kolokium : merancang sistem informasi grafis planetarium untuk anak usia 7-12 tahun
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Ghpfeafek Qoqzhg Oeicpgfqo Kpfioq Tlfehzfpoxg
Xezxn Fefn Xqof ;'60 Zfmxe
JQN :08
GFZF NXLOFM NCLCNOXG
Joqxqxe clhm 2
Gfpzofe Gfkefghqof
EPT 11%044;%489
Jcqhe Thg`og`oek
Fkxq P% Gxlyfef, Jpq%, G%Jq%
BXPXQFE JHQFOE NCGXEONFQO YOQXFL
IFNXLZFQ QHEO PXTF JFE JHQFOE
OEQZOZXZ ZHNECLCKO EFQOCEFL
0466
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LHG@FP THEKHQFMFE
Gfzf Nxlofm Nclcnoxg
JQN :08
Jofbxnfe Qh`fkfo Thpqfpfzfe Zxkfq Fnmop
Ghpfeafek Qoqzhg Oeicpgfqo Kpfioq Tlfehzfpoxg Xezxn Fefn Xqof ;'60 Zfmxe
Joqxqxe clhm 2
Gfpzofe Gfkefghqof
EPT 11%044;%489
Jcqhe Thg`og`oek
-Fkxq P% Gxlfef, Jpq%, G%Jq%/
Nccpjoefzcp Nclcnoxg
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NFZF THEKFEZFP
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mojffm'Ef qhmoekkf thexloqfe nclcnoxg jhekfe bxjxl Ghpfeafek Qoqzhg
Oeicpgfqo Kpfioq Tlfehzfpoxg Xezxn Fefn ;'60 Zfmxe jftfz joqhlhqfonfe%
Thexqxefe nclcnoxg oeo ghpxtfnfe qflfm qfzx qfpfz xezxn ghlfebxznfe nh zfmft
zxkfq fnmop bxpxqfe Jhqfoe Ncgxeonfqo Yoqxfl Oeqzozxz Zhneclcko Efqocefl
@fejxek%
Zhpogf nfqom qh`hqfp'`hqfpef zofjf lfoe xezxn Fllfm Q[Z fek fzfq pojmf'Ef
zhlfm ghg`xfz qff `hpnqhqhgtfzfe xezxn ghehlhqfonfe nclcnoxg oeo% Zojfn
lxtf zhpogf nfqom nhtfjf `ftfn Fkxq P% Gxlfef, G%Jq fzfq `og`oekfeef
qhlfgf tpcqhq thexloqfe nclcnoxg `hplfekqxek% Jfe zofjf lxtf nhtfjf o`x Hnf
Ecyofef, Q%Qe% qhlfnx ncpjoefzcp nclcnoxg xaftfe zhpogfnfqom fzfq qhkflf
`og`oekfef%
Qhqxekkxmef qfekfz joqfjfpo `fm{f nfpf zxloq oeo bfxm jfpo qhgtxpef, clhm
qh`f` ozx qfpfe jfe npozon fek ghg`fekxe qfekfz jomfpftnfe% Qhgckf nclcnoxgoeo jftfz `hpgfeiffz xezxn nhmojxtfe jo gfqf jhtfe%
@fejxek, Ih`pxfpo 0464
Gfpzofe Gfkefghqof
11%044;%489
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JFIZFP OQO
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JFIZFP OQO %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%ooo
JFIZFP KFG@FP %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% y
@f` O Thejfmxlxfe
6%6 Lfzfp @hlfnfek Thpfeafekfe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 66%0 Ojhezoionfqo Gfqflfm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 16%1 Pxgxqfe Thpfeafekfe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :6%: Zxbxfe Thpfeafekfe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :6%8 Gfeiffz Thpfeafekfe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8
@f` OO Ghzcjh Thpfeafekfe
0%6 Ghzcjh Fefloqoq 8[6M %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9@f` OOO Nfbofe Txqzfnf
1%6 Qoqzhg Oeicpgfqo Kpfioq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =
1%6%6 [fpef %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 64
1%6%6%6 Thg`fkofe [fpef %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%64
1%6%6%0 Phqtceq Tqonclcko [fpef %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%64
1%6%0 @hezxn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%68
1%6%1 Zotckpfio %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%69
1%6%: Olxqzpfqo %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6?
1%0 Tqonclcko Fefn Qhnclfm Jfqfp %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%06
1%0%6 Tqonclcko Thpnhg`fekfe Fefn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%06
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1%0%6%6 Ifqh Thpnhg`fekfe Fefn Qhnclfm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%00
1%0%0 Zhcpo Thpnhg`fekfe Nckeozoi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 01
1%0%1 Zfmftfe Cthpfqocefl Ncenpoz %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0:
1%0%: Zfmftfe Cthpfqocefl Icpgfl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 08
1%0%8 Oeicpgfqo Xgxg Ghekhefo Zfmftfe'Zfmftfe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 09
1%1 Tlfehzfpoxg %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0;
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1%1%1 Tlfehzfpoxg Bfnfpzf %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0?
1%1%1%6 Qh`fkfo Zhgtfz [oqfzf Thejojonfe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 14
1%: Qzxjo Nfqxq Qoqzhg Oeicgfqo Kpfioq _fek Qxjfm Fjf %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%14
1%:%6 Fefloqoq Yoqxfl Oeickpfion %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1:
1%:%6%6 Zotckpfio %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1:
1%:%6%0 Ollxqzpfqo %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 18
1%:%6%1 [fpef %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 18
1%:%6%: @hezxn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%19
JFIZFP PHIHPHEQO %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1:
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JFIZFP KFG@FP
Kfg`fp 6% Acezcm Qoqzhg Oeicpgfqo %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% =
Kfg`fp 0% Acezcm Oeicpgfqo Kpfioq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?
Kfg`fp 1% [fpef Tpoghp Afmff %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 64
Kfg`fp :% [fpef Nxeoek %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%66
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Kfg`fp 9% [fpef Ghpfm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%60
Kfg`fp ;% [fpef @opx %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 60
Kfg`fp =% [fpef Mobfx %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%61
Kfg`fp ?% [fpef Xekx %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%61
Kfg`fp 64% [fpef Acnlfz %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6:
Kfg`fp 66% [fpef Mozfg %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6:
Kfg`fp 60% [fpef Txzom %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6:
Kfg`fp 61% [fpef F`x'f`x %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 68
Kfg`fp 6:% Zotckpfio %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6;
Kfg`fp 68% Olxqzpfqo ghekkxefnfe zhneon jokozfl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6?
Kfg`fp 69% Olxqzpfqo ghekkxefnfe zhneon iczckpfio %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 04
Kfg`fp 6;% @hploe Rhoqq Tlfehzfpoxg %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0;
Kfg`fp 6=% Pxfek tfghpfe tfjf Tlfehzfpoxg Bfnfpzf %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%0?
