;kmntfsf syo k df0f|...3;kmntfsf syo k df0f| ljifo;"lr ågå / zflgt :yfkgf & zflgt...

1

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;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]Gb|g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x

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e'k/fh v8\sf

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;fd'bflos /]l8of]M ;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f;DkfbgM /3' d}gfnL / e'k/fh v8\sfklxnf] ;+:s/0f M ;g\ @)!@k |sfzsk|sfzsk|sfzsk|sfzsk|sfzs;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]Gb|÷g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xyfkfynL, sf7df8f}+ .kmf]g g+ M )!–$@%(^)%, $@^)@$*Email: [email protected]: www.nefej.org

ISBN: 978-9937-2-4889-1

of] k':ts cf]kg ;f];fO{6L kmfpG8];g (Open SocietyFoundation) sf] ;xof]udf k|sflzt ePsf] xf] .

3

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ljifo;"lråGå / zflGt :yfkgf &

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3/]n' lx+;f (!kfj{tL 3/d} k'g{:yflkt (#

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;femf rf}tf/L !@#;femf rf}tf/Lsf] ?kdf /]l8of] !@%/]l8of]M gfd Ps, sfd cg]s !@^

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e'ldsf;fd'bflos /]l8of] nf]stflGqs ;dfhdf ax'njfbL ;~rf/

jftfj/0fsf] cleGg cª\u xf] . nf]s;]jL tyf Jofkfl/s k|zf/0fdfWodsf] ljsNkdf ;fdflhs ;Djfb sfod ub}{ jf:tljs ;fj{hlgsbfo/f lgdf{0f ug{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ljZjel/ g} ;kmn e};s]sf] 5 .cfhsf] ljZjdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;dfh kl/jt{gsf nflu ce'tk"j{dfWodsf] ?kdf lqmoflzn eO/x]sf] tYok|lt s'g} klg zª\sf 5}g .

g]kfndf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgf ePsf] sl/j 8]9 bzseof] . g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"xsf] kxndf @)%$ /]l8of];u/dfyfsf] :yfkgf;Fu} g]kfndf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleofgn]ult lnof] . of] 8]9 bzsf] cjlwdf d'n'sel/ :jtGq ;fd'bflos/]l8of]sf] ;ª\Vof sl/a b'O{ ;o gfl3;s]sf] 5 . of] ;fd'bflos/]l8of]M ;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ljsf;sf] o;cjlwdf g]kfnL ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFdf;fd'bflos ljsf; / ;dfh kl/jt{gsf nflu lgjf{x u/]sf] e'ldsfsfsYo k|df0fx¿n] el/Psf] 5 . of] k|sfzgsf] d'n Wo]o ;fd'bflos/]l8of] ;~rfnsx¿df pTk|]/0ff yKg'sf ;fy} gLlt lgdf{tf tyfcGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cfjZostf jf]wu/fpg' /x]sf] 5 . of] ;+u|xdf k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd ljleGg :yfgaf6;~rfngdf cfPsf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] ;d'bfodf kf/]sfk|efjx¿sf] 36gfjnL ;+slnt 5g\ .

o; ;+u|xsf nflu ;fd'bflos lxt, u}/gfkmfd'vL, :jtGq /gful/s cfwf/ ePsf u}/;/sf/L tyf ;xsf/L ;+:yfåf/f ;~rflnt/]l8of]x¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] eg]/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . o;k|sfzgdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x¿n] ljutdf åGå / zflGt :yfkgf,;fd'bflos ljsf;, hflto e]befjsf] cGTo, ;'zf;g, 3/]n' lx+;f,JolQmut hLjgdf k|efj, :jod\;]jf, ;|f]t Joj:yfkgh:tf pNn]Vo36gfx¿nfO{ bzj6f v08df ljeflht u/L ;kmntfsf %$ j6fsYo k|df0fx¿ ;+u|lxt 5g\ .

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o; k|sfzgsf] d'n dd{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;kmn k|of;nfO{;fj{hlgs ug'{ tyf ;fy;fy} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ j}wflgstflbg' kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ ;k|df0f pb\3f]if ug'{ xf] . of] k|sfzgg]kfnL ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleoGtf tyf ;~rfnsx¿n] k|lts'nsfg'gL kl/l:yltsf jfjh'b klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cleofgyfNg] lg0f{o d'nssf nflu ;xL lyof] eGg] s'/f Jofjxf/af6 l;4u/]sf k|df0fx¿sf] ;+u|x ;d]t xf] .

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0fx¿ k7fP/ ;xof]u ug'{ x'g] cWoIf tyf:6]zg d]g]h/x¿ s[i0f g]kfn–/]l8of] n'lDagL, lzjhL ufos–/]l8of] hfu/0f, eQm :ofªtfg–/]l8of] gdf]j'4, 6+s yfkf tyf eLd/fO{–/]l8of] ?kfsf]6, 1fg]Gb| uf}td–jfUn'ª PkmPd, k|]d lgªn]v'–/]l8of] DofG5\o]od, blw/fd ;'j]bL tyf ljk'n kf]v/]n–/]l8of] :ju{åf/L/ lhaG5 rf}w/L–;dfb PkmPdk|lt xfdL cfef/L 5f}+ .

cGTodf o; k|sfzgdf ;d]l6Psf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf];kmntfnfO{ cGo /]l8of]x¿n] l;sfO{sf ?kdf lnpg / ;fGble{seP cfk\mgf] If]qdf nfu" ug]{ k|of; u?g eGg] :jfefljs cfzf klgxfdLn] lnPsf 5f} + . o;sf ;fy} gLlt lgdf{tf tyf cGo;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf nflu ;d]t pkof]uL ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L x'g] s'/fdfklg xfdL ljZj:t 5f}+ . o; k':tsnfO{ cBf]kfGt x/]/ ;'emfj lbg'x'g] gu]Gb| nD;fn / efiff ;Dkfbg u/]/ k':tsnfO{ k7gLo agfOlbg'x'g] kqsf/ /fh]z l3ld/] wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 . of] k':tsk|sfzgnfO{ ;Dej agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] cf]kg :j;fO6Lkmfp08]zgk|lt cfef/L 5f}+ . ;fy} of] ;u|x ;Dkfbgsf] cj;/k|bfg u/]sf]df ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]Gb|÷g]kfn jftfj/0fkqsf/ ;d"xk|lt xflb{s s[t1tf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

/3' d}gfnLe'k/fh v8\sf

7

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åGå / zflGt :yfkgf

8

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9

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zflGt :yfkgfsf] cEof;

kLl8t ePsfafnaflnsfk|lt s;}n]

Wofg glbPsf]b]v]kl5 pgLx¿nfO{

s]xL ;xof]uk'¥ofpgsf nflu/]l8of] Joj:yfkg

;ldlt / /]l8of]sdL{n]kxn u/] .

@)^$ ;fn ebf} #) ut] . 36gf slknj:t' lhNnfsf] jL/k'/uflj;–^ sf afl;Gbf tyf dfcf]jfbL k|ltsf/ cfGbf]ngsf g]tf /d';ndfg ;d'bfosf cu'jf df]lxt vfFsf] xTof eof] . c1ft ;d"xsf]uf]nL k|xf/af6 vfFsf] xTof nuQ} pQm If]qdf e8\lsPsf] lx+;f;fDk|bflos ?k g} lnof] . pQm ;fDk|bflos lx+;fdf k/L pQmIf]qsf !# hgf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lagf sf/0f Hofg uof] . sl/a Ps;ftf ;Dd rn]sf] lx+;fn] slknj:t' / cf;kf; If]qsf & ;o @(3/kl/jf/ k|ToIf ¿kdf k|efljt eP . o; dWo] clwsf+z kl/jf/sf3/ hn]/ v/fgL g} eP . o; lx+;fsf qmddf ;8sdf u'l8/x]sf@ ;o !^ j6f ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ klg hnfOPsf] lyof] .

of] lx+;fsf sf/0f ;of}+ kl/jf/ pQm :yfgaf6 lj:yflkt agfof] .cfly{s ?kdf ;DkGgx¿ t ljsNk vf]h]/ cGoq a;fO ;/] t/ljsNk vf]Hg g;Sg]x¿sf nflu v'Nnf rf}/sf] af; eof] . cem}klgltdWo] yf]/}n] dfq cfˆgf] af;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ eg] w]/}kl/jf/ Ifltk"lt{sf] cfzdf RofltPsf] kfnd'lg af; a:g jfWo 5g\ .

36gf kl5 /fHon] kLl8tx¿nfO{/fxt lbg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . kLl8tn]klg 7"n} cfzf u/]sf lyP . Tolta]nfljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;d]t cf–cfk\mgf]] If]qaf6 ;xof]u h'6fpg nfluk/]sf lyP . 7"n} k|rf/–k|;f/ ;d]t eof],cg]sg kxn klg eof] . t/ Tof] kof{Kteg] x'g ;s]g . 36gfsf] hlt k|rf/eof] To;cg';f/ kLl8tn] /fxt eg]kfpg ;s]gg\ . of] 36gfdf /fHo hltlhDd]jf/ x'g'kYof{] To;f] x'g g;s]sf];j{q dx;'; eof] . oxL s'/f u}/;/sf/LIf]qsf] xsdf klg nfu" eof] .

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lx+;fTds Tof] 36gfsf af/] ;d'bfonfO{ ;"lrt ug]{ cfk\mgf]k|fylds lhDd]bf/Lsf] sfd ;fd'bflos /]l8of] n'lDagL PkmPdn]ul//x]s} lyof] . Tolta]nf ;a}sf] Wofg lx+;f kLl8tnfO{ /fxtk'¥ofpgdfq uPsf] lyof] / bL3{sflng ?kdf ;fdflhs ;b\efjsfod ug]{tkm{ Wofg hfg ;ls/x]sf] lyPg . To;dfly 36gfdfk/L kLl8t ePsf afnaflnsfk|lt s;}n] Wofg glbPsf] b]v]kl5pgLx¿nfO{ s]xL ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf nflu /]l8of] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt/ /]l8of]sdL{n] kxn u/] .

/]l8of] n'lDagLn] afnaflnsfsf nflu ;xof]u h'6fpg @)^%kmfu'gdf Ps ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . pQm ;f+:s[ltssfo{qmdaf6 @ nfv % xhf/ & ;o ¿k}ofF ;xof]u ;ª\sng ePsf]lyof] . To;df sfo{qmd ;~rfng vr{ s6fP/ ar]sf] ! nfv #^xhf/ $ ;o (* ¿k}ofF b'O{ ljBfnodf cWoog ul//x]sf lx+;fkLl8tafnaflnsfnfO{ 5fqfj[lQ pknAw u/fpg] lg0f{o /]l8of] n'lDagLsf];~rfns ;ldltn] u¥of] .

lzjk'/ uflj;sf] xNnfgu/ ufpF lx+;fdf ;a}eGbf al9 k|efljt7fpF xf] . Tolta]nfsf] lx+;fsf qmddf ufpFsf 3/x¿df cfuf]nufOlbbf ! ;o %) 3/;Fu} afnlzIff k|fylds ljBfno klgk"0f{?kdf Wj:t ePsf] lyof] . /]l8of] n'lDagLsf] kxndf afnlzIffk|flj xNnfgu/df *^ xhf/ $ ;o (* /sdsf] cIfosf]if :yfkgfePsf] 5 . afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ lzIff cfh{g ug{sf nflu yf]/}ePklg ;xof]u k'uf];\ eg]/ :yflkt sf]ifaf6 k|fKt x'g] * xhf/ (;o $$ Aofhaf6 @& hgf lx+;f kLl8t / c;fxo afnaflnsfnfO{ljt/0f ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . pQm ljBfnodf xfn # ;o %& hgfljBfyL{ cWoog/t 5g\ .

/]l8of] n'lDagLn] hulbzk'/l:yt e'jg]Zj/L dfljdf %) xhf/¿k}ofFsf] cIfosf]if :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . pQm cIfosf]ifsf] /sdsf]Aofhaf6 jflif{s ?kdf k|fKt x'g] % xhf/ ! ;o &) ¿k}ofFaf6 !#hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lt ljt/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . pQm dfljdf xfn^ ;o @# ljBfyL{] cWoog/t 5g\ .

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/]l8of] n'lDagLsf cWoIf / ;DalGwt ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofkssf];+o'Qm x:tfIf/df sf]if ;+rfngsf] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . cIfosf]ifsf] Aofh /sd lgsf;f u/L ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt,k|wfgfWofks / /]l8of] n'lDagLsf] k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df 5fqj[lQ/sd ljt/0f ul/G5 . ?kGb]xL lhNnfdf /x]sf] /]l8of] n'lDagLn]l5d]sL lhNnf / cfkmgf] k|;f/0f If]qsf ;d'bfosf] lxtdf u/]sf]ultljlwn] $) hgf lx+;f kLl8t ljBfyL{sf nflu lzIff cfh{gdf;xof]uL ag]sf] 5 /]l8of] .

aGb ljBfno v'nfpg ;kmnsl/a Ps jif{b]lv aGb ljBfnosf ;DaGwdf sfo{qmd pTkfbg

ug{sf nflu /]l8of]sdL{ k'Ubf cGtt ljBfno vf]Ng] jftfj/0flgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .

