kmtr – eco development - tirunelveli · kmtr – eco development - tirunelveli 3 thoothukudi...

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 1

www.Padasalai.Net

www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com

http://www.trbtnpsc.com/2013/09/tnpsc-group-2-group-4-vao-exam-study.html

KMTR – Eco Development - Tirunelveli

3


Suresh’ IAS Academy

www.Padasalai.Net



6 k; tFg;G

mwptpay;

1. Nth;fs; Neh; Gtp ehl;lk; cilait.

2. ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; MzpNth; njhFg;G cs;sJ.

3. xUtpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fspy; ry;ypNth; njhFg;G cs;sJ.

4. ,iy nra;Ak; gzpfs; - xspr;Nrh;f;if> Rthrpj;jy;> ePuhtpg;Nghf;F

5. tpf;Nlhhpah mNkNrhdpf;fh - ePhpy; thOk; 3 kP tpl;lk; nfhz;l nghpa ,iyj; jhtuk;.

6. G+tpd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fs;

1. G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs;.

2. G+thj; jhtuq;fs;.

7. tpij mike;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikapy; jhtuq;fs;

1. MQ;rpNah];ngh;k;fs; (%ba tpij)

2. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k;fs;

8. ed;dPh; thoplj; jhtuq;fs;

9. cyfpd; kpf ePskhd ejp

,e;jpahtpd; kpf epskhd

10. jz;bYk;> ,iyg; gFjpfspYk; fhw;W miwfs; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ePH;jhtuqfs;

kpjf;fpd;wd.

11. G+kpapy; nkhj;j xspr;Nrh;f;ifapy; Rkhh; 40 % fly; tho; jhtuq;fspy;

eilngWfpwJ.

12. epy thoplq;fs; - 2.8 % (cyf epyg;gug;gpy;)

13. 470 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd; cUthd epyj;jhtuqfs; kh];fs; kw;Wk;

yPth;Nthh;l;];

14. cyfpy; ghjp msT Mf;]p[idj; jUk; fhLfs; - mNkhrd; kiyf; fhLfs;.

15. Mz;bd; ruhrhp 25 nr.kP f;Fk; Fiwthf kionga;Ak; gFjp - ghiytdk;.



www.Padasalai.Net



Suresh

Typewriter

Suresh

Typewriter

Suresh

Typewriter

4

16. G+kpapy; Rkhh; 20 ghiytdk; cs;sd. ,iyfs; Kl;fshf khw;wk; mile;Js;sd.

17. ghiytd jhtuq;fs; - ,iyfs; jbkdhf cs;sd. ePiu jz;by; Nrkpf;fpd;wd.

ePskhd Nth;fs; cs;sd. ,iyfs; Kl;fshf cs;sd.

ePskhd Nth;fs; cs;sd. (v.fh) rg;ghj;jpf; fs;sp> mNft;>

Nrhw;Wf; fw;whis> gpiuNahgpy;yk;.

18. fhLfspy; ruhrhpahf 25-200 nr.kP kio msT ,Uf;Fk;.

19. mf;Nlhgh; khjk; Kjy; jpq;fs; fpoik - cyf thopl ehs;.

20. yj;jpu]; rl;ilthy; - ,dpg;G gl;lhzp ,jpy; rpw;wiyfs; gw;Wf; fk;gpfshf

khwpAs;sd.

21. tsUk; gUtepiyapy; mjpNtfkhf tsUk; jhtuk; - %q;fpy;.

,e;jpa tdr;rl;lk; - 1927d;gb %q;fpy; xU kutifiar; rhh;e;jJ

my;y vd 2018y; Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk; td mikr;rfk; mwptpj;Js;sJ.

22. Kl;fs;

mNft; - uapy; fw;whis - Edpg;gFjp Kl;fshf

khwpAs;sd.

rg;ghj;jp fs;sp - ,iyfs; rpWKl;fshf

khwpAs;sd.

fhfpjg;G+ - Nghfd;tpy;ypah - jz;by; Kl;fs;

23. caphpdj;jpd; kpfr; rpwpa nray;gLk; myF - nry;fs;.

24. mkPgh - xU nry; caphp

czTf; Fkpop - czit nrhpkhdk; nra;jy;

RUq;Fk; Ez;Fkpo;fs; - fopT ePf;fk;

clypd; Nkw;gug;gpd; topahf Rthrpj;jy; - vspa guty;Kiw

Nghypf; fhy;fs; - ,lg;ngah;r;rp

25. ghukPrpak; - xU nry; caphp

26. A+f;spdh - firapio %yk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp

27. gy;ypfs; - ngUk;ghYk; ntg;g kz;ly;gFjpfspy; thOk;.



www.Padasalai.Net



5

28. gUtkhw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhf xU tpyq;F Xhplj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtW ,lk; nry;tJ -

tyir Nghjy;

29. Nfhilf;fhy cwf;fk; - v.fh ej;ij.

Fsph;fhy cwf;fk; - v.fh Mik.

30. fq;fhU vyp - vg;nghOJk; ePH; mUe;jhj caphpdk;

31. mjpfkhd Gujk; cs;s czT - NrhahgPd;];

32. itl;lkpd; - A

mjpfk; cs;s czT - kPd; vz;nza;> fhul;> Kl;il> ghy;> kQ;rs; epwg; goq;fs;.

FiwghL Neha; - khiyf; fz; Neha;.

33. itl;lkpd; - B

mjpfk; cs;s czT - KO jhdpak;> gs gsg;G nra;ag;glhj mhprp> ghy;> kPd;.

FiwghL Neha; - nghp nghp.

34. itl;lkpd; - C

mjpfk; cs;s czT - MuQ;R> ney;yp> kpsfha;> jf;fhspapy; cs;sd.

FiwghL Neha; - ];fh;tp.

35. itl;lkpd; - D

mjpfk; cs;s czT - kPd; vz;nza;> #hpa xsp

FiwghL Neha; - hpf;nfl;]; Neha;

36. itl;lkpd; - E

mjpfk; cs;s czT - jhtu vz;nza;fs;> KO NfhJik> Mg;gps;> kh>

FiwghL Neha; - euk;G jsh;r;rp> kyl;Lj; jd;ik

37. itl;lkpd; - K

mjpfk; cs;s czT - gr;irf; fha;fwp> Kl;ilf;Nfh];> Kl;il

FiwghL Neha; - ,uj;jk; ciujy;> vYk;G gw;fs; gytPdk;.



www.Padasalai.Net



6

38. itl;lkpd;fs; - ghJfhf;Fk; czTfs;

cly; tsh;r;rp Gujq;fs; - czTg; Gujq;fs;

39. ePhpy; fiuAk; itl;lkpd;fs; - itl;lkpd; B & C

40. fhy;rpak; - ,uj;jk; ciujy;.

gh];gu]; - tYthd vYk;Gfs; kw;Wk; gw;fs;.

mNahbd; - ijuha;L `hh;Nkhd; cw;gj;jp

,Uk;G - `PNkhFNshgpd; cw;gj;jp

41. cyf mstpy; cly; gUkd; nfhz;l Foe;ijfs; cs;sjpy; ,e;jpahtpd; epiy -

,uz;lhk; ,lk; - 14.4 kpy;ypad; Foe;ijfs;

42. Fthh;\pNahh;fs; - %is tsh;r;rpf; FiwghL> tsh;r;rpf; FiwghL>

tapw;Wg; Nghf;F> Gujr; rj;J.

43. kuh];k]; - nkJthd cly; tsh;r;rp Gujf; FiwghL.

44.

rj;J Neha;fs;

fhy;rpak; hpf;nfl;];

gh];gu]; M];bahkNyrpah

mNahbd; Foe;ijfsy; fphpl;bdprk;

,Uk;G ,uj;jNrhif

45. nry;fs;

GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry; - njspthd cl;fU fpilahJ.

A+Nfhpahl;bf; nry; - cl;fU fhzg;gLfpwJ.

uhgh;l; `Pf; - ,q;fpyhe;J ehL - $l;L Ez;Nehf;fp cUthf;fpdhh;. 1665y;

ikf;Nuhfpuhgpah vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lhh;.

nry; vd;w thh;j;ijia Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

nry;Y}Nyh vd;gJ yj;jPd; nkhop.

46. ghf;Bhpah - 0.1 to 0.5 ikf;uhd; msT

neUg;Gf;Nfhopapd; Kl;ilapd; msT - 170 mm



www.Padasalai.Net



7

47. kdpj clypy; cs;s nry;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 3.7 X 1013

48. GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry;fs;

cl;fU ,y;iy.

cl;fU mw;w epA+f;spaha;L cs;sd.

nry;fs; Rw;wp rt;Tfs; ,y;iy.

Kjd; Kjypy; cUthd nry; GNuhNfhpahl;bf; nry;.

49. ANfhpahl;bf; nry;fs;

10 - 100 ikf;uhd; tpl;lk; cilait.

nry;rt;T cs;sd.

cl;fU cz;L.

epA+f;spNahy]; cz;L.

50. nrd;l;hpNahy;fs; cs;s nry;fs; - tpyq;F nry;

gRq;fzpfs; cs;s nry;fs; - jhtu nry;fs;.

nry;Rth; mw;w nry; - tpyq;Ffs;.

51. nry;ypd; fjT - nry; rt;T

nry; ghJfhg;gth; - nry;Rth;.

nry;ypd; efUk; gFjp - irl;Nlh gpshrk;.

nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ikak; - ikl;Nlhfhz;bhpah

nry;ypd; czTj; njhopw;rhiy - gRq;fzpfk;

Nrkpg;G fplq;F - Ez; Fkpo;fs;.

nry;ypd; fl;Lghl;L ikak; - cl;fU

cl;fU thapy; - epA+f;spa]; ciw.

52. kdpjdpy; cs;s vYk;Gfs; - 206 vz;fs;

`aha;L vYk;G - tha;f;Fop

tpyh vYk;G - 12 ,izfs;

jz;Ltlj;ij ghJfhg;gJ - KJnfYk;Gj; njhlh;



www.Padasalai.Net



8

clypd; kpfr; rpwpa vYk;G - Stapes (mq;ftb) - 2.8 mm

clypd; ePskhd vYk;G - njhil vYk;G

,af;F jirfs; - vYk;Gj; jirfs;

czTf;Foha; - 9 kPl;lh;.

,iug;ig - nrhpkhdk;

rpWFly; - cl;fpufpj;jy;.

53. fl;Lg;glhj ,aq;F jirfs;

1. nkd;jirfshd czTf;Foy;> rpWePh;g;ig> jkzpfs;>

2. ,jaj; jirfs;.

54. fy;yPuy; - ,uj;jj;jpy; cs;s czTr; rj;Jg; nghUs;fs; rpWFlypypUe;J fy;yPuy;

topahfr; nry;fpd;wd. Gujq;fshf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd. FSf;Nfh]; kw;Wk;

fpisf;Nfh[dhf khw;wg;gLfpd;wd. gpj;j ePH; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.

55. rpWFly; - 6 m ePsk; - rj;J cWQ;Rjy;.