Kfg`fp 6?% Acezcm Oeickpfion tfjf Oejofeftcloq rcc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 10
Kfg`fp 04% Acezcm Oeickpfion tfjf Oejofeftcloq rcc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 11
Kfg`fp 06% Acezcm Oeickpfion tfjf Oejofeftcloq rcc %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 11
Kfg`fp 00% Mhfjloeh tfjf oeicpgfqo mh{fe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1:
Kfg`fp 01% @cj tfjf oeicpgfqo mh{fe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%1:
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Kfg`fp 0:% Ollxqzpfqo fek jokxefnfe tfjf oeickpfion %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 18
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THEJFMXLXFE
6%6 Lfzfp @hlfnfek
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thpnhg`fekfe bfgfe, olgx thekhzfmxfe qhgfnoe `hpzfg`fm% Qflfm qfzx af`fek
olgx thekhzfmxfe fjflfm Fqzpcecgo% Af`fek oeo nxpfek jogoefzo clhm thlfbfp
Oejcehqof, tfjf nhefzffeef mfef qhjonoz thnhpbf lftfekfe fek `hpnhaogtxek
jflfg jxeof fqzpcecgo% Jhekfe ghlomfz ihecghef oeo, zhpaotzflfm qh`xfm kfkfqfe
xezxn ghexg`xmnfe nhaoezffe zhpmfjft olgx fqzpcecgo qhghebfn joeo% Qflfm qfzx
qfpfef xezxn ghekfnqhq oeicpgfqo zhezfek fqzpcecgo fjflfm lh{fz tlfehzfpoxg%
Tlfehzfpoxg ghgolono eolfo lh`om qh`fkfo qfpfef hjxnfqo, qhlfoe qfpfz fnfe
oeicpgfqo fek `hpkxef, zhgtfz oeo bxkf `hpixekqo qh`fkfo zhgtfz phnphfqo jfe
flzhpefzoi xezxn phiphqmoek%
Tlfehzfpoxg ghpxtfnfe qflfm qfzx zhgtfz fek qfpfz jhekfe olgx thekhzfmxfe%
Tlfehzfpoxg ghehjofnfe `hp`fkfo gfzhpo hjxnfzoi qhnflokxq mo`xpfe,
ghg`hponfe nhqhgtfzfe xezxn `hlfbfp jhekfe ghehefeknfe% Tlfehzfpoxg jo
Oejcehqof gfqom nxpfek `fefn jfe lheknft, jhekfe mfef ghgolono 1
tlfehzfpoxg% Olgx fqzpcecgo zojfn `hkozx tctxlhp jo Oejcehqof, tfjfmfl tczheqo
olgx zhpqh`xz qfekfz `hqfp, ozx jo`xnzonfe jhekfe `fefnef theoekkflfe qhbfpfm
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C`qhpyfzcpoxg @cqamf% Tlfehzfpoxg jo Oejcehqof gfqom qh`fzfq qfpfef xezxn
ghg`hponfe hjxnfqo jfe mo`xpfe nhtfjf gfqfpfnfz, `hp`hjf jhekfe tlfehzfpoxg
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thejojonfe tfjf qxfzx zhgtfz jhekfe eolfo hjxnfqo zoekko, jflfg mfl oeo fjflfm
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olgx thekhzfmxfe fqzpcecgo% Jhekfe `hkozx, fnfe fjf khehpfqo `fpx fek khgfp
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fefn jftfz ghg`fekxe qhafpf fnzoi jxeof nckeozoi ghphnf qhejopo% Tofkhz fnoe
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`fm{f fefn'fefn ghehqxfonfe thgonopfe ghphnf xezxn ghekxfqfo kfkfqfe'
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nozf jozhpogf clhm tonopfe, nozf ghlfnxnfe thekcpkfeoqfqofe thekflfgfe'
thekflfgfe fek zhlfm zhpbfjo% Tofkhz fnoe `fm{f nozf ghehqxfonfe jopo jflfg
jxf afpf fozx fqogolofqo jfe fncgcjfqo%
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thekhzfmxfe ghphnf fek qxjfm fjf% Qhjfeknfe fncgcjfqo fjflfm zhpbfjo nhzonf
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Jhekfe ghlomfz thlxfek thpnhg`fekfe jxeof nckeozoi fefn, jo`xfzlfm qh`xfm
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ghgxjfmnfe fefn xezxn gheahpef jfe ghekonxzo oeicpgfqo hjxnfzoi%
6%0 Ojhezoionfqo Gfqflfm jfe Icnxq Thpfeafekfe
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nh`fefnfe fjflfm nhlxfpkf jfe pcg`cekfe phnphfqo qhnclfm% Zojfn thplx
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qhpoek jotolom clhm tfpf thekxebxek zhpqh`xz%
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hihnzoyozfq thefgtfofe oeicpgfqo fek `hlxg qhgtxpef% Jojxkf gfqflfm oeo`hpgxlf qhbfn f{fl jo`fekxeef tlfehzfpoxg% Nxpfekef nhqfjfpfe zhpmfjft
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ghehefeknfe%
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6%1 Pxgxqfe Thpfeafekfe
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6%: Zxbxfe Thpfeafekfe
6% Xezxn ghekhzfmxo qh`hpftf hihnzoi ncgxeonfqo yoqxfl xezxn thekxebxektlfehzfpoxg
0% Xezxn ghekhzfmxo qoqzhg oeicpgfqo kpfioq fek hihnzoi xezxn joftlonfqonfetfjf tlfehzfpoxg
1% Xezxn ghekhzfxo thekfpxm qoqzhg oeicpgfqo kpfioq zhpmfjft nhgfgtxfefefn ghgfmfgo oeicpgfqo
:% Xezxn ghekhzfmxo qh`hpftf bfxm goefz fefn zhpmfjft fqzpcecgo8% Xezxn ghekhzfmxo nfpfnzhpoqzon fefn fek ghekxebxeko tlfehzfpoxg9% Xezxn ghekhzfmxo qoqzhg oeicpgfqo kpfioq fek qxjfm fjf
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6%8 Gfeiffz Thpfeafekfe
Ghpfeafek qoqzhg oeicpgfqo kpfioq tlfehzfpoxg qh`fkfo qflfm qfzx xeqxpjflfg qfpfef xezxn ghexg`xmnfe goefz jfe nhaoezffe tfjf jxeof
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Ghg`hponfe nhgxjfmfe nhtfjf fefn xezxn ghgfmfgo oeicpgfqo fekjo`hponfe%
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0%6 Zmh Notloek Ghzmcj -8[6M/
Zmh Notloek ghzmcj jokxefnfe nftfetxe fzfx nhzonf ghg`xzxmnfe pfekqfekfe
lh`om zhpmfjft gfqflfm, gheac`f xezxn ghlomfz jhekfe qxjxz tfejfek lfoe
zhpmfjft gfqflfm fzfx ghehlhnqo ojh nhtfjf zfmftfe fek lh`om `fon% Pxjfpj
Notloek ghekkxefnfe qh`xfm qhz thpzfeffe xezxn ghg`fezx ghejftfznfe ojh
jfe ghehlhqfonfe gfqflfm jfe ghg`xfzef ghebfjo qh`xfm txoqo 2
O mfyh qo} mcehqz qhpyoek ghe
Zmh zfxkmz gh fll O neh{
O afll zmhg [mfz fej[mhph fej[mhe
FejMc{ fej[my fej[mc
Thejhnfzfe fek tfloek qogthl fjflfm jhekfe `hpzfef, ghg`xfz thpzfeffe qfzx
thpqfzx qhqxfo jhekfe gfqflfm% Acezcmef, `olf qhjfek ghpheafefnfe qh`xfm
thqzf, fek fnfe jozfefnfe fjflfm Ghekftf thqzf oeo jokhlfp 3, Qh`hpftf
ghehefeknfe efezoef thqzf oeo 3, Gxqon ftf fek ghphnf qxnf 3 jfe
