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KMS Technologies – KJT Enterprises Inc.

Strack, K. – M.

Resistivity Logging Past, present & future

2004

Presentation

Society of Physics Students, Technical Meeting, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

© Copyright KJT Enterprises Inc. 2001-2004

Resistivity LoggingResistivity Logging

Past, present & futurePast, present & future

K. StrackKMS Technologies – KJT Enterprises Inc.

June 2004


Resistivity logging: Past, Present & FutureResistivity logging: Past, Present & Future

• Introduction• Past

HistoryOlder toolsPitfalls

• PresentOverall conceptImproved toolsInnovative toolsInterpretation

• Future


ObjectiveObjective

• Provide a resistivity logging snapshot • Stay with wireline only (MWD later)• Link past & future developments


Oil Oil -- Resistivity relationshipResistivity relationship

Rxo Shale R

Oil

Tight

Oil

1/2 Oil1/2 Water

Water

t

V

′V

′′V






• Future


The fun of ancient loggingThe fun of ancient logging

After SPWLA, 1979


The PhasesThe Phases

• 1921 - 1927 Conceptual Phase• 1927 – 1949 Acceptance Phase• 1949 – 1985 Maturity Phase• Since 1985 – Reinvention Phase

• Historically:Schlumberger dominated (exceptions: MPI, EMI)During 1990 Baker caught up and developed new

tools (3DEX and TCR)

After Luthi 2001






• Future


Resistivity tools underlying principleResistivity tools underlying principle

(after van Ditzhuijzen, 1994)


Electric resistivity devicesElectric resistivity devices

• Normal log• Lateral log• LL3• LL7, DLL• LL8 – as LL7 but shorter spacing & return• Rxo logs• Diplogs


V

V

Cable armor

Lateral

Normal

JT Enterprises Inc. 2000After Labo 1987

Normal and lateral principleNormal and lateral principle


Normal & Normal & lateral logs: lateral logs: curvescurves

After Labo 1987


LL7, DLLLL7, DLLLL3 and LL7LL3 and LL7

LL3LL3


MicroMicro--SFL principleSFL principle

After Peeters, 1995, Schlumberger

Rxo= (VMo – VM1) / Io


MicrologMicrolog picturepicture

After SPWLA, 1979


DipmeterDipmeter tool principletool principle

.After Luthi, 2001

Different environments•Water based mud• Oil based mud

© Copyright KJT Enterprises Inc. 2001-2004After Luthi, 2001

DiplogDiplog principleprinciple

• used in water based mud


After Luthi, 2001

OBM dip tool OBM dip tool principleprinciple

• used in oil based mud


SLBSLB’’ss dip log tool: SHDTdip log tool: SHDT

After Luthi, 2001


After Luthi, 2001

SHDTSHDT™™ diplogdiplogexampleexample






• Future


BHD

= 8 inRm

= 0.15 Wm

96102

10 100 1000

Depth of Invasion

500

bhdbhd = 8 in.= 8 in.RmRm = 0.15 W m= 0.15 W m

Apparent Resistivities (Ωm)

25

98100

104106

108110

112114

116

1

Depth (in.)

RtRxo

LLD

LLSLi

Pitfalls: Pitfalls: LaterologLaterolog --invaded layersinvaded layers

After Mezzatesta, 1996


from The Log Analyst, 1994

invasion radiusinvasion radius

100 0.2 200

est. riest. ri

est. Rtest. Rt

est. Rxoest. Rxo

true Rxotrue Rxo

true Rttrue Rt

DLLDLL

DILDIL

0 in. ohm-m

riri

100

150

200

ft

22--D D InversionInversionResultsResults

After Strack et al., 1998


Pitfalls: Induction logsPitfalls: Induction logs

After Anderson, 1986





• PresentOverall concept

Direct image of geologyMore dataNew measurementsBetter understanding of measurements & geology

