. 3a ony 6a3y cc Y3J1.Ma Haj-J],)')f(a nOBpwHHa "lfeoHa nOBpwHH3

(c) je,n:T-IOM DCJIOHOM Ta'lKOM Ha3J1B3 ce rpaI'H"'fH3 6a3a H 3a t-Ly ec 611pa HaJM3H,a nonplllHHa

ilPCKO nOBpwHHC (d) CTe)l{e ce o6pa.u.aK. OJ{ HeJIHKOr je 3Ha'faja npaBHJIHO OJl.pel)I1BathC paeIlope.na

DCJ10HMX Ta~aKa y O,n:HOCY Ha MeCTO H nOBpwHHy J(oja ce o6pal)yje. ITo

MoryhliOCTI1 Tpe6a H3a6paTH MaK-CHMaJ1Ha pacTojalM OCJ10Hau:a JeaKD

6H CHJle CTe3al-ba M pe3alba .neJIOBa-ne H3Mel:)y OCJIOHaua

- JJa:mpa...e B:!JbKaCTHX lI.eJlOB3. - BarbKaCrH ,neo n OCM3rpaH Y npOCTopHOM KOOpJ1J1H3THOM CHCTeMY.l; y, Z (cnHK3 3.23.1) 11M3 neT CTeneHH cJlo60.lle KpeTal-La: rpH TpaHCJl3UHje Y npaBuy Koop,nHHarHH.X oca Ox, Oy, Oz H ,OBC poramtje OKa oca Ox Ii Oz. Ca ,nBe OCJ10He r39Ke y paBHH 1 oAY311Ma ce CJI060.o:3 rpaHCJTauHje .uy* oce .Oz Ii poraul1ja OKO ace OX, )..{OK ce ca .nBe OCROBe T39Ke y prID HI1 2 n I~!I I\\la TpaHCJlaUHja.ny)K ace Ox, H pOTalJ,Hja OKO oce Oz. Ca OCJlOHOM Ta~IKOM y pallHH_~ O.n.y3HM3 ce cno60na TP3HCJl3UHje .lJY>K oce Oy. "lJeTHpH oenOHe Ta9Ke pacnO-pel)eHe Ha CnOJbHe nOOpWI1He BaJhK3 06p33yjy .l1BOjHY YCMepanajyfly 6aJY, ,!lOK ocnOHa ra'tK3 H3 'ieOHoj nOBpWHHH BaJ1Ka oApe1')yj e nOBpwHHY Koja CJTYIKH Kao rpaHH9Ha 6aJa AKO ce YMecTo gen 1pH ra ..... Ke nOKauHje Ha cnolbHoj nOBpllH1HH B3JhKa nocr3DU npu3M3 (1) H Ha BaJhaK .lICJIyjC CHJIOM CTe33tb8 (Fs), Aeo he 611TH npaBHJlHO nOCT3BJbeH H 'tBpCTO cTemYT (CJlHX' 3.23, npHKa3 JI). rpaHH'IHHK (2) CnpeqaBa nOMepaH.e o6paTK3 y aKCHjaJlHOM cMepy (.lIYlK Dce Oy), .lIDK ce CHJIOM CTe3al-ba (Fs) cnpe'iaBa oKpeT3tbe OKO conCTBeHe oce, O,nHOCHO 0.a.y3HMa ll1eCTI-i CTcneH CJl06o,nc KpeT31-b3.

y

z

, , I

:/

1--'- 7 )' . / " ' ,,-_./

I

z II

x

y

C JIHKlI .1.13. IJ/CMIl J l o 1{J4{Jal-lJ lJa..iUH CTC3HH npH60p Mapa na oCHrypa Ta'iHO nOCraBJb3J-be 06paTK3 KaKO 6H ce nOcTH-rna nOTpc6Ha Ta'iHOCT ,nl1MCHJl1ja. AKO ce )I(cm-t nocnif'lH Ta9HOCT o6pa,ac y CBa !pH npaBua no ocaM3 O.x;. Oy, Oz, Mapa ce npHMCIHfTH nOTnYHO 6aJHpaJ-be ca OlJY-3HMatbeM CBIIX weCT CTeneliH cno60.ne. 3a OBO je norpe6HO 3HarH TPH 6aJe. Ha npHMep, npH HJPMH :>KJlcfia rno.naU,CM (cn11K3 3.24.1) Mopajy ce naCTHhl1 TpH ll.I-tMCHJHje :>Kne6a H TO: (x), (y) H (z) , WTO 3Ha'iH,lla CC 06pa1I.aK Mopa OCJl3H.3TH y eRe TpH paHHH. HenOTnYHO 6a3Hpatbe npHMetbyje ce y ~JlY ':l ajy 1C3J.t.3 ce )f{enH no-CTl1nl1 r3'tHOCT o6pane y j e.llHOM HJIH.ua3 n paDua Ha nrHMep, npH rnonaJ-bY CTe-neHl1ll,e (II) J3XreB3 ce T3'1HOCT o6pa.ue y OC3M3 OX H Oy. rj. noennathe .Ill1MCHJl1je (x) 11 (z) . Y oeOM cnye Y pasHH 3 HI1CY norpe5uH eneMCHTH 3a OCJI3"tb8tbe KOjl{ 6H orpaHHQHJTH TalJaH nOJIo)Kaj o6paTK3 Y TOM npaauy, WTO 3HalfH .a.a orp3HHgel-ba Y OBOj paBHI1 MO)l(e,na 6YJl.e npOI1JBOJbHO. npH HJpanH )J{ne6a KojH MOpa.Aa 6y.uc CI1MeTpWl311 y O.1l1-fOcy Ha ocy BpaTHna H,Oa ce H3na3H Ha OD,CTojaH.Y (z), CJIHKa 3.24. III, .Il0BOJLHO je O,llY3eTH ":IeTHPH CTeneHa cno6one, WTO ce nOCTHiKe I-bero-BMM nOCTaBJbali>eM y npH1MY. llOMCp3li>e.ny)f( npH3Me H 06pTaH>e .l1Y>K conCTDeHe ace He YTWle Ha ,IlHMCH3Hjy (z).

73

z I 3

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z 11

2 x

y J.2.:========~

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CRHKB. 3.24. JIomYllo H llcnomYllo ROQHPaJbC o6paTKa

74

3.2.2.2. Ta~HocT 6a.3MPaI-ba o6paTKil

Y npou.ecy H3pane ,Ue.naBa penOBHO ,llOn33M .no O,llCTyna1i>3 OIl reoMeTpHjcKor 06m1K8 H H33HBHHX Mepa Ja,naTHX u,pTe)l{OM. Oaa o,Ucrynal-ba. Mopajy ce HanaJH-IM y rpaHHuaM3 ,n.03BOJbeHOr O.llcrynal-ba 3a Ty AI1MeH3Hjy. 360r Tora ce npH 06pa1J.H o6paTK3 y CTeJHOM npH60py Mopa HcnyHlITH YCJ10B ,Ua 36HP CBHX rpewaxa (:l:G), Koje ce jaBlbajy npl! 06panl! HeKe nOBpWHHe Ha 06paTKY, 6YAe MaI-hH OA A03BOJheHOr oAcrynaJ-ha (1) 3" Ty AI!MeH3I!jy, OAHOCHO :l:G :s T. Yxyn-Ha rpeWKa (:l:G) ce C"CTOj" 113:

- rpeWKe 6a.3Hpal-ba, - rpelliKe CTeJ3t-La H

- rpeUlKe 113pa.n:e cre3Hor npHfiopa rpeWKa 6a:mpaJh3. (Gb) janJb3 ce y cnY'lfajy KaD.a ce 6a33 33 ocnm'b3fLe He no-

Knana ca 6a30M 3a MepeI-he. Ha npl1Mep, npeMa CJJ"l1I1 3.25.I H> 06p.TXY (1) rpe6a H3panliTH cTeneHI1UY AY611HC (A) nor.why rnOAaJla (2). KOT> (A) MepH ce OA rop",c-MepHe nODpWI111e (e) AOK ce 6a3"pa",e np" 06panH Ii3BOA" no uenoj OCJIOHOj nOBpUlHHH (a). Oca rJlO.nana (2) 3SY3HM8 yaeK o.npel)eH 1-leH3Mel-beH nOJ1oJKaj y O.D.HOCY H3 0CJ10HY 6aJy (a) WTO 3Ha'm .na je C=konst. ,nOK MepH3 6a3. (e) MeJ-ha CDOj nonolKaj y OAHOCY Ha ocnoHY 6a3y (a) y rpaHHuaMa OA (Hm".) 1\0 (Hm;"), Tj. Y rpaHHuaMa TonepaHUHje (1). Pan" Tora KOT. (A) He MOJI

Gh = T. EO'iHa OCJlOHa 6a3a (b) o6paTKa jaBJha ce H Kao MepHa 6a3a 3a KOTY (B), (,1)

na Je rpeIllI(a 6a3HpaHXI Y OBOM CJIY'l3JY paBHa HYJIH Gh(1IJ = D. H3 CJIHI.(H 3.25.11 npJ.1Ka3aHO je rJIO)1,3H.e I.(IlJIl1H)1,pH'lHOr 06paTKa (1) H3 TPHY

(2). H3Meliy oTBopa Ha 06paTRY 11 TpHa rroCTojH 3a30p (I.), WI ee OBe ABe oee He flOKJlanajy. Oca OTBopa MOlKe ce nOMepaTH rope-)1,OJle )1,OK ce paCTojaH.e (C) l!3-Mel)y oce TpHa H ce'IHBa rJlO)1,aJla He MeH.a. 360r Tora H3CTaje rpewKa 6a311paH.3 (Gb) Roja 3a KOTY (IL) 113HOC11: G b1h) = z. [pewKa 6a311paH.a 3a OBY 1(01'Y MOI'Jla 611 ce H36ehH aKO 6H ce CTe3al-be .w':.'j,1113BeJlO rroMohy TpHa 6e3 3a30pa (ca npeKJlO nOM). [peWKa 6a3Y1paH.a 33 KOTY (H) H3HOCH nOJloBliHY TOJlepaHuHje crrO.TbHOr

T. M" . npe'IHHKa 2 33 CJlY'iaJ )1,a HeM3 3a30pa. eIJYTI1M, aKO rrOCTOJI1 3a30p, yKynH

3.2.2.3. KOHcrpYKuuja eJIeMeHara 3a 6a3/1PlJlhe EneMeHTH 3a fia3HpatbC CJlY)f(e ,na ce H3 tbHX n OCTaRH o6pa,naK y CreJHOM.

npI16opy. iloBpllIHHe eneMeH3r3 3a 6a3Hpat-be Mopajy 113 o.urn8apajy 6a3I-IHM nOBpWJ1HaM3 o6paTK3. Y npaKCI1 ce K'OPHCTH BMwe npCT3 eJ1eMeH3r3 33 6a.JJ1pa. ,be.