qhzhpxqef% @olf thplx jftfz jozfg`fmnfe nfzf zhpzhezx xezxn ghg`xfz qh`xfm
thpzfeffe qthqoion> qh`hpftf `fefn3 -mc{ gxam3/, ghekftf zojfn3 -{m ecz3/,
zhgtfz fek gfef3 -{moam tlfah3/, qoftf fek `oqf3 -{mc afe3/, jogfef lfko3
-{mhph hlqh3/%
Ghekxefnfe thpzfeffe fek `hpnhqoefg`xekfe xezxn ghejftfznfe bf{f`fe
fek zhpqxqxe zhezfek oezo gfqflfm2
Ftf gfqflfmef3 -[mfz oq zmh tpc`lhg3/ Jogfef zhpbfjoef3 -[mhph oq oz mfttheoek3/ Nftfe zhpbfjoef 3 -[mhe oq oz mfttheoek3/ Ghekftf oqf zhpbfjo3 -[m oq oz mfttheoek3/ @fkfogfef fejf ghekfzfqo gfqflfm oeo3 -Mc{ afe cx cyhpacgh zmoq
tpc`lhg3/
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Qoftf fek fejf `xzxmnfe xezxn onxz qhpzf3 -[mc jc cx ehhj zc khzoeyclyhj3/
Nftfe fejf fnfe zfmx fejf qxjfm ghehlhqfonfe gfqflfmef3 -[mhe {ollcx nec{ cx mfyh qclyhj zmh tpc`lhg3/
Acezcm 2
Ftf gfqflef3 Oeickpfion nxpfek nhpzhp`faffeef Jogfef zhpbfjoef3 Jo tlfehzfpoxg Nftfe zhpbfjoef3 Nhzonf qff hpnxebxek nh tlfehzfpoxg Ghekftf `oqf zhpbfjo3 Yoqxfl fek nxpfek jothpmfzonfe nhzonf
thg`xfzfeef
@fkfogfef fejf ghekfzfqo gfqflfm3 Ghpfeafek oeickpfion fek lh`om`fon
Nftfe fejf fnfe zfmx fejf qxjfm ghehlhqfonfe gfqflfmef3 Qhzhlfmoeickpfion fek `fpx jftfz jo`faf jhekfe gxjfm
Thekkxeffe qffz thpfeafekfe
Thpzfeffe ftftxe fnfe hihnzoi, nfphef nozf joncejoqonfe xezxn ghebf{f` qhlxpxm
thpzfeffe fek nozf fbxnfe qhejopo% Nfphef thpzfeffe fek jofbxnfe jftfz
jotfnfo `hpxlfek'xlfek jflfg qhkflf qozxfqo% Thekkxeffe 8[6M jftfz
joftlonfqonfe tfjf `fkofe'`fkofe thpfeafekfe qhafpf nhqhlxpxmfe, jo`fezx
jhekfe ghzcjh fefloqoq fek lfoe `olf jothplxnfe%
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7/23/2019 Kolokium : Merancang Sistem Informasi Grafis Planetarium Untuk Anak Usia 7-12 Tahun
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@F@ OOO
NFBOFE TXQZFNF
1%6 Qoqzhg Oeicpgfqo Kpfioq
1%6%6 Qoqzhg Oeicpgfqo
Qoqzhg oeicpgfqo fjflfm qhnxgtxlfe ncgtcehe thg`hezxn qoqzhg fek
ghgtxefo nhzhpnfozfe fezfpf qfzx ncgtcehe jhekfe ncgtcehe lfoeef fek
`hpzxbxfe ghekmfqolnfe qxfzx oeicpgfqo jflfg qxfzx `ojfek zhpzhezx% Jflfg
qoqzhg oeicpgfqo jothplxnfeef nlfqoionfqo flxp oeicpgfqo, mfl oeo joqh`f`nfe
nhfehnfpfkfgfe nh`xzxmfe fnfe qxfzx oeicpgfqo clhm thekkxef oeicpgfqo%
Npozhpof jfpo qoqzhg oeicpgfqo fezfpf lfoe, ilhnqo`hl, hihnzoi jfe hioqohe%
Kfg`fp 6% Acezcm Qoqzhg Oeicpgfqo
1%6%0 Oeicpgfqo Kpfioq
Oeicpgfzoce kpftmoaq cp oeickpftmoaq fph kpftmoa yoqxfl phtphqhezfzoceq ci
oeicpgfzoce, jfzf cp nec{lhjkh% Zmhqh kpftmoaq tphqhez acgtlh} oeicpgfzoce
vxoanl fej alhfpl, qxam fq oe qokeq, gftq, bcxpefloqg, zhameoafl {pozoek, fej
hjxafzoce% [ozm fe oeicpgfzoce kpftmoa, acgtxzhp qaohezoqzq, gfzmhgfzoaofeq, fej
qzfzoqzoaofeq jhyhlct fej acggxeoafzh aceahtzq xqoek f qoeklh qg`cl zc tpcahqq
oeicpgfzoce% -Hekloqm [onothjof, 0466/
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7/23/2019 Kolokium : Merancang Sistem Informasi Grafis Planetarium Untuk Anak Usia 7-12 Tahun
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Oeicpgfqo Kpfioq jothplxnfe tfjf `fkofe'`fkofe `hpeolfo oeicpgfqo zoekko fek
zhplflx `hpfz fzfx ghg`oekxeknfe `olf mfef jokxefnfe feknf jfe mxpxi%
Thekkxeffe oeicpgfqo kpfioq qfekfz ghg`fezx nhzonf {fnzx fek jogolono
qhqhcpfek zojfn `fefn efgxe oeicpgfqo fek jo`xzxmnfe axnxt `fefn%
Oeicpgfqo kpfioq qhnfpfek oeo qxjfm `fefn jokxefnfe jo `hp`fkfo zhgtfz, jfpo
gxlfo ncpfe, zhgtfz mo`xpf, fezfpgxnf ftlonfqo, fafpf ZY, jfe gfexfl kxojh%
Bfjo jftfz joqogtxlnfe Qoqzhg Oeicpgfqo Kpfioq fjflfm qhnxgtxlfe ncgtcehe
thg`hezxn qoqzhg fek ghgtxefo nhzhpnfozfe fezfpf qfzx ncgtcehe jhekfe
ncgtcehe lfoeef fek jo phtphqhezfqonfe ghekkxefnfe yoqxfl fek `hpzxbxfe
ghekmfqolnfe qxfzx oeicpgfqo jflfg qxfzx ojfek zhpzhezx%
Kfg`fp 0% Acezcm Oeicpgfqo Kpfioq
Qoqzhg Oeipcgfqo Kpfioq `hpzxbxfe xezxn ghgthpgxjfm fxjoheah xezxn ghehpft
oeicpgfqo, ghg`hponfe nhqfe zhgfzon, ghg`hponfe mo`xpfe jfe ghg`hezxn
ojhezozfq jfpo thehjof oeicpgfqo%
Fjftxe ncgtcehe'ncgtcehe fek ghg`hezxn oeicpgfqo kpfioq fnfe jobhlfqnfe
tfjf qx`'`f` `hponxzef%
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1%6%1 [fpef
Zhcpo [fpef @ph{qzhp fek thpzfgf nflo jonhgxnfnfe tfjf zfmxe 6=16% Zhcpo[ffpef oeo ghehjhpmfefnfe {fpef'{fpef fek fjf jo flfg ghebfjo : nhlcgtcn
{fpef, fozx {fpef tpoghp, qhnxejhp, zhpqohp, jfe {fpef ehzpfl% Nhlcgtcn {fpef
oeo qhpoek joqxqxe jflfg loeknfpfe {fpef `ph{qzhp%
1%6%1%6 Thg`fkofe [fpef
[fpef Tpoghp
[fpef tpoghp ghpxtfnfe {fpef fek zojfn jomfqolnfe jfpo afgtxpfe {fpef lfoe,
tfjf jfqfpef fjf jxf bheoq {fpef tpoghp, {fpef tpoghp tfjf {fpef tokghe jfe
{fpef tpoghp tfjf {fpef afmff% Tfjf {fpef tokghe, {fpef tpoghpef fjflfm
Afe, Gfkhezf, _hllc{ jfe Nh -@lfan/, qhjfeknfe tfjf {fpef afmff {fpef
tpoghp fjf zokf fneo> Ghpfm, Mobfx jfe @opx%
Kfg`fp 1% [fpef Tpoghp Afmfyf
Oeo nhgxjofe jonhefl qh`fkfo {fpef tokghe tpoghp fek jotfnfo jflfg jxeof qheo
pxtf% Afgtxpfe jxf {fpef tpoghp ghekmfqolnfe {fpef qhnxejhp% Afgtxpfe
{fpef qhnxejhp jhekfe {fpef tpoghp ghekmfqolnfe {fpef zhpzohp% Fnfe zhzfto
qhafpf zhneoq, ghpfm nxeoek `opx, qh`hefpef `xnfe {fpef tokghe tpoghp%
Zokf {fpef tokghe tpoghp fjflfm gfkhezf, nxeoek jfe afe% -Clhm nfphef ozx
ftf`olf gheh`xz ghpfm, nxeoek, `opx qh`fkfo {fpef tokghe tpoghp, gfnf
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7/23/2019 Kolokium : Merancang Sistem Informasi Grafis Planetarium Untuk Anak Usia 7-12 Tahun
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ghpfm fjflfm afpf fek nxpfek fnxpfz xezxn gheh`xznfe gfkhezf
qhjfeknfe `opx fjflfm afpf fek nxpfek fnxpfz xezxn gheh`xznfe afe/%
@opx jfe mobfx fjflfm {fpef qhnxejhp jflfg tokghe, zhzfto ghpxtfnfe {fpef