56. ,iug;ig - Nfhio> nehjpfs; kw;Wk;HCL cs;sJ.

57. vg;gpfpshl;b]; Rthr ghijf;Fs; czT nry;tij jLf;fpd;wd.

58. Rthrk;

1. ntsp Rthrk; ehrpj;Jis %yk; O2 kw;Wk; CO2 ghpkhw;wk;

2. cl;Rthrk; O2,uj;jk; topahf vL;j;Jr; nry;yg;gLtJ.

3. nry;Rthrk; fhw;W Ez; miwfshy;

O2vLj;Jf;nfhz;LCO2ntsptplg;gLk;.

59. kdpj EiuaPuy; - 300 kpy;ypad; Ez; fhw;Wg;igfs; cs;sd.

60. ,ja Rth; - ,U Rth;fisf; nfhz;l nghpfhh;bak; ciuahy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.

61. jput ,izg;Gj; jpR - ,uj;jk;. RBC (,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs;) vYk;G k[;i[apy;

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

62. jkzpfs; - ntsph; rptg;G epw ,uj;jk;.

EiuaPuy; jkzp jtpu midj;J jkzpAk; Rj;j ,uj;jk; vLj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd.



www.Padasalai.Net



9

63. rpiufs; - fUQ;rptg;G epw ,uj;jk; EiuaPuy; rpiwfisj; jtpu kw;w midj;J

rpiwfSk; mRj;j ,uj;jj;jpid flj;Jfpd;wd.

64. %is - %d;W ciufshy; #og;gl;L cs;sJ. ,jid nkdpd;n[]; vd;fpNwhk;.

clypd; fl;Lg;ghl;L ikak; - %is

100 kpy;ypad; jfty;fis xUth; tho;ehspy; Nrkpj;J itf;f KbAk;.

65. fz;zpd; 3 Kf;fpa gFjpfs; :

1) fhh;dpah - fz; jhdk; nra;ag;gLk; nghOJ khw;wg;gLtJ.

2) Ihp];

3) gpA+g;gpy;

66. ,uj;j mZf;fs; 3 tif :

1. ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs;

2. ,uj;j nts;is mZf;fs;

3. ,uj;j jl;Lf;fs;

67. euk;G kz;lyk; = %is + jz;L tlk; + gf;f euk;Gfs;

68. %isapd; gphpTfs; - Kd;> eL kw;Wk; gpd; %is> ngU %is> rpW %is kw;Wk;

jz;Ltlk; .

69. nrtp - Gwr; nrtp> eLr; nrtp> cl; nrtp.

70. Njhy; - Gwg;glyk;> mfg;glyk;> cl;glyk;.

71. ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfs; - `hh;Nkhd;fis Ruf;fpd;wd.

72.

jiyapy; cs;sr; Rug;gp i`Nghjyhk];> gpl;A+l;lhp> gPdpay; Rug;gp

fOj;J ijuha;L & ghuh ijuha;L

,jak; ijk];

tapw;wpy; fiza Rug;gp

rpWePufj;jpd; Nky; ml;hPdy;

73. ne/g;uhd;fs; - rpWePufj;jpd; mbg;gil nray;myF.



www.Padasalai.Net



10

epA+uhd;fs; -

%isapd; mbg;gil nray;myF.

74. ek; %isapd;

rhk;gy;

epwg;gFjp 85%

ePh; nfhz;lJ.

75. ntg;g kz;ly kiof; fhLfs; -

‘cyfpd; ngUk; kUe;jfk;’ vdg;gLfpd;wd.

25 %

kUj;Jt jhtuq;fs;

nfhz;lJ.

76. jpkpq;fyg; GDF -

thridj; jputpaq;fs; jahhpg;G.

77. Xq;fpy;fs; :

,it ePh;tho; ghY}l;bahd lhy;gpd;fs;.

Mw;W ePhpy; tho;git.

kPnahyp miyfis gad;gLj;Jk;.

78. gpuk;kGj;jpuh Mw;wpd; ePsk; -

3848 fp.kP

79. jkpo;ehl;by; kapy;fSf;fhd ruzhyak; -

tpuhypkiy (GJf;Nfhl;il)

80. ,e;jpa murhy; Njrpa rpd;dq;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mz;L.

khk;gok; -

1950

vitamin

a, c, d

nfhz;lJ.

Mykuk;

1950

ngUikapd; rpd;dk;

jhkiu

1950

mofhd kyh;

kapy;

1963

Njrpa gwit> ,e;jpahitj;

Njrpakhf nfhz;lJ.

Gyp

1973

,e;jpah 70 %

nfhz;lJ.

fq;if MW

2008

tw;whj MW> Njrpa ejp

ahid

(Njrpa ghuk;ghpar; tpyq;F)

2010

Mrpahit jafkhf

nfhz;lJ. (National Heritage Animal)

Mw;W Xq;fpy;

2010

Njrpa ePh;tho; tpyq;F

(National Water Animal)

Lacto bacillus

2012

Njhoik ghf;Bhpah



www.Padasalai.Net



11

7Mk; tFg;G

mwptpay;

1. yhkh - fk;gsp jUk; ML> fk;gsp Gujj;jhy; Mdit.

2.

ril vUik fk;gsp (Yak) - jpngj; kw;Wk; ylhf;.

mq;Nfhuh fk;gsp (nts;shLfs;) [k;K kw;Wk; fh\;kPh;

g];kpdh rhy;itfs; fh\;kPh nts;shLfspy; ,Ue;J

3. gNahfpspg; Kiwapy; Ml;by; ,Ue;J cNuhkk; Nrjkilahky;

gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

4.

ky;nghp gl;Lg;GOf;fspd; ,sk; caphp

$Lfs;

ff;$d;

gl;Lj; Jzpia Kjypy; cUthf;fpath;fs; rPdh;fs;

,iofspd; ,uhzp J}ag;gl;L (gl;Lg;G+r;rp E}y;)

5. gl;bd; tiffs; - ky;nghp> lh]h;> vhp> Kfh gl;L

6. ky;nghp gl;Lg;GOf;fs; - KRf;nfhl;il ,iyfis cz;fpd;wd.

Kl;ilfs; - ,dk; caphp - $l;Lg;GO - gl;Lg;G+r;rp

Eggs – Larva – Cacoon – Adult

gl;Lf; $l;bypUe;J ,iofis gphpj;njLf;Fk; Kiw - RUSjy; (Reeling)

7. rPdhtpy; ,Ue;j irypq;rp vd;w Nguurpjhd; Kjd; Kjypy; gl;il fz;Lgpbj;jjhf

ek;gg;gLfpwJ.

,e;jpah- cw;gj;jpapy; 2-k; ,lk;

rPdh Kjy; ,lk;

fh;ehlfh gl;Lj; jahhpg;gpy; Kjyplk;

jkpo;ehL fhQ;rpGuk;> rpWte;jhL> jpUGtdk;> Muzp



www.Padasalai.Net



12

8. NjdPf;fs;

,uhzpj; NjdP ngz; NjdP Kl;ilapLtJ xNu xU NjdP

bNuhd; Mz; Njdp

Ntiyf;fhuj; NjdP kyl;Lg; ngz; NjdP

9.

ghiwj; NjdP Rock Bee – Apies dorsata

rpwpaj; NjdP Apies flora

Indian Bees Apies indica

Italian Bees Apies mellifera

10. Njd; - rh;f;fiu (75 %)> ePh; (17%)> jhJ cg;Gfs; (8%)

11. Apiculture nra;a gad;gLk; NjdP - Apies mellifera (,j;jhypj; NjdP)mjpf Njid

cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd. Fiwthf nfhl;Lk;.

12. Kl;ilapy; ,Ue;J Nfhopf; FQ;R tu MFk; fhyk; - 21 ehl;fs;.

nts;spg; Gul;rp - Kl;il cw;gj;jp mjpfg;gLj;Jjy;.

13. jhtuq;fs; czT Cl;l Kiw

1. jw;rhh;G Cl;l Kiw - Autotrophs

2. gpwrhh;G Cl;l Kiw - Heterotrophs

14. Kjd;ik Mw;wy; %yk; - #hpad;.

15. rhWz;zpfs; - fhshd;> nuhl;bfhshd;> G+Q;irfs;> xl;Lz;zp Yk;GAhp - f];Fl;lh

(rljhhp)

G+r;rp cz;Zk; jhtuk; - tPd];> /gpisl;uhg;> neg;ge;j]; (FLitj; jhtuk;)

,it N2 rj;ij G+r;rpfsplkpUe;J ngWk;.

16.

$l;Laph; jhtuq;fs; (v.fh) iyf;fd;fs;

iyf;fd;fs; xU My;fh + xU G+Q;ir

G+Q;irg; glyj;jpy; My;fh tsUk;

17. tpyq;Ffspd; czT+l;lk; - N`hNyhNrhapf; Cl;lKiw (KO tpyq;F Cl;lKiw)



www.Padasalai.Net



13

18. mikNy]; nehjp ];lhh;r;ir nrhpf;fpd;wd.

19. gw;fs;

ghy; gw;fs; 20 vz;zpf;if

epiyj;j gw;fs; 32 vz;zpf;if 16 Nky; jhil

16 fPo; jhil

ehd;F tif ntl;Lg; gw;fs;

Nfhiug; gw;fs;

Kd; filtha; gw;fs;

gpd; filtha; gw;fs;

20. gwitfSf;F gw;fs; fpilahJ.

ahidapd; ntl;Lg; gw;fspd; ePl;rpNa je;jkhFk;.

21. Njhy; cWg;G - 7 fp.fp clypd; vilapy; Njhy; MFk;.

22. rpj;j itj;jpak; :

jkpo;ehl;by; Njhd;wpaJ.

18 rpj;jh;fs; mbj;jskpl;ldh;.

jpuhtpl Kiw kUj;Jtk;.

rpj;jh; - rpj;jp vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J Njhd;wpaJ Kbtw;w Nguhde;jk; vdg;

nghUs;.

Kjy; rpj;jh; - mf];jpah;

rpj;j itj;jpaj;jpd; je;ij - mf];jpah;.

mf];jpah; tho;e;j kiy - nghjpif kiy (jpUney;Ntyp)

fsf;fhL Kz;le;Jiw Gypfs; fhg;gfk; Njhw;wk; - 1988.

“czNt kUe;J kUe;Nj czT” - rpj;j kUj;Jtk;.

23. MAh;Ntjh - capiug; gw;wpa mwptpay; kUj;Jt Kiw

thjk;> gpj;jk;> fgk; %d;Wk; ,ize;J xU epiyahf;Ffpd;wd.

24. N`hkpNahgjp :

rhKNty; `hdpNkd; (n[h;kdp) - Kjd; Kjyhf 1796y;

mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

25. Adhdp kUj;Jtk; :

fpNuf;f ehl;bd; `pg;NghfpNul;l]; kw;Wk; Nuhkhdpa ehl;bd; Nfyd;

MfpNahuhy;; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.



www.Padasalai.Net



14

26. ,uj;j FSf;Nfh]pd; msT 80 - 120 kp.fp /nl.yp

fizak; ,d;rpypid Ruf;fpd;wd.