;~rfns ;ldlt u7gsf] ljjfbdf afUn'ª lhNnfsf] cdnfrf}/uflj;–& ;Ddfrf}/ l:yt >Ls[i0f k|fylds ljBfno aGb ePsf]yfxf kfPkl5 afUn'ª PkmPdn] cfk\mgf] /]l8of] sfo{qmd ækm/flsnf]wtL{]Æ df To;;DaGwL ljifodf s]lGb|t eP/ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g @*sf nflu sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug]{ lgwf] u/]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf,ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ qmddf /fhgLlts ?kdfPp6} kf6L{sf dfq dflg;sf] ;xeflutf ePsf] / ;dfj]zL 9ª\usf]Joj:yfkg ;ldlt gagfOPsf] nufotsf ljifonfO{ lnP/ s]xLc;Gt'i6 cleefjsx¿n] ljBfnodf tfnf nufP . c;Gt'i6 kIfsf]pQm tfnfaGbLsf sf/0f sl/a Ps jif{ ;Dd ljBfno aGb eof] .PskIf cleefjsx¿ ljBfnodf tfnfaGbL ug]{ / csf]{ kIf c;Gt'i6kIfnfO{ bf]if b]vfP/ r'k nfu]]/ a;]sfn] sl/a b'O{;o hgf ljBfyL{k9\gaf6 al~rt ePsf lyP .

c;Gt'i6 dWo]s} s]xL cleefjsx¿sf] ;d"xn] g} afUn'ª PkmPddfhfgsf/L lbPkl5 PkmPdn] o; ljifodf sfo{qmd pTkfbg u/Lk|;f/0f ug]{ lgwf] u/]sf] xf] . /]l8of]af6 sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf nflu

12

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piff kf}8]n / uLtf ljZjsdf{ nufotsf /]l8of]sdL{nfO{ aGb /x]sf]pQm ljBfnodf g} k7fof] .

/]l8of]sdL{n] ljBfnodf tfnfjGbLsf sf/0f ljBfnosf] jflif{sk/LIff g} cj?4 x'g nfu]sf] tYo kQf nufP . ljBfno zflGt If]qx'g'k5{ eGg] cfjfh p7]sf a]nfdf ljBfnodf b]lvPsf] of] ;d:ofnfO{PkmPdn] lgs} 7"nf] 7fGof] . k7gkf7g cj?4 x'Fbf ljBfnodfcWoog ug]{ sl/a b'O{;o hgf ljBfyL{sf] eljiodfly g} v]njf8eO/x]sf] lyof] . ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg u/L ljBfnonfO{ ;~rfngsf]kxn ug'{kg]{ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / ;|f]ts]Gb| hfgsf/L gkfPsf] h:tf] u/L a]jf:tf u/]sf] cg'e'lt/]l8of]sdL{nfO{ eof] . of] ljifonfO{ lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf nu]/;dfwfg ug]{tkm{{ ljBfnosf cleefjsx¿ lrlGtt ePsf] kfOPg .;d:ofnfO{ lgodg lgsfo;Dd gn}hfg] t/ ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gca?4 ug]{df b'a} kIf bf]ifL b]lvP . ljBfnodf b]lvPsf] åGå s;/LJoj:yfkg ug]{ / ljBfno vf]Ngsf] nflu ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L sfo{qmdtof/ ug]{ lgisif{df PkmPd k'Uof] . /]l8of] sfo{qmd ækm/flsnf]wtL{Æ sf] k"/} ;do oxL d'2fdf s]lGb|t ug]{ tof/L klg u¥of] .

sfo{qmddf ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks cK;/f zdf{, ljBfnoJoj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf 3gZofdljs, Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cGo ;b:osf;fy} c;Gt'i6 kIfsf sdn ljs, lnnfljsnufot cleefjsx¿ zf/bf zdf{,Hof]lt ljs ;lxt ljleGg :yfgLo/fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw;F+u ;fd"lxs5nkmn;Fu} /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf nflus'/fsfgL klg u¥of] . o;/L /]l8of]sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf] nflu ;a} ;d"x;Fuul/Psf] s'/fsfgL afUn'ª PkmPdaf6k|;f/0f x'g] hfgsf/L lbOof] . /]l8of]af6sfo{qmd k|;f/0f x'g] hfgsf/L kfPkl5

/]l8of] sfo{qmdk|;f/0f ePsf] tLg

lbgkl5 g} ljBfnodf;j{klIfo

cleefjsx¿sf] e]nfaf]nfP/ ;j{;Ddltn]

gof“ Joj:yfkg;ldltsf] rog u¥of]

/ lgoldt ?kdfljBfno ;~rfngdf

cfof] .

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;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

sfo{qmd pTkfbg s} qmddf åGå/t b'a} kIfx¿ uDeL/ eP .;d:of lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf k'Ug] / b'a} kIfnfO{ sf/afxL x'g]s'/fn] b'a} kIf 8/fP . sl/a Psjif{ ;Dd ljBfno aGb ePsf]ljifo lzIff sfof{nonfO{ hfgsf/L glbPsf]df k|wfgfWofks /cGo lzIfsx¿ emg uDeL/ b]lvP . lzIfsx¿sf] ;lqmotfdfpQm /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf] nflu e]nf ePsf cleefjsaLrdf g} Pp6f ;xdlt eof] .

pQm ;xdltdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] k'gM ;j{kIfLoe]nf af]nfpg] eof] . e]nfaf6 ;j{;Ddt gofF sfo{ ;ldlt u7gug{ b'a} kIf ;xdt eP . tfnfaGbLsf sf/0f aGb ePsf]] ljBfnotTsfn g} ;~rfng ug]{ ;xdlt eof] . ;xdlt ePsf] ljifonfO{PkmPdn] k|;f/0f u¥of] . sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ePsf] tLg lbgkl5 g}ljBfnodf ;j{klIfo cleefjsx¿sf] e]nf af]nfP/ ;j{;Ddltn]gofF Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] rog u¥of] / @)^^ r}t ! ut]af6lgoldt ?kdf ljBfno ;~rfngdf cfPsf] 5 . ljBfyL{x¿n]jflif{s k/LIff lbg gkfpg] cj:yfsf] cGTo eof] . pQm ljBfnolgoldt ?kdf k7gkf7g e} xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 .

æljleGg lsrnf] lemsL Ps jif{;Dd aGb ePsf] ljBfnoafUn'ª PkmPdn] sfo{qmd agfP/ /]l8of]af6 ;xhLs/0f ubf{ tTsfnvf]Ng] ;xdlt eof],Æ cleefjs zf/bf zdf{n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .AffUn'ª PkmPdn] zflGt lgdf{0f / åGå Joj:yfkgsf ljifodf lgoldt?kdf /]l8of] ;+jfb sfo{qmd ækm/flsnf] wtL{Æ b'O{ jif{b]lv ;~rfngub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

åGå kLl8tnfO{ df}sf

bfª lhNnfdf dfq åGå kLl8tx¿sf] ;ª\Vof sl/a ^ xhf//x]sf] ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . bz jif]{ ;z:q åGådf sf] s;/LkLl8t eof] eGg] hfgsf/L /fVg] lgsfo lyPg . g]kfn ;/sf/ /

14

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

;z:q o'4/t kIf g]skf dfcf]jfbL aLr a[xt\ zflGt ;Demf}tfePkl5 åGåsf c;/ / kL8fsf] af/]df vf]hL / n]vfhf]vf x'gyfNof] . pQm ;Demf}tf cg';f/ g} lhNnfdf zflGt ;ldlt lgdf{0fx'g yfn]kl5 o:tf] n]vfhf]vf x'g yfn]sf] xf] . of] cleofg bfªlhNnfdf klg rNof]] .

@)^^ d+l;/ leq bfªdf lqmofzLn /fhgLlts bnx¿ åGåkLl8tsf] /fxtsf nflu cfj]bg glbPsfx¿nfO{ k'gM cfj]bg DofbyKg ;xdt eP . o;/L ylkPsf] Dofbaf/] ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Lu/fpg] :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt / bnx¿n] cfjZostf g} 7fg]gg\ .:yfgLo /fhgLlts bnx¿n] cfˆgf sfo{stf{sf nflu dfq Dofbyk u/]sf] cf/f]k nfUof] . /]l8of]df g} u'gf;f] cfpg yfNof] . To;kl5dfq :yfgLo /fhgLlts bnsf] ;+oGq / lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nobfªn] åGå kLl8tn] kmf/d eg]{ Dofb ylkPsf] hfgsf/L /]l8of]nfO{lbof] . pQm hfgsf/L s} cfwf/df /]l8of]n] cfd ;j{;fwf/0fsf]

lxtsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf lgMz'Nsk|;f/0f ug]{ 6'ª\uf]df k'Uof] .

;f]xL cg';f/ /]l8of] :ju{åf/LPkmPdn] @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ * ut]b]lv@# ut];Dd ;Dd ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfk|;f/0f u¥of] . /]l8of]af6 ;"rgf k|;f/0fePkl5 bfª lhNnfdf dfq sl/a (;o hgfn] kmf/d e/] . /fHoaf6 kfpg]/fxtsf nflu kmf/d eg{ ] af/]df/fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfhf/L gu/]/ kf/blz{tf gckgfPsf]cf/f]k nfu]sf] lyof] . /]l8of]n] ;"rgf;fj{hlgs u/]kl5 /fhgLlts bnn]cfˆgf sfo{stf{nfO{ dfq kmf/d eg{nufPsf] u'gf;f]sf] cGTo dfq ePgJolQmut ;Dks{sf] cefjdf To;

/]l8of]n] ;"rgf;fj{hlgs u/]kl5/fhgLlts bnn]

cfk\mgfsfo{stf{nfO{ dfq

kmf/d eg{ nufPsf]u'gf;f]sf] cGTo

dfq ePg JolQmut;Dks{sf] cefjdf

To; af/]dfhfgsf/L gkfPsf

bfªsf åGåkLl8tx¿n] kmf/deg]{ df}sf klg kfP .

15

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

af/]df hfgsf/L gkfPsf bfªsf] ufpF ufpFdf /x]sf åGå kLl8tx¿n]kmf/d eg]{ df}sf klg kfP .

ufpFsf sof}++ åGå kLl8tx¿ åGåsf] qf;sf sf/0f kLl8tx¿lgj]bg lbg cfpg g;s]sfn] k'gM lgj]bg lbg] Dofb yKgsf nflu:yfgLo /fhgLlts bnx¿;dIf w]/} k6s dfu u/]sf lyP . ;f]xLcfwf/df lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no / bnx¿ ;xdt t eP . t/lgj]bg lbg] Dofb ykaf/] ;"rgf jf:tljs åGå kLl8t ;dIf k'¥ofpg]sfddf eg] sGh':ofO{ ePsf] lyof] . of] sGh':ofO{ s} sf/0faf6 w]/}jf:tljs kLl8t 5'6\g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf eof] . t/ /]l8of] :ju{åf/Laf6;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|;f/0f ePkl5 ;DalGwt kLl8t ;Dd hfgsf/Lk'u]sf] bfªsf] xfk'/ uflj;sf :yfgLo afl;Gbf ;'efif Gof}kfg]n]atfpg'eof] . . pxfFn] eGg'eof]–…cem yk kLl8t eOG5 sL eGg]qf;sf sf/0f btf{ gePsf xfk'/ uflj;sf $% hgf åGå kLl8tnfO{/]l8of]af6 ;"rgf hf/L ePkl5 kmf/d e/fpg nufof}+ .Ú

/]l8of]n] k|;f/0f u/]sf] ;"rgfsf sf/0f g} sl/a gf} ;o åGåkLl8t ;"lrs/0f ePsf 5g\ . åGå sfndf bfª lhNnfdf /fHo /lab|f]xL kIfaf6 y'k}| dflg; k|efljt x'g k'u] . åGå kLl8tx¿sfgfddf 6f7faf7fx¿sf] dfq kx'Fr k'Ug] b]lvPkl5 /]l8ofn]]] lgMz'Ns?kdf of] cleofg ;~rfng u/]sf] xf] . o;/L /]l8of]sf] ;fgf]k|of;af6 :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltdf åGåsf 36gf ;"lrs[t x'g]sfddf eg] 7"n} ;xof]u k'u]sf]] 5 .