tpoghp jflfg afmff, hpqfgf jhekfe ghpfm% -[obfefpnc L%,0464/
AG_N fjflfm oqzolfm {fpef tpoghp tfjf {fpef tokghe fzfx thpahzfnfe% Jflfg
oejxqzpo thpahzfnfe, xezxn ghekmfqolnfe {fpef `hpyfpofqo, jozhpftnfe thgfnfofe
{fpef tpoghp qx`zpfnzoi2 gfkhezf, nxeoek jfe afe jflfg xnxpfe fek
`hpgfafg'gfafg% AG_N jojftfznfe jfpo ghekxpfo zoezf%
[fpef Qhnxejhp
Ghpxtfnfe mfqol theafgtxpfe {fpef'{fpef tpoghp jhekfe tpctcpqo 626%
Goqflef {fpef boekkf ghpxtfnfe mfqol afgtxpfe {fpef ghpfm jhekfe nxeoek,
mobfx fjflfm afgtxpfe `opx jfe nxeoek, jfe xekx fjflfm afgtxpfe ghpfm jfe
`opx%
[fpef Zhpqohp
Ghpxtfnfe afgtxpfe qflfm qfzx {fpef tpoghp jhekfe qflfm qfzx {fpef qhnxejhp%
Goqflef {fpef boekkf nhnxeoekfe jojftfz jfpo theafgtxpfe {fpef nxeoek jfe
boekkf%
1%6%1%0 Phqtce Tqonclcko [fpef
[fpef ghgolono jfgtfn tqonclcko zhpzhezx zhpmfjft qhqhcpfek fek ghlomfzef
zhpkfezxek nhtfjf {fpef ftf ffek jolomfzef% @hponxz fjflfm `h`hpftf {fpef
fek qhpoek zhplomfz tfjf ghjof ahzfn fzfxtxe hlhnzpceon `hqhpzf phqtce
tqonclckoqef%
6% Nxeoek
Kfg`fp :% [fpef Nxeoek
Phqtce tqonclcko> ctzogoq, mfpftfe, iolcqcio, nhzojfn bxbxpfe jfe mfekfz% Nxeoek
ghgolono oezheqozfq afmff fek lh`om `fefn jo`fejoek {fpef'{fpef lfoe%
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Nxeoek qhpoek jokxefnfe xezxn {fpef thpoekfzfe nfphef qoifzef fek gxjfm
jozfeknft clhm gfzf%
0% Cpfeyh
Kfg`fp 8% [fpef Cpfeyh
Phqtce tqonclcko> hehpko, nhqhog`fekfe jfe nhmfekfezfe% Ghehnfenfe qh`xfm
tpcjxn fek zojfn gfmfl% Cpfeh ghglono mx`xekfe fek hpfz jhekfe `xfm bhpxn%
1% Ghpfm
Kfg`fp 9% [fpef Ghpfm
Phqtce tqonclcko> nhnxfzfe, hehpko, nhmfekfzfe, aoezf, efiqx, fkphqo, `fmff,
`hpthejopofe, joefgoq jfe thpaff jopo% [fpef ghpfm nfjfek `hpx`fm fpzo bonfjoncg`oefqonfe jhekfe {fpef lfoe% Ghpfm joncg`oefnfe jhekfe mobfx, gfnf
fnfe ghebfjo qog`cl efzfl% Ghpfm bonf joncg`oefqonfe jhekf txzom, fnfe
ghgtxefo fpzo `fmfkof jo `xjff cpohezfl% @oqf `hpfpzo `hpfeo jfe qhgfekfz
fek `hpnc`fp'nc`fp% Qoeknfzef qhafpf xgxg `hpmx`xekfe jhekfe thpfqffe
fek ghlhjfn'lhjfn% [fpef ghpfm gxjfm ghefpon thpmfzofe jfe gheoeknfznfe
efiqx%
:% @opx
Kfg`fp ;% [fpef @opx
Phqtce tqonclcko> nhthpafffe, nceqhpyfzoi, nhfgfefe, zhneclcko, nh`hpqomfe,
nhzhpfzxpfe, jfgfo, ghehbxnnfe, qtopozxflozfq, ncezhgtlfqo, goqzhpo jfe
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7/23/2019 Kolokium : Merancang Sistem Informasi Grafis Planetarium Untuk Anak Usia 7-12 Tahun
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nhqf`fpfe% @fefn jokxefnfe qh`fkfo {fpef tfjf lckc `fen jo Fghponf Qhponfz
xezxn ghg`hponfe nhqfe zhefek, zhpthpaff, olgx jfe {f{fqfe% [fpef oeo qfekfz
`fon xezxn ghexg`xmnfe lcflozfq nceqxghe% @fen'`fen `fefn ghekkxefnfe
x qh`fkfo {fpef jcgoefeef, jhgonofe bxkf thejojonfe%
8% Mobfx
{fpef `op
Kfg`fp =% [fpef Mobfx
Phqtce tqonclcko> flfgo, qhmfz, nh`hpxezxekfe, thg`fmfpxfe, thpzxg`xmfe,
fefn jotfnfo xezxn
pxqfmfeef hp{f{fqfe loeknxekfe%
9% Xekx fzfx Boekkf
nhqx`xpfe, mfpgceo, ctzogoqgh, nh`h`fqfe jfe nhqhog`fekfe
[fpef Mobfx zojfn zhplflx qxnqhq xezxn xnxpfe Klc`fl% Jo Aoef jfe Thpfeaoq,
nhgfqfe jhekfe {fpef Mobfx zojfn `hkozx ghejftfz qfg`xzfe% Zhzfto jo Zogxp
Zhekfm, {fpef Mobfx qfekfz joqxnfo% @fefn tpcjxn fek ghehnfenfe nhflfgofe
tpcjxn ghekkxefnfe {fpef oeo qh`fkfo tolomfe% Xezxn thpxqfmffe'thpxqfmffe
fek `hpmx`xekfe jhekfe hnqtlcpfqo flfg, {fpef mobfx `
ghehkfqnfe fm{f th
Kfg`fp ?% [fpef Xekx
Phqtce tqonclcko> qtopozxfl, goqzhpo, nh`fekqf{fefe, zpfeqicpgfqo, nhnfqfpfe,
nhfeknxmfe, pfgfm, pcgfezoq, jfe gfejopo% Thptfjxfe fezfpf nhoezogfe jfe hpczoq
fzfx ghebxpxq nh thekhpzofe fek jflfg jfe thnf% @hpqoifz nxpfek zhlozo efgxe
thexm mfpftfe%
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;% Acnlfz
Kfg`fp 64% [fpef Acnlfz
Phqtce tqonclcko2 zfefm#`xgo, phlof`oloz, acgicpz, jff zfmfe, qzf`olozfq, `c`cz,
nhqzf`olfe jfe nhfekkxefe% Nhgfqfe gfnfefe jo Fghponf qhpoek ghgfnfo {fpef
acnlfz jfe qfekfz qxnqhq, zhzfto jo Nclxg`of, {fpef acnlfz xezxn nhgfqfe nxpfek
`hkozx ghg`f{f mfqol% Acnlfz ghgolono nfozfe tfjf ojhezozfq gfnfefe zhpzhezx%
=% Mozfg
Kfg`fp 66% [fpef Mozfg
Phqtce tqonclcko> nhzfnxzfe, nhafekkomfe, nhgfzofe, goqzhpo, qhnqxflozfq,nhqhjomfe, nhfekkxefe, jfe oejhthejhe, `hp{o`f{f, thehejopo, joqotloe jfe
`hpnhgfxfe nhpfq%
Ghlfg`feknfe nhgfzofe jfe nhqhjomfe jo `xjff @fpfz% Mozfg ghlfg`fekfnfe
Nhfekkxefe -Hlhkfeah/, Nhgfngxpfe -[hflzm/ jfe Nhafekkomfe -Qctmoqafzhj/%
Ghexebxnnfe mfl fek zhkfq, hlhkfe, jfe hnqnlxqoi% Bxkf `oqf ghekfejxek gfnef
pfmfqof%
?% Txzom
Kfg`fp 60% [fpef Txzom
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[fpef qxao jfe `hpqom, efzxpfl, ncqcek, zfn `hp{fpef, ehzpfl, f{fl `fpx,
nhgxpeofe jfe nhqxaofe% [fpef fek qfekfz `oqf jotfjxnfe jhekfe {fpef
ftftxe%
64% F`x'F`x
Kfg`fp 61% [fpef F`x'f`x
Phqtce tqonclcko> oezhlhn, gfqf jhtfe, nhqhjhpmfeffe, qhto, lxfq jfe nhqhjomfe%
[fpef F`x f`x fjflfm {fpef fek tfloek gxjfm jolomfz clhm gfzf%
Nhqogtxlfe
[fpef qh`fkfo zhpgfqxn jflfg pfefm eopgfef% Thgfnfofe {fpef qfekfz
ghg`fezx jflfg thgolomfe icez jflfg ztckpfio% Ghqno jhgonofe, fpzo {fpef `oqf
`hp`hjf fpzo `olf `hpqoekkxekfe jhekfe `xjff, fkfgf jfe fjfz qhzhgtfz% [fpef
nxeoek `oqf `hpfqcqofqo jhekfe tfpzfo tclozon zhpzhezx> qhghezfpf `olf jflfg
nhmojxtfe qhmfpo'mfpo, `hejhpf nxeoek fek jotfqfek jo pxgfm qhqhcpfek, ozx
thpzfejf zhekfm zhpbfjo thpoqzo{f `hpnf`xek%
1%6%: @hezxn
@hezxn fjflfm2
Thefgtolfe lxfp fek jftfz jolomfz Kfg`fp qzpxnzxp icpgfl, zfzfqxqxe, ncgtcqoqo fek ghekmfqolnfe
kfg`fpfe efzf
Gfqqf 1 jogheqo, {xbxj, thefgtolfe, nceiokxpfqoJflfg fpqozhnzxp, `hezxnqhlflx jomx`xeknfe jhekfe {xbxj fozx qoqo lxfp nfpfnzhpoqzon fzfx