Improved toolsInnovative toolsInterpretation

• Future


Combined photo & imageCombined photo & image

image

photograph


HDLL

V ′′

Data Inversion RtApparent Rt

LimitsLimits PossibilitiesPossibilities

DLLGalvanic

After Strack, 1999

From meters to acquisition systemsFrom meters to acquisition systems

V’

V


Raw Array → Data Inversion → RtRaw Array → Data Inversion → RtApparent RtApparent Rt

DPIL

HDIL

From meters to acquisition systemsFrom meters to acquisition systems






• PresentOverall conceptImproved tools

Image tools (WBM & OBM)Array tools (Induction & Laterologs)

Innovative toolsInterpretation

• Future


From From diplogdiplog to imagingto imaging

• Imaging started with dip logs• Today multi button imagers replace most dip

logs• Image tool are used for geologic

interpretation• Could be used also for reserve estimates


0 360180

DipAzim

Azimuth

Courtesy of Paauwe, 2001

How the display is derivedHow the display is derived


ExampleExample

After Rider, 1996


Current electrical imagersCurrent electrical imagersPad with25 buttons

Alternate pads offset from each other

Powered standoff centralizes tool

CBIL is attached to lower end of tool string

6 alternately offset electrical imaging pads

FMI

STAR

EMI



RESISTIVITY IMAGE COVERAGERESISTIVITY IMAGE COVERAGE

8.5” hole: 20% 40% 80% 60%12.25” hole: 14% 28% 56% 42%

FMI EMI/STAR

1987 1989 1991 1994+

2-FMS 4-FMS

4 ARM 4 PAD 4 FLAP4 ARM 4 PAD6 ARM 6 PAD



Oil based mud (OBM) imagerOil based mud (OBM) imager

• Difficult to get current via OBM• Resolution must be on formation scale• Resistivity range must be large• Imager must have higher lateral/vertical res.• OBMI™ introduced 2001• Cheung et al., 2001 paper

OBMI trademark of Schlumberger

© Copyright KJT Enterprises Inc. 2001-2004(Schlumberger OBMI,2002)

OBMIOBMI™™ functional diagramfunctional diagram


OBMIOBMI™™ versus core imageversus core image

After Cheung et al., 2001


Array Array industionindustion requirementsrequirements

• Multiple depths of investigation• Multiple vertical resolution (improved!)• Increased depth of investigation• More reliable measurements• Streamlined interpretation


Resolution matched exampleResolution matched example

After Beard et al., 1996


HDIL Resolution Matched

After Dip Correction

Array Induction: Dip Effect & CorrectionArray Induction: Dip Effect & Correction

After Beard and Evans, 1996

© Copyright KJT Enterprises Inc. 2001-2004Net Pay and Saturation Analysis

DPIL HDIL

Reservoir Thickness: 270 ft

Net Pay (ft) 103.6 130.1

Net Pay 38.4% 48.2%

Por . Feet 15.4 ft 18.9 ft

Hyd. Feet 7.4 ft 9.2 ft

HDIL data allowed 24%

more OIIP be booked.

HDILHDIL

DPILDPILHDILHDILDPILDPIL

Step change through hardwareStep change through hardware

Reserves estimate Reserves estimate DPIL vs. HDILDPIL vs. HDIL



OIIP = (A*h)*Por*(1-Sw)