/]l8of]sf] kxndf bnaLr ;xdlt

;z:q åGåsf] c;/ / t';nfO{ Go"gLs/0f u/L åGå kLl8tx¿nfO{;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;/sf/n]] ;a} lhNnfdf zflGt ;ldlt u7g u¥of] .w]/} lhNnfdf zflGt ;ldlt ag]/ lqmoflzn ePsf] nfdf] ;doljlt;s]sf] lyof] . t/, sf7df8f}FF;Fu} hf]l8Psf] sfe]|knf~rf]slhNnfdf eg] g]t[Tj s;n]] ug]{ eGg] ljifodf ;xdlt h'6g ;s]sf]

16

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

lyPg / ToxL ljjfbn] zflGt ;ldlt g} u7g x'g ;s]sf] lyPg ./]l8of] gdf]a'4n] of] ljifonfO{ lgoldt ;dfrf/ tof/ u/L

k|;f/0f ug{ yfNof] . sl/a 8]9 jif{ ;Dd of] qmd lg/Gt/ rln/xof] .t}klg zflGt ;ldlt aGg g;s]kl5 oxL ljifodf /]l8of] gdf]a'4n];fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{ sfo{qmd g} cfof]hgf u¥of] . @)^& kmfu'g !^ut] w'lnv]ndf cfof]lht ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{df …;a}h;f] lhNnfdfzflGt ;ldlt ag]/ cg]sg ultljlw ;~rfng ul//x]sf]dfsfe|]knf~rf]sdf lsg u7g x'g ;s]g <Ú, …o;/L ;ldlt aGgg;Sg'sf] sf/0f s] xf]] <Ú, …lsg ;a} bnnfO{ ;+of]hs kb g}rflxPsf] xf] <Ú …/fhgLlts bnn] :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt ;+of]hssf]bfjL 5f]8\g lsg tof/ ePgg\ <Ú h:tf k|Zgx¿ p7fOPsf] lyof] .

pQm sfo{qmddf lhNnfdf lqmofzLn /fhgLlts bn / åGålkl8t;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdnfO{{ /]l8of] gdf]a'4n]k|ToIf k|;f/0f u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] ;'?df ;xefuL bnx¿sfk|ltlglwnfO{ pgLx¿n] zflGt ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs kb g} kfpg'kg]{ljifosf af/]df af]Ng] df}sf lbOof] . pQm ;dodf ;a} bnn]cfkm"n] g} ;+of]hs kfpg' kg]{ blnn k]z u/] . bnx¿n] cfˆgf]blnn k]; u/]kl5 ;xefuLx¿nfO{ bnx¿sf] bfaLdfly ljrf//fVg] df}sf lbOPsf] lyof] . /, bnsf k|ltlglw afx]ssf ;xefuLn];fj{hlgs ?kdf of] ljjfb gug{ / tTsfn ;xdlt ug{ bafalbP . Tolt dfq xf]Og, bnx¿af6 cfnf]kfnf] zflGt ;ldltsf];+of]hs ag]/ zflGt ;ldlt ;lqmo agfpg bnx¿nfO{ ;xefuLn]k|:tfj g} u/] . of] k|:tfjnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ cGTodf /]l8of]gdf]a'4n]af6 :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf] bfaL ul//x]sf PsLs[tdfcf]jfbL, g]kfnL sFfu|]; / g]skf -Pdfn]_nfO{ qmdzM ;+of]hsaGg / zflGt ;ldlt ;lqmo agfpg cf}krfl/s ?kdf g} cfu|xu¥of] . of] cfu|xnfO{ tLg bnsf k|ltlglwn] ;xdlt hgfP . cGo;xefuLn] ;d]t tTsfn} ;xdlt hgfP . of] ljifodf /]l8of]n]

‘t/ cfh /]l8of]n] /fv]sf] sfo{qmddf bnx¿ ;xdtePsf 5g\ . ca zflGt ;ldlt ;lqmo x'g] eof] .’

17

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/L k|ToIf k|;f/0f u/]kl5 ;xdlt hgfpgbnx¿nfO{ bafa g} l;h{gf u¥of] .

pQm sfo{qmddf g} bnx¿ ;xdt ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ afWoeP . ;f]xL sfo{qmddf klxnf] 5 dlxgf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLsf]k|ltlglw :yfgLo zflGt ;dltsf] ;+of]hs aGg] / bf];|f] 5 dlxgfsf]nflu Pdfn]sf k|ltlglw / t];|f] ^ dlxgfsf] nflu g]kfnL sfFu|;sf]k|ltlglwn] ;+of]hs aGg] 6'ª\uf] nfUof] .

o;/L :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf ;lrjn] bh{gf} k6s bnx¿sf]aLrdf a}7s /fVbf klg k|foM c;Dej h:t} ePsf] ;+of]hs ljjfb/]l8of] gdf]j'4n]] ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{ sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]kl5;Dej eof] . tTsfnLg zflGt ;ldltsf ;lrj clws a8fnsfcg';f/ bh{gf} k6s bnx¿sf] dfem a}7s /fVbf dlxgf};Dd s'g}klg bnn] ;+of]hs 5f]8\g tof/ g} ePsf lyPgg\ . a8fnn] eGg'eof]–…t/ cfh /]l8of]n] /fv]sf] sfo{qmddf bnx¿ ;xdt ePsf 5g\ .ca zflGt ;ldlt ;lqmo x'g] eof] .Ú

o;/L ;+of]hs ljjfb 6'lªPkl5 a;]sf] :yfgLo zflGt ;ldltsf]klxnf] a}7sn] /]l8of] gdf]a'4nfO{ wGojfb lbg] k|:tfj ;d]t kf;u¥of] . /, pQm a}7sn] zflGt ;ldlt / /]l8of] gdf]a'4sf] ;xsfo{dftLg dlxgf;Dd /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;d]t lg0f{o u¥of] .

7"nf] le8Gt /f]lsof]

@)^%÷^^ sf] dw]z cfGbf]ngkl5 PSsf;L l;/xfsf] nfxfg /cf;kf;sf If]qdf dw]zL / yf¿ ;d'bfo aLrdf aLrdf åGåa9\of] . dw]zL / yf¿ ;d'bfodf ePsf] ;fDk|bflos åGåsf] zflGtk"0f{;dfwfgsf nflu b'j} kIfsf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;dfb PkmPdn] Ps}7fpFdf NofO{ åGå Go"gLs/0f ug]{ sfd u¥of] .

ev{/ g} dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] sfo{qmd ;lsPsf] cj:yfdf @)^%;fn h]7 !* ut]sf lbg nfxfgdf dw]zL ;d'bfo / yf? ;d'bfo

18

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

aLr PSsf;L 7"n} le8Gt eof] . le8Gt Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu vf;}kxn st}af6 eO/x]sf] lyPg . o;af6 åGå emg rs{g] cj:yfdflyof] . h'g ;d'bfosf] hxfF afx'Notf lyof] ToxfF csf]{ ;d'bfodfly cfqmd0f x'g] tgfjsf] l:ylt lyof] . åGå/t b'j} kIf aLr;d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgsf nflu ;+jfb x'g ;ls/x]sf] lyPg .:yfgLo k|zf;g s]jn d"sbz{s alg/x]sf] lyof] . pQm ;d:ofl;/fxfsf] nfxfgaf6 u|fdL0f a:tLtkm{ Ps csf]{ ;d'bfok|lt å]zsf]efjgf ;lxt ;b}{ lyof] / ;fDk|fbflos lx+;f e8lsg] vt/f lyof] .:yfgLo ;dfhsf cu'jf / dfgjclwsf/sdL{sf ;fydf ;dfbPkmPdn] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;+jfbsf] yfngL;Fu} ;d'bfodf;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod ug{sf] nflu cfJxfg ug]{ k|:tfj :yfgLok|zf;g ;dIf /flvPsf] lyof] . :yfgLo k|zf;gn] klg pQmk|:tfjnfO{ :jLsf/ u¥of] . of] ;xdlt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu åGå/tkIfnfO{ ;+jfb :yn ;Dd Nofpg ;dfb PkmPdsf :6]zg Joj:yfkslhj5 rf}w/L, k"j{ cWoIf zDe'nfn rf}w/L / /]l8of] sfo{qmd;~rfns /fw]Zofd /fdnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lhDdf lbOof] .

Ps 3/af6 csf]{ 3/;Dd / Ps 6f]naf6 csf]{ 6f]n;Dd hfgufx|f] eO/x]sf] ;dodf tLg /]l8of]sdL{sf] kxndf /]l8of] ;+jfbsf]

jftfj/0f l;h{gf eof] . ;f]xL;xdlt cg';f/ /]l8of]n] @)^%;fn h]7 !( ut] ;dfbPkmPdsf] :6'l8of]df rf/j6fkIfnfO{ NofP/ ;+jfb u¥of] .pQm /]l8of] ;+jfbdf :yfgLok|x/L k|zf;gsf] tkm{af6 k|x/Llg l/I fs Zofdn ; ' Aaf ,dfgjclwsf/jfbL lzjg/fo0fl;+x -bg'jf/_, yf? ;fd'bfosf]tkm{af6 crldtnfn rf}w/L /dw]zLsf] tkm{af6 ;ef;b\

/]l8of] ;+jfb ;'? x'g'eGbfs]xL ;do cufl8

/]l8of]df ePsf] a}7sdf;a}n] 36gfsf bf]ifLnfO{5fglag u/]/ sf/afxL

ug]{, tTsfn ;a} kIfn] ;f]sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ /

Pscsf{nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ljifodf /]l8of] dfkm{t

cfJxfg ug]{ ;xdlt eof] .

19

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

/fhnfn ofbjnfO { ;xefuLu/fof] . ;dfb PkmPdn] ;+jfb x'g'sl/a b'O{306f cufl8 b]lv åGå/tkIf aLr k|ToIf /]l8of] ;+jfb x'gnfu]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|;f/0ful//xof] . ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf dfkm{t/]l8of] ;+jfb ;'Ggsf] nflu cfu|xu¥of] . 3/3/df 3/]n' xltof/ lnP/ ;Defljt cfqmd0fsf] k|lt/f]wsf]tof/L xfntdf /x]sf b'j} kIfsf] Wofg lvRg /]l8of] ;kmn eof] ./]l8of] ;+jfb ;'? x'g'eGbf s]xL ;do cufl8 /]l8of]sf] a}7s sIfdfePsf] a}7sdf ;a}n] 36gfsf bf]ifLnfO{ 5fglag u/]/ sf/afxLug]{, tTsfn ;a} kIfn] ;f] sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ / Pscsf{nfO{;Ddfg ug]{ ljifodf /]l8of] dfkm{t cfJxfg ug]{ ;xdlt eof] .leqleq g} s'g a]nf s'g kIfn] cfqmd0f ug]{ xf], 3fOt] jf d[To' x'g]xf] sL eGg] qf;df a;]sf nfxfg / cf;kf;sf ;d'bfosf] Wofgt'?Gt} /]l8of]n] tfGg ;kmn eof] . ;a} 6f]n / 3/3/df dflg;x¿/]l8of] ;+jfb ;'Gg yfn] .

s'g} klg kIfaf6 ;fy{s kxn gePsf]df /]l8of] ;+jfbn] ;fdflhs;b\efj sfod ug{sf nflu ;+jfbsf] yfngL u/]sf] xf] . ;+jfbsfo{qmdsf ;xefuL ;a}n] :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ ;fdflhs ;b\efjsfod /fVg cfu|x u/] . pgLx¿ cgfjZos ljjfbn] ;fDk|bflos?k lnPsf]df lrlGtt x'Fb} o;nfO{ /f]Sg ;xdt eP . o;/L /]l8of]af6;a} ;d'bfosf cu'jf / k|x/L k|zf;gnufot ;a}n] ;fdflhs;b\efj sfod ug]{ dfq xf]Og ;fdflhs ;b\efj vnanfpgvf]Hg]nfO{ 5fglag u/L sf/afxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] ljifodf;xdt eP . pgLx¿n] /]l8of]af6 ;a}nfO{ ;fdfGo hLjgdf kms{gsfnflu cfJxfg g} u/] . o;/L /]l8of]af6 ePsf] k|ToIf k|;f/0fsfo{qmddf ;xefuLnfO{ ljleGg JolQmx¿n] kmf]g dfkm{t k|Zg;d]t ;f]w]sf lyP .

>f]tfsf] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lb+b} k|x/L lg/LIfs Zofdn ;'Aafn]

‘/]l8of] ;+jfbsf sf/0fansf] k|of]u lagf g};d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{;dfwfg eof] / 7"nf]wg/fzLsf] Iflt x'g

kfPg .’

20

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

;d'bfosf ;b:onfO{ ;a} ;"rgf ;ª\sng u/]/ /fVg / To:tfbf]ifLnfO{ k|x/Ln] 5fglag ;'? u/]sfn] sf/afxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg]hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

o;/L tLg lbgb]lv tgfjdf /x]sf] ;dfhdf /]l8of] ;+jfbsfsf/0f lj:tf/} ;b\efj kmls{g yfNof] . b}lgs hLjg ;fdfGo x'gyfNof] . ;d'bfosf cu'jfsf] egfO{nfO{ :yfgLo dflg;x¿n]cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] b]lvof] . k|x/L lgl/Ifs Zofdn ;'Aafsf cg';f/cGo lhNNnf / If]qLo k|x/L sfof{noaf6 yk ;'/IffsdL{ dufP/åGå /f]Sg] tof/L ul//x]sf] ;dodf /]l8of]n] u/]sf] ;+jfbn] yklx+;f /f]Sg d2t u/]sf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] eGg'eof] – …/]l8of];+jfbsf sf/0f ansf] k|of]u lagf g} ;d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgeof] / 7"nf] wg/fzLsf] Iflt x'g kfPg .Ú

sAhf a; lgoGq0f d'Qm

@)^^ ;fn a}zfvdf tTsflng g]skf dfcf]jfbL sfe|]knf~rf]sn]pQm If]qdf c/lgsf] oftfot ;ldltn] ;~rfngdf NofPsf] @&j6f a;x¿ PSsf;L sAhfdf lnof] . oftfoft Joj;foLn] ;fdfGon]gb]gsf] ljifonfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ ofq'nfO{ b'Mv lbPsf] / c/lgsf]oftfoftn] al9 ef8f lnPsf] ljifo p7fP/ dfcf]jfbLsf :yfgLosfo{stf{n] a; lgoGq0fdf lnPsf lyP .

o;/L ofq'jfxs a;x¿ lgoGq0fdf ln+bf :yfgLo k|zf;gs]jn d"sbz{s dfq aGof] . a; Joj;foLx¿n] :yfgLo k|zf;gsf]sfof{nodf ph'/L u/] . cGo pkfosf] vf]hL u/] . s]xL gnfu]kl5Joj;foLx¿ dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;+jfb ul/lbg :yfgLo ;~rf/sdL{ /dfgjclwsf/sdL{nfO{ u'xfg{ yfn] . :yfgLo k|zf;g eg] t}+ r'k d}r'ksf] cj:yfdf /xof] .