nceiokxpfqo thpgxnffe qxfzx hezxn zhpzhezx%
[xbxj bxkf ghpxtfnfe fqthn xzfgf jogfef `hezxn'`hezxn jftfz
joojhezoionfqonfe jfe jonfzhkcponfe% Joqfgtoek {xbxj, `hezxn ghgolono aopo
yoqxfl2
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6% Jogheqo, jogheqo ioqon `hpxtf tfebfek, lh`fp jfe zh`fl% Jogheqo'jogheqozhpqh`xz ghehezxnfe tpctcpqo jfpo `hezxn% Qnflf jozhezxnfe clhm xnxpfe
phlfzoief zhpmfjft hezxn'`hezxn lfoe jflfg ncezhnqef%
0% [fpef, ghpxtfnfe ihecghef theafmfffe jfe thpqhtqo yoqxfl fekghebhlfqnfe thpqhtqo oejoyojx jflg acpfn, oezheqozfq jfe {fpef% [fpef
fjflfm fzpo`xz fek tfloek gheclcn jfe ghg`hjfnfe qxfzx `hezxn jfpo
loeknxekfeef% [fpef bxkf `hpthekfpxm zhpmfjft `c`cz yoqxfl qxfzx
`hezxn%
1% Zhnqzxp, Zhnqzxp fjflfm nxflozfq fek jftfz jolomfz jfe jopf`f fekjo`hponfe nhthpgxnffe clhm xnxpfe, `hezxn, thekfzxpfe jfe tpctcpqo
`fkofe `hejf% zhnqzxp bxkf ghehezxnfe qfgtfo jogfef thpgxnffe qxfzx
`hezxn ghgfezxlnfe fzfx ghehpft afmff jfzfek%
:% Tcqoqo, lhzfn jfpo qh`xfm `hezxn fjflfm phlfzoi zhpmfjft loeknxekfeef fzfxloeknxekfe yoqxfl jogfef hezxn zhpqh`xz zhplomfz%
8% Cpohezfqo, fpfm jfpo qh`xfm `hezxn phlfzoi zhpmfjft `ojfek jfqfp, fpfm gfzffekoe, `hezxn'`hezxn `hejf'`hejf lfoe, fzfx zhpmfjft qhqhcpfek fek
ghlomfzef%
9% Oehpqof Yoqxfl, ghpxtfnfe zoeknfz nceqhezpfqo jfe qzf`olozfq qxfzx `hezxn%Oehpqof qxfzx `hezxn zhpkfezxek nhtfjf khcghzpo jfe cpohezfqoef phlfzoi
zhpmfjft `ojfek jfqfp, kff zfpon `xgo jfe kfpoq tfejfek gfexqof%
1%6%8 Zotckpfio
Zotckpfiofzfx `fmfqf Oekkpoq Ztckpftm -`hpfqfl jfpo nfzf `fmfqf _xefeo ztcq
7 `hezxn jfe kpftmhoe 7 ghexloq/ ghpxtfnfe zhneon jfe qheo ghekfzxp mxpxi
ghekkxefnfe kf`xekfe `hezxn mxpxi ahzfn, qfor ice, nhzh`flfe kfpoq, kfpoq tfejx
-loeh lhfjoek/, bfpfn fnqfpf, jfe pxfek mxpxi xezxn ghekmfqolnfe mfqol qheo fzxpfe
mxpxi jflfg `hezxn ioqon fzfx jokozfl%
Tfjf f{flef fltmf`hz lfzoe mfef zhpjopo jfpo 06 mxpxi2 F, @, A, J, H, I, K, M, O,
N, L, G, E, C, T, V, P, Q, Z, Y, jfe ], nhgxjofe mxpxi _ jfe R jozfg`fmnfe
jflfg fltmf`hz Lfzoe xezxn ghekfncgcjfqonfe nfzf fek `hpfqfl jfpo `fmfqf
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_xefeo% Zokf mxpxi zfg`fmfe B, X jfe [ jogfqxnnfe tfjf f`fj thpzhekfmfe
qhmoekkf bxglfm nhqhlxpxmfe fltmf`hz lfzoe ghebfjo 09%
Zotckpfio jomfqolnfe ghlflxo thekfzxp mxpxi, bxpx zotckpfio, fpzoq kpfion, thekfpfm
qheo jfe thnhpbf thpnhpfeofe% Bxpx Zotckpfio thpefm ghebfjo thnhpbffe nmxqxq,
zhzfto thekkxeffe ncgtxzhp zhlfm ghg`xnf pxfek `fko thekkxef `ofqf jfe
thphnf yoqxfl khehpfqo fpx%
Kfg`fp 6:% Zotckpfio
Zotckpfio ghpxtfnfe phtphqhezfqo yoqxfl jfpo qh`xfm `hezxn ncgxeonfqo yhp`fl
jfe ghpxtfnfe tpcthpzo yoqxfl fek tcncn jfe hihnzoi% Mfjopef zotckpfio jflfg
qh`xfm ghjof zhptfe yoqxfl ghpxtfnfe ifnzcp fek ghg`hjfnfe fezfpf jhqfoe
kpfioq jfe ghjof hnqtphqo yoqxfl lfoe qhthpzo lxnoqfe% Lh{fz nfejxekfe eolfo
ixekqocefl jfe eolfo hqzhzonef, mxpxi ghgolono tczheqo xezxn ghezhpbhgfmnfe
fzgcqiop'fzgcqiop fek zhpqopfz jflfg qh`xfm ncgxeonfqo yhp`fl fek jozxfeknfe
ghlflxo f`qzpfnqo hezxn'`hezxn yoqxfl%
Zotckpfio Gcjhpe
Thehgxfe ghqoe ahzfn jhekfe qoqzhg gcyf`lh zth tfjf zfmxe 6:84 clhm Bcmfee
Kheqilhoqam Kxzhe`hpk jfpo Bhpgfe, zhlfm ghg`f{f `fefn thpx`fmfe fek thqfz
jflfg qhbfpfm zotckpfio, zhpxzfgf jflfg zhneon theahzfnfe, thekxnxpfe qhpzf
tpcjxnqo%
Ghlflxo qoqzhg jfe qx`qoqzhg fek ncgtlhnq, Bcmfee Kxzhe`hpk ghekhg`feknfe
zhneon ahzfn fek jo`xfz jo fzfq thpgxnffe `fmfe ghzfl fek joxnop -hekpfyoek/%
Qhzoft mxpxi, feknf, zfejf `faf, qhpzf pxfek yhpzonfl jfe mcporcezfl fek zhpjftfz
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jofezfpf mxpxi'mxpxi jo`hezxn qfzx thp qfzx% Kxef gheaftfo fnxpfqo qhpzf
ghgthpahtfz tpcqhq nhpbf tfjf qffz theahzfnfe jo fzfq nhpzfq, Kxzhe`hpk
ghghplxnfe mfgtop 84%444 `lcn ghzfl fek zhpjopo jfpo `hp`fkfo gfafg bheoq
mxpxi -ghzfl zth/%
Theahzfnfe jhekfe gcyf`lh zth jokxefnfe mfgtop qhlfgf :44 zfmxe jhekfe
`hp`fkfo gfafg thehgtxpeffe zhpmfjft qoqzhg fek zhlfm joaotzfnfe clhm
Bcmfee Kxzhe`hpk% Tfjf zfmxe 6==9, Czzgfpp Ghpkhezmflhp, jfpo Bhpgfe
ghehgxnfe ghqoe zthafqzoek fek afpf nhpbfef fjflfm jhekfe ghgfqfek
qhbxglfm mxpxi fek joqxqxe thp `fpoq -loehafqzoek/% Ghqoe zhgxfe Ghpkhezmflhp
oeo joqh`xz jhekfe Loeczth, fek `hpfqfl jfpo nfzf Loeh ci Zth% Ghqoe
zhneclcko ahzfn zoekko oeo gfqom jokxefnfe qfgtfo qffz oeo%
Khehpfqo qhlfebxzef jfpo zhneclcko zthafqzoek fjflfm tmczczthqhzzoek fek
ghekkxefnfe tpcqhq iolg qh`hlxg efqnfm jozpfeqihp nh lhgthek ahzfnfe% Ghqoe
tmczczthqhzzoek fek ghekkxefnfe tpcqhq iolg qh`hlxg efqnfm jo zpfeqihp nh
lhgthek ahzfnfe% Ghqoe tmczczthqhzzoek jfpo Oezhpzth Iczcqhzzhp fek jo`xfz
clhm Mhpgfe Iphxj, jonhlxfpnfe tfjf zfmxe 6?:9 jo Bhpgfe% Zhneclcko fek
jonhefl jhekfe oqzolfm ahzfn jfzfp fzfx ciiqhz oeo bfxm lh`om gxpfm jfe hioqohe `olf
jo`fejoeknfe jhekfe zthafqzoek fek qh`fkofe `hqfp thnhpbffe gfqom jolfnxnfe
jhekfe zfekfe%
Zhneon tpf'ahzfn feflck fek ghekkxefnfe lhgthekfe -tlfzh/ qhjonoz jhgo
qhjonoz gxlfo zhpkhqhp clhm zhneon tpf'ahzfn jokozfl -jokozfl tph'tphqq/% Nhgfbxfe
zhneclcko qhlfebxzef zhpbfjo tfjf zfmxe 6?=: nhzonf Fjc`h Qqzhg ghpoloq
TcqzQapotz Icez jfe jo zfmxe 6??6 Fttlh Acgtxzhp jfe Goapcqciz Acptcpfzoce
ghekhlxfpnfe ZpxhZth Icez% TcqzQapotz Icez jfe ZpxhZth Icez fjflfm mxpxi
hlhnzpceon fzfx fek joqh`xz icez%
Tfjf fnmopef zotckpfio fek `fon mfpxq ghgolono jxf qfpfz fozx Lhko`oloz jfe
Phfjf`oloz% Lhko`oloz fjflfm nhmfpxqfe qh`xfm zotckpfio xezxn jftfz zhplomfz
jhekfe bhlfq jhekfe ghlomfz nhzhpfzxpfe bfpfn, xnxpfe, zhkfqef kfpoq jfe