- ocnOHH lJenOBH,

- QcnOHe neTBe,

- npH3MC 33 6a3Hpal-be,

- rpHOBH 33 6a3HpaH.e,

- eneMelHH 33 lleHTpl1pal-be. 3.2.2.3.1. OCJIOIiU "lenOBH. - KopHcre ce Kao DCJlOHUH 33 o,o,pe1'}J1BaH>e no-

JIO)fmja 06paTKa ca paBHHM nO[lpIW1H3M3 y CTeJHOM npJ160py. Mary 5HTI1 OCHOS-HH, nOJl,ewaeajytm:, c3Monon,ew3BajyliH 11 nOMohHH O~J10H U.I1.

o C H OB H HOC 11 0 H H 9 en 0 1111 cy 'iBPCTO ne3aHH ea TeJIOM npHfiopa H ollpel)yjy nOJlO)f(aj ofipaTK3 -y O.lll-IOCY Ha pe3HI1 anar. Deh je pe'ieHo)]'a 33 npaBHJ1-HO o,npeI]11B3H>e nonolKaja 06paTK3 y npl160py 6poj OCJlOHIlIJ,Il He CMe 611Tll DCtJ.H o~ 6. DCJlOHH ~enODll MOry 611TI1 ca paBHoM (1), JIOnTaCTOM (2) H ca HapeUKzHoM (3) ocnOHOM noapWHHoM, CJlHKa 3.27. l{enoae ca PaBHOM DonpwHHOM npomtcy je JUS K.03.220. ITpHMelhyjy ee 3a oena""'lhe o6paTKa ca o6pa~eHHM nOBpwHHaMa 1.JeuoBH C3 nonT3CTOM rnanOM cnY)I(e 3a ocn3HxUhe YCKHX ne1]oaa ca Heo6pa~eHHM I!OBplllMHaMa, ,!:{OK 'I enOBH ca HapelJ,KaHOM QCJIOHOM

d d ~

"" 2 - I( "" .~ d2

/)\

I - ~ u d -fJ0 I U CJIHKIl 3.27. OcUOBJlJI OC/TOHJ1 '1CnOBI1 d dl

d

DeiIiolb B to

W-i ~ I 77

nOBpWMHOM enY)J(e 33 Oen3H:.3J-be AenOB3 ea rpy6HM ( Heo5pat)eHHM) nOBpUUfHa-

Ma qenoBH ca npe'lHHKOM rJlaoe d = 6 - 25 mm H3pat)yjy ce O~ y rlLeHwfHor

aJ1aTHOr 'feJ1HK3 C 1840 HJ1M C.1940 H KMe Ha 55- 58 HRC, Jl,OK ee 'tenonH ea npe'JHHKOM rJlase d= 40 mm HJpat)yjy OIl 'teJ1HK8 JB u eMeHT3Ul1jy yjy caMO Y H3YJeTHHM cnY"IajeBHMa H TO yrnasHoM KO.a Te>KHX .o.eJ10Ba. H a CJlHUH 3.29. BHJJ,e ce He l(H npHMepH QBHX OCllO-Halla

78

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1 3 2

rm--,- 4 I ' '---:zj"" ____ +---.J

I~I 'yr \ -

CJI. 3.29. CaMOJIOJ/.cwBHajyhu OCJIOIIlJ,U

79

nOM a h H HOC n a H U Ii. KopHCTe ce 33jeJIHO ca OCHOBHl1M 33 nOBeh3H>C Kp)'TOCTH 06paTK3 y cTe3HoM npl16opy. DBM OCJ10HUH He cnY)KC 3a O.ll.peliHB3l-be n0J10JKaja 06paTKa y npl16opy, neb 33 cnpellanalbC Jl,Cl0PMHC31'b3 05paTK(I YCJ]e.n CJ1ne CTe3a1-b3 11J1l1 OTnopa pe33H>3. 06HI.{HO ce nOCT3BJhajy TaKo,na 11M je .n.ej CTBO cynpoHIO O.n .nenOD31b3. CHJJe pe33H>a J1nJ1 CTeJal-ba Ha CJll1UI1 3.30. npMK333H3 cy Jl,B3 npHMepa ynoTpe6e nOMohHHX OCJlOHaU3.

1 b

II a

Or. 3.30 fiOMOtlllH OCJfOlUlU

3.2.2.3.2. Ocnone JleToe. - KOpl1CTe ce Kac eneMCHTH 33 OCn3H>3.J.be TeWK1"lX o6panaxa Mory ll,a 6y.ay ca PaBHOM (1) Ii. HapeUX3HoM (2) aCJ10HOM nOBpWHHOM (CJIHK3 3.31.). non (3) je npHK3.33H Ha':lHH npl1'tspwhHS3H.a JIeTana JIcTDe ~a Ha-peUK3HOM nOBplllHHOM CT3nn.ajy ce Bpno 'teCTO Ha XOpH30HTaJIHe nOBpWHHe npH60pa xaxo 611 cTpyron1H3 Ii .D.Pyre He'U1.CTOhe ynanane y )!me6 na He oMeTajy np3BlUIHO H3J1eral-be 06paTKa

JIeue ce npH':IBpwhyjy 3a Te.no npl160pa nOMohy BHj3Ka C3 llHJIHH.DJH1'tHOM rJIaDOM ca IllecTOyraOHOM pynoM (JUS M.B1.l20) npe"HHKa MS, M6, MS, MlO J1JIH M12 y 3aDHCHOCTH O,!lIIOnpe'tHor npcceK3 neTBe. AKO nOCTojH Bl1Il1e JIeT3Ba y je,llHOM npH6opy, nC)f(eJl>HO je npe.llBH,neTl1 BHCImy (H) ca ,nO,!l3TKOM O,ll 0,2 no 0,3 mm 3a 6pywelLe noeJle MOHT3)Ke, KaKO 6H OCJlOHe nospwHHe CBMX neTaBa JlelKaiJe y jeJlHoj paBHH. JIerDe ce H3panyjy 0)1 'eJI"xa 3a l\eMeHTal\Hjy (:.1220, ueMeHTyjy Ha AY6HHY 0,8 no 1,2 mm, a 33THM Kane H3 TBpnohy 55 no 58 HRC. Pa,ll,Ha, Tj. HaJle)i(Ha H aCHOBH3 nOBp1llHHa ce 6pyce.

80

o lO npecek A-A L ~ N7

I ij5pYUJel-io D

i i % ! v.: ;;;; ! ~

iff d 5pyweHo

:=JF.-------I 1

..d..-J I, It

---@t-----L

npecek B-B D

~~-----{2

1'-3

ff-=f-l .J.

I ! ! I

I I CJIHK83.31. OCJIOHe Jleme 38 JlOK81~l1jy 06P8TK8

81

3.2.2.3.3. llpUJMe Ja fia311patt.e. - To cy OCJlOHUH ca yraOHH'M )KJIc60M KOjH. CJlY)KH 3a 6a3Hpa!-be UHJlHHApHlfHl..fX nenOBa Yrao npH3Me (a) MQ)!(C 6l1TH 60, 9lfH 120, l-la CJlHUH 3.32_ npl1K333H3 je Haj'icwhe ynoTpe.6Jh3.B:ma npHJMa ca yrJlOM On 90,

:90 npecek A-A pyw. c

N7 'YweHO

A

I r; t\\ -I . ~~ . ~ .:: III -~ r r ,,-\:::~ . - r---I

'[

L

CJIHKtl 3.32. JJpU3MII .111 JlDK91lujy

Mathe npH3Me ce 113paf]yjy 0,Il '1cJU1Ka 33 ueMcHTaUHjy (:.1220, a ache 0.0; CMBor nJ-iBa KSL 18-26. nonpwJ{He xoje .llOJ}aJC y .ll.O.llHp ca o6paTKoM Mopajy ce TepMH "KH o6paLll1TH TaKO lIa 11M ce nOBeli. TBplioha H. 55-60 HRC 3a 6.:lHpafbe llYra-lfruX ,nenOBa KOPHCTC ce .nee npH3M.C nOCTaBJbCHe Y HCTOj o eH no AYJIUfHH.

82

3.2.2.3.4. TPHOBM 3a oaJl1paJhe. - TPHOBH cy npeUH3HO H3pal)eHH B3.JbKaCTH HJIH KOHWlHH eJIeMeHTH KOjH cJIY)l(e 3a 6a3Hpaae npcTeHacTHx ,neJIOBa ca npe-UH3HO H3pal)eHHM OTBOpOM. Ca TpHoBHMa ce HCToBpeMeHo nOCTH)I(e 6a3Hpaae H CTe3aae o6paTKa.

I10CTOjH BHllIe TpHoBa 3a 6a3Hpaae (CJIHKa 3.33): UHJIHH,npH'laH TpH (1), KO-HWlaH TpH (2), TpH ca HaCJIOHOM (3) H eJIaCTH'laH TpH (4). CBe BapHjaHTe TPHO-Ba MMajy Ha 'leOHoj cTpaHH H3pal)eHa rlle3,na 3a CTe3aae H3Mel)y IIlHJbaKa. TPHOBH ce H3pal)yjy o,n 'leJIHKa 3a ueMeHTaUl1jy, ueMeHryjy ce, KaJIe H 6pyce.