A= 160 acreAssume 7,758 API Bbl/acre-foot1 Bbl = $22

2 ft VRM Curves 2D Inversion

h 67.00 ft 74.75 ftPor 25.8% 25.9%(1-Sw) 69.5% 67.3%

OIIP 14,912,427 Bbl 16,173,193 BblValue 328 M$ 356 M$

HDIL VRMHDIL VRM

2D inversion2D inversion

volumetricsvolumetrics

porositiesporosities

SwSw

2 ft VRM 2 ft VRM vsvs 2D inversion2D inversion



Array Array laterologlaterolog objectivesobjectives

• Next generation lateral instrument

• Resolvethin beds (< laterolog- 2ft)deep invaded formations

• Provide accurate radial profile of Rt & Rxo invasion & flushed zone

evaluation

• Provide risk analysis input error bounds, parameter

importance


Improved verticalResolution

RtRtGamma rayGamma ray

calipercaliper

SPSP

RxoRxo

MLLMLL

DLL DLL HDLL HDLL

After Itskovich et al., 1998

HDLL versus DLLHDLL versus DLL


HRLA Principle and ModesHRLA Principle and Modes

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4 Mode 5

24 ft

Courtesy of Barber, Schlumberger, 2001


Field LogsField Logs

• Main pay zone• Gas sand• Channel sand

environment• 8.5-in. bit• Rm = .08 Ohm-m

Courtesy of Barber, Schlumberger, 2001





• PresentOverall conceptImproved toolsInnovative tools

Azimutal image3D inductionThrough Casing Resistivity

Interpretation• Future


After Luthi, 2001

Azimuthal Azimuthal resistivity resistivity imager (ARIimager (ARI™™))


After Luthi, 2001

ARIARI™™ exampleexample


ARIARI™™ detailed detailed exampleexample

After Luthi, 2001


Resistivity toolsResistivity tools

• Laterologs• Induction logs• Thin bed tools• Azimuthal resistivity imager• Relationship to image tools• Through casing resistivity• 3D induction• Inversion of resistivity logs


TCRLTCRL™™: Benefits: Benefits

• Bypassed hydrocarbons

• Monitor reservoir changes with time

water/gas flood control

• Better reservoir estimates

larger depth of investigation

optimized vertical resolution

Strack, 1999


Basic historyBasic history

• Three electrode scheme - Alpin (1939)

• Modern design - Kaufman (1990)Vail (1991)

• WA feasibility study - May-Nov. 1993

• Colorado test - Dec. 1993-Mar. 1994

• PML acquisition by BA - Q4 1997

• First digital log, BA Texas - 5/98

• SLB commercial service - 1999

• BHI cancel project - 2000

Strack, 1999


Casing

Injected current

Current leaking intothe current tube

I ( Z + d Z )Z + d Z

Ir 4

Leakage

Main current flowI ( Z )

V

Z

O

O

TCRL principle of operationTCRL principle of operation

Strack, 1999


C

A

J

ED

F

C

A

J

ED

F

C

A

J

ED

F

G B GG BBToolToolTool

Reference Calibration Measurement

V0

V2

V1∆V

~

∆VV1

V2

~~

Operational modesOperational modes

Strack, 1999


TCR tools at Baker Atlas test wellTCR tools at Baker Atlas test well

Strack, 1999

© Copyright KJT Enterprises Inc. 2001-2004(Aulia et al., 2001)

SLB: measurement & calibrationSLB: measurement & calibration


-30

-20

-10

0.5 0.6 0.9 1.00.80.7Apparent Resistivity / Formation Resistivity

Rel

ativ

e de

pth

(m)

to top

1 0Ω m

ρ2

Cas

ing

Casing shoe & reservoir depletionCasing shoe & reservoir depletion

Brin

e sa

tura

ted

(1 Ω

m)

Mix

ed sa

tura

tion

(1 0Ω

m)

Oil

satu

rate

d (1

00 Ω

m)

Strack, 1999


Rel

. Pos

ition

(m)

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6

-0.5

0.5

0

1

Leakage: (Measured-undistorted) / undistorted

Si /Sc = 1/41/81/161/321/100000

Si

Sc

220

222

224

2260.005 0.01 0.015 0.02

Leakage Current (A)

Collar

MeasuredCalculated

Test wellFeasibility Study

Dep

th (f

t) ∗

∗∗∗

∗∗

∗∗∗ ∗∗

Casing collar effect (resistive)Casing collar effect (resistive)

Link to original field plot Link to original field plot Strack, 1999


Dep

th (f

t)

4800

4900

4850

4950

Apparent resistivity (Ωm)1 10010 1000

Log run 1 01.22.94Log run 2 01.26.94Induction log 02.27.82Casing collars

Colorado test: Blind test zoneColorado test: Blind test zone

Strack, 1999


GRGAPI0 100

CXYIN6 16

CALIIN6 16

CCL0 2500

x050

x100

DEP

THFEET

Deep Induction

OHMM2 200

CHFRTCR_L

TCR_LOHMM2 200

CHFR

TEMPDEGF100 200

7” OD casing~20-year old23 lb./ft.