zh`flef mxpxi% Qhjfeknfe phfjf`oloz fjflfm nhmfpxqfe qh`xfm zotckpfio xezxn
jftfz zhp`faf qhafpf hefp zfetf gheog`xlnfe fg`okxozfq zhpmfjft thg`fafef%
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1%6%9 Olxqzpfqo
Olxqzpfqo `hpzxbxfe xezxn ghefgtolnfe oeicpgfqo jhekfe nhzpfgtolfe kfg`fpzfekfe jfe thexfekfe jff ogfboefqo%
Ghekhefo kfg`fp fzfx olxqzpfqo jftfz joxeknftnfe ghlflxo kfg`fp zfekfe
fzfxtxe ghlflxo iczckpfio fzfx nhjxfef jfe ghekkxefnfe zhneon jokozfl% Ixekqo
xzfgf jfpo olxqzpfqo oeo fjflfm xezxn oeicpgfqo yoqxfl zhezfek tpcjxn, thejxnxek
zhnq, zhezfek thehnfefe qxfzx nhqfe zhpzhezx fzfx qh`fkfo thefeknft gfzf xezxn
ghefpon aflce thg`hlo xezxn ghg`faf zhnq% @hpjfqfpnfe nhkxeffeef, olxqzpfqo
jhekfe kfg`fp tfjf nhgfqfe jftfz jozfgtolnfe `hpxtf `fpfek tpcjxnef qhafpf
thexm fzfx kfg`fp jhzfolef fzfxtxe kfg`fp fek `hpxtf mofqfe, fzfx cpefghe
fek qog`cloq qfbf%
Kfg`fp 68% Olxqzpfqo ghekkxefnfe zhneon jokozfl
Olxqzpfqo ghlflxo kfg`fp iczckpfio qhpoek jokxefnfe xezxn ghfnoenfe nxflozfq oqo
`fpfek> nfphef lh`om ghefgtolnfe nhefzffe `hejf zhpqh`xz% Mfl oeo zhpxzfgf
qhpoek jotfnfo tfjf nhgfqfe `fpfek gfnfefe% Jhekfe iczckpfio lh`om gfgtx
ghekkfg`fpnfe `fmfe jfqfp flfgo jfpo oqo tpcjxn zhpqh`xz -qfxp qhkfp, `xfm'
`xfmfe, jfkoek, onfe jfe lfoe'lfoe/%
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Kfg`fp 69% Olxqzpfqo ghekkxefnfe zhneon iczckpfio
Ixekqo nmxqxq olxqzpfqo fezfpf lfoe2
Ghg`hponfe `ffekfe qhzoft nfpfnzhp jo jflfg ahpozf Ghg`hponfe `ffekfe `hezxn flfz'flfz fek jokxefnfe jo jflfg zxloqfe
olgofm
Ghg`hponfe ffekfe lfeknfm nhpbf Ghekncgxeonfqonfe ahpozf% Ghekmx`xeknfe zxloqfe jhekfe nphfzoyozfq jfe oejoyojxflozfq gfexqof% Ghg`hponfe mxgcp'mxgcp zhpzhezx xezxn ghekxpfeko pfqf `cqfe% Jftfz ghehpfeknfe nceqht
Zxbxfe olxqzpfqo fjflfm xezxn ghehpfeknfe fzfx ghekmofqo qxfzx ahpozf, zxloqfe,
txoqo, fzfx oeicpgfqo zhpzxloq lfoeef% Jomfpftnfe jhekfe `fezxfe yoqxfl, zxloqfe
zhpqh`xz lh`om gxjfm joahpef%
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1%0 Tqonclcko Fefn Qhnclfm Jfqfp -Xqof ;'60 Zfmxe/
1%0%6 Tqonclcko Thpnhg`fekfe Fefn
@hpjfqfpnfe thejftfz `h`hpftf cpfek fmlo,tqonclcko thpnhg`fekfe ozx jftfz
jofpzonfe qh`fkfo hponxz%
6% %%%% zmfz `pfeam ci tqamclck {moam qzxjohq tpcahqq ci tpf fej tcqz efzflkpc{zm fej zmh gfzxpfzoce ci `hmfyocp% -B%T% Amftloe, 6?;?/%
0% Tqonclcko thpnhg`fekfe ghpxtfnfe af`fek tqonclcko fek ghgthlfbfpothpx`fmfe zoeknfm lfnx jfe nhgfgtxfe qhtfebfek tpcqhq thpnhg`fekfe
oejoyojx jfpo gxlfo gfqf nceqhtqo qfgtfo gfzo -Pcqq Yfqzf, jnn% 6??0/%
Tqonclcko thpnhg`fekfe fefn jothplxnfe kxef ghehezxnfe qzpfzhko ghjof fek
fnfe jokxefnfe% Xqof ;'60 zfmxe fjflfm zfmft jogfef fefn qxjfm jftfz
ghg`hezxn cthpfqo'cthpfqo ghezfl fzfq thekhzfmxfe fek ghphnf golono,
qhmoekkf ghgxeknoenfe xezxn ghghafmnfe gfqflfm qhafpf lckoq% Qhlfoe ozx fefn
qxjfm gxlfo jftfz `hpmx`xekfe jhekfe thpoqzo{f'thpoqzo{f motczhqoq fzfx f`qzpfn%
Jhekfe jhgonofe fefn qxjfm jftfz `hlfbfp ghehpogf oeicpgfqo fek zojfn lfko
ogfboefzoi, efgxe ncenphz jfe pfqocefl%
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6% Mf`ozxfqo, fozx `hezxn `hlfbfp qhjhpmfef fek ghlo`fznfe zoeknfm lfnxphqtceq jfe zhpbfjo nhzonf phqtceq philhnq ghekmolfek nfphef jothpclhmef
qzogxlxq fek qfgf qhafpf `hpxlfek% Acezcmef bonf nozf `hpzhtxn zfekfe
jo jhnfz fefn -`fo/, gfnf jof fnfe ghgthplomfznfe phqtceq
nhnfkhzfeef# nhzhpnhbxzfeef jhekfe ghg`flonfe qhlxpxm `fjfeef fzfxgheclhm% Ftf`olf `hpzhtxn zfekfe joxlfeek'xlfek jhekfe iphnxheqo fek
phlfzoi qfgf -qhthpzo 68 jhzon qhnflo/ gfnf phqtceq nhnfkhzfeef fnfe
ghekmolfek%
0% Phtcejhez acejozoceoek -alfqqoafl/ ghpxtfnfe qflfm qfzx `hezxn `hlfbfpfek ehzpfl, ghlo`fznfe philhnq jogfef qzogxlxq ghgthpclhm nhnxfzfe
xezxn ghejftfznfe phqtceq philhnzoi -phqtceq zfn `hpqfpfz/ qh`fkfo mfqol
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fqcqofqo jhekfe qzogxlxq zfn `hpqfpfz% Qzogxlxq ehzpfl nhgxjofe ghebfjo
qzogxloq hpqfpfz%
1% Cthpfez Acejozoceoek, `hezxn `hlfbfp jogfef zoeknfm lfnx cthpfe `hpx`fmnfphef jothekfpxmo clhm jfgtfn zoeknfm lfnx zhqh`xz% Jfgtfn fek
ghg`xfz qxfzx phqtceq zhpbfjo nhg`flo joqh`xz phoeicpahp% Acezcm 2 -f/
qhcpfek fefn ghgoebfgnfe `cehnf nhtfjf zhgfeef, nfphekfe jhekfe
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qhpxtf jfpo zhgfeef, jfe -`/ fefn ghefekoq jo Zcnc Q{flffe nfphef
nh`ofqffe ghefekoqef ozx gheh`f`nfe o`xef ghg`hlonfe `cehnf fzfx
thpghe%
:% Joqapogoefzoek Lhfpeoek, zoth `hlfbfp fek qfekfz hpfz jhekfe cthpfezacejozoceoek% Nfjfek'nfjfek zoeknfm lfnx fek qfgf jfpo fefn fek
qfgf ghekmfqolnfe jfgtfn fek `hp`hjf, `hpkfezxek tfjf nhfjffe>
acezcmef, nhkofzfe fkphqoi -ghehpfek/ gxeknoe fnfe ghejftfz txbofe
tfjf qffz `hpgfoe qhtfn `clf, zhzfto fnfe ghejftfz mxnxgfe ftf`olf
jolfnxnfe jo pxfek nhlfq% -_xqxi, 0448, t% =/%
1%0%6%6 Ifqh Thpnhg`fekfe Fefn Qhnclfm
6% Thpnhg`fekfe Oezhlhnzxfl
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nckeozoi jfe qxjfm `hptonop nh fpfm pfqocefl% Tfjf ifqh oeo, fefn ghgolono zokf
nhgfgtxfe fozx gheknlfqoionfqonfe, ghexqxe fzfx ghekfqcqofqonfe `olfekfe%
Nhgfgtxfe zhpqh`xz qxjfm axnxt kxef ghg`hponfe qh`xfm ghjof jhekfe eolfo
oeicpgfzoi `hpeolfo pfqocefl jfe jfzf'jfzf `hpxtf feknf jfe nflogfz% Tfjf gfqf oeo
txlf fefn qxjfm `oqf ghekfqcqofqonfe `hezxn'`hezxn zhpzhezx jhekfe c`bhn efzf
jfe ghg`hjfnfe oeicpgfqo ncenphz jfe ogfboefzoi% Tfjf xqof oeo txlf `hpnhg`fek
nhoekoefe xezxn ghgthpzfefnfe jfe ghg`hpo ncghezfp zhezfek oeicpgfqo fek
jof jftfz%
0% Thpnhg`fekfe @fmfqf
Tfjf f{fl xqof qhnclfm, fefn qxjfm ghekxfqfo qhnozfp 0%844 nfzf, jfe tfjf gfqf