1

CJIUKa 3.33. TPHOBU 3a JIOKau.ujy

3.2.2.3.5. ErIeMeHTlf 3a u,eHTp"paJhe. - I1o,n ueHTpHpm--beM ce no,npa3YMeBa )],0-Bol)eae 06paTKa y Ta'laH H YHanpe)], O)],pel)eH nOJIO)l(aj y O)],HOCY Ha npH60p H pe3HH aJIaT. 3a UeHTpHpaae ce Haj'leIIlhe KopHcTe 'lenOBH, npH3Me H )],pyrH eJIeMeHTH H MexaHH3MH.

qenoBH 3a ueHTpMpaae npecyjy ce MCTO Kao H OCJIOHH 'lenOBH, y TeJIO npH-6opa, ca TOJIepaHUHjoM 'lBpCTOr cnoja H7/p6. 06M'lHO ce npl1Meayjy ,lJ,Ba ueH-Tpa)l(Ha ':lena npH 6a3Hpaay O,nHOCHO OCJI3aaay 06paTKa no nOBpIIlHHH oTBopa H ca ':leOHe CTpaHe OTBOPa. BehM 6poj 'lenOBa He nOBehaBa Ta'lHOCT JIOK3lll1je a H3pa,na npH60pa nocTaje KOMnJIHKOBaHHja H cKynJba. Ha CJIHUH 3.34. ,naT je npe-rJIe,n CTaH)],ap)],HHX qenOBa 3a u:eHTpHpaae (JUS KG3.270).

qenoBH Ha3HBHOr npe'lHHKa,no 10 mm H3pal)yjy ce 0)], yrJbeHH'lHOr aJIaTHOr 'IeJII1Ka (:.1840 HJIH (:.1940 H KaJIe ce Ha 58 + 2 HRC, ,nOK ce 'lenOBH npe'lHHKa . 113Ha)], 10 mm H3pal)yjy 0)], ':leJIHKa 3a ueMeHTaUHjy (:.1220, ueMeHTyjy ce Ha )],y-6HHY HajMaae 0,5 mm, KaJIe Ha 58 2 HRC H 6pyce. I1pe'lHHK ':lena (d) MO)l(e 6HTH H3pal)eH ca TOJIepaHUHjoM g6, h6 HJIH fl. ERTHo je )],a oBaj npe':lHHK ':lena 'lHHH KJIH3HH CKJIOn ca OTBOPOM npeKo Kojer ce 06p3)J,aK UeHTPHpa. qenoBH TH-

6" 83

..:

0 l I.l)

~ -. -

to) --

o I I.l)

~ -

84

Tufi A d ,

f ,~

1 \

!

I d, d2

TuU D

d

'I, !..oo'" , ~

~ I

. i

!

! d,

-lf1---I

'" --

--1~

-- I

f

~

Tuil B

d

.'1' ~ to) . l -. ~

.---. ..-1'

na (A) H (B) yrpa~yjy ce TaKO lla je BeHau npe~t1Hxa (d2) yuywTeH, xao WTO je npHKa3aHo Ha cmillH 3.35. nOll (I). 'lenoBH Tlma (C)H (D) nopelllleHTpHpall,a MOry cny)KI1TH 11 33 0CJ18l-baJ-bC 06paTK3 1\80 WTO je npHK333HO no.u. (2).

2

CII. 3.35. fljJHMCPH npl1MCIlC 'l enOBa 38 UCHTpUp8Jhe

llPH3MC 33 lI.eHTpHpal-Le cnY)I(e 33 .Il.OBof')el'be ace 06paTK3 y onpel)eHl1 no-nO)f(aj npeMa CnOJb3W}-boj KPY)f(HOj nOBplllHHH. Y DBaM c.rry'fajy n;eHTpHpaI-bC ce 113BO,n," nOMohy ,nBe np"3Me np" 'fCMY je 0611'lHO j eW.J.3 npH3M3 'tfBPCT3 - Heno-xpeTHa, a llPyra noxpeTHa, npHxa3 (I) Ha CJIHllH 3.36, HJlH cy 06e npH3Me nOKpeT' He, npHxOJ (D).

H. CJlHUH 3.37. UPHKOJ.H. je HenOXpeTH. npIDM. (I), noxpeTH. npH3M' (II) H BOl)Hl\3 (llI) 33 nOKpeTHY npH3My 33 UCHTpHpal-be.

H3rnc.n: HapeUKaHor BHjKa (1) 33 nOMCpaH>e nOKpCTHC npH3MC ,naT je H3 CJIH-1(11 3.38. BHjaK ce H3pat)yje"o,ll. C:..1530, a Kyrn3 KanH H3 4S2HRC. Ha BHjKC M8 Ii. MIO nocraB"'" ce HapeuxaH. Ha'prK. (2) . 3a Behe BHjKe (MI2 H M16) TpeGa KO-PHCTHTH 3Be3.nacrc Hmi KpCTacrc pY'tHue nma D , JUS K..G3.250 H 251.

85

A

II

1

npecek A-A

86

CJUtK8 3.37. flCllOKPC1718 M IlOKPCTTIB IlpH3MB 38 ItCflTpUpalbe

CJUtK8 3.36. L(cnrpUplllJ,e JloMohy

npU3MC

llf

npecek 8-8

--ir'Lic-- '

CJlUxa 3.38. BujaK Ja 110MCpall>C nOICpcDIC IIPU3MC

OCT3JIH e.neMetrnf H MeX3HII31\1H 33. QeltTPlfpafbC. - OCHM Haoe.n.eKI1X nOCTojH

jow '1HT3B HH3 p33nWmntx eJleMeHaTa H MeX3HHJaMa KOjH cnYJKe 33 je.llHOBpe-

MeHo u.eHTpHp3H,e H CTeJ3l-he 06paTKa KOHCTPYKu,Hja 08HX MeXaHH33Ma 3a.BHCH

011 o6nHK3 06paTKa H OCTanHX JaXTena. Ha npHMep. 3a u,CHTpHpatt.e H CTe3aH>e lleJlOBa npaBoyraoHor HJlH KBanpaTHor 06J1HKa MOry ce KOPHCTHTH MexaHH3MH l(OjH pane U3 npHHu,Hny nonyrll, K30 WTO je npHKaJ3HO H3 Cnl1u,H 3.39.

ellHlra 3.39. ll,cllTpUplJJl>e ,Ar!J1osa IIpanoyraolio/ ' 06JIHKII

87

3.23. F..JleMeHTlf 3a CTe3a'bC HaKOH naCTannxll-ba o6paTK3 y o,npet)eHH nono)Kaj nOTpcfiHO ra je CrerH)'TH

,na ce He 611 nOMepHo Ja BPCMC o6pane. EneMcHTH 33 CTe33tbe Mopajy Hcnyl"bana-TH cncnene yenoec:

- .na 06pall3K CHryPHO CTC:>KY 11,1l3 He MCl-b8jy nonO)f(aj y KOjl1 je nOCT3DJhCH; - na ce y3 WTa M3l-bY H3DOPHY cHny nooHje UITO Delia CHJl3 CTe331-ba Koja he

611TI1 .IlOBOJbH3 ,ll,a ce cynpoTcT3BH CHJJ3M3 pC331i>a H na OHcMOryhH nOMCpaH>e, OKPCT31'be, BH6pal..lHje o6paTK3 11 en;

- na ce CTe3atbe HJBOD.H 6pJo, O,UHDCHO Y UITO KpahcM npcMcHY 11 ca WIa KpahHM XO,ll,OM cneMcHT3 33 CTeJ3J-be;

,na je 33 CTe33tbC nOTpe5HO MaJID npOCTOpa;

- .03 IIpH CTC33f-bY He ,llolie,no nC$opMalJ.Hje l1JIH OillTcl'l el-ba o6paTl\:a. - n3 eJleMCHTH 33 CTC33l-bC He oMcTajy H3BO!)Cl-bC ll.OTH'IHC onepaUHje H3

ofipaT1CY H TOMe cnHlJHO.

3.2.3.1. O.apcljlKe OCJlOHUHMa "npH CTe.J3f-bY Kpy. THX o6pa.uaK8 MCCTO .llejcTsa CHne J8 CTe38J-bC MO)l{e ce HaJIa.3H.TH Ii. HJMe~y ocno Halla BCJUf"lHHa nOTpe6HC Cline CTeJ31-ba H npaB8n: tbCHOr n,eJJOBaH.a ollpel)yjy CC

y 3aBHCHOCTH oA Clin8 p e331-ba Ii 06PTHH.X MOMeH8ra Koje OHC H383HBajy. CHne pe3aH>a M t-bCHH MOMeHTH o.upcl'jyjy cc npcKO oArooapajyhlix 06pa3aua KOjc j e Jl.eq,HJlHcana TeopHja pC33H.a MeTana Pauli Behe Cl1ryPHOCTH, H3pa'1YH3re BPCllHOCTH CHJlC pCJaH.3 CC nOBcl'laBajy MHOlKCJ-LeM KOC$I1UHjCH'fOM CHf-YPHOCTH K ~ 1,5-2,5, npH " "My ee Behe BpellHOCTlf Y3HMajy 3a rpy6y 06pany.

lliMc!}y CHn3 Pe33H..a (Fr) J1 CMJI3 CTC331-ba (Fs) Koje 11M ce cynpoCr3DJb3jy MO)KC H3cTynHTH ncr Kap8KTCpI1CTHI.fHHX CJlY'1ajcBa:

1. cnY~laj: ClUJa CTeJal-ba (Fs) H CHna peJ8tba (F,) nenyjy Y HerOM npaBuy Ii eMepy Ha 06panaK (1) Ii OeJJOHau (2) npH60pa (eJIMKa 3.40.1.). Y OBOM eJIy"ajy no Tpe6H8 je Mana cl1na CTC3mba (Fsmin).

2. CJly~Iaj: CHna CTCJ3HXt (Fs) H CHn8 pC331be (F,) .llcnyjy Ha o6pa,naK Y HCTOM npaBUY alUf y cynpoTHoM CMepy, npHKaJ (II). DOTpe6H3 Clms CTCJaH,a OJl.pcl)yje CC 113 YCJTOB3 .ua je Fs=F r'K

3. CJ1y ... aj: CHna CTC3aH.3. (F.f) J.t CHna pe33HKl (F,) .o;enyjy HOPMaJlHO jeD.Ha Ha n.pyry, npHKa3 (III). Y ODOM CJIY1.f3jy CHJlaMa p eJ3tba Tpe6a .ua ce cynpOTcTane eRn e Tpeaa (Ft!) Ii (Ft.) Koje H3CTajy H.3Met)y ropae nOBpWH.He o6p3Txa Ii ene-MeHTa J3 CTC33.fLe (F~ =F $ ' #1) H 11.3Me1)y .uOH>e 6a:me nOBpW.HHe 06paTK3 H ocno-He nOBplllHHC npH60pa (F~=F s'p 2) nOTpe6Ha CHfl8 CTC3aH.a oJl.pehyje ce HJ ycnoB3 . Fll +P'z=FS' '''''1 +Fs' J.i-l =Fr oK, OAaKJIC JC

F _ F,K .r - III + #2

r.ue cy

88

III HJ.tz KOC4>HUJ.tjCHTH TPCH.a. Y HajBcbcM 6pojy cny'lajena yceaja ce,na j e fAl = #2 = 0,1, na je y TOM cnY'1ajy nOrpc6Ha cHJla CTCJaH>a: Fs = 5 F r K.