of] ljifodf /]l8of] gdf]a'4n] /]l8of] ;+jfb sfo{qmd cfof]hgfug]{ lgwf] u¥of] . pQm /]l8of] ;+jfbdf g]skf dfcf]jfbL sfe|]sflhNnf ;]qm]6/L adWjh nfdf / c/lgsf] oftfoft ;ldltsfaf6

21

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

s]bf/ If]qLsf] ;xeflutf /xof] . cGttM pQm /]l8of] ;+jfbsfsf/0f g} dfcf]jfbL sAhfdf /x]sf c/lgsf] oftfoftsf @& j6faf6a;x¿ ef]nLkN6 g} sAhf d'Qm eP .

oftfoft Joj;foLn] ;fdfGo ef8f ljjfb / w]/} ofq' r9fPsf]ljifonfO{ 5nkmn u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsGYof] . t/ ,dfcf]jfbLsf :yfgLo sfo{stf{n] a; lgoGq0fdf lnP/ emg ofq'nfO{si6 lbg] sfd u/]sf] atfpFb} c/lgsf] oftfoft ;ldltsf s]bf/IfqLn] lgoGq0fdf lnPsf a;x¿ d'Qm ul/lbgsf nflu cfu|xu'g{eof] . pxfFn] cGo ljifodf c/lgsf] oftfoft ;ldlt jftf{dfa;L 6'ª\uf] nufpg tof/ ePsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

dfcf]jfbL lhNnf ;]qm]6/L nfdfn] ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhdsf]ef8f nfu" x'g' kg]{, a;sf] IfdtfeGbf al9 ofq' r9fpg gkfOg] /a; rNg] ;do tflnsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg ;fj{hlgsk|lta4tf hgfP lgoGq0fdf /x]sf a;x¿ tTsfn d'Qm ul/g]atfpg'eof] . o;/L dfcf]jfbL / oftfotf Joj;foL aLr ;fdfGo;+jfb ;Dd x'g g;ls/x]sf] ;dodf /]l8of] sfo{qmddf ePsf];+jfb dfkm{t b'a} kIfsf] wf/0ff ;fj{hlgs ug]{ sfd eof] . ;+jfbsfo{qmdnfO{ /]l8of]n] k|ToIf k|;f/0f ;d]t u¥of] .

;+jfb sfo{qmdsf] ef]nL kN6 g} oftfoft Joj;foLsf] tkm{af6c/lgsf] oftfoft ;ldltn] Ps k|]; lj1KtL k|sflzt u/]/ g]skfdfcf]jfbLn] p7fPsf] ef8fb// Ifdtf cg';f/sf ] ofq 'r9fpg ] lji fodf ;ldlt;sf/fTds /x]sf] / tL ljifodfv'Nnf 5nkmn ug{ tof/ /x]sf];fj{hlgs k|lta4tf hgfof] .;f ]x L lbg dfcf ]j fbLn ]lgoGq0fdf lnPsf a;dflysf]lgoGq0f 5f]l8lbP .

/]l8of] gdf]a'4n] ;d:of

g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf sfe|]af6lhNnf ;]qm]6/L adWjh nfdf

/ c/lgsf] oftfoft;ldltsfaf6 s]bf/ If]qLsf]

;xeflutf ePsf] /]l8of];+jfbsf sf/0f g} dfcf]jfbL

sAhfdf /x]sf c/lgsf]oftfoftsf @& j6faf6 a;x¿ef]lnkN6 g} sAhf d'Qm eP .

22

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

;dfwfgsf nflu b'j} kIfnfO{ /]l8of]df jf]nfP/ ;+jfbsf] yfngLu/]kl5 oftfoft Joj;foLx¿n] klg /]l8of] ;'g]/ dfcf]jfbLn] a;lgoGq0fdf lng'sf] sf/0faf/] :ki6 hfgsf/L kfPsf lyP . /]l8of];'g]/ oftfoft Joj;foLx¿ e]nf eO{ ;Nnfx u/]/ dfu ;Daf]wg ug]{k|lta4tf hgfPkl5 a; lgoGq0f d'Qm eP .

/]l8of]sf] kxndf ckx/0f d'Qm

@)^^ ;fn r}t #! ut] l;/xfsf] 36gf xf] of] . nfxfg gu/kflnsfj8f g+ * df /x]sf] jfl0fHo a}+s 5]pdf ;fdfGo xf]6n Joj;foug]{] ul/a bf;sf] 5f]/f dg' elgg] ;'efif bf;sf] c1ft ;d"xn]ckx/0f u/]sf] xNnf nfxfg ahf/el/ rNof]] . ;a}lt/ @)^^ ;fnnfO{ljbf u/L gofF jif{ @)^& nfO{ :jfut ug]{ tof/L eO/x]sf] a]nfdful/a bf;sf] 3/df 5f]/f ckx/0fsf] va/n] ?jfaf;L rln/]xsf]lyof] .

o;/L afnssf] ckx/0f ePsf] s]xL ;dodf g} ckx/0fsf];dfrf/ ;dfb PkmPdn] k|;f/0f u¥of] . Tolt dfq xf]Og :yfgLodfgj clwsf/sdL{n] ahf/af6 Ps ;fwf/0f Jofkf/Lsf] afns5f]/f ckx/0fdf k/]sf] / ;'s'zn l/xf ul/lbgsf] nflu cfJxfgu/]sf cg'/f]wnfO{ /]l8of]n] k|fyfldstfsf ;fy k|;f/0f ul//xof] .;f]xL lbg ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;dfb PkmPdn] ;d;fdlos ljifodf5nkmn;Fu} z'esfdgf cfbfg k|bfg sfo{qmd ub}{ @)^& ;fnsf]:jfut ug]{ sfo{qmd to u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf gful/s ;dfh,:yfgLo /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, ljleGg ;ª\3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw/ ;~rf/sdL{x¿sf] afSnf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .

t/ gofF jif{sf :jfutsf] nflu a;]sf ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ vNnf]kf¥of] ul/a bf;sf] 3/sf] ?jfaf;Ln] . sfo{qmddf ;xefuL ;du|ljsf; s]Gb|sf cWoIf tyf dfgjclwsf/sdL{ b'uf{ dxtf], a'l4hLjLw/0fLw/ clwsf/L, dfgjclwsf/ s]Gb|sf cWoIf lzjgf/fo0f l;+x

23

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

nufotsf dfgj clwsf/sdL{n] cfhsf] /fte/df ckxl/tafnsnfO{ 5f]l8lbg ckx/0fsf/LnfO{ /]l8of]af6 g} cfu|x u/] .@)^^ ;fnsf] cfh clGtd lbg, ef]ln gofF jif{sf] v'lzofnLdgfpg ul/a bf;sf] kl/jf/n] klg kfpg'kg]{ wf/0ff /]l8of]sf]k|;f/0fdf ;xefuLn] /fVg yfn] . @)^& a}zfv ! ut] laxfg h;/Lklg afns dg' ckx/0f d'Qm ul/lbg' egL sfo{qmdsf ;a} ;xefuLn]/fv]sf] egfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;dfb PkmPdn] k|ToIf k|;f/0ful//xof] .

;f]xL /]l8of] sfo{qmddf cfP/ ckxl/tsf a'af ul/a bf;n]cfk"m lrof k;n u/]/ kl/jf/sf] hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ ;fdfGo dfG5]ePsf]n] cfk"m;Fu lbg] s]xL klg gePsf]n] 5f]/fnfO{ ckx/0f d'Qmul/lbg cg'/f]w u/] . ptf afns ckx/0f u/]kl5 7"n} wg/fzL xftkfg]{ of]hgf agfPsf] cfk/flws ;d"xn] ul/a bf;nfO{ ;Dks{;Dd klg u/]sf] lyPg . /]l8of]af6w]/} k6s k|zfl/t ;"rgf / cg'/f]w;'g]kl5 pQm cfk/flws ;d"xn]/]l8of]df g} ;Dks{ u¥of] .

cfk/flws ;d"xn] @)^^ r}t #!ut] /ftLsf] !! ah] /]l8of ]dfkmf]gu/L afnsnfO{ cfk"mn] d'Qm ug{nfu]sf]n] cd's :yfgdf p;sf]a'afnfO{ dfq k7fpg cfu|x u¥of] ./, ;f]xL cg';f/ /]l8of]n] ul/a bf;nfO{va/ u/]kl5 pQm :yfgdf hfFbfcfˆgf] 5f]/fnfO{ e]6]/ NofPsf] ul/abf;n] atfpg' eof] . ul/a bf;n]5f]/f e]6]kl5 eGg'eof], …/]l8of] gePsf]eP xfd|f] egfO{ ck/fwL;Dd k'¥ofpg;lsg] lyPg . ;+of]un] /]l8of]n]cfof ]hgf u/ ]sf sfo {qmddf

‘/]l8of] gePsf] ePxfd|f] egfO{

ck/fwL;Dd k'¥ofpg;lsg] lyPg .

;+of]un] /]l8of]n]cfof]hgf u/]sf

sfo{qmddfz'esfdgf ;f6f;f6

ug{ cfPsf sl/a Ps;o dfG5]n] g}

dg'nfO{ cfh} l/xfug{'k5{ eGg] egfO{

ck/fwLn] ;'g] h:tf]NffU5 . /, lagf ;t{ /lkm/f}tL g} 5f]/f] lnP/

cfpg kfP .’

24

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

z'esfdgf ;f6f;f6 ug{ cfPsf sl/a Ps ;o dfG5]n] g} dg'nfO{cfh} l/xf ug{'k5{ eGg] egfO{ ck/fwLn] ;'g] h:tf] NffU5 . /, lagf;t{ / lkm/f}tL g} 5f]/f] lnP/ cfpg kfP .Ú

To:t} @)^$ ;fn ebf} ( ut] l;/xfsf] j:tLk'/ uflj;sfuflj; ;lrj dgf]h sfsL{sf] c1ft ;d"xn] ckx/0f u/]sf] vj/cfof] . ;lrj sfsL{nfO{ /ftL 3/d} ;'lt/x]sf] cj:yfdf cf7 bzhgfsf] ;d"xdf cfPsf c1ft xltof/wf/L ;d"xn] ckx/0f u/]sf]xNnf rNg yfNof] ckx/0f k};fsf] nflu ePsf] x'g ;Sg] j8f k|x/Lsfof{no nxfgsf] egfO{ p4[t ub}{ ;dfb PkmPdn] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0fu¥of] . otf sfsL{sf] ;s'zn l/xfO{sf] nflu kxn ul/lbgsf nflukl/jf/hgn] dfgj clwsf/sdL{, gful/s ;dfh / :yfgLok|zf;g;Fu cfu|x u/]sf] ljifonfO{ klg /]l8of]n] k|fyfldstfsf;fy k|;f/0f u¥of] . @)^$ ;fn efb| !) b]lv !% ut] ;Dddfgjclwsf/sdL{] / kl/jf/hgsf] ;s'zn l/xf ul/lbg u/]sf]clknnfO{ ;dfb PkmPdn] ;dfrf/ / cGo s'g} g s'g} ?kdk|;f/0f u/L g} /xof] . dfgjclwsf/sdL{n] sfsL{sf] ;s'zn l/xfO{/ Hofg ;'/Iff nflu lhNnf el/ g} cleofg / ultljlw g} rnfof] .o;nfO{ / ]l8of ]n] k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|;f/0f ul//xof ] .

dfgjclwsf/sdL{n] ckx/0f ug' {dfgjtf lj/f ]wL ck/fw ePsfn] ]oyfl;3| ckx/0f d'Qm ug{ cfu|x u/]sflyP . ckxl/t sfsL{sf 3/kl/jf/sfcfdf, a'af / >LdtLn] cfˆg} cfjfhdf/]l8of]df cfP/ ckx/0fsf/L;F+u ckx/0fd'Qm ul/lbg u/]sf] cg'/f]w /]l8of]n]k|;f/0f u¥of] .

@)^$ ;fn efb| !^ ut] :yfgLodfgjclwsf/sdL{ lzjgf/fo0f l;+x /PkmPd ;+rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o tyfdfgjclwsf/sdL{ /fhs'df/ /fptnfO{

ckxl/t sfsL{sf3/kl/jf/sf cfdf,

a'af / >LdtLn]cfk\mg} cfjfhdf/]l8of]df cfP/

ckx/0fsf/L;“uckx/0f d'Qmul/lbg u/]sf]

cg'/f]w /]l8of]n]k|;f/0f u¥of] .