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Qfgqxjjoe G, 6??6> Efef Qfcjom Q% 6??4/% Jhekfe thekxfqffe nfzf fek
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`hkozx nff, thg`hpofe oeicpgfqo lh{fz nflogfz'nflogfz qxjfm hihnzoi xezxn
jokxefnfe%
1% Thpnhg`fekfe Gczcpon
Tfjf ifqh oeo, khpfn fefn fzfx fnzoyozfq gczcpon fefn qxjfm zoekko% Gfnf jfpo ozx
gfqf oeo ojhfl xezxn `hlfbfp nhzhpfgtolfe fek `hpnfozfe jhekfe gczcpon, qhthpzo
ghexloq, ghekkfg`fp, ghekhzon jfe `hpclfmpfkf% Ghjof oezhpfnzoi qfekfz acacn
xezxn jo`hponfe tfjf ifqh oeo, qhlfoe xezxn ghlfzom nhgfgtxfe gczcpon, fefntxe
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zhpzhezx, goqflef ghehezxn fzfx ghekhzon%
1%0%0 Zhcpo Thpnhg`fekfe Nckeozoi
Zhcpo Thpnhg`fekfe Nckeozoi, jonhg`feknfe clhm Bhfe Tofkhz, qhcpfek tqonclck
Q{oqq fek mojxt zfmxe 6=?9'6?=4% Zhcpoef ghg`hponfe `fefn nceqht xzfgf
jflfg lftfekfe tqonclcko thpnhg`fekfe jfe `hpthekfpxm zhpmfjft
thpnhg`fekfe nceqht nhahpjfqfe, fek `fko Tofkhz, `hpfpzo nhgfgtxfe xezxn
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phtphqhezfqo nceqht fek `hpjfqfp tfjf nhefzffe% Zhcpo oeo ghg`fmfq
gxeaxlef jfe jothpclhmef qamhgfzfqnhgf zhezfek `fkfogfef qhqhcpfek
ghgthpqhtqo loeknxekfeef jflfg zfmftfe'zfmftfe thpnhg`fekfe, qffz
qhqhcpfek ghgthpclhm afpf `fpx jflfg ghphtphqhezfqonfe oeicpgfqo qhafpf
ghezfl% Zhcpo oeo jokclceknfe nh jflfg nceqzpxnzoyoqgh, fek `hpfpzo, zojfn
qhthpzo zhcpo efzoyoqgh -fek ghekkfg`fpnfe thpnhg`fekfe nckeozoi qh`fkfo
thgxeaxlfe thekhzfmxfe jfe nhgfgtxfe `f{ffe/, zhcpo oeo `hpthejftfz `fm{f
nozf ghg`fekxe nhgfgtxfe nckeozoi nozf ghlflxo zoejfnfe fek zhpgczoyfqo
jhekfe qhejopoef zhpmfjft loeknxekfe% Xezxn thekhg`fekfe zhcpo oeo, Tofkhz
ghgthpclhm Hpfqgxq Tporh% Tofkhz ghg`fko qnhgf fek jokxefnfe fefn xezxn
ghgfmfgo jxeofef ghlflxo hgtfz thpocjh xzfgf fek `hpncphlfqo jhekfe jfe
qhgfnoe afekkom qhopoek thpzfg`fmfe xqof2
Thpocjh qheqcpogczcp -xqof 40 zfmxe/ Thpocjh tpfcthpfqocefl -xqof 0; zfmxe/ Thpocjh cthpfqocefl ncenpoz -xqof ;66 zfmxe/ Thpocjh cthpfqocefl icpgfl -xqof 66 zfmxe qfgtfo jh{fqf/
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1%0%1 Zfmftfe Cthpfqocefl Ncenpoz
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ghgfjfo% Tpcqhq'tpcqhq thezoek qhlfgf zfmftfe oeo fjflfm2
Thekxpxzfe> nhgfgtxfe xezxn ghekxpxzfe c`bhn ghexpxz xnxpfe,`hezxn, fzfx aopo lfoeef% Acezcmef, `olf jo`hpo `hejf `hp`hjf xnxpfe,
ghphnf jftfz ghekxpxznfeef jfpo `hejf fek tfloek `hqfp nh fek
tfloek nhaol%
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ghehpzfnfe `hejf lfoeef nh jflfg pfeknfofe zhpqh`xz% Fefn zojfn lfko
ghgolono nhzhp`fzfqfe lckonf `hpxtf feogoqgh -fekkftfe `fm{f qhgxf
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lfko ghekfekkft afeknop lh`fp zfto thejhn lh`om qhjonoz oqoef jo`fejoek
afeknop nhaol fek zoekko%
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jhekfe :, bxglfm qh`hlxgef%
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c`bhn fzfx `hejf'`hejf zhpqh`xz% Qh`fkfo acezcm, `olf fefn jo`hpo afeknop
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jozxfeknfe nh khlfq lfoe fek xnxpfeef `hp`hjf, fop jo khlfq ozx fnfe
zhzft qfgf `fefn jhekfe oqo afeknop lfoe%
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Thekmolfekfe qoifz Hkcqhezpoqghnhgfgtxfe xezxn ghlomfz qhqxfzx jfpo qxjxz
tfejfek cpfek lfoe -`fmnfe qffz cpfek zhpqh`xz `hptonop jhekfe afpf fek qflfm/%
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jo jflfg nczfn, lflx gheoekkflnfe pxfekfe, nhgxjofe Xbfek ghgoejfmnfe
`cehnf ozx nh jflfg lfao, qhzhlfm ozx `fpx Qozo nhg`flo nh pxfekfe% Fefn jflfg
zfmft cthpfqo ncenpoz fnfe ghekfzfnfe `fm{f Qozo fnfe zhzft ghekfekkft `cehnf
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nh jflfg lfao clhm Xbfek%
1%0%: Zfmftfe Cthpfqocefl Icpgfl
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zhcpo Tofkhz% Zfmft oeo gxlfo joflfgo fefn jflfg xqof qh`hlfq zfmxe -qffz tx`hpzfq/
jfe zhpxq `hplfebxz qfgtfo jh{fqf% Nfpfnzhpoqzon zfmft oeo fjflfm jothpclhmef
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ghgfmfgo mfl'mfl qhthpzo aoezf, `xnzo lckoq, jfe eolfo% Of zojfn ghlomfz qhkflf
qhqxfzx mfef jflfg `hezxn mozfg jfe txzom, efgxe fjf "kpfjfqo f`x'f`x" jofezfpfef% Jolomfz jfpo ifnzcp `oclckoq, zfmftfe oeo gxeaxl qffz tx`hpzfq -qffz
zhpbfjo `hp`fkfo thpx`fmfe `hqfp lfoeef/, ghefejfo gfqxnef nh jxeof jh{fqf
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xpxzfe fek gxejxp%
Xeoyhpqfl -zojfn zhpnfoz `xjff/
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@oqf jokhehpfloqfqo2 phtphqhezfqo jfe lckonf jfpo cthpfqo fek fjf jflfgjopo qhqhcpfek `hplfnx bxkf tfjf qhgxf nceqht jfe oqo thekhzfmxfe
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1%0%9 Tpcqhq Thpnhg`fekfe
Qhcpfek oejoyojx jflfg mojxtef qhlflx `hpoezhpfnqo jhekfe loeknxekfe% Jhekfe`hpoezhpfnqo zhpqh`xz, qhqhcpfek fnfe ghgthpclhm qnhgf% Qnhgf `hpxtf nfzhkcpo
thekhzfmxfe fek ghg`fezx jflfg ghekoezhptphzfqo jfe ghgfmfgo jxeof%
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`xpxek nhefpo jfe ghg`hpoef lf`hl "`xpxek" fjflfm acezcm ghekfqogolfqo
`oefzfek ozx tfjf qnhgf `xpxek qo fefn%
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0% Fncgcjfqo fjflfm hezxn thehqxfofe lfoe fek ghlo`fznfe thekx`fmfe fzfxthekkfezofe qnhgf fno`fz fjfef oeicpgfqo `fpx fek zojfn qhqxfo jhekfe
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thehqxfofe jo fzfq% Jhekfe jhgonofe, nckeoqo qhqhcpfek `hpnhg`fek `xnfe
nfphef ghehpogf thekhzfmxfe jfpo lxfp qhafpf tfqoi zfto cpfek zhpqh`xz qhafpf