1 Fr. I ~-. -- ~~--! -/ Fs

p

11 Fs

,---------------, i ' I

Fr

L_ --,-o!---oo,.. --- - - ____ _+__~

III -I ----rn Fr . -Ft,-FsjYl,i

I i L ___ +--,-_ ~ __ FtrFs1!-!J

CJ1UK8 3.40. CXCM8 PCJIOB8UXI CUJl8 PC381ba U CUJIB CTC3Blba

89

4. CJIy'.aj: o6pailaK (1) CTelKe ce y cTe3HY rJlaBY (2) ca TpH qen.ycTH, npHKa3 (1) Ha cmnU-f 3.41. Y ODOM cnyqajy Ha 06pa.llaK .ueJ1yjy .rum ornapa pe33a.a: Fr. 11 Frx. rnaBHH OTnop pe33J-ba (Fr) H333Hfl3 06PHlif MOMeHar ( Mrc"l.-=F r%RJ KOjli Te)K H .Il.a OKpCHe o6pa.n.aK OKO COnCTDel-JC Dce, llOK orn,?,p nOMohHor Kper3Ho3 (Fr J re>KH )l,a TIOMCPH 06pa1l3K .ll)')K Dee. TIoTpe6H3 yKynH3 CMna CTe33l-ba (Fsuk) KOjy )lajy TpH ~eJbycnf CTe3He fJ1aBe onpel)yje ce no o6pacuy:

Fsuk ,1lR = M rcL 'K, O.ll3KJIeje

K F ruk = Mn::l." -R . It .

a no~e6Ha CHna CTe3al-ba y jenHoj qCJbYCTH Fs = suk

Z '

r,ll,C je: Fsuk - yKynHa CHJTa CTe3atb3, Fs - CHJla CTC3aHXi no je.!J..Hoj 'iCJbyCTH, Mrez - 05PTHH MOMCH3r YCJ1en arnapa pe33H:,3, K - Koeq,Hll,HjcHT CHryPHOCTH, R - nOJJynpC'iHHK o6paTK3,

CJIHKa 3.41. lllcMil /~CJIOIJ,'!l-/,ll CHJlU

lIpU c-rc.1af/,Y y C1'C311oj

rJ/8BH U flU ep8C7}!'lllO)

'fllxypu

90

2

2 I

J~"-- . __

z - 6poj 'JeJbYCTI1 JI - KoeqHII.(HjeHT TpeH..a mMeljy 'JeJbYCTI1 H o5paTKa. YKynHY CI1JIY CTe3aI-ba Tpe6a npOBepHTH H }fa aKCl1jaJIHH npHTI1CaK no

06pacuy

Fsuk J.I ~ Fr . K x

o,naKJIeje

Fr K F > _-"X,--_. suk - fl .

5. CJJY'l3j: 06panaK y 05JIl1KY 'Jaxype (1) 6a311paH je 11 cTemYT Ha eJIaCTl1'JHoj 'IaxyPI1 (2) nOBJIa'leI-beM TpHa (3) y cMepy CTpeJII1l{e (4), npHKa3 (II) Ha CJIHUI1 3.41. Y OBOM cJI)"Iajy rJIaBHI1 oTnop pe3aI-ba (Fr) 113a3HBa 06PTHI1 MOMeHaT pe3a-I-b3 (Mre:z = Frz . R ) KOMe ce cynpoCTaBJba MOMeHaT CHJIe TpeI-ba 113Mel]y enaCTI1-'lHe 'laxype H 05paTKa ( M1r = F suk . J.I . R ). YKYIIHa CI1JIa CTe3aI-ba 5Hoe:

Fsuk . fl . R = Mrez . K ,. o,naKneje

Mrez . K Fsuk = J.I. R

OBaKO onpel]eHe cl:lJ1e CTe33I-ba npenCTaBJbajy nOTpe6HY cHny CTe3aI-ba a He H

CTBapHe cl1ne CTe3aH..a 'Koje pa3Bl1jajy eneMeHTH H MeXaHH3Ml1 3a CTe3aI-be. Be-

JII1'lHHe CTBapHHX CI1J13 CTe3aI-ba (F sstv) 3aBHce on nona3He - 113BOpHe cl1ne (F oJ 11 npeHOCHor OnHoca H3Mel)y CTBapHe CI1J1e CTe3aI-ba 11 l13BOpHe cl1ne 3a nOTI1'lHI1

eJIeMeHaT 3a CTe3aI-be. 3Ha'lH, BenH'lHHe CTBapHI1X CI1JIa CTe3aI-ba Mopajy 5HTI1

jenHaKe l1nl1 HeKOJII1KO nyTa Bene y OnHOCY Ha nOTpe6He CI1JIe CTe3aI-ba, O,nHOCHO

FSS1V~Fspot.

3.2.3.2. KOHcTpymuje eJIeMeHaTa 3a CTe3afbe llpeMa Ha'lI1HY nejcTBa, eneMeHTI1 3a CTe3aI-be MOry ce no,nenl1TH Ha:

- eJleMenTe ca PY'1H11M CTe3albeM, KOjl1 pa,ne Ha npHHUHny CTpMe paBHI1

(Hnp. BHjl(H, Knl1HOBl1, CKCUCHTPH, 11 CnaCTH'lHC 'laxype), CHCTeMa nonyra

l1 TaI-bHpaCTHX onpyra, npI1 'leMY H3BOPHY CHJIY naje eHeprHja MHllII10a

panmiKa; eJleMeHTe ca MeXaHIf'lKHM CTe3albeM, KOjl1 MOry ,[(a 6y,[(y ca IIHeYMaTcKMM,

XH,npaYJIH'iHHM, nHeYMOXMnpaYJIH'iHHM, eJIeKTpH'lHHM HJIH BaKYYMCKHM

CHCTeMOM pana; OBH eJIeMeHTI1 3a CTe3aI-be pa3Jllmyjy ce on npeTXOnHI1X

caMO no H3BOpy CHne CTe3aI-ba.

KapaKTepHcTHKa eJIeMeHaTa 3a CTe3aI-be je cnoc06HOCT caMOKO'Ien,a. To je

cnoc06HoCT ,na ce CHna CTe3aI-ba o,nP)!(J1 11 no npecTaHKY nejcTBa H3BopHe cl1ne,

Kop11CTenl1 npH TOMe TpeI-be Knl1HaCTI1X nOBpllll1Ha eJIeMeHaTa 3a CTe3aI-be. Ca-

MOKO'JetlH eJIeMeHTM 3a CTe3aI-be npl1MeI-byjy ce 06aBe3HO YBeK npl1 PY'JHOM CTe-

3aI-bY KO,[( Kora 113BopHa CI1JIa He neJlyje 3a BpeMe 06pane neJIa ,na He 6I1nOIlIJIO ,no I-beroBor OTnYlllTaI-ba ycne,[( nenOBaH..a CI1JIa pe3aI-ba. Kon MeXaHH'iKOr CTe3aH..a

CaMOICO'leI-be ce npl1MeH..yje pel]e jep je y OBOM cJI)"Iajy oMoryoeHo ,nenOBaI-be 113-

BopHe CI1ne 3a CBe BpeMe 06pane neJIa. AKO nocTojH MorynHocT 'leCTOr npelCH,[(a

91

I II

III

CJ1uxa 3.42. ,lilfpexl11o U uu.aupex11Io cre381be BUjUHM8

92

.D,OBO.D,a HJlll nana M3Bopa eHeprHje (eHepreTCKor 1lYH.D,a), C3MOKOlfHBOCT je IlG-Tpe6na M KO)). MexaHHlfKor CTe3atba.

Ka,n,a he ce ynoTpe6MTM eJleMeHTH 3a py':lHO, a Kana eJIeMeHTH 3a MeX3HH'-IKO CTC3aae, 33DI1CH o,n npCTe o6pane 11 6poju 05pauaK3. Y CBaKOM CJlY'fajy 3a MaCOB-Hy npOH3BOJ],l-bY 60lLe je MeX3HWIKO, a 33 ManocepHjCK)' npOH3BO,llfbY nOBOJhHHje je PY'lHO CTe33l-be jep cy TPOWKOBI1 H3pane T3KBor np1160pa HH)f(H.

3.2.3.2.1 CTe3ar-Le nOMony BujaKa. - OBO cy eJIeMeHTH 3a pyqHO CTe3al-be KOjH MMajy BPJIO lllHPOKY npHMeHY y KOHCTPYKUHjH npl160pa jep cy je,ru-IOCTaBHH 3a H3p~ H o6e36et)yjy cHryPHO CTe33l-be 06paTKa He,o,ocT3raK HMje raj WTG je rro-rpe5Ho .uY)Ke npcMe 3a CTe3al-be H oTnywral-be 06parKa H UITO cy CHne Cre3aH>a HepaBHOMepHe. BHjaK ce MO)f(e KOPHCTlITH 3a ,nHpeKTHO CTe3al-be (I), CllHKa 3.42, KO.u KO[3 BPX BHjKa (1) .Il.HpeKTHO Jl.eJ1yje}fa o6pmaK (2) HllH 3a HHJl.HpeKTHO CTe-

3aH>e (II) "(Ill)

94

3akobQf-lO

2 ...

1 - I d

, 6'00

u

-dl dl1 u

~.L-~--r---.~-_-_--. ====-.]~~~-_-_--.===-.===-. ~===;~~~ t-~12-.~-----------------------4=1~2+-~

o 13 ~ 'q; ::::::::t:::::::~ Ig-o (> 10

.~ 3 pagHa 3abojka ::t

I

Cnl1K8 3.44. Bl1jJ~11 ca CJI06o,aIlOM nonyroM

CUM OBK BHjUH, Kao CTe3HH e.neMeHTH, Spll1e nHpeKTHO CTe3'Ube Ha Taj H3'iMH

lUTO CBOjHM npXOM (33apweTKOM) Hane>KY H3 nOBpuumy 06p3TKa Met)ynfM, YKOJIHKO noeTojl{ MoryhHocT .na ,aolle .nO oWTeheH:.3 nonpWHIle o6paTKa .H.nl1 ,ao fberoaor nOMepatb3 33 BpeMe CTe3atba, H3 BPX BHjKa (1), CnJ.1K3 3.45, jlonaje ce T3A. npwre::JHH KOMtl..n (2) KOj ce OCHrypaB3 nOMohy UHJlHH.D.pWiHe 'iHBHje (3) JUS M.C2.203. OBaj npHTe3HH KOMaIl. H3pa~yje ce 0)\ "eJlMK' C.1530 ca KaJbeHOM npHTeJHOM nOBpllJHHOM H3 55 2 HRe H MO)f{e ce nOCTaBHTH H3 6Hno KOjH pa-Hli.je HaneJl,eHH. BHjaK. AI1MeH3Hje 33BpweTKa BHjK3 H npHTe3Hor KOMa,ua YTBp~eHe cy JUS-OM KG3.1S0.