After Qiang et al., SPWLA 2002

TCRTCR™™ versus CHFRversus CHFR™™


Summary: TCRSummary: TCR™™

• TCR works: Schlumberger have working tools

• Numerical modeling predicted results

• It took 60 years from idea to tool

• Better commercial tools are still needed

After Strack 1998


Transverse Induction Transverse Induction -- historyhistory

• Problem long known (Gianzero, Anderson, Klein & Allen etc)

• Commercial values recognized by Shell (1991)20 – 30% missed reserves

• Project concept developed Shell/WALS 1992/93• Shell funded development by Baker Atlas• Shell patents: Beard et al., 1998 – WO 98/00733; Strack

et al., 2000 - # 6147496• First TILT tool runs GOM, Oman 1999, name

changed to 3DEX™• SLB’s equivalent tool 2003


Crossbeds & sand/shale & siltstonesCrossbeds & sand/shale & siltstones

After Strack & Kriegshaeuser, 1999


x545

x580

x600

x630

30 80 0.2 200

Gamma ray Laterologs

Productiontest

1750 BOPDGOR 3250

Cleansand

Core

Thin beds

Resistivity: exampleResistivity: example

After Strack & Kriegshaeuser, 1999


Turbidite exampleTurbidite example

After Blackbourn & Thomson, 2000


Transverse Induction logging principleTransverse Induction logging principle

Sand: high RSand: high Rtt

Shale: low Rt

Rh

Rv

Additional applicationsAdditional applications

Fracture Fracture detetiondetetionHorizontal well Horizontal well interpreationinterpreationGeoGeo--steeringsteering

After Kriegshaeuser et al, 2000


100% 50% 0%Net / gross

Sand resistivity

Shale resistivity

10 Ωm

1 Ωm

Resist

ivity

Vertical resistivity

Horizontal resistivityHorizontal resistivityHorizontal resistivity

AnisotropyAnisotropyAnisotropy

Resistivities in laminar Sand/Shale sequencesResistivities in laminar Sand/Shale sequences



Anisotropy influence on resistivityAnisotropy influence on resistivity

After Yu et al., 2001


Anisotropic vs. Isotropic data matchAnisotropic vs. Isotropic data match

Magnetic Field (mA/m) Magnetic Field (mA/m) Magnetic Field (mA/m)-2 0 2

x380

x400

x420

x440

x460

x480

x500

x520

x540

Hxx - component

Dep

th (f

t)

-2 0 2

x380

x400

x420

x440

x460

x480

x500

x520

x540

Hyy - component

0 2 4

x380

x400

x420

x440

x460

x480

x500

x520

x540

Hzz - component

measuredanisotropicisotropic



3DEX3DEX™™: Inversion results: Inversion results

After Yu et al., 2001


3DEX3DEX™™ example dataexample data After Yu et al., 2001






Modeling & inversion• Future


Resistivity toolsResistivity tools

• Laterologs• Induction logs• Thin bed tools• Relationship to image tools• Through casing resistivity• 3D induction, example• Inversion of resistivity logs


