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Kolar Krishna Iyer

GREAT INDIANSCIENTISTS(Modern & Ancient)

AND

India's Ancient Scientific Glory

NAVARATNA BOOK HOUSE28-22-20, Rahiman St., Arundalpet,

VIJAYAWADA - 520 002.

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GREAT INDIAN SCIENTISTS

(Modern & Ancient)

And

India's Ancient Scientific Glory

Retold By

KOLAR KRISHNA IYER

Cover Design :

A. GIRIDHAR

NAVARATNA BOOK HOUSE

Cell : 9848082432

Type Setting :

SRI SRINIVASA GRAPHICS


Price :

Rs. 150-00

Printing :

SRI CHAITANYA Offset Printers


C:

Page No.

PART - I : Modern Scientists

1. Sir C.V. Raman 5-15

2. J.C. Bose 16-21

3. Har Govind Khorana 22-23

4. Vikram Sarabhai 24-32

5. Dr. Homi Jehingir Bhabha 33-37

6. Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar 38-43

7. Prasanta Chandra Mahalanomis 44-47

8. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar 48-52

9. M.S. Swaminathan 53-57

10. Satyendranath Bose 58-62

11. S. Chandrasekhar 63-67

12. Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray 68-69

13. Professor Saha 70-71

14. Sisir Kumar Mitra 72-73

15. Anil Kakodkar 74-75

16. Birbal Saheb 76-77

17. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 78-85

PART - II : Ancient Scientists

18. Sushruta 86-89

19. Charaka 90-91

20. Aryabhatta 92-93

21. Varahamihira 94-96

22. Bhaskara II 97-101

23. Mahaveeracharya 102-103

24. Brahma Guptha 104-105

CONTENTS

PART - III : Indian Medical Scientists

1. Bharadwaja 106-109

2. Sivakar Bapuji 110-111

3. Jayasingh 112-117

4. Raja Serfoji 118-120

5. Brahma Guptha 121-124

Other Less Known Scientists 125-157

Andhra Women Scientists 157-167

PART - IV : Ancient Scientific Glory

1. How long is our Day 168

2. Speed of light 169

3. About light - colours 169-170

4. Water Suction by plants 170

5. Solar and Lumar Eclipses 170-171

6. Gravitation 172

7. Astronomical figures 173-174

8. About Atoms 175

9. Batteries 175-176

10. About Earth 176

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(Outputs) India-Modern

GREAT INDIAN SCIENTISTSPART - I : Modern Scientists

1. SIR C.V. RAMANC c

C h a n d r a s e k h a r aVenkata Raman was thefirst Indian to receive themost prestigious Interna-tional award, the NOBELPrize. He received it forhis pioneer work the dis-covery of "Raman effect"in Physics in the year1930.

Childwood and Education

His father Chandrasekhara Iyer wholived in Tiruchurapalli in the then Madras(now Chennai) State, was a teaher. Hismother was Parvati Ammal. He was bornon November 7, 1888.

Raman studied for ten years in Vizag'sHidnu College High School. During his ma-triculation (Present S.S.L.C.) examinationhe was sick. Yet he stood second in his classwith first class marks. Then he was only12 years old.


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Raman went to Madras (Chennai now)in 1902 for higher studies. He joined B.A.class in the Presidency College with phys-ics as his optional main subject. After pass-ing B.A. degree examination while he wasonly 16 years of age, he joined M.A. He ob-tained M.A. degree with physics and math-ematics standing first in the State in theyear 1907.

His father wanted to send him to En-gland for higher studies. But doctors aftera medical check up advised him not tostrain himself too much and give up theidea of going to England for higher studies.

His parents were keen that Ramanshould take up a government job. So hestudied Economics and Sanskrit.

While studying Raman was conductingsome experiments. He experimented usingglass prisms once he noticed extraordinarylight coming from the prism. He pursuedthe experiment and wrote an article on hisfindings. He sent the article to a popularMagazine, Philosophical Magazine, London.It was published as he sent it. It was a

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matter of great pride to Raman. He was onlyeighteen then. The seed of greatness inscience was sown then! all thought.

Raman took up a government job asAsst. Accountant-General in Calcutta.

Raman was married to Lokasun-darambal. They had two children. Soon hewas promoted as Deputy AccountantGeneral.

Raman's wife helped him to studysound and music.

There is an interesting anecdote inRaman's life which indicates his honestyand his helping nature.

Once the currency notes saved by amerchant for building a house was spoiltwhen his house caught fire A Junior Of-ficer told the merchant that the currencynotes brought by him were useless. Themerchant was full of sorrow and was shortof crying.