~ u u

d d 1 u

d apulD~3Ha aObpWUHQ

CiIUKa 3.45. IJPHTC311U KOMa.,a

YMecro npHTe3HOr KOMan,a MO)l(e ce H3 OpX BHjK3 nOCTaSHTH npHTe3H3 nJI09Hua (I), cnHK3 3.46, YKonHKo 60Jbe o,uronapa C 063HPOM H3 H3"1HH Y9BPUIl'lHB3tna npHTe3He nJ1091-Ule J3npWeTaK BH.jK3 MO>Ke 6HTH H3pal)eH TaKo,ua

6Y.lle 3a6yweH H nO.llcanpHYT - paCnepTJ10BaH (1), 3aTHM MOlKe 6HTH 3aKOBaH (2), H3Y3en J3 BHjaK M5 HJ1H npH9Bpwheti BHjKOM (3) ca UHJIHHD.PH9HOM rJ1anOM, JUS M.Bl. lOO. OBaj nOCJ1e,utbH CJ1y9aj KOPHCTH ce Ja DHjKe on M12 na H3Jl,aJbe.

95

IIpHTe3Ha nJIO'lHl(a ce H3paljyje 0)], I1CTOr MaTepHjaJIa KaO H npHTe3HH KOMa)],. IIJIo'lHue H 3aBpweTaK BHjKa )]'e

CnUKB 3.47. Pa:Jf./H 0611HUH 38npWCTaK8

JlHj8K8 + i

1

3.2.3.2.2. Cre:13Il.e nOMolly KJJHHOSa

J, --~ D i

-,,- b II .

~,~~"~~,

BeJIHKH 6poj npo6neM3 CTe33H.3 pewaBa ce npHMeHoM KJU1Ha KOjH HMa Jl,cj-CT~O caMoKO"leHoa, HapO'1l1'fO npH PY'IHOM CIe33u .. y. Me1)yrHM, npH MeXaHI1'1KOM cTe3afbY KJIHH je :ma"lajaH no TOMe WIO y cnY'iajy na,ua H3BOP3 eHeprl1je OCHf)'-pana 6e30nacaH pan,. OBM Y.J1I1HOBH HHCY cr3HD,apll,H30B3HH. 06WfHO ce H3pa1}yjy all, 1.JeJIHK3 33 ~eMeHT3u.Hjy .C.1220. ueMeHTyjy H3 .uy6HHY HajM3H>e 0,5 mm Ii Ka-ne 113 552HRC. Y npaKcH ce KopHcTe TPH BpcTe KnHHona H TO: je,nHOCTpClliH, ABOCTpaHH H 3aaojHH KnHH.

1. JeAHoCTpaHK KJII1H HMa je.o.uy KOCY paBaH HarHYTY no.o. yrnoM (a). CJIHK3 3.48. MO)f(c ce KOPHCTHTH 33 ,OHpeKTHO Ii HH.D.HpeKTHO CTe3atbe. Ko.o. ,011-

. peKTHOr CTe3alM (I) K.""" (1) cBOjOM je)lHOM CTpaHoM )lO)lHpyje oGpanaK (2) KOjH CTeJKe. To j e je.!l.H3 Oll HajcrapHjl1x KOHCTpYKu,Hja KJIHHOB8 Koja ce jow H

1~=

CJ/uKR 3.48. flpJ.fMepU y " ol'pe6e jeAHOCT/JaJlOr K/JUU8

97

,naHac npl1MelDyje 3a CTe3alDe MalDl1X 06pa,naKa jep cY Y OBOM CJIY'lajy npl160pH BPJIO je

3a OCJIal-bal-be rrOTHCKHBa'la Ha KOH30JIH ca jellHOM BOljHUOM, rrpHKa3 (III) CH-JIa CTe3al-ba ce ollpeljyje rrpeMa 06pacuy:

I-tg(a+Pl)31' tgp3 F F a N

s = Q' tg(a + Pl) + tg P2 . Ole Je:

P3 - yrao Tpel-ba KJIH3al-ba H3Mel')y rrpHTHCKHBa'la H BoljHL~a, a - ):(Y)lCHHa Bol)Hue ITOTHCKHBa'Ia, 1- pacTojal-be Oll cpelll1He Bol)Hue )],0 cpe)],l-be Ta'lKe )],O)],Hpa ca KnHHOM. Ko,ll je)]'HOCTpaHHX lCJIHHOBa 3a )],HpeKTHO CTe3al-be MOryne je rrOCTHnH cal\fO-

KO'lHBOCT. II03HaTO je)]'a H3Me1)y HopManHe CHne Koja ,lleJIyje Ha HeKY paDaH (Fn) H CHne Tpelf>e (~ ITOCTojH O):(HOC Ha OCHOBY Kojer ce o):(pel)yje lCoeqJHUHjeHT

Tpel-ba KnH3al-ba: Fn = tg P = f1 .

CaMOKO'Iel-be lie ITOCTojaTH 3a cnY'laj ,lla je no rrpeCTaHKY )],ejCTBa H3BOpHe Cli-JIe (FQ) IToTpe6Ha o)],pel)eHa CHna (FQl ) cyrrpOTHor CMepa 0):( CHJIe (FQ) lla 6H ce KnHH H36HO H3 CBor ne)KHIllTa IIpH 6HJIO KojeM yrny HarH6a KJIHHa (a) Xopu-30HTaJIHa KOMITOHeHTa HOpMaJIHe CHne (Fn), 03Ha'IeH ca (Fh), CJIHKa 3.49. (I), TeJKH lla H3rypa KJIHH, aJIH ce TOMe cyrrpoTCTaBJbajy CHne Tpel-ba (Ft) 11 (F,z)' CJIHKa 3.50. 113 IlleMe ce BH,llH ,lla lie rrpH MaJIOM yrny HarH6a Knlma (a) CHna Tpe-I-ba (Ftl) 6HTI1 Bena O,ll (Fh) rra y TOM cnyLJajy Mopa rrocTojaTil CrrOJbHa CUJIa (FQJ) ):(a 6H ce KJIHH H3rypao. Pa3naraI-heM pe3ynTaHTe (Fr) ,llo611ja ce cl1JIa CTe3alf>3 (Fs) H XOpl130HTanHa KOMrrOHeHTa (Fh). 113 CJII1Ke ce BI1)],I1,lla je FQ =Fh+F 1,,0):(- 1_ HOCHO Fh =F s tg(P1 -a), a Ftz =Fs' tgp2 , ITa Je F Ql = Fs[tg (PI - a) + tg P2], AKO ce Y3Me )],a cy KoeqmUHjeHTu Tpel-ba HCTI1, OllHOCHO )],a je PI = P2 = P, ):(o6Hja ce FQl = Fs [tg (P - a) + tgp]. 113 OBor o6pacua BH)],I1MO,lla tle CHna IToTpe6Ha 3a I136Hjaae KnHHa (FQ ,) 6HTH paBHa HyJIH aKO je H3pa3 y 3arpa):(H je):(HaK HynH:

CJIJ.fK8 3.50. YCJIOBJ.f 38 C8MOKOQenJ.f KJIHll

7' 99

r--- --j------j i__ _ __ +-______ i

---,......... , I ,.---...... . U ___ + ___ U_

I

A A

2 1

Fs

II

8 9 2

..

CJlUK8 3.51. IIpuMepu ynoTpe6e /!Bocrp8Hor KJlUIl8

100

IK(P-a) + 19p=O. Ha OCHDBY DBor CJlellH 38KJLY'iruc: je,IlHOCTpaHH KJIHH ca Tpe-H>I:lM no o6eMa nOBpllHiHaMa 6Hhe caMDKO"lJ.HD aKO jc aO. OPH H8JlerdlbY qeJIHQHHx DonpIIIHRa Y3HMa ce.n.a je Ii: 19p :::z 0). OB,[I,e je yrao -rpeaap :5 0 41', a 2p :::::: 11 " . 3Halfli, na 6 KJll1H 6HO caMOKO'

F Fsuk . 6 . TT n 6 s = -z-' rne Jez POJ nOTHCKHBa'la I-\BocTpaHH KJIHH e HTH CaMOKO'lHB aKO je HCIIYlheH YCJIOB na je 2a < p, .HJIH 3all = (gp = 0,1 Tpe6a na je 2a < 5 0 43".

3. 3aBoj"H KJlHH n06HO je HMe no cnojoj panHoj nOBpIllHHH Koja je CJlH':IHa 3aBOjHHlI.H no KOjOj ce OCJIOHall. nelhe 3a BpeMe CTe3alh3.. OBaj KJIHH ce MO)!(e cMaTpaTH jenHocTpaHHM KJIHHOM CaBHjeHHM y lI.!iJ1HHnpH'IHH o6mlK. 'uonaBa-lheM pyqHlI.e KJIHH nocTaje eJIeMeHaT nOMony Kora ce CTe3alhe HHnHpeKTHO MO)!(e oCTBapHTH BPJIO 6p30. Ha CJIHlI.H 3.52. npHKa3aHa je ynoTpe6a 3aBojHor KJIHHa (1) KOjH ce nOMony pY'lHue (2) oKpene OKO BepTHKaJIHe oce y TeJIY npH60-pa (3). I10BpIllHHa KJlHHa non yrJloM on 15 oMorynaBa 6p30 nOBol)el-be Illane no 06paTKa, a nOBpIllHHa non yrJIOM on 5 BpIllH CTe3alhe H o6e36el)yje CaMOKO'Ielhe.