25

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

ckx/0fsf/Ln] ;s'zn l/xf ug{ nfu]sf] hfgsf/L lbP .ckx/0fsf/Ln] dfgjclwsf/sdL{ b'j} hgfnfO{ :yfgLo t]/ugfsf]uf ] ljGbk '/sf ] h +undf cfP/ n }hfg eg ] . pgLx¿n ]dfgjclwsf/sdL{sf] lhDdf nufO{ sfsL{nfO{ PsxKtfkl5 ckx/0fd'Qm u/] . xfn sfsL{ l;/fxfsf] j:tLk'/ uflj;df sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .sfsL{sf cg';f/ ck/fwLn] /]l8of] dfq ;'Gg] u/]sf] / ;'?df oftgflbP klg kl5 d'Qm ubf{ vf;} g/fd|f] Jojxf/ gu/]sf] atfpg'eof] .pxfFn] eGg'eof]– …cfkmGthg / ;a}sf] ;Gb]z pgLx¿;Dd k'¥ofpg]sfd /]l8of]n] dfq u¥of] . csf]{ dfWod g} lyPg .Ú

kfOk hf]8g] /]l8of] ;+jfb

w'lnv]n gu/kflnsfsf] s]xL j8fdf nu]sf] vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk:yfgLo afl;Gbfn] sfl6 lbPkl5 pTkGg ljjfbn] lgs} 7"nf] ?klnof] . kfOk sf6]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ :yfgLo pkef]Qmf / kfOksf6\g] j8fsf afl;GbfaLr 7"nf] ljjfb pTkGg eof] . pQm ljjfbn]em8k s} ?k lnof] . b'j} kIf aLr ;fdfGo ;+jfb klg x'g ;s]g .kfOk sfl6Pkl5 kfgL pkof]u ul//x]sf j8fdf eg] kfgLsf] xfxfsf/g} dlRrof] . of] ;d:ofdf b'j} kIfsf] aLrdf ljjfb al9 g} /xof] .:yfgLo k|zf;g d"sbz{s alg/xof] . Ps kIfsf] s'/f csf]{ kIf;Dd k'Ug ;ls/x]sf] lyPg . kfOk sf6\g] kIf s'g} klg xfntdfkfOk hf]8\g glbg] c8fgdf lyP . kfgL n}hfg] kIf kfOk hf]8\g]c8fgdf lyP . o:tf] cj:yfdf b'j} kIf Ps 7fpFdf a;]/ ljjfbsf];dfwfg ug{ ;d]t tof/ lyPgg\ . b'j} kIfsf cu'jfnfO{ 6]lnkmf]gdfkm{t g} /]l8of] ;+jfbdf Nofpg] sfd /]l8of] gdf]a'4n] u¥of] ./]l8of] ;+jfbn] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg;Fu} b'O{ kIfaLr x'g ;Sg] ;Defljtle8GtnfO{ /f]Sg] sfd ;d]t u¥of] .

of] ljjfb @)^% r}t dlxgfsf] xf], w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf j8f

26

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

g+ @ / # sf afl;Gbfn] j8f g+ * / ( df nluPsf] vfg]kfgLsf]kfOk sfl6lbPsf lyP . kfOk sf6\g'sf] vf;} sf/0f geP klgkfOk sfl6of] . pQm kfOk sfl6Pkl5 ;f]xL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfdflge{/ /x]sf pkef]Qmx¿sf nflu kfgLsf] xfxfsf/ g} dlRrof] .j8f g+ * / ( sf j8faf;Lx¿ kfOk sfl6Psf] 7fFp vf]Hb} lx+8\gyfn] . o;/L kfOk sfl6Psf] 7fpF;Dd k'u]/ hf]8\g] qmddf sf6\g]/ hf]8\g] ;d"x aLr ljjfb a9\g yfNof] . ljjfbn] 7fpF7fpFdfem8k g} eof]] . ;'?df s]xL dflg;n] l;rfO{sf] nflu lng yfn]sf]vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk sfl6Psf]] ljifo kl5 j8f–j8fsf] afl;Gbf aLremu8fsf] ljifo aGof] . JolQmx¿sf] emu8f ;fd"lxs em8kdfkl/0ft ePsf] ;dfrf/ /]l8of] gdf]a'4n] k|;f/0f ul//xof] . of]ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] nflu 7f]; kxn st}af6 x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . ptfwl'nv]n vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;ldlt lgl/x alg/x]sf] lyof] . b'j}kIf aLr ;8sdf em8ksf] l:ylt lyof] .

o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ ;fdfGo b}lgs ;dfrf/;ª\sng / k|;f/0f dfq ;Lldt g/x]/ åGå/tkIf aLrdf ;+jfb cfjZos ePsf] 7x/ u/L/]l8of] ;+jfbsf] nflu b'j} kIfnfO{ /]l8of]gdf]a'4n] Ps 7fpFdf Nofpg] sfd u¥of] .o;/L to ul/Psf] k|ToIf /]l8of] sfo{qmddfw'lnv]n vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf cWoIfbof/fd uf]on / ;ª\3if{/t kIfsf k[YjLyfkfnfO{ :6'l8of]df af]nfP/ /]l8of]n] ;+jfbsf]yfngL u¥of] . /]l8of] gdf]a'4n] ;+jfbsf]k|ToIf k|;f/0f u¥of] . ;8sdf a;]/ em8ksf]nflu tof/ ePsf ;d'bfon] ;8sdf g} a;]/pQm ;+jfbnfO{ ;'g] . ;f]xL sfo{qmddf;ª\3if{/t kIfn] vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk sf6\g]sfd uNtL ePsf] :jLsf/ u¥of] . /, cGo;d:ofsf] af/]df kl5 5nkmn ul/ ;d:of

‘;a} k|ltsf/sf]nflu tof/eP/ a;]sf]

;dodf /]l8of];+jfb dfkm{tj8f g+ @ / #sf ;d'bfosfdflg;nfO{ w]/}s'/f a'emfpg

;lsPsf sf/0ftTsfn

vfg]kfgLsf]kfOk hf]8g;Dej ePsf]

xf] .’

27

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

;dfwfg ug]{ 6'ª\uf] nfUof] . vfg]kfgL kfOk hf]8\g] sfo{df cj/f]wl;h{gf gug]{ ;xdlt eof] . ;f]xL cg';f/ pkef]Qmf / ;ldltsf];lqmotfdf vfg]kfgL kfOk hf]8\g] sfd eof] . ;fgf] ljifo, t/åGå/t kIfsf] aLrdf ;+jfbsf] cefjdf x'g nfu]sf] ;Defljt7"nf] em8k /f]Sg] sfo{ /]l8of] ;+jfbn] u¥of] .

36gf ePsf] tLg lbg ;Dd :yfgLo k|zf;g nufot s;}n]Wofg glbPsf] ljifodf /]l8of]n] ;+jfb rnfP/ ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{/]l8of]n] 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] w'lnv]n vf]gkfgL pkef]Qmf ;ldltsfcWoIf bof/fd uf]on atfpg' x'G5 . pxFfn] eGg'eof], …;a} k|ltsf/sf]nflu tof/ eP/ a;]sf] ;dodf /]l8of] ;+jfb dfkm{t j8f g+ @ /# sf ;d'bfosf dflg;nfO{ w]/} s'/f a'emfpg ;lsPsf sf/0ftTsfn vfg]kfgLsf] kfOk hf]8g ;Dej ePsf] xf] .Ú

s[lifhGo ;fdfu|L ahf/df

tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/sf]avf{:tL / ;+ljwfg;efsf] 7"nf] bnsf] x}l;otn] g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf]g]t[Tjdf /fli6«o ;xdltsf] ;/sf/sf] dfu ub}{ PsLs[t g]skfdfcf]jfbLn] clglZrtsflng cfd x8\tfnsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] .cGo If]q h:t} ls;fg klg x8tfnsf] df/df k/] . ls;fgn] pTkfbgu/]sf] b'w, t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n ;dodf g} ahf/df n}hfgkfPgg\ . pgLx¿n] ;fd"lxs ?kdf leqleq} lj/f]w u/]klg cfqmf]z;fj{hlgs ?kdf JoQm u/]sf lyPgg . t/ ;8sdf cfˆgf] cfqmf]zkf]Vg jf k|lt/f]wdf pqg ;Sg] ps';–d's';sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gfeO/x]sf] lyof] . tTsflng ;/sf/ / cfGbf]ng/t dfcf]jfbL b'j}kIf of] ;d:ofdf ;+j]bgzLn b]lvPgg . ls;fgx¿ pTkflbts[lifhGo pTkfbgx¿ vf]nfdf kmfNg afWo eP . of] ;Defljt gofFvfnsf] åGånfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ls;fgx¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf;fdu|LnfO{ ahf/;Dd ;xh 9+un] k'¥ofpg] ljifodf /]l8of] gdf]a'4n]

28

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

/]l8of] ;+jfb sfo{qmd rnfpg] lgwf] u¥of] . /]l8of] gdf]a'4n]sfe|]df cfdx8\tfnsf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf kIf / t/sf/L, kmnk"mntyf b'Uw Joj;fo ul//x]sf ls;fgx¿ aLr /]l8of] ;+jfb ug]{ toeof] . ;f]xL cg';f/ sfe|]sf] s'Gtfa]:fLsf lbks kf}8]n, 9'ªvs{sfls;fg lgh{n zdf{ / kfTn] v]tsf >Lxl/ a/fnn] cf–cfkmgfIf]qsf ls;fgn] ef]Ug' k/]sf] 3f6f / gf]S;fgLsf] af/]df ljrf//fVg' eof] . pxfFx¿n] tTsfn ls;fgn] pTkfbg u/]sf s[lifhGopTkfbgnfO{ ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpg glbP pTkflbt ;fdu|L ;lxtcfGbf]ngsf] k|lt/f]wdf pqg] r]tfjgL ;d]t lbg'eof] . pxfFx¿n]ls;fgx¿n] ef]lnkN6 b]lvg} cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf] ;fdu|L ahf/dfn}hfg] tof/L u/]sf]n] /fHon] ;'/Iff lbg'kg]{ dfu ;d]t ug'{eof] .

ls;fgx¿n] o;/L lbPsf] r'gf}tL / dfunfO{ /]l8of] gdf]a'4n]@)^^ r}t !* ut] k|fyldstf ;fy k|;f/0f u¥of] . o;/L klxnf]k6s ls;fgx¿n] k|lt/f]w ug]{ s'/f /]l8of]af6 k|;f/0f ePsf]sl/a b'O{ 306fdf g} sfe|]sf] cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf]dfcf]jfbLsf] a}7s a:of] . rf}tkmL{ bafasf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] PsLs[tdfcf]jfbLn] cGttM s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/;Dd n}hfg tof/gx'g] xf] eg] k|lt/f]w x'g] ljifonfO{ cFfsng ub]{ uDeL/ aGof] .To;} lbg dfcf]jfbLsf k|ltlglwn] /]l8of]df kmf]g u/L b'O{ 306ft/sf/L, b'w / kmnk"mn ahf/;Dd n}hfgsf] nflu ;do lbg]ljifodf ;xdt ePsfn] k|;f/0f ul/lbg cg'/f]w g} u¥of] .

/]l8of] gdf]a'4n] of] ljifonfO{ w]/} k6s k|fyldstfsf;fyk|;f/0f u¥of] . @)^^ r}t !( ut] ls;fgn] s]xL qf;sf] aLrdfahf/;Dd s]xL s[lifhGo pTkfbgnfO{ k'¥ofP/ /fxtsf] dx;';u/] . /]l8of]af6 o;/L ls;fgx¿ k|lt/f]wdf pqg nfu]sf] ljifonfO{ls;fgn] /]l8of]af6 eGg] df}sf gkfPsf] eP :yfgLo dfcf]jfbLsf]g]t[Tjn] rf;f] lng] lyPgg . /]l8of]n] ;a} If]qsf cu'jfnfO{ af]nfP/ls;fgsf] kL8f / efjgfnfO{ /fVg lbPsf] cj;/n] ls;fgn] 7"n}/fxt kfPsf] cu'jf ls;fg lbks kf}8]n jtfpg'x'G5 . kf}8]nn]eGg'eof] –…/]l8of]af6 g} k|lt/f]w u5f}{ eg]/ geg]sf] eP ;fobtTsfn s[lifhGo ;fdu|L ahf/df n}hfg ;Dej x'g] lyPg .Ú

29

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

;fd'bflos ljsf;

30

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

31

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

cfTdlge{/ d';x/ dlxnf

?kGb]xLsf] s]/jfgL uflj;–( l:yt ;f]Oof ufFpsf] d';x/ a:tLsfdlxnfx¿ /]l8of] n'lDagLsf sf/0f g} cfTdlge{/tfsf] cleofgdfh'6]sf 5g\ . cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]]sf tLdlxnfx¿ cfkm"x¿n] u/]sf] cfDbfgLaf6 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ lzIff ;d]tlbg yfn]sf 5g\ .

PSsfO; 3/w'/L /x]sf] of] d';x/ j:tLsf dlxnfx¿ 3/ aflx/lg:sg' / kl/jf/eGbf aflx/sf dflg;;Fu af]Ng'nfO{ g} kfl/jfl/scg'zf;g tf]l8Psf] dflgGYof] . To;dfly dlxnfx¿ 3/aflx/ klghfg rfxFb}gy] . …3/df w]/} sfd x'G5 / 3/ aflx/ uof] eg] 3/sf]sfd s;n] ul/lbG5 <Ú pgLx¿ k|foM k|Zg uy{] .

To;dfly pgLx¿df cfkm"x¿ ;fgf] hfltsf] dfG5], g/fd|f]5' ,af]Ng klg hflGbg, s] af]Ng] / s;/L af]Ng] h:tf s'07f yf]kl/Psf]lyof] . ;'?df /]l8of] n'lDagLsf k|ltlglw;Fu ;d]t o:t} efjgfJoQm u/]sf lyP . lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf gful/sx¿sf] af/]df/]l8of]df gofF ljifosf] vf]hL ug]{ qmddf /]l8of] n'lDagLsf] 6f]nL@)^% ;fn ;fpg !# ut] klxnf] k6s of] d';x/ a:tLdf k'u]sf]lyof] . cfjfhljlxg ;d'bfosf] cfjfhnfO{ ;ª\sng u/L k|;f/0ful//x]sf] /]l8of] n'lDagLn] pQm j:tLsf] af/]df cWoog u¥of] .