•• Inversion methodologyInversion methodology

• Practical implementation

• Case histories

• Conclusions

Inversion OutlineInversion Outline



RRt, nt, n RRxo, nxo, n LLxo, nxo, n RRt, nt, n

Earth ModelsEarth Models


RRt, n+1t, n+1 RRt, n+1t, n+1RRxo, n+1xo, n+1 LLxo, n+1xo, n+1

RRt, nt, n--11 RRxo, nxo, n--11 RRt, nt, n--11LLxo, nxo, n--11RRmm

BHDBHD

boreholeborehole

⇐ 1 – dimensional (D) model ⇒⇐1

–dimen

sion

al (D) mod

el (ve

rtical) ⇒

⇐ 2 – dimensional (D) (cylindrical) ⇒

⇐ 3 – dimensional (D) model (dip)⇒


Geological formation

Logs

Earth model describedby parameters(resistivity distribution)

Measurements

WESTERNATLAS

Logging processLogging process

Strack, 1999


Geological formation

Logs

Earth model describedby parameters(resistivity distribution)

Modeling

?Inversion

Modeling process for logsModeling process for logs

Geological formationGeological formation

Strack, 1999

datadataModeledModeledloglog


300X

320X

340X

360

DLL

Rxo

Rt

2-D2-D

Rxo

DLL

RIPM

Rt

X300

X320

X340

X360

DLLDLL

DLLDLL

RxoRxo

RxoRxo

RtRt

RtRtLxoLxo

LxoLxo DPILDPILDPILDPIL

1-D1-D

Inversion: 1D versus 2DInversion: 1D versus 2D



Rxo

Lxo

MLL

Deep

Shallow

Rt

2 m (6.5 ft)

DLL DLL underestimating underestimating oil reservesoil reserves



Sw Diff. Lithology 2-D Fluid Vol.

2-D Lxo

Chart Fluid Vol.

Reservoir Analysis Chart 2-D

Hydrocarbon Meters 5.4 6.0Avg. Sw 25% 21%

Increased OIP Estimates 10%

Reservoir Analysis Chart 2-D

Hydrocarbon Meters 5.4 6.0Avg. Sw 25% 21%

Increased OIP Estimates 10%

22--D Inversion D Inversion versus chart versus chart interpretationinterpretation



Inversion Conclusions:Inversion Conclusions:

• Better delineated oil bearing zones

• More accurate formation parameters

• Risk analysis parameters

• New ways for data integration & upscaling

• Frontier: horizontal well interpretation

• Future: Imaging







• Future


PastPast PresentPresent FutureFutureField LogsField Logs

InterpretationInterpretation

IntegrationIntegration

EvaluationEvaluation

LogsLogs

ProcessingProcessing

ImagingImagingModelingModeling


ModelingModelingField LogField Log

ImagingImagingModelingModeling


Field LogsField Logs

EvaluationEvaluationEvaluationEvaluation

The paradigm shiftThe paradigm shift



Optimum use: MWD & WirelineOptimum use: MWD & Wireline

• Ability to enhance both LWD & Wireline resistivity data

• More resistive zones translate into more OIP

Joint inversion of MPR & HDIL dataJoint inversion of MPR & HDIL data

JointMPRHDIL



STAR resistivity

STAR resistivity

MLL resistivityMLL resistivity

button K from 3Dmodeling

button K from 3Dbutton K from 3Dmodelingmodeling

IntegratedImager &Microlaterolog

IntegratedIntegratedImager &Imager &MicrolaterologMicrolaterolog


Optimum toolOptimum tool

V”∆V

VV1

VV2

Measure

• galvanic & inductive

• horizontal & vertical


General formation evaluation trendGeneral formation evaluation trend

• Optimum use of MWD & wirelineMWD: routine and steeringwireline: imaging and deep (1-10 years then MWD)

• Advanced logs: mineralogy, downhole analysis..• Downhole laboratories & factories• Integrated optimized solutions

tie with SWD to seismic cube

KMS Technologies – KJT Enterprises Inc. 6420 Richmond Ave., Suite 610

Houston, Texas, 77057, USA Tel: 713.532.8144

[email protected]

Please visit us

http://www.kmstechnologies.com//

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