3.2.3.2.3. CTe3alhe nOMohy eKClI.eHTpa EKcueHTpH ce KopHcTe BPJlO 'IeCTO Y KOHCTPYKUHjaMa CTe3HHX rrpH60pa CTe-

3alhe 06panaKa nOMony eKcueHTpa je 3HaTHO 6p)!(e y nopel)elhY ca CTe3alheM nOMoby BHjaKa HenOcTaTaK HM je y TOMe IllTO pa3BHjajy MalhY CHJlY CTe3aH.a on BHjaKa H IllTO He MOry CHryPHO panHTH rrpH BenHM onCTyrralhHMa nHMeH3Hja H3Mel)y OCJlOHe H CTe3He rrOBpIllHHe 06paTKa

I1PH CTe3alhY, nOnHpHe nOBpIllHHe eKcueHTpa mJIO)!(eHe cy BeJIHKOM xa6alhY, rra ce 3aTO eKCueHTpl1 113pal)yjy on 'IeJIHKa 3a ueMeHTaUHjy (;.1220, lI.eMeHTyjy Ha ny6l1HY HajMalhe 0,5 mm H KaJIe Ha 552 HRC.

CBH eKClI.eHTpH pane Ha rrpHHlI.l1ny cTpMe paBHI1. I1peMa Ha'lHHY oCTBapHBa-H.a eKcueHTpHlI.HTeTa neJIe ce Ha KpY)!(He H CTIHpaJIHe eKClI.eHTpe.

1. KpymHH eKCl.\eHTap ce 360r rrpocTe KOHCTpYKlI.l1je H jenHOCTaBHe 113pane BPJIO 'leCTO rrpHMelhyje Y rrpaKcH. J13pal)yje ce y 06JIHKY KpY)!(He TIJlO'le Ha Taj Ha'lHH lIlTO ce oca POTaUHje nOMepa on oce CHMeTpHje 3a neJIH'lHHY eKcueHTpH-lI.HTeTa (e), CJII1Ka 3.53. JIHHHja eKcueHTpHUHTeTa (k - n) neJIH eKcueHTap Ha

CJIHK8 3.53. JJ,CJlOB81bC CHJ1a KO,a KPYJKHOr cKc4cIlTpa

102

.nee CHMeTpHl:tHe nonODHHe Koje ce MOry 33MHCJIHTH KaD ,llBa jenHDcrpaH3 KJIHH3 o6aBHjeHa OKO OCHOBHor Kpyrd npel:tHHKa (d}) . TIPH CTeJ3ffiY KOPHCTH ce 06H":I.HO .aotba nOBpWHI-ta eKcllCHTpa 03Ha~JeHa C3 (m - n)_

EKcueHTap ce Mopa H3BeCHt TaKO ,lla 6YLle caMOKO':iHB J(fUCO He 611 D,OWJIO no J-wroBor c3Mo3aOKpCraI-La Ii oTIlYlliTal-b3 o6paTKa. AKO ce eKcueHTap HaJIa3 ~1 y cpenlbeM nOJIo>Kaj y (npHK33 1), lana yrao KDee paSHH y TPOYI -JIY (OmC) HMa Haj-Behy Bpe.llHDCTJ Oll,.HOCHO amrur:. 3aOKperaf-beM CKcueHTpa 3a yrao (/3), npl1Ka3 (1I), yrao KOce paBHI1 y rpoyrJIy (OAB) ce CM3f-Lyje na y TOM n0I10>Kajy I1Ma Bpe,nHocT (al). H.3 OBora npOH3HI1a3H Jla je Hajsehl1 yrdo }CDce paSHH y cpe,O,f-bCM nOJIQ)l{ajy jep je a max > aI, ua je OH HCTOBpeMCHO HajKpHTH":I.HHjH yrao Y norneAY ca~1OKO":l.HBOCHf . .LJ.a 6H ce o6eJ6CJ]}UlO caMoKO~ef-be CKcueHTpa y CpC.nH.eM nOJIO)l(ajy, Mopa 6HTI1 lfcnyacH YCJJOB )l,a je a max< P, r.n.e jc p- yrao Tpe}-ba. IIpH cTeJall.y CKCll,CHTPOM janJL3 ce, nopell cHne CTe3aaa (Fs) Ii. Cl'JJ1a rpCI-ba (Ft ). 113 YCJIOBa paBHOrC)f(e MOMcH3ra 33 06pTHY Ta~n(y (0) CKcueHTpa npoH3Hn33H: F,e -F, d(2=O. nOlllToje F,=F,flllooHjace: F, e - F,fld/2 = O,Olla-Kne je d/2 e = 1/p.. AKO CC Y3Me na je KoeqJHUl1jeHT TpeH>3 np"6nJ1)KHO 0,1, ,llO-

dl

.. . -1:>

I 12

_._._--+

13

,------'v--- -...

--> . \ / ..c::. .., ./

. I 1

--- ./ - . -./ ./ c

./

3aba eHO

CnuKa 3_54_ l C/iIlOCTflHl IU KPY)KIIU CKCI{Crnap

]03

.nofiHja ce dIe = 2/0.1 O.nHOCHO dIe = 20. QBaj O.nHOC Hli3HBa ce Kap3KTepHCTI-1K3 eKcu,eHl1J3 11 .na GI1 eKCueliT3P 6110 CaMOKO'lHB y cpe.nlWM nOJIo)f{ajy, Mopa GMTH HcnyaeH YCJ10B .na je dIe ~ 20.

BCJB1'iHHa eKClJ,eHTpHlJ,HTeTa (e) o.Ilpel)yje ce Htl OCHOBY norpe6Hor xo.na eK-cl\eHTpa (h):

h=2e=z+T+k mm, O.llaKJIe je:

z+ T+k e= 2 nun,

r.ne je: z - nOTpefiaH 3a30p 3a y5al\HBa"", H Bahe"", o5paTKa 113 npl150pa, T - TOnepaHlJ,l1ja Jl,ena KOjH ce CT3BJba y npH50p, k - Jl,o,UaTHa SeJIW:lHHa P3!I,H xa6aH>3 H enaCTH'iHHX .ll.eOpM3UHja CHCTCMa

(k= 0,3 - 0,5 mm). CTaHD,ap,U,He eenH'lHHe eKClleHTpHu.HTeTa (e) Kpehy ce on 1,2.no 4 mm. Ka.n;a

ce o.npe,U,H eKcu,eHTpI111HTeT, OH.na ce Ha OCHOBY o.nHocadle = 20 HJp3'iY.HaB3 npc-'iHIfK eKcuellTpa d - 20 C H onpc1')yjy OCTane BPC!(HOCTH eKCu.eHTpa Ii py'iI1Ue.

I

I. 13

15

--Q-Q ,

'" 3abapeHo .

OUfK3 3.55. Br-t.fbywxaCl"H XPY)l(HH CKCUCIITaP

104

I I

CJIUKa 3.56. KYKacm ()l(Jle6lfu) eXCl~eflTap

CJlUKa 3.57. H3rJIep WIaTa ca KyxacTHM CKCI(CflTPOM

105

II

fe-I

I

CIIUKB 3.58. lfll.llupeKniO CTeJllne C8 KPY)DIHM ellCUC1fTPOM

106

CHn3 CTCJ3rba (Fs) HClcTaje YCJlCJl JlCJ10B3l-ha 113DOPHC CJ-lJJe (F Q) H3 py~IHUY eK-cuet-lTpa, c.nHK3 3.53. (11), a ollpel)yje ce no o6pacuy:

F - Fo-t N ,- R -[tg(a, +Pl)+tgD2] ,

rneje R - CPClllLa npeIlHocT nOllyrrpelfHl1K3 McpcHor aD, J.J.cHTpa OKpeTaf-b3 (0) .IlD

Ta'iKC CTeJaH.a (A), a Y3HM3 ce,na je R::::: ~. a t - CpeJlI-hHH yrao yenoHa cKcueH TpH'IHOCTH Y r3'1KH (A); npH npopa"'YHY

MO)KC ce Y3CTH npHfimDKHo Il3 je 4, PI - yrao rpCl-b3 Kn11331-b3 y T3'IKH Jl,o,O.Hpa (A), PZ - yrao rpctba Kn113atb3 Y pyKClBUy cKcu,cHTpa (MO)KC ce Y3CTJi.na je

tgpl =tgp2 = 0,1)_ 33 Kpy>KHC cKclleHTpe je KapaxTCpWCTH'iHO .Il.3 HeMajy KOHcr3HTHY eVIllY erc-

33t-b3. OHa ce nOBeliaS3 l1)lyl'lH K3 r 3 '1KH (n) r,ne ,D,DCnDKC CBOjy M3KCH/,\13JlHY Bpe.[lHOCT. 360r Tora ce IlPH npOpa'iyHy Y3HM3 HeKa CPClltba CHJ13 CTeJ3)-b3 Y Ta-'iKH (A). Y npaKCI1 ce KOPHCTC yrniJSHOM TpM Bpcre ODJ.1X cKcueHTapa H TO jCllHo-CTaDHH, BHJbYlllKaCTJ.1 11 KYKKHH CKCl(CHTap ca npaBoM H c3BHjeHoM nOJ1yroM~py'iHUOM (JUS KG3.185), a Jia cnH Uli 355. BHJhywKacTH KPY)KIHt eKCUCJiTap (JUS KG3.186) .

KYKKC CMaTparH HenpOMCHJhHBHM. 3a CMoxo

lx 2x 3x

fin DTT 360

CJIl1K8 3.59. KOJlCTPYKlll1ja ClIl1PaJlTIUX CKCllCflTapa

eKc~eHT3p BlIClIH3 (h) H3 p33BJ1jeHoM 06lIMY npe'lHHK3 (D) o,npeDyje ce H3 o6pa-c~a: h = 0,075 Dn. 3a cJ]Y'laj ,na je (3n = 180 6ahe:

l"a= h180 = 0,075Dn180 =2.0075=015 o R -n Roo D " ,

t-' -n.1800 2 .

Ako jc II = 0,15 = tgp, Slao Tpel-ba je: p = 8 30', a aKO je a = p, TO 3Ha'lH ,na je a < 8~O'. YCJ]OB CaMOKO'leI-b3 3a(3n= 90 6l1he:

tga = h 180 = ~ D 90. D n' Zn .

A 4h D 85 KO ce Y3Me,na Je tg a < 0,15 O,nHOCHO 0,15 > Dna o,naB,ne Je: 71> , .