/]l8of]n] pgLx¿sf] af/]df /]l8of] sfo{qmd agfpg] eGbf klga:tLsf ;a} dlxnfx¿nfO{ s;/L /]l8of] ;'gfpg] eGg] h'lQmsf]vf]hL ;'? u¥of] . o;}df 5nkmnrnfpg yfNof] . cGttM /]l8of]n'lDagL a:tLjf;L dlxnfx¿sf] nflu/]l8of] >f]tf Sna agfpg] lgisif{dfk'Uof] . /]l8of] ;|f]tf Sna agfpgd';x/ a:tLdf /]l8of] sfo{qmd;+of]hs b'uf{ cof{n / 8]gdfs{sf

‘/]l8of]af6 w]/} s'/fl;Sg ;lsg] /x]5 .gof“ gof“ s'/f yfxfkfpg / lgw{Ss;“u

af]Ng /]l8of]]n] xfdLnfO{w]/} ;3fPsf] 5 .’

32

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

:jod\;]jL ;Nnfxsf/ ofsj y|f];]gnfO{ /]l8of]n] k7fof] . /]l8of]sf]6f]nL j:tLdf t uof] . t/ /]l8of]] 6f]nL;Fu klxnf] lbg d';x/ a:tLsfdlxnfx¿ af]Ng g} rfx]gg\ . /]l8of]sf] 6f]nL tLg rf/ k6s a:tLdfuP/ dlxnfx¿;Fu e]63f6 ug{ yfn]kl5 s]xL glhs x'g yfn] /;dfGo s'/fsfgL ug{ yfn] . clncln eP klg blaPsf] :j/dfcfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ /]l8of]sf] 6f]nL;Fu /fVg ;Sg] eP .

…/]l8of]sf dflg; ;w} cfpg yfNg'eof] . s] s] ;f]wL /xg'x'GYof] .;'?df nfhn] s'/fsfgL g} u/]gf} . t/, cfhsn gofF cfpg] dfG5];Fuaf]Ng 8/ nfUb}g,Ú :yfgLo lr/fotL d';x/n] eGg'x'G5, …6f]n aflx/af6cfPsf dfG5]x¿n] b]v] eg] g/fd|f] eG5g\ eg]/ xfdLnfO{ af]Ngnfh nfUYof] t/, cfhef]nL t af]Ng cˆ7of/f] nfUb}g .Ú

/]l8of] n'lDagL]sf] kxndf @)^% c;f]h !@ ut] d';x/ a:tLdfdlxnfx¿ /]l8of] >f]tf Sna u7g ug{ tof/ eP . a:tLjf;Ln]lji0f' s'dfnsf] cWoIftfdf /]l8of] >f]tf Sna u7g u/] . pQma:tLsf ;a} ljifonfO{ /]l8of]n] cfk\mgf] lgoldt k|;f/0fsf] ljifo;Fud';x/ j:tLnfO{ hf]8\b} lng] sfd u¥of] . Sna u7gsf] Ps dlxgfkl5 dlxnf clwsf/sdL{ tyf clwjQmf dLgf kf08]sf] ;xhLs/0fdfdlxnfsf ;d:of / xs clwsf/sf] ljifodf 5nkmn sfo{qmd;d]t /flvof] . To;kl5 pgLx¿ cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ 5nkmndfeGg yfn]sf 5g\ . cfhef]ln d';x/ j:tLsf dlxnfx¿ aflx/lg:sG5g\ / cfˆgf s'/fx¿ ws dfg]/ eG5g\ .

…3/ aflx/ lg:s] kl5 w]/} s'/f a'em\g / l;Sg kfPsf 5f},Ú >f]tfSnasL cWoIf lji0f' s'Dffnsf] egfO{ 5 ,…3/df dfq} a;]/ t s]xLug{ g;lsbf] /x]5 . clxn]sf] o'udf 3/ aflx/ lg:s]/ w]/} s'/fhfGg'kg]{ /x]5 .Ú d';x/ a:tLsL csL{ dlxnf r]ssnf s'DffneGg'x'G5, …s'g} ;Lk l;s]/ cfTdlge{/ aGg'k5{ eGg] af/] xfdLx¿n]/]l8of] ;'g]/ g} yfxf kfPsf] xf] .Ú

clxn] d';x/ a:tLsf lji0f' s'dfn ;lxt ;fljqL d';x/, zflGtd';x/, lr/fOtL d';x/, ;Ltf d';x/nufotsf dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhscu'jfsf] e"ldsf ;d]t lgefO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] pT;fx /

33

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

hfFu/ b]v]/ /]l8of] n'lDagLn] PdP; g]kfn gfds 8]gdfs{sf]u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg ug{ cg'/f]w u¥of] ./]l8of]sf] kxndf pQm ;+:yfn] a:tLsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ tLg dlxg]l;nfO{s6fO{ / v]nf}gfx¿ agfpg] tflnd lgMz'Ns ;~rfng u¥of] .tflnd kfPkl5 dlxnfx¿n] k]zfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] OR5f JoQmu/] . /]l8of]sf] ;lqmotfdf PdP; g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf a:tLdf;fd'bflos ejg lgdf{0f u¥of] . of] sfo{df ;a} 6f]naf;L;lqmoftfk"j{s nfu] . ;fd'bflos ejgdf bz j6f l;nfO{ d]lzgsf]Joj:yf dlxnfx¿sf] ;lqmotfdf ePsf] 5 .

To;kl5 pgLx¿n] l;s]sf] ;LknfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ .pQm ;fd'bflos ejgdf sk8f l;nfpg] dlxnfnfO{ PdP; g]kfnn]dfl;s ?= # xhf/ lbG5 . ;+:yfn] l;nfpgsf nflu sk8fx¿k|bfg u5{ . o;/L d';x/ dlxnfx¿n] tof/ u/]sf / l;nfPsf;fdfgx¿ 8]gdfs{ g} n}hfg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . ;+:yfsf]sfd afx]s pgLx¿ of] d]l;g 3/sf sk8fx¿ l;nfpg /5/l5d]sLsf sk8f l;nfP/ b'O{rf/ ?k}ofF yk cfDbfgL ug{ ;d]tpkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] sk8f l;nfpg] ;Lk l;s]/s';g, rs6L / ljleGg lsl;dsf v]nf}gf tof/ klg u5{g\ /To;af6 s]xL cfDbfgL klg ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .

lgoldt cfDbfgL x'g yfn]kl5 pgLx¿ dfl;s ?kdf % ;ob]lv ! xhf/ ?k}ofF ;Dd art ;d]t ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . l;nfOk]zf;Fu} a:tLsf dlxnfx¿sf] aFu'/ kfng / s'v'/fkfng Joj;fok|ltklg cfsif{0f a9]sf] 5 . d';x/ dlxnfx¿ ldn]/ lgoldt dfl;sart ug]{ u5{g\ / sfd k/]sf] j]nf ?=! sf b/n] dfl;s Aofhdf;fk6L lnP/ sfd rnfpF5g\ . o;cl3 b}lgs dhb'/L ug]{ dlxnfx¿3/ / ;fd'bflos ejgdf sfd u/]/ cfDbfgL ug{ ;s]sf]df lgs}v'zL 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;fd'bflos ejgdf /]l8of] n'lDagLn] /]l8of];'Ggsf nflu /]l8of] ;]6 g} h8fg ul/lbPsf] 5 . sk8f l;nfpFb}/]l8of] ;'Gg] ;Demgf s'dfn eGg'x'G5, …/]l8of]af6 w]/} s'/f l;Sg;lsg] /x]5 . gofF gofF s'/f yfxf kfpg / lgw{Ss;Fu af]Ng/]l8of]]n] xfdLnfO{ w]/} ;3fPsf] 5 .Ú

34

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

Eo"6fj/sf] :yfg ljjfb ;'lNEfmof]

afUn'ªsf] es'08] uflj;df tLg jif{ cl3 gd"gf Eo"–6fj/lgdf{0f ug]{ lg0f{o eof] . lgdf{0fsf] nflu lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltafUn'ªaf6 klxnf] r/0fdf cfly{s jif{ @)^$÷^% df ?= tLg nfvah]6 ljlgof]hg eof] . es'08]af6 wjnflu/L c~rnsf tLglhNnfsf ;b/d'sfd / bh{gf} lxdz[ª\vnfx¿ ;lhn};Fu cjnf]sgug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] lhNnf kl/ifb\n] ToxfF Eo"–6fj/ lgdf{0f ug{sfnflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] xf] .

:yfgLo:t/df g} Eo"–6fj/ lgdf{0f ;ldltsf] u7g u/]/ lhNnfljsf; ;ldltn] ah]6 / sfd ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;d]t ;'Dk]sf] lyof] .t/, :yfgLo :t/df Eo"–6fj/ sxfF /fVg] eGg] ljifodf 7"n} ljjfbeof] . ljjfbsf sf/0f tLg jif{ ;Dd Eo"–6fj/ aGg g} ;s]g .ljjfbdf clNemP/ Eo"–6fj/ lgdf{0fdf g} cj/f]w k'u]sf] ;dodfafUn'ª PkmPdaf6 ;fKtflxs ?kdf pTkfbg tyf k|;f/0f x'g]:yflgo:t/sf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd …xfd|f] ;/f]sf/Ú sf]@)^& j}zfv $ ut] zlgaf/sf] >[vnfdf ;f]xL ljifo 5gf]6 ug]{lgisif{df /]l8of] k'Uof] .

afUn'ª PkmPdn] ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfonfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{sfo{qmddf ;xefuL u/fof] . sfo{qmddf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Llji0f'axfb'/ yfkf, of]hgf clws[t e]if/fh zdf{, es'08] uflj;sfk"j{ cWoIf g/axfb'/ yfkf, uflj; ;lrj x]dGt l/hfn / Eo"–6fj/lgdf{0f ;ldltsf cWoIf bnaxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ ;f] sfo{qmdsf] cltlyagfO{of] . :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf :yfgLog]tf, ;d'bfosf cu'jfx¿,;dfh;]jL, lzIfs, ljBfyL{;lxt sl/aPs ;ohgf eGbf a9Lsf] ;xeflutfdf ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{ sfo{qmd;DkGg eof] . ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{ sfo{qmddf lhNnf kl/ifb\\dflhlj;n] ljlgof]hg u/]sf] k};fsf] b'?kof]u / Eo"–6fj/ lgdf{0fdfb]lvPsf] ljjfbsf] ljifodf 5nkmn u/fOof] . sfo{qmdsf cltly/ ;xefuL aLr o; ljifodf Jofks 5nkmn / ;+jfb eof] .

35

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

cGttM lgdf{0f :yn ljjfbsf sf/0f g} Eo"–6fj/ lgdf{0f x'gg;s]sf] lgisif{ sfo{qmdsf ;xefuLn] lgsfn] . sfo{qmddf pkl:yt:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, k"j{ uflj; cWoIf / Eo"–6fj/ lgdf{0f;ldltsf cWoIf nufot ;a} ;xefuLx¿sf] Pp6} lgisif{ /x\of] –lhlj;n] 6fj/ lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] eg]/ ah]6 lgsf;f lbO;s]sf]t/ :yfg ljjfbsf] sf/0f tLg jif{ ;Dd Eo"–6fj/ lgdf{0f gx'g'dfcfly{s clgoldttf / e|i6rf/ g} d'Vo sf/0f xf] .

sfo{qmddf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L lji0f'axfb'/ yfkfn] tTsfnEo"–6fj/ lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;'? ug{ cfu|x ug'{eof] . pxfFn] Eo"–6fj/lgdf{0fsf] yfngL gul/Pdf es'08]af6 Eo"–6fj/ agfpg] sfo{qmd g}x6fpg lhNnf kl/ifb\df k|:tfj n}hfg] r]tfjgL lbg'eof] . of] r]tfjgLkl5 ;xefuL ;a} uDeL/ dfq ePgg\ ;a} :yfgLo ;xefuLx¿es'08]sf] d'nfaf/Ldf g} Eo"–6fj/ /fVg] ;xdltdf k'u] . ;xdlt kl5lgdf{0f ;ldltn] ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf g} Eo"–6fj/ lgdf{0f ug{tTsfn sfd ;'? ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfof] . of] ;xdlt / k|lta4tfnfO{afUn'ª PkmPdn] k|fyfldstf ;fy k6sk6s k|;f/0f u¥of] . :yfgLolgdf{0f ;ldltn] ;xdlt ePsf] s'/f /]l8of]n] k|;f/0f ePsf] t];|f] lbgb]lv g} Eo"–6fj/ lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;'? g} u¥of] .

o;/L tLg jif{;Dd :yfg ljjfbsf sf/0f lgdf{0f x'g g;s]sf]sfd /]l8of] sfo{qmdn] g} ;'? ul/lbPsf] elg es'08]sf :yflgo;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf :yfgLo g]tfx¿, ;d'bfosfcu'jfx¿, ;dfh;]jLx¿n] jfUn'ª PkmPdnfO{ >]o lbg] u/]sf5g\ . æ:yflgo :t/df k6s k6s kxn ubf{ ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf]ljifo AffUn'ª PkmPdn] ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf h'6fO{;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ul/lbPkl5 ljjfb ldNof]Æ es'08] uflj;sf;lrj x]dGt l/hfnn] atfpg'eof] . æEo"–6fj/ /fVg] :yfgsfaf/]df ;a}sf] :jfy{ ldn]sf] lyPg, :yflgo ljsf; clwsf/Ln]/]l8of] sfo{qmddf of] jif{ klg 6fj/ gagfP ah]6 /f]Sg] atfPkl5ljjfb ToxL ldlnxfNof]Æ 6fj/ lgdf{0f ;ldltsf cWoIf bnaxfb'/yfkfn] eGg'eof]] . pQm sfo{qmdnfO{ afUn'ª PkmPdn] k|ToIf k|;f/0fu/]sf] lyof] .