27. gh];bah; Kiw - ghiy 700C Kjy; 75

0C tiu #Nlw;wp gpd; Ntfkhf Fspur; nra;J

Nrkpj;jy;.

28. clypy; cs;s ghf;Bhpahf;fis nfhy;yg; gad;gLk; fjph;fs; - X- fjph;fs;> fhkh

fjph;fs;>UV fjph;fs;.

29. jhtu Gw mikg;G :

ePh;j; Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; jhtu tiffis $wpath; thh;kpq; (1904)

30. MzpNthpd; khw;WU.

1. Nrkpg;G Nth;fs;

$k;G tbtk; Nful;

fjph; tbtk; Ks;sq;fp

gk;gu tbtk; gPl;&l;> lhdpy;.

31.

Rthr Nth;fs; rJg;G epyj; jhtuq;fspy; cs;sd. (v.fh) mtprpd;dpah.

jhq;F Nth;fs; kuf;fpisfspy; ,Ue;J tsh;fpd;wd. (v.fh) Mykuk;.

Kz;L Nth;fs; nkype;j jz;bd; mbg;gFjpapy; tsUk;. (v.fh) fUk;G> Nrhsk;

xl;Lz;zp Nth; (v.fh) fh];Fl;lh

njhw;W Nth; kuf;fpisfspy; tsUk; Nth;fs; ,Ug;gplj;jpw;fhf kl;Lk;

tsUk;. (v.fh) thz;lh (Orchid tif) ,it fhw;wpy; cs;s

<ug;gjj;ij cwpQ;rp tsh;fpd;wd.

32. jiufPo; jz;bd; khw;WU

fpoq;F cUisf; fpoq;F

kl;lepyj; jz;L ,Q;rp

jiu xl;ba jz;L gly; nfhbfs; :

1. xL jz;L Gy;.

2. ];Nlhyd; ];l;uhnghp.

33. jiuNky; khw;WU :

jz;L gw;Wf; fk;gpfs; (v.fh) gh]pg;GNshuh

Kl;fs; (v.fh) fhfpjg;gG+

,iyj; njhopy; jz;L (v.fh) rg;ghj;jpf; fs;sp



www.Padasalai.Net



15

34. #o;epiy kz;lyq;fs; :

1) cw;gj;jpahsh;fs;

2) Efh;Nthh;fs;

3) rpijg;git

35. czTr; rq;fpyp (Food chain) :

#o;epiy kz;lyj;jpy; caphpdq;fspd; cz;ZjYk;> cz;zg;gLjYk; Nrh;e;j

epfo;r;rp>

Xh; caphpYs;s czT Mw;wy; kw;nwhU capUf;F xNu jpirapy; flj;jg;gLfpd;w

rq;fpypj; njhlh; cw;gj;jpahsh;fs; Kjy; epiy Efh;Nthh; ,uz;lhk; epiy

Efh;Nthh;.

36. Food Web (czT tiy) :

Mw;wy; khw;wj;jpw;fhf epfOk; vz;zw;w czTr; rq;fpyp njhlh;fspd; tiy

Nghd;w mikg;G.



www.Padasalai.Net



16

8 Mk; tFg;G

mwptpay;

1.vYk;G - fhy;rpak;> gh];Ngl; kw;Wk; fhh;gNdl;Lfs; Nghd;w jdpkq;fs;

mlq;fpAs;sd.

2.vYk;ig Rw;wpAs;s ntspAiw - nghpfhhl;bak;

3.mirAk; %l;by; cs;s jputk; - rpNdhtpay; jputk;

4.KJnfYk;gpy; cs;s vYk;Gfs; - 33 vYk;Gfs;

khh;ngYk;G - 12 ,iz (24) tpyh vYk;Gfs;

mr;R rl;lfk; - 80 vYk;Gfs;

,izAWg;G vYk;Gfs; - 126 vYk;Gfs;

5.fhw;wpy;

O2 – 20.9%; N2 -78% ; O2 – 0.03%

,e;jpahtpy; fhw;W khRghL 50% thfdq;fspy; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

6. gRik,y;y tpisTf;F fhuzkhd fjph; - IR fjph;

CO- vhpnghUs; vhpj;jy; - fhh;ghf;rp `PNkhFNshgpdhf khWfpwJ.

CO2–epyf;fhp,tpwF vhpj;jy; - cyf ntg;gkiljy;

N2 -Mf;irLfs; - thfdq;fspy; ntsptpLk; Gif - mkpy kio

SO2 -fe;jfk; vhpjy; - M];Jkh fz; vhpr;ry;

7.Gtp ntg;gkhjYf;F fhuzkhd thAf;fs; - CO2&kPj;Njd;

8.O3 xU epwkw;w thA (XNrhd;) . ,J ];l;Nul;Nlh];gpah; mLf;fpy; cs;sd. O3

Fiwtjhy; XNrhd; Xl;il Vw;gLfpwJ. ,JUV fjph;fis jLf;fpd;wd.

9.fhw;W khRghL jLj;jy;

1.frL vz;nza;fis jLj;jy;

2.fhhpakw;w nghl;Nuhy; gad;gLj;Jjy;

3.caphp Bry; (Bio diesel) gad;gLj;Jjy;

4.LPG , CNG gad;gLj;Jjy;

10.gNahNghy; - ,aw;if Ez;zpaph;fs; %yk; jahhpf;fg;gLk; KOtJk; kf;fpg; NghFk;

jd;ik cila gpsh];bf; nghUspd; tzpfg; ngah; My;fhyp[pd; MFk;. ,J

N`hNkhghypkh; MFk;. ghypi`l;uhf;]p gpA+l;Nul; (PAB) vd;gJ caphp gpsh];bf;

MFk;. A+ikrPl;]; kw;Wk; irNrhikrPl;]; Mfpa Ez;zpaphpfs; ,jid

rpijf;fpd;wd.



www.Padasalai.Net



17

11. fopT ePh;f;Fl;ilfspd; Xuq;fspy; tsh;f;fg;gLk; kuq;fs; - ijy kuq;fs;

(A+fypg;l];)

12. Water Act - 1974

Air Act - 1981

Environmaent Act - 1986

13. nry;

uhghl; `Pf; - 1965 y; nry; fz;lwpe;jhh;

N[f;fg; ];yPld; & jpNahlh; \Pthd; - 1838 - nry; nfhs;if

euk;G nry; - el;rj;jpuk;

Rug;gp nry; - fdrJuk;

Rlh; nry; - Foy;

RBC nry; - tl;lk;

jirr; nry; - ePs;tbtk;

14. $k;G nry;fs; (fz;) - ghh;it

Fr;rp nry;fs; (fz;) - epwk;

15. vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy;

1945 y; Nghh;l;lh; fz;lwpe;jhh;

1952 y; vz;Nlhgpsh];kpf; tiygpd;dy; vdg; ngahplg;gl;lJ

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) - nfhOg;G cw;gj;jp fpisf;Nfh[id

cilj;jy;.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)- Guj cw;gj;jp

16.2009 y; iuNghNrhkpd; Ntjpapay; mikg;gpid Muha;e;J Nehgy; ghpR ngw;wth;fs;

1. ntq;fl;uhkd; uhkfpU\;zd; (India born USA)

2. jhk]; ];nla;]; (USA)

3. mlhaj; (Israel)

17.Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;

1. irNkh[d; nehjp cw;gj;jp nra;jy;

2. kQ;rs; fUit Cirl;Lfspy; cUthf;Fjy;

3. tpopj;jpiuapy; tpop epwkpr; nry; cUthf;Fjy;

4. tpe;jZtpy; mf;NuhNrhk; cUthf;Fjy;

18.iyNrhNrhk;fs; - jw;nfhiyg;igfs;



www.Padasalai.Net



18

19.ikl;Nlh fhz;bhpah Mw;wy; ehzak; vdg;gLtJ

fphp];Nl cs;sJ

nry; Rthrk;

Mw;wy; ikak;

ATP cUthf;fk;

20. nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;

-1897 y; n`d;dpif Yf];nrf; vd;gtuhy; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ

-nry; gphpjypy; gq;F ngWk;

-M];l;uy; cWg;Gfis cUthf;Fk;

21. cl;fU

- nry; gzpfis fl;LgLj;Jk; ikak;

- nry;ypd; %is

- cl;fUkzp - nry; mikg;ghsh; Mthh;

- ghuk;ghpa gz;Gfis flj;Jfpd;wd.

22. tpyq;F jpR

- vgpjPypaj;jpR

-flj;jk; jpR - ,uj;jk;

-,izg;G jpR 1.nfhOg;G jpR 2. jhq;F jpR

-euk;G jpR

-jirj; jpR

23. jl;il vgpjPypak; - EiuaPuypd; Ez;ziwfspy; thA ghpkhw;wk; nra;fpwJ.

J}z; vgpjPypak; - rpWFlypd; cl;Gwr; Rthpy; cs;sJ.

fdr;rJu vgpjPypak; - Fly; kw;Wk; ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspd; Rth;fspy; cs;sJ.

FW,iy vgpjPypak; - fhw;Wf;Foy; kw;Wk; buf;fpahtpd; cl;Gwk; cs;sd.

czh;T vgpjPypak; - ehrpf;Foypd; cl;Rthpy; cs;sJ.



www.Padasalai.Net



19

24. flj;Jk; jpR - ,uj;jk;

1. 55% gpsh];kh

2. 45% ,uj;j nry;fs;

3. RBC – Erythrocytes – NO Nuceous – 100 to 120 ehs; Mas;

4.; WBC –Leucocytes – cl;fU cs;sJ. – 2 to 3 weeks MAs;

5. Platelets – Thrombocytes - ,uj;jk; ciwjy;

25. euk;G nry;ypy; cs;s gFjpfs;

irl;lhd;> nld;uhd;fs;, nld;iul;Lfs;, Mf;]hd;fs;

26.fz;

1. ntsp mLf;F -];fpspuh (tpop ntz;glyk;)

2. eL mLf;F -fUk;glyk;

3. cs; mLf;F -nul;bdh(tpopj;jpiu)

27.neg;uhd;fspd; gFjpfs;

ngskhdpad; fpz;zk;

f;shkUy];

n`d;Nyapd; tisT

28.rpwfbj;J gwf;f $ba ghY}l;b - ntsthy;fs;

29.fhLfs;;

1. ghiytdk; - twz;l fhLfs; - uh[];jhd;, gQ;rhg;, `hpahdh

2. ,iyAjph; fhLfs; -jPgfw;g gFjp

3. ntg;gkz;ly gRik khwh fhLfs; - Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs;> tl

fpof;F kiyg;gFjpfs;> ,kakiy mbthuk;

4. kiyf;fhLfs; - ,kakiy> njd;dpe;jpah

5.miyapilf; fhLfs; - fq;if> Nfhjhthp ejp> fop Kfg; gFjpfs;

30. rKjhaf;fhLfs; jpl;lk; - 1976

Nkhdy; gwit - Kw;wpYk; mopAk; epiy - ,khr;ry gpuNjrk;

31. (1) Gypfs; jpl;lk; - Vg;uy; 1, 1973

Gyp - Panthra tigris

(2) ahidfs; jpl;lk; - ahid ehl;bd; ghuk;ghpa tpyq;F

ahid - vyp‡gh]; Nkf;]pk];

Jtf;fk; - 1992

(3) Kjiyfs; jpl;lk; - 1975

(4) fhz;lhkpUfj; jpl;lk; - Sep 22, 2011 starded

World Rhino day – sep 22



www.Padasalai.Net



20

(5) %d;Wtif Kjiyfs; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sd.