Raman looked at those currency notesand found them to be O.K. He told the mer-chant. He arranged to replace those noteswith fresh ones by the bank.


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The merchant's joy knew no bounds.The following day the merchant sent an en-velope with Rs. 3,000 put in it as a mark ofgratitude. Roman called the merchant andreturning the money said :

"I have only discharged my duty!"

There was an Indian Association for thecultivation of science. He used to go to thisAssociation during his spare hours and dosome scientific research.

Raman gave up the post in the centralgovernment. He joined and aceepted thePalit chair of physics in Calcutta Universityon a lesser salary than he was getting ingovernment service. He became professorof physics in 1907 in the University ofCalcutta.

A scientist remarked.

"Raman's sacrifice will inspire manyseekers of truth in the temple ofknowledge."

Dr. C.V. Raman started his own collegewith some of his friends. Soon he becamethe secretary of the Indian Association forCultivation of Science in 1919.

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Dr. C.V. Raman represented theCalcutta a University in the meeting ofUniversities of British Emrpire in Londonin the year 1921. Here he met famouspersons in the scientific field like J.J.Thomson and Rutherford.

Raman's Effect

While travelling to England by sea hisattention one day went to the waters in theMediterranean sea. He exclaimed :

"Oh! How beautiful is the blue of theMeiditenean Sea ? why is the sea blue ? Imust find the reason!"

After returning to India Ramanintensified his research to find out thereason or the blue colour of the Meditereansea. Finally Raman found out that it wasdue to 'scattering effect' of light. It was leftto our countryscientist to answer ascientific phenamena which manyscientists had worked restlessly withoutany successes. His finding become world-famous. For this discovery of "Raman'sEffect" Sir Dr. C.V. Raman was awardedthe Nobel Prize.


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Light scatters when it is passed throughan object.

The scattered light has some uniquequalities and so the said scattered light tellsus a lot about the thing. For instance usingRaman's effect one can easily know theinside of the materials.

The first to benefit most from thisdiscovery is Chemical Industry. Thisenabled the industry to manufacture colourphotographs, plastics and synthetic rubber.

One unique aspect of this one of thegreatest discoveries is that Raman usedvery simple and cheap tools. He himself hassaid :

"I have never used any costlyequipment to study science. I have spentnot more than even rupees two hundredsfor discovering Raman Effect."

It was a proud occasion for India whenone of her sons was awarded the Nobel Prizefor physics in 1930 for his work on"scattering of light! It was further uniquebecause Raman was the first Indianscientist to win the Nobel Prize. It is one of

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the highest honours a person can achievein his life time in the field of science.

Raman's effect is very useful inunderstanding molecular structure ofchemical compounds.

Raman Effect became a powerful toolfor using laser beams to cure ailments andin defence equipments.

Raman's Effect has yielded veryimportant results concerning the chemicalconstitution of substances. It will helpenormously to deepening of our knowledgeof the structure of matter.

The citation from Nobel Committee said:

Sir Venkata Raman, the Royal Academyof sciences has awarded for the Nobel Prizein physics for your eminent researches onthe diffusion of gases and for your discoveryof the effect that bears your name." TheRaman effect has opened new routes to ourknowledge of the structure of matter andhas already given most important results.

There is a humorous anecdote relatingto Raman's Effect.


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Raman was a humourous person also.

On his wasy back from Stockholm afterreceiving the Nobel Prize, he visited Franceon his way back.

He was invited for a party held tohonour him. During the party wire a specialfavourite drink of France was being servedto the guests.

Raman was also offered. He courteouslydenied it saying "I am not addicted to it!"But the host most humourously said :

"Sir, you were gracious enough tolecture about the effect of Raman's effecton wine. We would like to know the effectof wine on Raman!"

Thunderous laughter echoed in theReception Hall.

National Science Day

We observe February 28 of every yearthe day on which Raman discovered Ramaneffect, as the National Science Day.

Raman was the first Indian to beappointed as the Director of the then TataInstitute of Science in 1933.

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Raman's patriotism is well known.Cambridge University of England offeredhim whatever salary he desired. But herefused the offer saying :

"I am an Indian first and would notleave India whatever may happen"

Sir C.V. Raman was also an idealteacher.

Some of the most famous scientists likeDr. Homi Bhabha and Dr. Vikram Sarabhaiwere his students.

Raman's other achievements

1. He studied how music emerges fromVeena and Violin. (His father was play-ing these instruments when he wasyoung. Research in optics andAccoustics.

2. He studied flowers and wrote a book

3. He studied about the physical proper-ties of crystals, colours of flowers andphysiology of vision.

4. Contributed to the Electric sciences.

5. Experimental and theoretical studieson the diffraction of light by accoustic

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