36

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

;|f]t h'6fpg ;xof]u

bfªsf] ;b/d'sfdaf6 Ko"7fg l:yt wfld{s If]q :ju{åf/L dlGb/hf]8\g] ;8ssf] cj:yf hL0f{ lyof] . ;8s dd{tsf nflu :yfgLoafl;Gbfn] k6s k6s ;DalGwt lgsfodf kxn u/]klg sfd eg]x'g ;s]g . st}af6 klg ;8s lgdf{0fsf nflu kxn gePkl5:yfgLo afl;Gbf ;8s dd{t ug{sf nflu cfk}m h'd'{/fP . pgLx¿dxfo1 cfof]hgf u/]/ /sd ;ª\sng u/L ;8s dd{t ug]{6'ª\uf]df k'u] . dxfo1 cfof]hgfsf nflu pgLx¿n] bfª pBf]ujfl0fHo ;ª\3nfO{ d'Vo cfof]hs agfP .

;ldltsf] kxndf @)^) r}t !& b]lv @$ ut] ;Dd dxfo1;~rfng eof] . /]l8of] :ju{åf/L PkmPdn] klg dxfo1 ;~rfngdf;xof]uLsf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ cfof]hs ;ldltsf] cg'/f]w cg';f/;xdt eof] . bfªsf] ;b/d'sfd 3f]/fxLdf cfof]lht pQm dxfo1df;a} eGbf w]/} bfg lbg]x¿sf] gfd /]l8of]af6 k|;f/0f ug]{df /]l8of];xdt eof] . /]l8of]n] dxfo1df bfg ug]{x¿;Fu s'/fsfgL u/Lk|;f/0f ug{ yfn]kl5 c? dflg;nfO{ klg bfg lbg k|]l/t u¥of] .

dxfo1df ;fdflhs sfdsf nflu w]/} bfg lbg]x¿ qmdzMrGb|axfb'/ 8fFuL, lvds'df/L >]i7, nf]s l;+x a'9fyf]sL, 6]sgfyuf}td, /fdaxfb'/ s'jF/, k|lbks'df/ of]uL, vu/fh nf]xgL, ls/0fbfxfn, 6«s Joj;foL ;ldltsf k|ltlglw / a/v u0fsfk|ltlglwx¿;Fu ;fdflhs ljsf;sf ultljlwdf s'/fsfgL u/Lk|;f/0f u/]/ ;d'bfonfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ sfd u¥of] .

o;/L dxfo1df bfg ug]{x¿;Fu ul/Psf] s'/fsfgLn] c?dflg;nfO{ klg bfg u/L ;xof]u ug{ k|]l/t u/]sf] lyof] . dxfo1dfbfg ug]{ rGb|axfb'/ 8fFuLsf] /]l8of]df k|;f/0f ePsf] s'/fsfgL;'g]/ g]kfn kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;ª\3sf tTsflng n]vf clws[tlzjs'df/ e§/fO{n] % xhf/ ¿k}ofF ;xof]u ug'{eof] . pxfFn] eGg'eof],…d}n] /]l8of]df rGb|axfb'/ 8fFuLsf] s'/f ;'g] . pxfFsf] ;dfh;]jf

37

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

k|ltsf] of]ubfgn] dnfO{ klg ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu s]lx ug'{k5{eGg] efjgf hfUof] .Ú dxfo1sf d'n k"/f]lxt lz/f]d0fL gf/fo0fkf]v/]nsf] snfTds k|:t'tLn] dxfo1df w]/}nfO{ ;fdflhs sfddfclek|]l/t u/]sf] lyof] . pxfFn] /]l8of]df dxfo1sf ultljlw ;'g]/;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ dxfo1df ;xefuL eO{ dfgj 1fgsf af/]dfhfgsf/L lng / ;fdflhs sfo{sfnflu ;xof]u ug{ k|]l/t ePsf]atfpg'eof] . /]l8of] :ju{åf/LnfO{dxfo1 ;kmn kfg { ;xof ]uu/ ]sf ]d f cfof ]hs;ldltn]clegGbg ;d]t u¥of] .

;ft lbg;Dd rn ]sf ]dxfo1af6 sl/a Ps s/f]8 ?k}ofF;ª\sng eof] . ;+slnt /sdn]3f]/fxLaf6 :ju{åf/L wfld{s If]qk'Ug] af6f]sf] !% lsnf]ld6/ ;8sdd{t ul/Psf] 5 . ;8s dd{t gx'Fbf ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;~rfngug{ sl7gfO x'g] ;8sdf clxn] lgoldt ?kdf oftfoft ;~rfngeO/x]sf] 5 . ;8s k"0f{?kdf lkr gePklg oftfoft cfjfugdfeg] ;8s dd{t ubf{ lgs} ;3fp k'u]sf] 5 . clxn] klg /]l8ofn]]ljsf; lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ ;8s k"/} sfnf]kqug{kg]{{ ljifodf ;DalGwt lgsfo / ;d'bfonfO{ 3r3RofO{ /x]sf]5 .

;8s dd{t ePkl5 :ju{åf/L cf>d wfld{s :yndf k'Ug]bzgfyL{sf] ;ª\Vofdf klg j[l4 ePsf] 5 . :ju{åf/L cf>dsf]bz{g ug{ cfpg] #% k|ltzt yk bz{gfyL{ a9]sf] :ju{åf/L cf>dJoj:yfkg ;ldltn] hgfPsf] 5 . o;/L /]l8of]n] ;fdflhs sfo{sfnflu /sd ;ª\sng ug{ dxfo1 ;~rfngsf af/]df /]l8of]af6sfo{qmd ;fdfu|L k|;f/0f u/]sfn] dxfo1 ;kmn kfg{ ;3fp k'u]sf]bfª pBf]u jfl0fHo ;ª\3n] hgfPsf] 5 .

‘d}n] /]l8of]dfrGb|axfb'/ 8f“uLsf]s'/f ;'g] . pxf“sf];dfh;]jf k|ltsf]

of]ubfgn] dnfO{ klg;fdflhs ljsf;sf

nflu s]lx ug'{k5{ eGg]efjgf hfUof] .’

38

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

Joj;flos v]tLsf nflu pTk|]/0ff

bfª lhNnfsf] 3f]/fxL pkTosfsf sl/a tLg;o yf?o'jfo'jtLx¿ Joj;flos t/sf/L / cGo v]tLdf ;+nUg 5g\ . s]lxjif{ cl3;Dd s[lif dhb'/sf ?kdf csf{sf] v]taf/Ldf sfd ug]{yf? o'jfo'jtLx¿ clxn] cfkm} kl/>d u/]/ Joj;flos v]tLtkm{nfu]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfˆg} jf c?sf]] hldg ef8df lnP/Joj;flos v]tL u/L cfTdlge{/ aGg k'u]sf x'g\ . Joj;flosv]tLtkm{ oL o'jfo'jtLx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ /]l8of] :ju{åf/Ldfk|;f/0f x'g] …s[lifdf o'jfÚ sfo{qmdn] d2t u/]sf] xf] . /]l8of]sfo{qmddf hfgsf/L lbOg] s[lif;DaGwL ljljw hfgsf/Ln]cfk"mx¿nfO{ Joj;flos s[ifs aGg d2t u/]sf] pgLx¿ atfpF5g\ .

/]l8of]n] @)^) ;fn sflQs @# ut] …s[lifdf o'jfÚ gfds;fKtflxs sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug{ nfu]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|;f/0fu/]sf] lyof] . ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfdf /]l8of] sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ljifoj:t', bfªdf t/sf/L v]tLsf] ;Defjgf / k|fljlws kIfsfaf/]df /]l8of]nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg cg'/f]w ul/of] . ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfk|;f/0f ePkl5 lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no bfªn] /]l8of]df ;Dks{u¥of] . lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf k|ltlglw / /]l8of]sf] l6daLrsfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ ljifoj:t'sf af/]df 5nkmn eof] .

5nkmndf /]l8of]n] ls;fgx¿;Fu e]6L pgLx¿n] hfGg rfx]sfs[lif;DaGwL hfgsf/L / ;d:of ;ª\sng ug]{ tyf tL lh1fzfsf]pQ/ s[lif sfof{nosf k|fljlwsn] lbg] ;xdlt eof] . sfo{qmddfls;fg, s[lif lj1, a]/f]huf/ / ljb]zaf6 kmls{Psf o'jf / s[lifsfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu cGtlq{mof / s'/fsfgL u/L sfo{qmddfk|;f/0f ug{ yfNof] . /]l8of]df s[lif ;DaGwL gofF gofF k|ljlwsfljifodf hfgsf/L lbg 6]lnkmf]g / kq cfpg yfn]kl5 s[lif sfof{nosfk|fljlwsnfO{ k|To]s s[lif sfo{qmddf cfdGq0f u/L >f]tfsf] lh1fzfd]6fpg] sfd u¥of] . /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;'g]/ o; If]qsf y'k|} yf?o'jfo'jtLx¿nfO{ joj;flos s[lif v]tLtkm{ k|]l/t ug{ /]l8of] sfo{qmdn]

39

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

;3fp k'¥ofPsf] 5 . yf? o'jfo'jtLx¿ s[lif k|ljlwsf af/]df hfgsf/Llng kq / 6]lnkmf]g dfkm{t /]l8of]df ;Dks{ uy]{ . pgLx¿n] ;Dks{u/]kl5 Joj;flos s[lif k|ljlwsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng /]l8of]n] s[lifsfof{nodf hfg pgLx¿nfO{ ;'emfof] .

clxn] sof}++ yf? o'jfo'jtLx¿ Joj;flos s[ifssf ?kdf kl/lrt5g\ . tL dWo]sf s]lx xg\, 3f]/fxL gu/kflnsf –$ sf a'emfpgfrf}w/L, lrNn' rf}w/L, /fdk'/ uflj;sf ;''ifdf rf}w/L . @)%( ;fn;Ddk/Dk/fut ?kdf lgjf{xd"vL v]tL ub}{ cfPsf pgLx¿ clxn]Joj;flos v]tL ug]{ o'jfx¿sf ?kdf kl/lrt 5g\ . bfªsf] t/sf/LpTkfbgnfO{ Joj;flos ug'{k5{ eg]/ /]l8of] :ju{åf/Ln] ls;fgx¿nfO{pTk|]l/t ug]{ cleofg g} rnfof] . /]l8of] :ju{åf/Ln] bfªsf] pTkfbgd"lvhldgdf Joj;flos v]tL ug]{ xf] eg] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ j[l4 x'g] /sfd ug{ ljb]lzg' gkg]{ h:tf ;Gb]z lbg] vfnsf sfo{qmdx¿@)%( ;fn b]lv k|;f/0f ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] .

Joj;flos s[ifs a'emfpg rf}w/Ln] :yfgLo uf]/If b}lgsdfcGtjf{tf{ lbb} @)^$ ;fn df3df /]l8of] sfo{qmddf k|;f/0f x'g]s[lif ;DaGwL hfgsf/L kfP/ cfk"mx¿ Joj;flos t/sf/L v]tLdfnfUg /]l8of] :ju{åf/Ln] k|]l/t u/]sf] / s[lif sfof{non] k|fljlwsk/fdz{ lbO{ cfk"mx¿nfO{ ;Ifd agfPsf] pNn]v ug'{ePsf] lyof] .pxfFsf] of] egfO{n] /]l8of]sf] sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ePsf] k'li6x'G5 . of] cleofgaf6 k]|l/t eP/ t/sf/L Joj;fo ug]{sf] ;ª\Vof;'?df yf]/} eP klg clxn] of] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . sl/a tLg;o yf? o'jfo'jtLx¿ Joj;flos t/sf/L v]tLdf nfu]sf] hfgsf/LlbOPsf] 5 . clxn] pgLx¿ laxfg} t/sf/L lnP/ ahf/ cfpF5g\ .t/sf/L a]R5g\ . t/sf/L a]r]/ cfPsf] cfDbfgLn] hLljsf]kfh{gu5{g\ . o;/L Joj;flos t/sf/L v]tL u/]/ cfDbfgLdf j[l4 ePkl5y'k|} yf? o'jfo'jtLsf] hLjg:t/ kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 .

Joj;flos s[lifdf ;+nUg ;'ifdf rf}w/L Joj;flos t/sf/Lv]tL ug{ yfn]kl5 cfDbfgL j[l4 eO{ kfl/jfl/s hLjg:t/df lgs}kl/jt{g cfPsf] atfpg'x'G5 .