1. ed;dPh; tho; Kjiy

2. cth;ePh; Kjiy

3. fhhpay;

32.rpWj;ij 1950 ypUe;J mope;j ,dkhf ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ.

Mypt; hpl;yp Mik ,dg;ngUf;f ,lk; - xb]h flw;fiu - mhpglh vdg;gLk;.

gUe;J myF Mik ,dg;ngUf;f ,lk; - jkpo;ehL flw;fiu

33.Red Data Book

-IUCN ,ij ntspapLfpwJ.

-moptpd; tpspk;G epiyapy; thOk; rpw;wpdq;fs; my;yJ mopAk;

epiyapy; cs;s tpyq;Fs; gw;wpa gjpTfs; cs;sd.

34.gwit kdpjd; - Kidth; ryPk; myp

35.tpyir NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; (migration)

gwitfs;

ntl;Lf;fpsp G+r;rpfs;

Mikfsl

rhy;kd; kPd;fs; etc

36.ge;jpg;g+h; Njrpa G+q;fh - ik#h; fh;ehlfh

fhh;ngl; Njrpa G+q;fh - cj;jufhz;l;

fph; Njrpa G+q;fh - [Pdhfj; F[uhj;

fhrpuq;fh Njrpa G+q;fh- m];]hk; fhz;lhkpUfk;

37. cyfpy; 12 Mega Bio diversity places cs;sd. ,e;jpah mtw;Ws; xd;whFk;.

,e;jpahtpy; 10 Bio geographical Region cs;sd

5 ngUk; G+id tiffs; nfhz;l xNu ehL - ,e;jpah

1.rpq;fk;

2.Gyp

3.rpWj;ijGyp

4.gdprpWj;ij

5.Nkff; $l;l rpWj;ij

38.gRik mikjp mikg;G - jpkpq;fyq;fis Ntl;ilahLtij jil nra;a cjTfpwJ.

rpg;Nfh ,af;fk; - Re;jh;yhy; gFFzhthy; ,kakiyapy; kuq;fs; ntl;Ltij

epWj;jpaJ.



www.Padasalai.Net



21

9 Mk; tFg;G

mwptpay;

1. njhl;lhy;rpZq;fp -Mimosa pudica

2. #hpafhe;jp - Helianthus annus

3. ,e;jpa je;jpj; jhtuk;> (Indian telegraph plant) eldkhLk; jhtuk;

Desmodium gyrans. ,jid n[fjP]; re;jpuNgh]; jdJ Ma;tpw;F

gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

2. NfhypNahg;ily; vd;gJ Kjypy; tsUk; epiyj;jz;;bd; Kidf;FUj;Jiu MFk;.

3. xspia Nehf;fp jhtuk; tsu Mf;]pd; `hh;Nkhd; cjTfpwJ.

Heliotropism vd;gJ jhtuj;jpd; ghfq;fs; #hpaxsp cs;s jpiria Nehf;fp

mirtjhFk;.

Gravitropism or Geotropism - Gtpia Nehf;fp tsh;jy;

Thigmotropism- njhw;wp tsUk; jd;ik

4. jhtuj;jpd; Kjy; epiyj;jz;L - Plumule

jhtuj;jpd; Kjy; epiy Nth; - Radicle

5. Photonasty – xspAW tisjy; - E.g Common dandelion

Moon flower - Ipomea alba - ,utpy; G+ kyUk; gfypy; G+ %Lk;

Thigmonasty or Seismonasty – njhLTW tisjy; E.g. Mimosa pudica (njhl;lhrpZq;fp)

6. xspr;Nrh;f;if

6CO2+ 6H2O xspNrh;f;if/ C6 H12O6+ 6O2

gr;irak;

`PNkhFNshgpd; = gr;irak;

‘ Fe” jdpkk; = “ Mg” jdpkk;



www.Padasalai.Net



22

7. #hpaxsp flypy; 100 -200 kP Mok; tiu CLUt ,aYk;.

8. gRq;fe;jf ghf;bhPaq;fs; = mrhjhuzkhd #o;epiyapy; thOk; jftikg;G nfhz;l

ghf;bhPah. ,J 350OC & 2OC ntg;gj;jpy; thOk;.

9. ,iyj;Jis ,uz;L fhg;G nry;fs; cs;sd.(Guard cells)jhtuk; cwpQ;Rk; ePhpy; 0.1%

kl;LNk fhh;Ngh i`l;Nul; cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. fhg;G nry;fspy; gr;irak;

cs;sJ. Mdhy; xspr;Nrh;f;if nra;a ,ayhJ. VNddpy; RUBISCO kw;Wk;NADP

bi`l;Nuh[pd]; nehjpfs; ,y;iy.

10. cz;ikahd jpRj; njhFg;ig ngw;wplhj tpyq;Ffspd; njhFjp JizAlypfs;

vdg;gLk;.

11. bA+bNuh];Nlhk; - fUtsh;r;rpapd; NghJ cUthFk; Kjy; Jis kiyj; Jis

MfpwJ.(Blastopore)

GNuhl;Nlh];Nlhk; - Kjy;Jis thahfpwJ.

12.,e;jpahtpy; Flw;GO ePf;f tpopg;Gzh;T ehs; - gpg;uthp 10

13.mkPgpf; rPjNgjp - Entamoeba histolytica - Protozoa

kNyhpah - Plasmodium sp - Protozoa

14.Porifera -JisAlypfs;

1.ePh;tho; caphpfs; : flw;gQ;Rfs;, jpRf;fs; ,y;iy.

2.M];bah,M];Fyk; Jisfs; cs;sd.

3.];gpf;A+y;]; vd;w Ez;Kl;fs; cs;sd.

15. FopAlypfs; (epNlhpah)

1.rPnyd;bNul;Lfs; vdg;gLk;.

2.Mur;rkr;rPh; cly; flypy; tho;git

3.ectoderm, Endoderm mLf;Ffs; cs;sd.

4.kPNrhfpspah $o;kk; cs;sd.

5.nfhl;Lk; nry;fs; - epnkl;Nlhrp];l;fs;

6.nfhLf;F - epNlhrpy;

16. jl;il GOf;fs; -Platyhelminthes

1.czg;ghij ,y;iy. Rly; nry;fshy; fopT ePf;fk; eilngWk;.

2.,Ughypdk; nfhz;lit. ♀ & ♂ xNu GOtpy; cs;sd.

3.Bdpah Nrhypak; - ehlhGO

17.cUisg;GOf;fs; - epkl;Nlhlh

1.fz;lq;fs; ,y;iy

2.ngha;ahd clw;Fop cs;sJ. ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;



www.Padasalai.Net



23

3. xl;Lz;zpg; GOf;fs; MFk;.

m];fhhp]; Yk;hpfha;l;]; - Bdpahrp]; Neha; fhy;eilfspy; rhpahf

rikf;fg;glhj gd;wp ,iwr;rpapid cz;Ztjhy; Vw;gLk;.

4. ahidf;fhy; Neha; -cr;Nrhphpah ghd;fpuhg;b]; . mjpfkhd epzePh;

Nrh;f;ifapdhy; Vw;gLfpwJ.

18. tisj;jirg;GOf;fs; -md;dtplh

kz;GO - ml;ilg;GO

19. fZf;fhypfs; - Arthropoda

1.G+r;rpfs; - mjpf rpw;wpdq;fs; nfhz;lit.

2.Arthropod mh;j;jk;; - ,izg;G fhy;fs;

3.Chitin ciw clypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

4.NjhYhpj;jy; - Moulting eilngWk;

5.Metamorphism fhzg;gLk;.

6.clypy; ,uj;jk; - `PNkhypk;‡g; - jpwe;jntsp ,uj;j Xl;lk;

7.xU fz;iz kl;Lk; nfhz;l caphpdk;- NfhgpNghLfs;

8.G+uhd; -Centipede – E}W fhy; G+r;rp. Mdhy; 30 ,izf;fhy;fs; kl;Lk;

cs;sd.

9.kutl;il - Millipede

8000 rpw;wpdq;fs; cs;sd.

Mapuk; fhy;fs; vdg;gLk; ,it 100 fhy;fis kl;LNk

ngw;Ws;sd.

20.nky;Ylypfs; :

ed;dPh; flypy; tho;fpd;wd.

Mantle vd;w nkd;Nghh;itAk; ; Outershell ntspg;Gw XLk; cs;sd.

bdpbak; my;yJ EiuaPuy; %yk; Rthrk;

yhh;th - Trochopore Larva

Veliger Larva

21.Mf;Nlhg]; -cyfpy; kdpjd; ,y;iynadpy; G+kpapd; kPJ mjpf Mjpf;fk;

nrYj;Jgitfshf ,it ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;.

22.Kl;Nfhypfs; :

flypy; tho;git, Mur;rkr;rPh;, ePh; ,uj;j Xl;l kz;lyk; Foha;f; fhy;fs; cs;sd.

,sk; caphp -Bipinnaria Larva

E.g fly; Fg;gp – Sea urchin

Star Fish

Sea Lilly

Sea Cucumber



www.Padasalai.Net



24

23.kPd;fs;

Fsph; ,uj;j gpuhzpfs; (Poikilothermic)

cly; jirfs; kNahNlhk;fs; vDk; jirj;Jz;lq;fshy; MdJ.

24. rpWj;ijia tpl kpf Ntfkhf nry;Yk; kPd; (109 km) – Sail Fish

gwf;Fk; kPd; - vf;N]hrPl;l];

25. ,Utho;tpfs;

Rthrk; - Nfhy; ,EiuaPuy;, nrTs; , njhz;il top

,jak; - 3 miwfs;

jiyg;gpul;il tbtk; - Tadpole cz;L

cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa ,Utho;tp : rhykhd;lh; (rPdh) Andrias davidianus (5feet)

26. cyfpd; kpfr;rpwpa ,Utho;tp - mk;G er;Rj;jtis Triturus helvecticus (8.5- 12.5mm) fpA+ghtpy; cs;sJ.