TIpe,nHocTH eKc~eHTpa ca ApxHMe,noBoM CITHpanOM jecy Y TOMe UlTO OHa Mory pa,nHTH ca yrJ]OBHM3 06PT31-b3 o,n 90 H120 o6e36eDyjyhM 3H3TaH XO,n (Il) H rrocTojaHocT ClIJ]e CTe3al-ba. OCHOBHH 06JIlI~H OBHX eKc~eHTapa npHKa3aHH cY Ha CJ]I1l(H 3.60. To cY jeIlHocTpaHH (I) H ,nBocTpaHH (II) ITJ]O'laCTl1 eKcl(el-lTap ca (3n = 90 11 ,nBocTpaHI1 eKCl(eHTap C3 nYKoBl1Ma (III).

108

I 90

III

b

1----

1----1-

1----

b

,----

-1- ._--1-

1-----

CJIUK8 3.60_ J1pUMcpU ClIUPaJIHUX eKcl~eHT8p8

109

DpHMep npHMeHe je,[lHOCTpaHOr CnHpanHOr eKcueHTpa .naT je Ha en. 3.61, npHKa3 (I), a .llaOCTpaHor eKclleHTpa H3 npHKa3Y 01).

II

CJJUK8 3.61. flPUMCPU ynoTpc6e cmlpaJlHHX CKCIiCIITBpa

110

3.2.3.2.4. CTelau:..e nOMony e.naCTHlme lfaxype

EJlaCTWiHe '1axype CTe)lcy TaKol'je Ha npHHuHny KJUma DHe jeJ{HoCTaBHO ueHTpHpajy H cTe)l(Y o6pa,naK no CnOJbHoj (I) mill YHYTpaIUH,oj nOBpIUHHH ilona (II), CJIHKa 3.62. EJIaCmQHe qaxype (I) cy yrJlaBHOM cTaHilapilmoBaHe H KopHCTe ce 3a CTe3aH.e llnmK'dCTOr MaTepHjaJla npH 06pa,llH Ha peBOJlDep crpyroBI1M3 H ayroM3THMa. 3a CTe3He npH60pe cy I1HTepecaHTHHje eJIaCTH'IHe qaxype 3a CTe3a-The npeKo oTBopa, npHKaJ (11), jep ce qeruhe KopHcTe KO.ll. npH60pa CTe3aJ-Le

J

---------------I -~

- -t-- ----- E-=3--::.:;;---~-~-~-:f ---+ ~L- :=w~--~---z::;z--~-~;a---.J

Fa.

,--

II

Fr Fn ~~,::.. --- 'h, Fs

--

....

C;IMxa 3.62 Enac)"H'llIe '1axype

111

o6paTK3 (1) 8plllli ce YCJleJl WHpelha enaCTH"He ",xype (2) KOja HJa:mBa KOHH""H TpH (3). Y 080M CJIy"ajy cHlIa Tpe"'" (F,) jafl.1ba ce caMO Ha YHYTpaWH>Oj KOCOj nOBpWlll1lt 'taxype najeP2 = O. YKYllH3 cuna CTeJ3l-ba H3 CBHM lJ eJhycntM3 'taxype

Fo . . on~~yje ee no 06pacuy: F . = N , a ellna 3aTeJalha y jellHOj "e.JbYCTli

.....,~ .., suk tg(a+PI)

lJ3xype 6Hh~ Fs = Fsuk / 2, rne je z - 6poj '1eJhYCTH en~CTH'iHe 'i3XYpe. CaMO-KOlJetbe ce oCTBapyje aKO je a < PI . 05WIHO ce CTe3He llaxype He H3pal)yjy K30 caMoKot.{HBe .n.a fiH ce o6pauaK ollMax no npecT3HKY .nejcTB3 CHne CTe33H>3 orny-CTHO. YrnOBH HarH6a CaMOKO'iI1BI1X 'f3xypa Mopajy 611n1 BehH 0)], 11 " na ce H3pa~yjy ca yrnoM KOHyca O,D. 2a '=30". 3a npaSHJlHO Cre3al-bC o6paTKa norpefiHo je.n,a ce yrnoBH KOHyca lJaxype Ii TpH3 oApe.u,e TaKO,Ua Cre3al-be 11 ,D,OAap nOliHy ca npe.o.l-be crpauc. 360r Tora ce Y3HMa HeUITO nehl1 yr.Jo Kmryca H3 TPHY (31 "), )J;e61bHHa 3HD,3 (I) e.naCTWJHOr )lena lJaxype Kpehe ce y rpallHuaMa O,ll t = 1,5,llo 3 mm, y 3aBHCHOCTH O,ll,llHMCH3Hja l.J3xype.

Ha CllHUH 3.63 npHK3JaHa je npBMeHa ABocTpaHe enaCTl1'iHe l.J.

I

II I

CnUK,1 3.64. O 'C38Jbe XJfflPOf1JJ8CTJI'lIlOM M8CDM

113

OCHOBHe MaTepHje Y nnaTI1'-1HI1M MacaMa 3a aBY CBpXy cy: nom1xnopBHHH..n-CKe CMone (10 - 20%), nnaCTH

h + /2 H ocnOHu:a (4) npcHocH H3 o6pa,o:aK (5). CI1Jla CTC3

KC ca npC'fHHKOMD = 135 do 200 mm. YXOJUtKO CnOJbHJ1 H YHYTpa Wl-bH npC9Hl1K onpyre HHje OJlIClBapajyhH, MOry ce ,UonYHcKH 06pa.o.HTl1 TaKO .ua cc CnOJhHH

npe'iHHK CMaJ-bH ca (D-Dl)' a yHyTpaulI-LH npC9't-fl1K.Jla ce noncha ca (d--dJ). Ha CJ1I111113.67. ,naT jc jc)),aH npHMCp npi1MCHC TaH:.HpaCrHX orrpyra. KOHH'HHI

.nCO rcna (1) npH60pa CraBJba ce y rJlaBHO parow npcTcHo MaWHHC. CrC3aH:.C o6paTK3 (2) oCTB3pyje ce ynpTaH.cM BHjKa (3) ca UMJJHH.nPJ19HOM rJI3nOM Ii. wecTocTpaHoM pynoM. DOll: 3KcHjanHoM ClfJIOM BHjRa nOMcpa ce 9axypa (4) Koja nOTHcK)lje rraKCT ""'"paeTHx orrpyra (5) y3 OenOH" "peTeH (6). IJPH TOMe ce onpyre HcnpaBe (CTIJhOIlITC) TaKO .na ce lhHXOB CnOJbHH npelIHHK nOBcliaBa, a yHyTpalUI-bH cMa~byje. Ha Taj HallHH 113BOllH ce jC)lHORPCMCHO ~etfTpHpaH)e H nOTHCKHBaH>C 06paTIot npCMlt (6) Kao H CTC3aH.e.

CIIUK8. 3.67. CTc381he TaJLl-fPflc:ntM

onpyraMfl

Ca noeChaI-bCM 6poja onpyra y npH60py nOBchaea CC 11 CMJIa CTe3at-ha. AKO Ta-J-hl1pacry onpyry nOCMaTpaMO Kao nOJ1Y>KHH McxaHH3aM ,D.BOCTpYKor .nCjCTBa, OH-)la CC pa,nl1jarrHa CMJJa y jCllHOj onpY3l1, Koja CTC)Ke 06pa.n.aK, MOXC o.ope.n,l1Tl1 113

. F o6pacua: F, = 0,75J N,

'liPl r.oc je:

Fs - pa.oHjaJIHa CHJIa Kaja CTC)lCC o6pauaK, FQ - 3KCl1jaJIH3 Cl1Jla y Bl1jKY, f31 - Y3HMa ce l13 o,nronapajyhc ra6cJ1e npeMa yrsry {3 TaKO llaje p, ~ p _ 2.

3.2.3.2.7. MeX3HUJOB3HO CTe3an.e Ypel)ajH 3a MCXaHH30BaHO cre3aae ce CBe BHIUC npHMCJ-hyjy y HHJl)'crpl1jH.

Ha oBaj Ha9HH KO,ll, HH3a CTC311HX npH50pa nOMohHo BPCMC norpc6Ho 3a CTe3a}-be M orrryllITaH>e ,Il,eJIOB3 MO)Ke ce 3H3THO CKpaTHTH, 3 3aMOp p3.!l.HHKa yCJ1e,n cre3a-

J-La CKOPO caCBHM CJIliMHHHC3TH. Beh je peQCHO .n.3 ce CJ1CMCHTH 3a MeX3HJ130Ba-

HO CTC33J-be pa3J1l1Kyjy O.n. CJICMCHar3 33 Py"'lHO CTe3aJ-be caMo no H3BOPY CI1Jle CTe33H.a. OBllC he YKP3TKO 6HTI1 pc'm 0 npHHUHmfjCJIHl1M MoryhHOCTHM3 MeXa-HH30BaHor oCTBapHBaJ-b.'i H3BOPHC CI1JJC Cl'C3af-b3..

116

IIneYMaTCKo CTeJaH.e I1Ma ,llOCTa umpoKy npl1MeHy 3aTO lUTO CKOpO CBe pa-,ll110Hl1ue paCIIOJIa)l(Y Mpe)l(OM (I1HCTaJIaUl1joM) 3a KOMIIpHMOBaHH BaJ,[(yX rrpHTH-CKa 4 ,[(0 6 6apa. IIHeYMaTcKo CTe3aH.e MO)l(e ce 113BeCTH npl1MeHOM KOMope ca ,lll1jaq:lparMoM HJIH IIHeYMaTcKor UI1JIHH,llpa Ha CJIHUI1 3.68. (1) BH)],H ce IIHey-MaTCKa KOMopa je,llHOCTpaHor ,llejcTBa KOMopa ce cacTojH 0)], 'leJIH'IHOr TeJIa CaCTaBJbeHOr 113 ,llBa ,[(eJIa (1) H (2) 113Mel)y KOjl1X je 3aTerHyra ,llHja

KOjH je y Be3H ca IIOJIyroM (3) Koja ce IIoMepa H CTe)l{e 06pa))'aK (4). Onpyra (5) CJIY)l{H 3a Bpaliafhe KJIHIIa y nOJIa3HH nOJIo)l{aj npH oTnywTafhY 06paTKa