fnzoi gheknceqzpxnqo thekhzfmxfeef%
1%1 Tlfehzfpoxg
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`hpxnxpfe `hqfp jo zhekfmef% Jo tlfehzfpoxg, thecezce `oqf `hlfbfp ghekhefo
thpkhpfnfe `hejf'`hejf lfekoz jo gflfg mfpo jfpo `hp`fkfo zhgtfz jo `xgo jfe
qhbfpfm flfg qhghqzf% Thp`hjffe Tlfehzfpoxg jfe C`qhpyfzcpoxg fjflfm nx`fm
tlfehzfpoxg zojfn `oqf jo`xnf xezxn ghehpctcek `oezfek%
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Kfg`fp 6;% @hploe Rhoqq Tlfehzfpoxg
Jo jflfg pxfek thpzxebxnfe zhpjftfz qxg`hp kfg`fp `hpxtf tpchnzcp
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`hejf lfekoz jfe qhbfpfmef%
1%1%6 Qhbfpfm
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thpkhpfnfe `hejf'`hejf lfekoz qhthpzo `oezfek, tlfehz, @xlfe, jfe gfzfmfpo%
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[flzmhp @fxhpqihlj jfpo Afpl Rhoqq% Tfjf `xlfe Fkxqzxq 6?01, tpchnzcp thpzfgf
fek jo`hpo efgf Gcjhl O jotfqfek jo tf`pon Afpl Rhoqq jo Bhef% @fxhpqihlj xezxn
thpzfgf nflo ghekfjfnfe thpzxebxnfe jo jhtfe tx`lon jhekfe tpchnzcp zhpqh`xz
jo Jhxzqamhq Gxqhxg, Geamhe, 06 Cnzc`hp 6?01%
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Jhxzqamhq Gxqhxg ghebfjo tlfehzfpoxg thpzfgf jo jxeof qhzhlfm tpchnzcp
jotfqfek qhafpf thpgfehe tfjf `xlfe Gho 6?08% Jo f{fl Thpfek Jxeof OO,
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fno`fz Thpfek Jxeof OO jo`fekxe nhg`flo, tpchnzcp Gcjhl O nhg`flo jotfqfek
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bxglfm tlfehzfpoxg jo jxeof bfxm lh`om `fefn `olf tlfehzfpoxg goeo golon
qhnclfm onxz jomozxek%
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Fghponf Qhponfz zhpjftfz lh`om jfpo 6%844 tlfehzfpoxg% Jo Hpctf zhpjftfz lh`om
jfpo :84 tlfehzfpoxg%
1%1%1 Tlfehzfpoxg Bfnfpzf
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thpzxebxnfe # thpfkffe qogxlfqo thp`oezfekfe fzfx `hejf'`hejf lfekoz%
Thekxebxek jofbfn ghekhg`fpf jo bfkfz pff xezxn ghgfmfgo nceqhtqo zhezfek
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Tlfehzfpoxg Bfnfpzf jo`xnf qh`fkfo {xbxj nhthjxlofe jfe tfpzoqotfqo nhtfjf
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ghg`fezx gheoeknfznfe Olgx Thekhzfmxfe @xgo jfe Fezfponqf jo lxfp
nxponxlxg qhnclfm -h}zpf axpoaxlfop/%
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Kfg`fp 6=% Pxfek tfghpfe tfjf tlfehzfpoxg Bfnfpzf -bhebhekgfzpotmh&, 044?/
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ghekkfezo tpchnzcp fek `fpx fozx Xeoyhpqfpoxg gcjhl G YOOO `xfzfe tf`pon
Afpl Rhoqq Bhpgfe qhnflokxq ghlfnxnfe phecyfqo khjxek thpzxebxnfe fek lh`om
ghgfjfo tfjf zfmxe 6??9#6??; jfe ghgthplxfq `fekxefe khjxek pxfek zxekkx
thekxebxek tfjf zfmxe 0440 ghlflxo jxnxekfe jfef Thghpoezfm Tpctoeqo JNO
Bfnfpzf%
Nhjhtfe, Tlfehzfpoxg Bfnfpzf qhlflx `hpxtff gheoeknfznfe thefzffe xezxn
gh{xbxjnfe ogtofe nceqht hjxzfoeghez, fozx ghekhg`fe goqo jfe yoqo
Tlfehzfpoxg ) C`qhpyfzcpoxg qh`fkfo zhgtfz {oqfzf thejojonfe fek
ghekhg`fe ixekqo thejojonfe # hjxnfqo qhnflokxq mo`xpfe fkfp qhgfnoe jogoefzo
gfqfpfnfz, nmxqxqef tfpf thlfbfp
Jhgo theoeknfzfe thpfe qhpzf ixekqo Tlfehzfpoxg ) C`qhpyfzcpoxg Joefq
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ghehpogf qfpfe jfe npozon fek `hpqoifz ghg`fekxe%
1%1%1%6 Qh`fkfo zhgtfz {oqfzf thejojonfe -hjxzfoeghez/
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Tlfehzfpoxg ) C`qhpyfzcpoxg Joefq Thejojonfe Ghehekfm jfe Zoekko Tpcyoeqo
JNO Bfnfpzf ghpxtfnfe qfpfef {oqfzf thejojonfe fek jftfz ghefg`fm {f{fqfe
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fqzpcecgo, nfphef thpzxebxnfe Tlfehzfpoxg fek qhpoek joqh`xz Zhfzhp @oezfek
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qhghqzf jfe qhnflokxq ghgfmfgo fnfe nh`hqfpfe Gfmf Theaotzf%
Xezxn gheoeknfznfe thlffefe nhtfjf thekxebxek, thpzxebxnfe Tlfehzfpoxg
-Zhfzhp @oezfek/ fek `hpjxpfqo -lfgf thpzxebxnfe/ lh`om nxpfek 94 gheoz,
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qfbofe bheoq thpzxebxnfe `fpx fozx gxlzoghjof # aozpf kfejf, qflfm qfzx
thpzxebxnfe fxjocyoqxfl fek qfekfz ghefpon jhekfe ghekkxefnfe ghjof qlojh
jotfjx jhekfe ghjof lfoeef qhthpzo fxjoczfth%
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pff oeo% Qhlfoe thpzxebxnfe Zhfzhp @oezfek jfe gxlzoghjof # aozpf kfejf,
Tlfehzfpoxg ) C`qhpyfzcpoxg Bfnfpzf bxkf ghehjofnfe qfpfef tpfqfpfef
c`qhpyfqo `hejf'`hejf lfekoz ghlflxo thehpctcekfe qhafpf lfekqxek, xezxn
ghefnqonfe ihecghef # nhbfjofe'nhbfjofe flfg lfoeef, qhthpzo khpmfef `xlfe,
khpmfef gfzfmfpo, ncghz jfe lfoe'lfoe%
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Bfj{fl thehpctcekfe joqxqxe jfe joqhqxfonfe jhekfe ghgthpmfzonfe tpfnopffe
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Jflfg thpbflfefeef, Tlfehzfpoxg ) C`qhpyfzcpoxg Bfnfpzf jfpo zfmxe nh zfmxe
qhgfnoe `hpzfg`fm thgoefzef `fmnfe gfqfpfnfz # thekxebxek oekoe
ghgthlfbfpo # ghgfmfgo lh`om bfxm zhezfek zfzf qxpf fzfx bfkfz pff% Xezxn
ghefgtxek fqtopfqo # nhoekoefe gfqfpfnfz # thekxebxek zhpqh`xz tfjf zfmxe
6?=8 jo`hezxn Mogtxefe Fqzpcecgo Fgfzop Bfnfpzf -MFFB/ qxfzx {fjfm fek
jomfpftnfe `hpgfeiffz `fko gfqfpfnfz theaoezf olgx fqzpcecgo, nhfekkczffeef
`hpfqfl jfpo `hp`fkfo lfzfp `hlfnfek # zoeknfzfe thejojonfe jfe tpcihqo%
-tlfehzfpoxgbfnfpzf, 0448/
1%: Qzxjo Nfqxq Qoqzhg Oeicgfqo Kpfioq _fek Qxjfm Fjf
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pxfek tx`lon%
Oejofeftcloq Rcc, Oejofef, Fghponf Qhponfz, qxjfm ghgtpfnzhnfe qoqzhg
oeickpfioq fek zhpoezhkpfqo qfzx qfgf lfoe% @hponxz fjflfm qhnolfq nxzotfe jfpo
{onothjof 2
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