27. tsh;td

1. Kjy; epy tho; KJnfYk;G cs;s caphpdk;

2. ,jak; - 3 miwfs;

3. Kjiy - 4 miwfs;

4. ghY}l;b Nghd;w Ch;td : Dimetrodon

28. gwg;gd :

1. Kjy; ntg;g ,uj;j caphp (Homeothermic)

2.Kd;dq;fhy; - ,wf;iffs;

3.Archaeopteryx -Kjy; gwit ,dk;

4.Albatross - kpfg;nghpa gug;gsT nfhz;l rpwF

5.Golden plower - mjpf J}uk; tyir NghFk; gwit

24000- 27000 km – USA

29.Monosaccharites -Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Disacharaites - Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Polysaccharites -Anaylose, Starch, Cellulose, Pectin, Glycogen, Hemicellulose

Sugar(rh;f;fiu) - ,ul;il rh;f;fiu

fha;fwp - nry;YNyh];

Njd;, fUk;G -Rf;Nuh];

mhprp, cUisfpoq;F, nuhl;b -];lhh;rp

fy;yPuy; - fpisf;Nfh[d;

nry;Rth; - nry;YNyh];

30.1gm fhh;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; - 17kj Mw;wy; (4 Kcalorie)

1gm nfhOg;Gfs; - 37 kj Mw;wy; (9kcalorie)



www.Padasalai.Net



25

31.ekJ clypy; cs;s mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; kdpj cly;py; cs;sd. mit (Essential Fatty

acids)

1.α - ypNdhypdpf; mkpyk; (x.Nk.fh- 3 nfhOg;G mkpyk;)

2.ypNdhypdpf; mkpyk; (x.Nk.fh -6 nfhOg;G mkpyk;)

32. Vitaminsngahpl;lth; Dr.gq;f;.

#hpa xsp itl;lkpd; - Vit D

Dehydro cholesterol #hpaxsp

Vit –D

33. Ca, P, K, Na ,Mg - kdpjDf;F mjpfkhf Njitg;gLk; jdpkq;fs;

S, Fe,Cl, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn ,Mo, I, Se - Fiwthf NjitAila jdpkq;fs;

34. Fthh;rpahh;fh; - 1Kjy; 5 taJ tiu cs;s Foe;ijfis jhf;FfpwJ.

kuh];k]; - 1 taJf;F cl;gl;l Foe;ijfis jhf;FfpwJ

35.mNahbd; FiwghL jpdk; - October -21

36.Vitaminosis – itl;lkpd;fs; msT mjpfhpg;gjhy; cUthFk; Neha;

37.Na, K -euk;G J}z;ly;fs; flj;Jjy; nray;

38.czTfs;, czTg; nghUl;fs;, fha;fwpfis Nrkpf;Fk; Kiw

1.fjphpaf;fk; - X ray, UV Rays ,fhkh fjph;fs;

2.GifapLjy;

3.cyu itj;jy;

4.mjpf Fsph; Kiw = - 23oC to - 30OC ghJfhj;jy;

5.ke;j thA gad;gLj;Jjy; - N2 thA

6.ciwa itj;jy; - 0oC f;F fPo; ciwa itj;jy;

7.gh];LiuNr\d;

ghy; 63OC ntg;g epiyapy; 30 epkplq;fs; nfhjpf;f itj;J clNd

Fsp&l;lg;gLjy;

39.Ez;zaphpaypd; je;ij - Y}ap];gh];lh;(France)

Rabies, Anthrax jLg;G kUe;Jfis fz;Lgpbj;jth;

40.Operation Flood – ghy; Gul;rp , ntz;ik Gul;rp – 1970 y; eilngw;wJ.

AMUL rq;fj;ij epWtpath; - th;fP]; Fhpad;.



www.Padasalai.Net



26

41.nkj;jpyPd; rha xLf;f Nrhjid

1.ghypd; juk; mwpAk; Nrhjid

2.ghypd; epwk; clNd khwpdhy; Fiwe;j juk;

3.ghypd; epwk; nkJthf khwpdhy; mjpf juk;

42.Nrhbak; ngd;NrhNal;

rpl;bf; mkpyk;

tpdpfh;

Nrhbak; nkl;lhry;Ngl; nraw;if czT ghJfhf;Fk; Ntjpg;nghUl;fs;

nghl;lhrpak; igry;Ngl;

43. cyf czT jpdk; - October 16

44. ghypy; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; nghUs; : i`l;u[d; nguhf;i]L

khk;goq;fs; gOf;f gad;gLk; nghUs; : fhy;rpak; fhh;igL

gr;ir gl;lhzp epwkpfs; : cNyhf fhhPak;

Mg;gps; kw;Wk; NghPf;fha; epw%l;bfs; : fhh;Ndhgh nkOF

45. nghUs; - fyg;glk;

I];fphpk; -ryitj;J}s;

Njapiy -epyf;fhpj;J}s;

kpsfha;J}s; - nrq;fy;nghb

cg;G - Rz;zhk;G

46. cyf Rfhjhu jpdk; - Vg;uy; 7

47. czT fyg;glk; jLg;Gr; rl;lk; - 1954

czT fyg;glk; jLg;G tpjpfs; - 1955

Food Corporation of India - 1965

48. Nfhlhf;]; mypnkd;lhhpa]; - WTO mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l rh;tNjr czT

ghJfhg;G Efh;Nthh; ghJfhg;;ig cWjp nra;Ak; mikg;G



www.Padasalai.Net



27

10 Mk; tFg;G

mwptpay;

1.kuGk; ghpzhKk;

xU jiyKiwapy; ,Ue;J mLj;j jiyKiyf;F gz;Gfs; flj;jg;gLjiy

guhk;ghpak; vdyhk;. guhk;ghpak; flj;Jjiy Kjd;Kjypy; ntspapl;lth; - fphpfh;

N[hfd; nkz;l;y; (1822- 1884).

,th; gl;lhzp nrbapy; ,jidf; fz;lwpe;jhh;

gl;lhzp nrb - igrk; rl;iltk;

7 gz;Gfspy; mth; Muha;r;rp nra;jhh;

tpij tbtk; - cUz;il / RUf;fk;

tpij epwk; - kQ;rs; / gr;ir

kyhpd; epwk; - Cjh / nts;is

fdp tbtk; -KOikahdJ / RUq;fpaJ

fdp epwk; - gr;ir / kQ;rs;

kyhpd; miktplk; - Nfhzk; / Edp

jz;bd; cauk; - nel;il / Fl;il

xU gz;G fyg;G

Gw Njhw;w tpfpjk; - 3:1

[Pdhf;f tpfpjk; - 1:2:1

Phenotype - GwNjhw;wg; gz;Gfs;

Genotype - Phenotypef;F fhuzkhd FNuhNkhNrh my;yJ [Pd; mikg;G

my;yPy;fs; - xU gz;gpd; ,U NtWgl;l fhuzpfs; nfhz;Ls;s

[Pd; mikg;G jd;ik(Tt)

my;yPNyhkhh;‡Gfs; - [Pd;fs; my;yJ my;yPy;fs;

ntspg;gLj;Jk; gz;G

3. NtWghLfs;

1. clw;nry; NtWghLfs;

2. ,dr;nry; NtWghLfs;

4. rhh;y]; lhh;tpd; - (1809 - 1882)

1. njd;mnkhpf;fh flNyhuj; jPTfspy; Ma;T nra;jhh;.

2. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;.

3. ghpzhkf; nfhs;if ( ,aw;ifj; Njh;T) cUthf;fpdhh;.

5.[Pd; ghg;il]; ykhh;f; (1744 – 1829)

1.clYWg;G gad;ghL tpjp $wpath;.

2.NjitAk; vz;zKNk ,k;khw;wj;jpw;F fhuzk; vd;whh;.



www.Padasalai.Net



28

6.3- 4 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; kdpjd; Nghd;w N`hkpdpl;Lfs; (kdpj

Kd;Ndhbfs;) fpof;F Mg;gpf;fhtpy; te;jdh;. mth;fs; N`hkh n`gpyP];

vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;.

7. 1.5 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh; kdpjd; Nghd;w N`hNk vuf;l;l]; vDk; khkpr

cz;zpfs; Njhd;wpdh;. fpof;F kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; xU kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F

Kd;dh; tho;e;j epahz;lh;jy; kdpjh;fs; Mth;.

8. Mh;f;fp N`hkh nrgpad;fs; - njw;F Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; Njhd;wpa fz;lq;fisf; fle;J

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,dkhf khwpath;fs; ciwgdpf; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jdh;.

9.75000 – 10000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd; jw;fhy N`hkh nrgpad;fs; Njhd;wpdh;.

10.tptrhak; Jtf;fk; - 10000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh;

ghpzhk kuk; - ghpzhk NtWghl;il njhpe;J nfhs;s

11.,z;lh;nguhd; - itu];fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l nry;fshy; cwlgj;jp nra;ag;gLk;

itu];fSf;F vjpuhd Gujk;

12.ep‡g; [Pd; - N2 - I epiyepWj;Jk; [Pd; iel;u[d; Kbr;Rfs; gaW tifr;

nrbfspy; (Fabaceae) Nth;fspy; Kbr;Rfshf cs;sd. Nif gene

13. DNAit Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpapy; ntl;Lk; nehjp (Molecular Scissors) –

nu];l;bhpf;\d; vz;Nlh epA+f;spNa];

DNAit xl;litf;Fk; nehjp (%yf;$W gir) – DNA ligase

14. caphpay; tpid Cf;fpfs; - nehjpfs; MFk;.

15. ];Buha;Lfs; ypg;gpLfspypUe;J ngwg;gl;litahFk;.

v.fh iuNrhg]; G+Q;ir - gpul;dprNyhd; (nfhy];uhy; ];Buha;L)

16. Gw;W Neha;f;F vjpuhfg; gad;gLk; vjph;g;G nghUs;fs; khNdhFNshdy;

Md;bghb];. (,J i`gphpl;Nlhkh njhopy;El;gk; %yk; FNshd;nry;fspy; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd)

17. mikg;gpYk;> kuGg; gz;GfspYk; xj;j caphpfis cUthf;Fk; njhopy;El;gk; -

FNshdpq;. (,J capUs;s rpw;wpdq;fSf;F kl;LNk nghUe;Jk;) lhyp Ml;Lf;Fl;b -

Iahd; tpy;kl; cUthf;fpdhh;.

18. lhyp Ml;Lf;Fl;b :

Scotland Roseland Ma;T epWtdj;jpy; [Piy 1996y; cUthf;fg;gl;l nrk;kwp

Ml;Lf;Fl;b.

nraw;if Kiwapy; cl;fU khw;wj;jpd; %yk; ngwg;gl;ljhFk;.

19. ];nlk; nry; :

1. khWghL milahj xU nry; FOkkhFk;.

2. ikl;lhrp]; Kiwapy; gpsTw;W kpf mjpfr; nry;fis cUthf;Fk; jd;ik.

3. ve;j xU jpUthfTk; khWghL milAk;.



www.Padasalai.Net



29

,uz;L tif.

1. fUtpd; %yr;nry; tif - fUtpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk;.

2. cly; %yr;nry; tif vYk;G k[;i[> fUr;nry;> gdpf;Flj; jputk;>

njhg;Gs;nfhb.

20. caph; czhp - ,uj;jf; FSf;Nfh]; msitf; fzf;fplyhk;.