XH.1I.paYJIl1'lIfo CTe3alhe. - I10WTO IIHeYMaTCKI1 ypeljajl1 pa)),e ca HI1CICI1M npl1-TI1CllHMa Ba3)]'yxa (4--6 6apa), npH 3aXTeBHMa 3a BehHM CI1JIaMa CTe3afha nOTpe6-HO je I1lil1 Ha )),OCTa BeJII1Ke npe':lHI1Ke UI1JII1H))'pa (200 )),0 300 mm 11 BHlile). Ko)], xH,Upaymf'lHI1X ypeljaja, 3aXBaJbyjylil1 BI1COKOM npl1TI1CKY yJba (40 )),0 80 6apa 11 Bliwe) ra6apl1T11 ypeljaja 3a CTe3afhe Mory 3HaTHO )],a ce CMafhe. Ha CJII1U,11 3.68. (ITT) BI1)),11 ce llIeMaTCKI1 ypel']aj 3a xl1)),paYJHi':lHO CTe3ill-be. YJbe 113 pe3epBoapa (1 ) nOTl1cKyje ce nYMIIoM (2) KP03 pa3Bo))'H11K (3) y KOMOpy UHJIHH)),pa (4) IIOTHCKY-jyYm Ha Taj Ha':lI1H Kmm (5). AKo ce pa3Bo)],HI1K HaJIa3l1. y nOJIo)lcajy Kao lllTO je Ha CJIHU,H npI1Ka3aHO, YJbe lie YJIa311TI1 ca JIeBe cTpaHe KJIl1na, nOTI1CKI1BaTI1 ra 11 npeKO CHCTeMa nOJIyra (6) CTe3aTH o6pa))'aK (7). I10MepafheM pY'fHu,e (8) pa3Bo)),-HHKa y cMepy CTpeJIHue, YJbe ce )),OBO)),11 ca )),eCHe CTpaHe KJIl1na (5) KOjl1 he ce Ta,na Kpennl YJIeBO 11 OTIIYWTaTI1 o6paJJ,aK.

llHeYMaTCKo-x u,npaYJIl1'lHo CTeJalhe Kao WTO caM Ha3HB Ka)lCe, npe)),CTaBJb3 KOM611HaUHjy )),Ba npeTXO)),Ha Ha':lHHa CTe3afha Ha CJII1UI1 3.68. (IV) npl1KaJaH3 j e weMa pa)),a OBor ypeljaja. Kmm (1) nHeYMaTcKor Ll.I1JlI1H))'pa je)],HocTpaHor )],ej -CTBa nOBe3aH je ca KJll1nOM (2) xH,npayml':lHor 11I1JlI1H))'pa ,IJ.oBol']efheM ca611jeHor Ba3.[(yxa y u,HJlI1H,nap (3), KJll1n (1) nOTl1cKyje KJII1II (2) a oBaj nocpe))'cTBoM Te-':IHOCTI1 Y xH,UpaYJII1':1HOM UI1JII1H,npy nOKpelie PaJJ,HI1 KJIHn (4) KOjH npeKo nOJIy-re ,nHpeKTHO CTe)l{e o6pailaK (5). Onpyre (6) cJIY)l{e 3a Bpaliafhe KJlI1IIOBa y nOJlaJHI1 nOJIo)l(aj npl1 OTnYIliTafhY o6paTKa Y OBOM cJIY':Iajy npHTI1CaK Y XI1,npo-cHcTeMY, a CaMI1M TI1M 11 CHJIa CTe3aH>a, ce nOBeliaBa cpa3MepHo KBaJJ,paTY O)),Hoca npe':lHHKa KJIHna (1) y nHeYMaTcKoM UMJIHH,nPY H KJIMna (2) y x l1))'paYJIH':IHOM UI1JII1H)),P y .

BaKYYMcKO CTeJalhe (npI1Ka3 V) MO)l(e ce npHMeHI1TI1 3a CTe3afhe o6paJJ,aKa Oil Pa3JII1':1MTI1X MaTepl1jaJIa 11 )),eJIOBa TaHKI1X 311)),OBa MeXaHI13MI1 3a CTe3afhe ca

BaKYYMoM paJJ,e . Ha OCHOBY HCKOpl111Iliefha aTMOCtPepclCor npHTHclCa CTe3afhe

06paTKa (1) ce BPWH cTBapafheM BaKYYMa, O)),HOCHO HCHcaBafheM Ba3,nyxa BaICYYM--nyMnoM H3 KOMope (2) Koja je H30JIOBaHa 0)), aTMoctPepe nOMoliy 3anTl1Ba':la (3). BeJIH':IHHa CHJIe CTe3afha 06paTKa 3aBHCH 0)), nOBpwHHe KOMope (2) H npHTHcKa KOjH npe)),CTaBJba pa3JIHKY 113Mel)y aTMOCtPepcKor M 3aOCTaJIOr npHTl1CKa nOCJIe

I1Cl1CaBaH>a KOMope. 3a cHrypHo c:re3afhe o6paJJ,aKa nOTpe6aH je BaKYYM o,n 66 )),0 100 kPa

32.4. EJlEMEHTll 3A BOnElhE 11 O,D,PEnHBAlhE nOlJETHOr nOnO)l(AJA PE3HOr AnATA

OHM eJleMeHTH CJIY)I(e 3a )),OBoijefhe pe3Hor aJIaTa Ta':lHO Y o,npeijeHH nOJIO)lcaj Y O,nHOCY Ha 06paJJ,aK KOjH je CTerHYT Y npl160py. 3a OBY CBPXY y r JIaBHOM ce KO-pl1CTe BOIjHlle 3a 6ywefhe Ii rpaHl1':1Hl111l1 3a I'JIo)],aJIa

3.2.4.1. Bo1)ull.e 3a 6ymeae

Boljl111e 3a 6ywefhe CJIY)l(e 3a BOijefhe aJIaTa 3a 06p3.[(y OTBopa (cIIHpaJIHe 6yp-mje, ynYWTa':la, pa3BpTa'la) npl1 pa)),y Ha 6YllIHJIIiuaMa OHe I1Majy 06JIl1K ':I.axype

118

'll1jl1 YHYTpaWaH npe'lHHK Tpe6a ,I(a je je,I(HaK npe'JHHKY aJIaTa KOjH ce BO,I(11 Icp03 aHX. Y CJIe,I( 06pTaaa 3JIaTa Bo1)Hua je H3JIO)KeHa xa6aaj', na ce }6or Tora 3a npe'lHl1KeaJIaTa ,I(O 30 mm mpa1)yje O,I( aJIaTHOr 'leJIHKa (C.1940, C.1941), a 3a npe'lHHKe aJIan H3Ha,I( 30 mm O,I( JIempaHOr 'leJIHKa 3a ueMeHTaUHjy (C.4320, (;.4321) KaJIe ce O,I(HOCHO ueMeHTyjy H KaJIe Ha TBP,I(ohy O,I( 61,I(o 63 HRC H 6pyce no cnoJhawaoj H YHYTpawaoj nOBPWHHH. ITpeMa HaMeHI1 ce pa3JIHKyjy .IlBe BpcTe: OCHOBHe H npOMeHJbHBe Bo1)Hue 3a 6ywe/-be.

OCHoBHe Bol)lUl,e KOpl1CTe ce y cJIY'lajy Ka.na ce OTBOp Ha o6paTKY o6pa1)yje je,I(HI1M aJIaTOM 3a o6pa,I(y oTBopa I1JIH 3a nOCTaBJhaae npOMeHJhI1BHX Bo1)l1ua OCHoBHe Bo1)Hue ce npecyjy Y TeJIO npl160pa ca TOJIepaHUl1joM HaJIera/-ba H7/n6, rra ce 360r Tora 'JeCTO Ha3HB3jy 'lBpCTe I1JII1

06paTKa KOjl1 ce 6yIUI1 Tpe6a Y3eTI1 ,na je h>0,5 d I1JlI1 h = O. Y rrpBOM CJlY'fajy CTpyroTI1Ha ce O,nBO,nH Hcrro,n BO~Hlle 3a 6YIUel-be, a y ,npyroM cJlY'fajy Kp03 )I(Jle-60Be 6ypmje 11 Kp03 BO~I1UY. Ha CJlI1I1I1 3.70. BI1,nH ce yrpa,nl-ba OCHOBHe Boljl1l1e (1), crrellHjaJIHe Bol)l'me (2, 3, 4) Koje cy rrpl1naroljeHe rroBpIUHHH o6paTKa H Bol)Hl.le (5) ca Manl1M pa3MaKoM oTBopa

j ..) ..c:

_m CJIUKa 3.70. yrpa!;uBaJe OCI/OBHe 11 cne/~ujaJIflux BO!;II11a 38 6ywclbC

IIpoMeHJbHBe BOI)HlIe ynoTpe6JbaBajy ce npl1 o6pa,n11 je,nHor oTBOpa Ha Ta'fHY Mepy ca BHIUe pe3HHX aJIaTa, Hnp. Crrl1paJIHOM 6yprl1joM (1), CJlI1Ka 3.71, yrrYIUTa'feM (2) H pa3BpTa'feM (3). CBam o,n nOMeHYTHX pe3HHX aJIaTa Mopa I1Ma-TI1 CBOjy rroce6HY rrpOMeHJbI1BY BOI)I111Y. OBe Bol)l111e ce nOHeKa,n KOpl1CTe 11 yMe-CTO OCHOBHI1X Boijl1l1a ycne,n l-bI1XOBOr I1HTeH311BHor xa6al-ba, rrOIUTO je l-bI1XOB BeK Tpajal-ba 0611'fHO Kpahl1 o,n BeKa Tpajal-ba CTe3Hor npl160pa

CJII1K8 3,71, JJpUMCpU y"olpc6e IIpoMeJUbuBe BO!;I1Jte

120

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CmtKa 3.72 IfpOMeHJbUBa BoljUl(a U BujaK ca BeHl(eM

Ha CJIHIJ,H 3.72. BI1.llH ce Haje H3Me!jy npOMeHJbHBe H OCHOBHe Bo!jIiue Y3IiMa ce F7/m6, a y cny'Jajy J],a ce npOMeHJbIiBa Bo!jHua yrroTpe6JbaBa 6e3 OCHOBHe Bo1)Hue, Tpe6a Y3eTIi CKJIOrr H7/h6. llOWTO npIi 6yweH>Y, ynywTaH>y Ii pa3BpTaH>Y YCJIeJ], J],ejcTBa

121

CJ1HK8 3.73. JTpu.wcp yrpal]l1B8IUl lIPOMCIUMfBC BOI}UUe

06pTHor MOMeHTa nocTojl1 MoryhHocT ,Ua ce npOMeHJhI1Ba BO