21. ,d;RyPd; rhh;e;j ePuopT Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kdpjdpd; fizaj;jpy; gPl;lh

nry;fs; rpijtile;jpUf;Fk;.

22. fizaj;jpy; yhq;fh;fhd; jpl;Lf;fspy; cs;s

gPl;lh nry;fs; - ,d;RyPd; Ruf;f cjTfpwJ.

My;gh nry;fs; - FSf;Nfhfhd; Ruj;jiy fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

rpWePhpy; rh;f;fiu ntsptUtJ - lagb]; nkypl;];.

fpisNfh[d; fy;yPuypy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLk;.

23. my;gpdprk; - nkydpd; tsh;rpij khw;w FiwghL jpBh; khw;wkile;j xLq;F

[Pd;fshy; Vw;gLfpwJ. Photophobia Vw;gLk;.

24.

itl;lkpd;fs; Neha;fs; mwpFwpfs;

itl;lkpd; A epf;NlhNyhgpah khiyf;fz;

itl;lkpd; D hpf;fl;]; Ca FiwghL

itl;lkpd; E kyl;Lj; jd;ik ,dg;ngUf;fr; nry;

FiwghL

itl;lkpd; K ,uj;jk; ciwahik mjpf ,uj;j ,og;G

itl;lkpd; B1 nghp nghp euk;G nray;ghL FiwT.

itl;lkpd; B5 ngy;yhfuh kwjp Neha;

itl;lkpd; B12 ngh;dPrpa]; mdpkpah RBC rpijT

itl;lkpd; C ];fh;tp <Wfspy; ,uj;jk;

25. ,d;GSad;rh itu];

- (H1 N1 ) A vdg;gLk; itu];

- cUz;il tbtk;.

26. fhrNeha; - ikf;Nfh ghf;Bhpak; bA+gh;FNshrp]; (TB)

- Fr;rp tbt ghf;Bhpah - BCG jLg;G+rp ,Ljy;



www.Padasalai.Net



30

27. ilgha;L - rhy;Nkhdy;yh il/g;gp

Fr;rp tbtk;> Flw;gFjpapy; ghjpg;ig cz;lhf;Fk;> kz;zPuy; tPf;fk;

28. kNyhpah – gpyh];Nkhbak; GNuhl;lh Nrhth %yk; guTk;.

Plasmodium vivox, P.malariae, P.falciparum (kuzk;), P.o val

29. mdhgpyp]; ngz; nfhR kNyhpahit gug;GfpwJ. kNyhpahtpy; kz;zPuYk; fy;yPuYk;

ghjpg;gilfpwJ.

30. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jhtu tiffs;


G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fs; - 15000

ghrpapdq;fs; - 1676

glh;jhtuqfs; - 1940

G+Q;irfs; - 12480

jpwe;j tpijj; jhtuq;fs; - 64

gpiuNahigl;Lfs; - 2843

nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs; - 1012.

31. ,e;jpahtpy; 8 jhtu kz;lyq;fs; cs;sd.

32. ,e;jpahtpy; tpyq;Ffs;


cyf tpyq;fpdq;fspy; 6.67 %

G+r;rpfs; - 60000 tif.

nky;Ylypfs; - 5000

ghY}l;bfs; - 372

gwitfs; - 1228

Ch;td - 446

,Utho;tpfs; - 204

kPd;fs; - 2546

33. kdpjDk; rpk;gd;rpAk; neUq;fpa xj;j kz;il XL ngw;Ws;sd.

34. kdpj ghpkhdk; kw;Wk; tptrhak; Jtq;fpaJ → 10000 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;.

35. vl;th;L n[d;dh;

1791y; jLg;G+rp nrhw;nwhliu cUthf;fpdhh;.

jLg;G+rpf; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.



www.Padasalai.Net



31

Gujq;fis jLg;G+rpahf gad;gLj;jpdhh;.

Hepatitis-B vjpuhf Kjd; Kjypy; ,t;tif jLg;G+rp gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

36. caphpay; tpid Cf;fpfs; → nehjp (Enzyme)

kdpj clypy; Neha; vjph;g;Gj; jd;ikia Cf;Ftpg;git → caph; vjph;g;G nghUs;

ypg;gpLfspypUe;J ngwg;gLgit ];Buha;Lfs;

Gw;W Neha;f;F vjpuhf gad;gLk; vjph;g;G nghUs; → khNdhFNshd;];

vjph;g;G nghUs;.

mikg;gpYk;> kuGg; gz;GfspYk; xj;j caphpfis cUthf;Fk; njhopy;El;gk; →

FNshdpq; (Cloning)

cly; %yr; nry;fs; ngwg;gLk; ,lk; →vYk;G k[;i[> fUr;nry;> gdpf;Flj; jputk;>

njhg;Gs;nfhb.

caph;j; njhopy;El;gk; %yk; ngwg;gLk; itl;lkpd; → B12

37. caphpay; J}z;liy kpd; J}z;lyhf khw;WtJ → caph; czhp (Bio censor)

caphpay; fzpg;nghwpfs; → caphpr; rpg;Gfs;

38. kNyhpah

nfhRtpy; → ];NghNuh Nrhapl;Lfs;→ ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk;

kdpjdpy; → bNuhNghNrhapl;Lfs;→ ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk;

eQ;Rtpd; ngah; → `PNkhNrhapd;

rh;Nuhdhy;L uh]; → kNyhpah gw;wpf; fz;Lgpbj;jth; 1902y; Nehgy; ghpR

ntd;whh;. ,th; cj;jufhz;Ltpy; my;Nkhuhtpy; gpwe;jth;.

39. glh;jhkiu

G+Q;irfshy; Vw;gLfpd;wd.

Epidermophyton, Microsporum, Trichophyton.

40. jLg;G+rp %yk; ngwg;gLk; jLg;ghw;wy; → nray;kpF Neha; jilf;fhg;G.

jha;g;ghy; %yk; ngwg;gLk; jLg;ghw;wy; → ke;jkhf ngwg;gl;l Neha;jilfhg;G.



www.Padasalai.Net



32

nlz;biuLfs;

kpd;J}z;ly;

irl;lhd;Mf;rhd;

epA+uhd;

41. gpwe;j 15 ehl;fSf;Fs; NghypNah nrhl;L kUe;J mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Kj;jLg;G+rp - 6tJ thuk;

42. HIV ituir gphpj;njLj;jth;fs;

,uhgh;l; fhNyh - USA

Yf; khz;lfpdpah; - France

HIV-RNA kuGg; nghUs; - Retro Virus

HIV-Antibody fis cUthf;Fk; CD4 kw;Wk; T cjTk; nry;fis cUthf;Fk;

WBC fis Fiwf;fpd;wd.

43. HIV fz;lwpAk; Ma;T - ELISA

HIV cWjpg;gLj;Jk; ma;T - Western Plot

44. epA+uhd;fspd; Jiz nry;fs; - epA+Nuh fpspah

%is 860 Nfhb euk;G nry;fshy; MdJ.

euk;G nry; nry; glyk;+nlz;biul;Lfs;+Mf;]hd;fs; (irl;ld;)

45. %isapd; ntz;ik gFjp → Mf;[hd;fs; → ntz;ikahd nfhOg;G

ikaypdhy; %lg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;

ngU%is rhk;gy; gFjp → ikaypdhy; %lg;glhj Mf;]hd;. ,J epA+hpnyk;kh

my;yJ ];thd; nry;fshf Nghh;j;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

Gyd; cWg;G



www.Padasalai.Net



33

46. 3 mLf;F %is ciufs; nkdpd;[]; vdg;gLk;.

2 mLf;F fbd ciw (ntsp ciu) bA+uhNkl;gh vdg;gLk;.

eL ciu muf;dha;L ciu vdg;gLk;.

%is> jz;Ltlk; Rw;wp neUf;fkhf cs;s cl;Gw nky;ypa ciu igNahNkl;lh;

vdg;gLk;.

47. %is = Kd; %is + eL %is + gpd; %is

48. Kd; %is = ngU%is + jyhk]; + i`g;Ngh jhyk];

ngU%is ,U gphpT fhh;fNyhrk; vd;Dk; euk;Gj; jpR gl;ilahy;

,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ngU%is = ntspg;Gwk; = rhk;gy; epwk;

cl;Gwk; = ntz;ik

ifu]; (NkL) + ry;f]; (gs;sk;)

49. ngU%is = fl;lis kw;Wk; xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk; gFjp ,r;ir nray;fs;

czh;T> mwpTf; $h;ik> epidthw;wy;> fw;gidj;jpwd;> ,r;ir nray;fs;> fhuz

fhhpak; Ma;e;jwpjy;

50. jyhk]; → jyhk]; mikg;ig Rw;wp ngU%is #o;e;Js;sJ. czh;T kw;Wk;

,af;F czh;tiyfis flj;Jfpd;wd.

51. i`g;Ngh jhyk]; → jyhk]pd; mbg;gFjpapy; cs;sJ. cly; ntg;gepiy>

cz;Zjy;> ePh; gUFjy;> ghYwT elj;ijia xOq;Fg;gLj;Jjy;> rpdk;> gak;> J}z;Ljy;>

kdntOr;rp fpsh;r;rp nra;a J}z;Ljy;.

52. eL %is → ghh;j;jypd; mdpr;ir nray;fisAk;> ghh;itapd; rhh;G ,af;fj;ijAk;>

fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.

53. gpd; %is = ghd;]; + rpW %is + KFsk;

%isj; jz;L = eL %is + gpd; %is

54. rpW %is → elj;jy;> XLjy; ,aq;F jirfspd; ,af;fq;fis xOq;Fg;gLj;Jjy;.



www.Padasalai.Net



34

55. ghd;]; → cwf;fk;> Rthrk; fl;Lg;ghL

KFsk;→,jaj;Jbg;G> ,uj;jf; Foy;fs; RUf;fk;> %r;RtpLjy;> mdpr;ir nray;fs;.

56. %isapypUe;J 12 ,izf; fghy euk;Gfs; cUthfpd;wd.

jz;Ltl euk;Gfs; → 31 ,izj; jz;Ltl euk;Gfs; midj;J jz;Ltl

euk;GfSk; fyg;G euk;Gfs;.

57. ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfs; Ruf;Fk; nghUs; → `hh;Nkhd;fs;

ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gpfspd; elj;Jdh; → gpl;A+l;lhpRug;gp (jiyikr; Rug;gp)

58. mbNdhi`g;Nghigrp]; `hh;Nkhd;fs;

1. nrhkl;Nlhl;Nuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd;.

2. ijNuhl;Nuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd;.

3. ml;hpNdh fhh;bf;NfhbNuhgpf; cwhh;Nkhd;

4. ghypf;fps; nry; J}z;Lk; `hh;Nkhd;

(tpe;J + mz;lk; cUthjiy J}z;Lk;)

59. nrhkl;Nlh l;Nuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd;

1. rpwpath;fs; → Fiwthd Rug;G Fs;sj; jd;ik

mjpfk; Rug;G mRuj; jd;ik

2. nghpath;fs; → kpifr; Rug;G mf;Nuhnkfyp

60. Y}l;bidrpq; `hh;Nkhd; → mz;lk; tpLgLjy; <];l;Nuh[d;> GNuhn[];buhd;>

ngz; ,d `hh;Nkhd;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a fhuzkhfpwJ.

61. epA+Nuhi`g;Nghigrp]; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;fs;

1. Mf;]pNlhrpd; → kfg;NgW fhy `hh;Nkhd;

2. Mz;bilA+hpl;bf; `hh;Nkhd; → lahngB]; ,d;rpgpl]; Nehia

cUthf;Fk;.

62.

1. ijuha;L `hh;Nkhd; → MSik `hh;Nkhd;

2. ijuhf;]pd; Fiw Rug;G →

vspa fha;lh;

kpf;]pbkh – nghpath;fspy;

fphpl;bdp]k; - rpwpath;fspy;

3. ijuhf;]pd; mjpf RugG; → fpNutpd; Neha;



www.Padasalai.Net



35

63. fizak; :

ehsKs;s + ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp

ehskpy;yh Rug;gp gFjp → yhq;fh;̀ hd; jpl;Lf;fs;

α, β nry;fs; cs;sd.

α nry;fs; → FSf;Nfhfhd; `hh;Nkhd; Ruj;jy;

β nry;fs; → ,d;Rypd; Ruj;jy;

Fiwthd ,d;Rypd; → lahgB]; nkypl];

64. rpWePufk; → ml;hPdy; Rug;gp

1) ml;hPdy; fhh;nlf;]; → My;Nlh];Buhd;

fhh;bN]hd;

My;Nlh];Buhd; → jhJ fye;j fhh;bfha;L

fhh;bN]hd; → FSf;Nfhfhh;bfha;L

65.;

ml;hPdy; nkLy;yh → ml;hPdypd; + ehh;ml;hPdypd;

(mtrufhy `hh;Nkhd;) gwf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd;

66. tpe;jfk; :

irl;Nlhn[dpf; → ,dr; nry;fis cUthf;Fjy;

ehskpy;yhr; Rug;gp → nl];Nlh];bNuhd; Mz; ,d `hh;Nkhd;fis

cUthf;Fjy;

67. mz;lr; Rug;gp :

<];l;Nuh[d; → ,uz;lhk; epiy ngz;ghy; gz;Gfs;

GNuhn[];buhd; → khjtplha; Row;rp + fh;g;gepiyik

hpyhf;]pd; → kfg;NgW `hh;Nkhd;

68. fhy;rpak; tsh;r;rpij khw;w `hh;Nkhd; → fhy;rpNlhdpd;> ghuhjhh;Nkhd;

69. tpe;jfj;jpy; yPbf; nry;fs; nl];Nlh];Buhd; Mz; ,d `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf;fpwJ.

70. ikl;lhrp]; :

FNuhNkhNrhk; mikg;gpy; khWghL Vw;gLk;.

FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifapy; khWghL ,Uf;fhJ.



www.Padasalai.Net



36

midj;J cly;nry;fspy; eilngWk;.

Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase

71. kpahrp];

,dg;ngUf;f cWg;Gfspd; ,dr;nry; vgpjPypar; nry;fspy; kpahrp];

eilngWk;.

,Ukar; nry;fs; → ehd;FKiw xw;iw ikar; nry;fshf cUthfpd;wd.

FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; ghjp vz;zpf;if kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

kpahrp]; I & kpahrp]; II

kpahrp]; I → FNuhNkhNrhk; Fiwg;G

kpahrp]; II → ikl;lhrp]; gFg;G Nghd;Nw eilngWk;.

kpahrp]; I :

1. Prophase – I

1. nyg;NlhBd;

2. irf;Nfhl;Bd; rpdhg;rp]; ,iz Vw;gLfpwJ. ,ul;ilfs; Vw;gLfpwJ.

3. ghf;fpBd; 4 FNuhNkhl;bfs; cUthFk;. ,it nll;ul; my;yJ

Fthl;hpNtyz;l; vdg;gLk;. fah];Nkl;lh ,izT cs;sd. FWf;Nf fyj;jy;

eilngWk;.

FWf;Nffyj;jy; xj;jpirthd FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; FNuhNkl;LfSf;F

,ilNa ghpkhw;wk;.

4. bg;NshBd; Edp milj;jy; epfo;r;rp eilngWfpwJ. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;

gphpfpd;wd.

(LZYPD – Leprotene, Zychotene, Pachetene, Diplotene)

ilahifdh]p]; - cl;fU> cl;fUkzp kiwfpd;wd. fjph; ,iy Njhd;WfpwJ.

mdhNg]; I :

FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;if Fiwjy; eilngWfpwJ.

72. BNyhNg]; I

ghjpasT FNuhNkhNrhk; cs;s ,uz;L Nra; cl;fUf;fs; cUthfpd;wd. Kbtpy;

cl;fUtpd; Neh;Nfhzj;jpw;F fpilkl;lkhf irl;Nlhgpshr RUf;fk; Vw;gl;L nry;

gFg;gilfpwJ. ,J irl;Nlhifdrp]; vdg;gLk;.

73. FWf;Nf fyj;jy; (Crassing Over) gz;Gfspy; NtWghLfs; Njhd;Wjiy cUthf;FfpwJ.

ghpzhk tsh;r;rpf;F mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ.



www.Padasalai.Net



37

74. jhtu ,dg;ngUf;fk; :

Fop clypfs; ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw - mUk;Gjy;

<];l; - mUk;Gjy;

75. ghiy japuhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpah - Lactobacillus

vYk;GUf;fp Nehia cz;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bhpah - Mycobacterium tuberculosis

76. Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa caphpdk; - ghf;Bhpah

Eubacerium - 4 gpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;

ghf;Bhpah - ,Urk gpsTWjy; Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;.

77. ];igNuhifuh ghrp -

];igNuhifuh J}z;Ljy; Kiw i`buhf;fs; nkhl;LtpLjy; Kiw gpiuNahgpy;yk; fl;bg;Nghl;lhy; Fl;bg;NghLk; ,iy tpspk;Gfspy; ,dk; jhtuk;

cUthjy;.

fPo;epiyj; jhtuq;fs;

Fungai, Algae ];Nghh;fs; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk;.

78. ];Nghh;fspd; tiffs; :

1. Aplanospores efUk; jd;ikaw;wJ. My;fhtpy; cUthfpd;wd.

2. Zoospores efUk; jd;ikAilaJ. firapio cz;L. Algae, Fungai, Bacterias cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

3. VifdPl;Lfs; Algae y; cUthfpd;wd.

4. Conidias G+Q;irfspy; cUthFk;. efUk; jd;ikaw;w ngdprpypak;

G+Q;irfspy; cUthfpd;wd.

79.

Autogamy jd;kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if

Allogamy may; kfue;jr;Nrh;f;if

1. gl;Lg; G+r;rpapd; %yk; Endomophilly

2. gwitfs; %yk; Ornithopilly 3. tpyq;Ffs; %yk; Zoophilly 4. fhw;W %yk; Anemophilly (v.fh) kf;fhr;Nrhsk;> igd;> Gw;fs; 5. ePhpd; %yk; Hydrophilly (v.fh) thyp];Nehpah> i`l;hpy;yh> #];buh

80. KOikaile;j fUKl;il irNfhl; vdg;gLk;.

81. ,ul;ilf; fUTWjy; :



www.Padasalai.Net



38

,uz;lhk; epiy cl;fU ,ul;il kaj; jd;ikAilaJ. ,jDld; kw;Nwhh;

Mz;NfkPl; ,iztJ %tpizT vdg;gLk;. ,J fUT+z; cl;fUit cUthf;Fk;.

fUT+z; Endosperm (czTj;jpR)

82. #y; - tpij

#Yiwfs; - tpijAiwfs;.

#yfg;ig – fdp

fUTw;w Kjph;e;j #w;ig fdp vdg;gLk;.

83. fUTWjy; eilngwhky; fdpfs; cUthjy; ghh;j;jpNdhfhh;gpf; fdpfs; (v.fh)

jpuhl;ir> nfha;ah

84.

jdpf;fdp rijg;gw;Ws;s fdp ntbahj; jd;ik> rhW

epiwe;jJ.

cyh;fdp ntbf;Fk;> rhW cs;sJ.

rijg;gw;Ws;s fdp :

1. KO rijf; fdp - gf;Nfl;.

2. cs;xl;L rijf; fdp - l;&g; - (v.fh) khk;gok;.

gf;Nfl; :

1. ngh;hp jf;fhsp

2. n`];nghpbak; MuQ;R> vYkpr;ir

3. Nghk; Mg;gps; - jyhki] cz;fpNwhk;.

4. ngg;Ngh nts;shp

5. l;&g; kh

85. cyh;ntbf;fdp :

1. ,UGw ntbf;fdp ny$k; gl;lhdp> mtiu

2. xUGw ntbf;fdp vUf;F

3. fhg;#y; miu ntbf;fdp gUj;jp

miu jLg;Gr; Rth; ntbf;fdp ntz;il.



www.Padasalai.Net



39

86. cyh; ntbahf; fdp

1. ntbah cyh; rpW fdp mfPd; me;jpke;jhiu

2. ntbah cyh; jhdpak; Nfhpahg;rp]; ney;

3. rpg;nryh biughf;];

4. nfhl;il Ke;jphp

87. gpsTf; fdp

1. Nyh]z;lk; fUNtyk;

2. fphpNkhfhh;g; nfhj;Jky;yp

3. nuf;kh Mkzf;F

88. jpus;fdp nel;Lypq;fk;> rPjhg; gok;

89. NrhNuhrp]; $l;Lf; fdp

NrhNuhrp]; gyh

irNfhd]; mj;jpg; gok; (i`g;ge;Njhbak; kQ;rhp)

90. xU tpj;jpiy jhtuk; : ney; xU fdpahFk;.

ney; Nfhpahg;rp]; fdp

xUtpj;jpiy ];$l;ly;yk;

KisNth; NfhypNahiurh

Kisf;Fs;spypUe;J Nfhypahg;ily;

91. tpijfs; guTk; Kiw :

1. Ml;NlhNfhhp jhdpaq;FKiw (v.fh) ghy;rk;.

2. mdpNkhNfhhp fhw;wpdhy; guTjy; (v.fh) biughf;];> vUf;F> KUq;if

biughf;]; ghg;g]; J}tpfs;> ghuh#l; Nghd;W cs;sd.

3. i`bNuhNfhhp ePh;%yk; njd;id> jhkiu

4. #Nfhhp tpyq;Ffshy; ]he;jpak; jhtuk; & ehAUtpj; jhtuk;.



www.Padasalai.Net



40

92. ntl;Lf;fhag; G+z;Lr; nrb biughf;]; GNuhFk;gd;];

Kj;Jf;nfhl;il (Mkzf;F) hprpd]; fk;A+dp];

me;jpke;jhiu kpuhgpyp]; [ygh

ghy;nrz;L ,k;Ng\pd;]; ghy;rhkpah

mk;ikahh; $e;jy;/rljhhp/jq;ff;nfhb fh];$l;lh hp/nsf;]h

murhizf;fha; / G+rzpf;fha; Ff;fh; Nkf;rpkh

Njhirf;fha; / nts;shp Ff;Fkp]; rl;ilt];

93. ghY}l;bfs; :

jpkpq;fyq;fs;> lhy;gpd;fs; %f;fpd; Edpapy; czh; ,iofs; cs;sd.

ghy; Rug;gpfs; khWghL mile;j tpah;itr; Rug;gpfshFk;.

94. gyPd; jl;Lfs; jpkpq;fyq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,J jpkpq;fyq;fs; tpUg;gkhd czthd fphpy; kpjit caphpfis tbfl;l

gad;gLfpd;wd.

95. xl;lfk; M];khl;bf; nry;fs;

ntsthypd; ,wf;if nglh[pak; vdg;gLk;.

Fl;b fis Rkf;Fk; tpyq;Ffs; khh;#gpay;

96. tpy;ypak; `hh;tp (1628) ,uj;j Xl;lk; fz;lwpe;jth; (Mq;fpNyah;)

97.

,jak; RUq;Fk; epiy rp];Nlhy;

,jak; tphptilAk; epiy ila];Nlhy;

Mhpf;fps; RUq;Fjy;>

ntz;l;hpf;fps;fspd; RUf;fj;jpd;NghJ>

Mhpf;fpNyh> ntz;l;hpf;fpNyh thy;T

%Ljy;

yg; xyp

ntz;l;hpf;fps; tphptiljy; lg; xyp

98. rpiufs; :

Ez;rpiufs; ntz;l;hpf;fs;fs;

EiuaPuy; rpiufs; jtpu kw;w rpiufs; Mf;]p[dw;w ,uj;jj;ij vLj;Jr;

nry;Yk;.



www.Padasalai.Net



41

99. Neha; vjph;g;ghw;wYf;F gpsh];kh Gujkhd FNshGypd; ,d;wpaikahjJ.

My;gpkpd; ePh;r;rkepiyia rPuhf;FfpwJ.

iggphpNdh[d; ,uj;jk; ciwjy;.

100. kh];lh; nfkp];l; vd;w cly; cWg;G rpWePufq;fs;.

101. fpuh]; gh];lhpq; my;yJ FWf;F guhkhpj;jy;

xU rpw;wpdj;jpd; Fl;bia kw;nwhU rpw;wpdj;ij rhh;e;j ngw;Nwhh; guhkhpj;jy;.

(v.fh) Fapy; FQ;Rfis fhfk; Ngzpf;fhg;gJ.

102. nre;eha; Ftd; my;igd;];

103. Yk;Gaphp my;yJ xl;Lz;zp czTg; nghUSf;fhf gpwiu rhh;e;J ,Uj;jy;.

`h];Nlhhpaq;]; Xk;Gaphp Nth;fs; (v.fh) f];f;A+l;lh

104. kl;Fz;zpfs; :

,we;j jhtu tpyq;F cly;fspd; fdpkg; nghUs;fspypUe;J jk; czit ngWk;.

(v.fh) khdhl;Nuhgh> ikf;Nfhiurh Nth;fis nfhz;Ls;sd.

105. mkPghf;fs; ilNahl;lk;fis Nghypf;fhy;fs; %yk; tpOq;Ffpd;wd.

guhkPrpak; FopNghd;w irl;Nlhghhpq;]; topahf ePhpy; Ez;Zaphpfis

tpOq;Ffpd;wd.

106. xU FSf;Nfh]; 2900 KJ Mw;wy; jUfpd;wd.

107. fhw;Ws;s Rthrk; eilngWk; epiyfs;

1. Glycolysis

2. Pyravic cycle

3. Kreb cycle

4. Electron transport chain

1. Glycolysis :

Glucose → 2 Pyravic acid → irl;Nlh gpshrj;jpy; eilngWk;.

2. Pyravic cycle :

Mitochondria tpy; eilngWfpd;wd.



www.Padasalai.Net



42

1 Glucose → 38 ATP Forming

1 Glucose → fhw;wpy;yh epiy vj;jdhy; +Co2 + Mw;wy;

<];l;

1 Glucose → jir yhf;bf; mkpyk; + Mw;wy;

nry;fspy;

108. kz;zpypUe;J jhtuq;fs; Nth;j;J}tpfs; %yk; ePh; kw;Wk; fdpkg; nghUs;fis

cwpQ;Rfpd;wd.

GNsak; czTg; nghUl;fis jhtuq;fspy; flj;Jfpd;wd.

iryk;> buf;fPLfs; → ePiu cwpQ;Rfpd;wd.

109. kpf caukhd kuq;fspy; ePh; flj;j ePuhtpg;Nghf;F Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,uT Neuq;fspy;

NtuOj;jk; %yk; ePh; flj;jg;gLfpwJ.

110. jhtuq;fs; fopTg; nghUl;fis thf;FNthy;fspy; Nrkpf;fpd;wd. rpy jhtuq;fs;

Kjph;e;j iryk; jpRf;fspy; gprpd;fshfTk;> nurpd;fshfTk; Nrkpf;fpd;wd.

111. mk;NkhdpNahnlypf; tpyq;Ffs; → mjpf mk;Nkhdpahit ntspNaw;Wk;

tpyq;Fs;

(v.fh) kPd;fs;.

A+hpNfhnlypf; tpyq;Ffs; → mjpf A+hpf; mkpyj;ij ntspNaw;Wjy;.

(v.fh) gwitfs;> ghY}l;bfs;

112. ,lh;ghL jUk; caphpa kUj;Jtf; fopTfs; mopf;fg;gLk; Kiw → vhpj;J

rhk;gyhf;Fjy;.

113. fhfpjq;fs; 54 % kWgbAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

fz;zhb 20 % kWgbAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

114. nraw;if kiog;nghopT → cyh;gdp my;yJ KI J}Tjy; (nghl;lhrpak; mNahilL)

cg;GePiu FBePuhf;Fjy; → jiofPo; rt;T+Lguty;

115.

Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs; → 89

1.60 ,yl;rk; r.fp.kP

ruzhyaq;fs; → 500

Gypfs; fhg;gfq;fs; → 27

tdcaphpdf; fhl;rprhiyfs; → 200

ghJfhf;fg;gl;l caph; tho;tplq;fs; → 13



www.Padasalai.Net



43

116. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; Njrpa G+q;fh kw;Wk; Gyp ghJfhg;G gFjp → fhh;ngl;

cj;jufhz;l;

guj;G+h; gwitfs; ruzhyak; → ,uh[];jhd;

117. ngl;Nuhypak; → fUg;Gj; jq;fk;

118. vz;nza;f; frptpdhy; fly; ePh; kl;lj;jpy; kpjf;ff; $ba vz;nza; rpjwy;fs; jhh;

ge;Jfs; vdg;gLk;.

119. Kyoto Protocol → jl;gntg;g epiy khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; Gtp ntg;gkiljiy

vjph;f;Fk; If;fpa ehLfspd; xg;ge;j $l;likg;G.

120. gRik Ntjpapay; → jPik tpistpf;ff;$ba Ntjpg; nghUs;fis

Fiwe;j msNt cUthf;Fjy;. (1995y; mwpKfkhdJ)

121. caphp gpsh];bf;Ffs; kf;fhr; Nrhsk;> cUisf; fpoq;fpypUe;J cUthf;Fjy;.

122. Gtpf;fpuhkk; nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath; → khh;]y; khf;Y}fhd;

123. caphpa rPuikg;G vd;gJ Ez;Zaphpfis nfhz;L Rw;Wr;#oypy; cs;s fopTfis

mfw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk;.

(v.fh) iel;NuhNrhNkhdh]; A+Nuhg;gpNa

,e;j ghf;Bhpah iel;u[d; kpf mjpf msT khrile;j fopT ePiu Rj;jg;gLj;j

gad;gLfpwJ.

124. gOg;G ePh; vd;gJ tPl;Lf; fopT ePh; MFk;.

foptiwapy; gad;gLj;jp ntspNaWk; ePiuj; jtpu kw;w midj;J tifahd tPl;L

cgNahf ePh; gOg;G ePh; MFk;.

125. cUisg; GOf;fshy; Vw;gLk; ghh;itf; FiwghL Neha; → Mq;Nfh nrh;rpah]p];

126. ,uj;jg; GO Neha; → yp];Nlhkpah]p];

127.

cyfpd; Mz;LNjhWk; tapw;Wg; Nghf;fhy; ,wg;gth;fs; → 1.50 kpy;ypad; ,jpy;

ngUk;ghyhNdhh; 5 tajpw;Fl;gl;lth;fs;.

tsUk; ehLfspy; cs;s 10 kf;fs; Flw;GOf;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.

300 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; kNyhpahthy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.



www.Padasalai.Net



44

128. CFL gy;G gad;gLj;Jtjhy; 600 MW kpd;dhw;wy; Nrkpf;fyhk;.

129.

kuG rhuh tsq;fs; my;yJ GJg;gpf;fj;

jf;f tsq;f;s my;yJ jPh;e;Jtplhj

tsq;fs; →

#hpad;> i`l;u[d;> fhw;W> ePh;

kpf mjpf epiw nfhz;l Mw;wiy ngw;w nghUs; → i`l;u[d;

1 A+dpl; i`l;u[d; Mw;wy; vd;gJ

ngl;Nuhiy fhl;bYk; 2.5 klq;F mjpf

Mw;wy;

vj;jdhiytpl 4.5 klq;F mjpf Mw;wy;.

nkj;jdhiy tpl 6 klq;F mjpf Mw;wy;.

130. fhw;Wfspd; ehL → nld;khh;f; → 25 % kpd;rhuk; fhw;whiyfspd; %yk; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

fhw;whiy kpd;rhu cw;gj;jp :

n[h;kdp → 1 tJ ,lk;

,e;jpah → 5 tJ ,lk;

jkpo;ehl;by; fd;dpahFkhpapy; 380 MW fhw;whiyg; gz;iz cs;sJ.

131. kuG rhuh tsq;fs; → epyf;fhp> ngl;Nuhypak;> ,aw;ifthA> ANudpak;.

,aw;if thA kPj;Njd; (90 %) + <j;Njd; GNuhg;Ngd; (10 %)

kPj;Njd; (vspathA) → gRik thA> cuq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLfpwJ.

132. caphp vhpnghUs;fs;

1. Bio alcohol 2. Bio diesel. 3. Plant oil 4. Bio ether 5. Bio gas

133.

Bio ether caphp vhprhuhak; - nehjpj;jy; %yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ. nry;YNyh];

,jw;F gad;gLfpwJ.

Bio diesel jhtu vz;nza; tpyq;F nfhOg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLfpwJ.

Bio gas fhpkg; nghUl;fs; fhw;wpy;yh rpijT %yk; ,jid ngwyhk;.



www.Padasalai.Net



Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566


45

www.Padasalai.Net



kmtr – eco development - tirunelveli · kmtr – eco development - tirunelveli 3 thoothukudi...

Documents