40

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

;/;kmfO{ hfu/0f

cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0f;Fu } bfªsf ] ;b/d'sfd 3f ]/fxLgu/kflnsfsf] /fdhfgsL 6f]n s'?k dfq} xf]Og 6f]naf;Ln] ;8sdfhyfefjL kmf]xf]/ kmfn]sfn] jftfj/0f g} b'lift ag]sf] lyof] . 6f]nnfO{Jojl:yt ug{ 6f]n ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ePklg k|efjsf/L sfdeg] x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . 6f]n ljsf; ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ klg6f]nnfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt / kmf]xf]/ d'Qm kfg]{ eGg] cGof]ndf lyP .6f]n ;ldltn] ;a}nfO{ hDdf kf/]/ kmf]xf]/ ;ª\sng ug]{ h'lQmlgsfn] . pgLx¿n] 6f]nsf dflg;x¿nfO{ hDdf u/]/ 6f]n ;kmfu/] . 6f]n ;kmfOsf] ;dfrf/ /]l8of]nfO{ k7fP . /]l8of]n] ;/;kmfO{sf];dfrf/nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|;f/0f u¥of] .

6f]n ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ePkl5 6f]n ;ldltsfkbflwsf/Lx¿ sfd ug{ emg pT;flxt eP . pgLx¿n] 6f]n ljsf;;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] a}7s jf]nfP . pgLx¿n] a}7sdf/]l8of]sf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL x'g lgDtf] lbP . a}7sdf/]l8of] :ju{åf/Lsf k|ltlglwn] …x/]s zlgjf/ 6f]n ;kmf ug]{ sfdu/]df 6f]n k|b'if0faf6 d'Qm;Fu} 6f]nsf] jftfj/0f klg /fd|f] x'g]Ú;'emfj lbof] .

/]l8of]sf] ;'emfj cg'?k @)^@ ;fn r}t !* ut] /fdhfgsL6f]n ljsf; ;ldltn] 6f]naf;Lsf] e]nf jf]nfof] . e]nfn] k|To]szlgjf/ 6f]n ;kmf ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . To;/L 6f]n ljsf; ;ldltn]cfˆgf] 6f]n ;kmf /fVg' cfˆgf] bfloTj xf] eGb} k|To]s zlgjf/ 6f]n;kmf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk /]l8of]df k7fof] . /]l8of]n]k|ltlnlk k|fKt u/]kl5 /]l8of]sf sf/0f /fdhfgsL 6f]ndf 6f]naf;Lldn]/ k|To]s zlgjf/ ;/;kmfO{ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0fu¥of] . ;dfrf/df pQm 6f]n ljsf; ;ldltsf kbfwLsf/L;FuePsf] s'/fsfgL klg k|;f/0f eof] .

/]l8of]af6 6f]naf;Lx¿ ldn]/ 6f]n ;/;kmfO{ ug{ nfu]sf] ;dfrf/k|;f/0f ePkl5 3f]/fxL gu/kflnsfsf cGo 6f]n ljsf; ;ldltx¿

41

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

klg 6f]n ;/;kmfO ug{ k|]l/t x'g yfn] . pgLx¿n] klg 6f]n;/;kmfO{ ug{sf nflu 6f]naf;Lx¿sf] e]nf jf]nfP . clxn] /]l8of];dfrf/sf] k|efjsf sf/0f :ju{åf/L 6f]n ;ldlt, 6fpg Knflgª6f]n ;ldlt, clDas]Zj/L 6f]n ;ldlt, gofF ahf/ 6f]n ;ldltn];fKtflxs ?kdf ;/;kmfO{ cleofg g} rnfP . pgLx¿n] 6f]n;/;kmfO{ ultljlwnfO{ ;dfrf/sf] ?kdf k|;f/0fsf nflu cg/f]wug]{ k/Dk/f g} a:of] . 3f]/fxL gu/kflnsf If]qsf 6f]nx¿df;/;kmfO{ cleofgn] ltj|tf kfPkl5 /]l8of] :ju{åf/Ln] ;/;kmfO{;Fu;DalGwt ;fKtflxs sfo{qmdsf] k|;f/0f ug{ ;'? u¥of] . @)^@;fnb]lv /fdhfgsL 6f]n ljsf; ;ldltaf6 ;'? ePsf] ;/;kmfO{cleofgn] xfn ;Dd lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] 5 . 3f]/fxL gu/df /x]sf;a} 6f]n ;ldltx¿n] ;fKtflxs ?kdf zlgjf/ 6f]n ;/;kmfO{ ug]{cleofg g} rnfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfk"mn] pTkfbg u/]sf]kmf]xf]/d}nf tf]lsPsf] :yfgdf g} nu]/ kmfNg'kg]{ lgod agfPsf5g\ . of] lgoddf ;a} 6f]naf;Lx¿ afFlwPsf 5g\ .

o;/L 6f]ndf x'g] ;dfGo ;/;kmfO{sf ultljlwnfO{ /]l8of]n]k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|;f/0f u/]kl5 gu/kflnsf If]qdf ;/;kmfOsf]cleofg g} rNof] . 3f]/fxL gu/kflnsfn] gu/kflnsf If]qsf6f]naf;LnfO{ ;/;kmfO{ cleofgdf k|]l/t u/L gu/ If]qnfO{ kmf]xf]/d'Qm kfg{ ;3fPsf] eGb} @)^% ;fndf ;Ddfg k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] .;Ddfg sfo{qmddf clDas]Zj/L 6f]n ;'wf/ ;ldltsL cWoIf zfGtfkf]v|]nn] 3f]/fxLdf 6f]n6f]ndf ;/;kmfO{ cleofgdf :yflgoafl;GbfnfO{ k|]l/t ug]{ sfd /]l8of] :ju{åf/Ln] u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

clxn] /]l8of]nfO{ lhNnfdf x'g] ;fdflhs sfddf ;+nUg u/fpg]kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . vfg]kfgL l8lehg sfof{non] ;~rfngug]{ x/]s cleofgdf /]l8of]nfO{ clgjfo{ ;+nUg u/fpg] gLltagfPsf] 5 . pQm sfof{non] …xft w'g] tl/sf / v'Nnf lb;f d'QmIf]q 3f]if0ff cleofgÚdf ;l/s x'g /]l8of]nfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kdfkl/kq g} u/]sf] lyof] . o;/L lhNnfdf x'g] ;fdflhs / ljsf;lgdf{0f ultljlwaf/] /]l8of]nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] ;+:s[ltsf] ;d]tljsf; ePsf] 5 .

42

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

/ftf] n'ufsf] cleofg

alb{of lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd u'nl/ofdf @) hgf ljwjfn] /ftf]sk8f nufPsf] ;dfrf/ /]l8of] :ju{åf/Ln] @)%( ;fn k';dfk|fyldstfsf ;fy k|;f/0f u/]sf] lyof] .

/]l8of]af6 k|;f/0f ePsf] ;dfrf/ ;'g]sf :yfgLo b'O{ hgfljwjf Zff/bf kf]v|]n / x'df l8=;L= /]l8of]df g} cfpg'eof] . pxfFx¿n]bfªdf klg o:t} cleofg rnfpg] OR5f JoQm ug'{eof]] / of]cleofgdf /]l8of]nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cfu|x ;d]t ug'{eof] . To;kl5pxfFx¿sf] cleofgsf] ljifodf /]l8of]n] sfo{qmd lgdf{0f u/L k|;f/0fug]{ lgwf] u¥of] . /]l8of]sf] lgoldt sfo{qmd …cfhsf s'/fÚ sfo{qmddfoL b'O{ ljwjf;Fusf] /]l8of] s'/fsfgL k|;f/0f ul/of] . /]l8of]sf]s'/fsfgLaf6 pT;flxt ePsf ljwjfx¿n] ;+:yfg} vf]n]/ cleofgrnfpg] lgwf] u/] .

pgLx¿n] ljwjf dlxnf ;/f]sf/ s]Gb| gfds ;+:yf :yfkgfu/] . ;+:yfdf @& hgf ljwjf dlxnfnfO{ ;+ul7t agfP . pgLx¿n]/]l8of]sf] ;efsIfdf ljwjfsf] e]nf u/L sfo{;ldlt lgdf{0f u/] .pgLx¿n] /]l8of]nfO{ g} ;Dks{ sfof{no agfP . lawjf dlxnfsf]e]nfn] /]l8of] :ju{åf/Lsf :6]zg Dofg]h/ blw/fd ;'j]bLnfO{;Nnfxsf/df dgf]gog u/]/ ljwfg tof/ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbP .

pQm ;+:yfn] bfª lhNnfdf ljwjfx¿nfO{ /ftf] n'uf nufpg;r]tgf cleofg rnfP . pgLx¿n] ljwjfn] /ftf] n'uf nufpgkfpg'kg]{ dfu /fv] . pgLx¿sf] cleofgnfO{ /]l8of]n] ;dfrf/ /sfo{qmddf k|fyldstf lbP/ k|;f/0f ug{ yfNof] . pgLx¿n] cfof]hgfug]{ sfo{qmdsf ;"rgfx¿ /]l8of]n] lgMz'Ns k|;f/0f ug{ yfNof] .

alb{ofdf ljwjf dlxnfn] /ftf] n'uf nufPsf] ;dfrf/sf] k|efjn]of] ;+ul7t cleofgsf] ;'?jft ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf ;+ul7t ?kdfljwjf dlxnfn] /ftf] n'uf nufpg] cleofg eg] of] klxnf] xf] . of]cleofgsf cleoGtfx¿ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf ;Ddflgt

43

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

/ k'/:s[t x'Fbf cleofg ;kmn kfg{df /]l8of] :ju{åf/Lsf] e"ldsfdxTjk"0f{ ePsf] atfpF5g\ .

cleofgsdL{ x'df l8;Ln] eGg'eof], …xfd|f] cleofg /]l8of] :ju{åf/Lhf]l8Psf] 5 . ;'?df dnfO{ /]l8of]df cGtjf{tf{ lbP . d}n] ljwjfeP/ ;dfhdf a:g' kbf{ ef]u]sf kL8f / j]bgfx¿ /fv] . cfk"mn]af]n]sf] s'/f ;'g]/ cfkm}nfO{ v'zL nfUof] . /]l8of]sf] ;dfrf/ /sfo{qmd ;'g]/ dnfO{ ljwjf dlxnfn] /ftf] klx/g nufpg'k5{ eGg]cleofgdf nfUg k|]/0ff hfUof] .Ú

pxfFsf] syg lyof], …@)%( ;fn k'; !) ut] 3f]/fxLdf ljwjfx¿sf]e]nf /fVg] ;f]r agfof}F . ljwjfx¿sf] e]nfdf ;xefuL x'g cfu|xul/Psf] ;"rgf /]l8of] :ju{åf/Ln] lgMz'Ns k|;f/0f u/]/ sfo{qmdljwjf dlxnf h'6fpg 7"nf] u'g nufof] . xfd|f] JolQmut k|of; //]l8of]sf sf/0f sl/a @% hgf ljwjf h'6\of} .Ú

pQm e]nfn] cfk"m /x]sf] :yfgsf ljwjf dlxnfx¿nfO{ /ftf]n'uf nufpg k|]l/t ub}{ of] cleofgdf ;Fu} n}hfg] lg0f{o u/] .pgLx¿n] csf]{ e]nfsf] ldlt @)%( k'; @^ ut] tf]s] . tf]s]sf]ldltdf e]nf ;~rfng ug{ lgMz'Ns ;"rgf k|;f/0f u/L sfo{qmdcfof]hgf ug{ /]l8of]n] xn ;d]t pknAw u/fof] . ;f] e]nfn]ljwjfsf] If]qdf sfd ug{ ljwjf dlxnf ;/f]sf/ d~r u7gu¥of] . ljwjf dlxnf ;/f]sf/ ;d"x ljlwjt ?kdf lhNnf k|zf;gsfof{no bfªdf @)^) ;fn j}zfv @( ut] btf{ eof] . ;+:yfsf]cWoIfdf zf/bf kf]v/]n / ;lrjdf x'df l8;L /xg'eof] . ljlwjt;+:yf btf{ u/L ;+ul7t ?kdf pgLx¿n] ljwjf dlxnfn] /ftf] a:qnufpg] cleofgnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf x'g\ . pgLx¿sf] of] cleofgn]clxn] klg lg/Gt/ ?kdf rln/x]sf] 5 . /]l8of];Fu pgLx¿ cfk"mn];~rfng ug{ nfu]sf] sfo{qmdsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg'sf ;fy}k/fdz{ ;d]t lng] u5{g\ . pgLx¿sf] of] cleofgnfO{ /]l8of]n] k"0f{?kdf ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . clxn] of] cleofg ;+ul7t ?kdf bfªlhNnfaf6 b]ze/L g} km}lnPsf] 5 . o;/L /]l8of]n] ljwjfn] /ftf]j:q nufpg kfpg'k5{ eGg] ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf] cleofgdf ;3fof] .

44

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

ljBfnodf vfg]kfgL Joj:yf

a'4sf] hGde"ld n'lDagL] glhs} n'lDagL cfbz{ uflj;–& l:ytdgf}/Ldf /x]sf] dfofb]jL k|fljsf ljBfyL{x¿ lkpg] kfgLaf6 al~rtlyP . ljBfnodf lkpg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf lyPg . ljBfnodf cWoogug]{ afnafnLsfx¿ kfgL lkpg Ps lsnf]ld6/ 6f9fsf] ufpF;Ddhfg' kYof]{ . afnafnLsfx¿ k|foM vfhf vfg] ;dodf kfgL lkpguPkl5 ljBfno kms{Ggy] . pgLx¿ Tot}af6 3/ hfGy] . ljBfnodflkpg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf gx'Fbf afnafnLsfx¿sf] cWoogdf afwfk'lu/x]sf] lyof] .

/]l8of] n'lDagLsf ;+jfbbftf lj/]Gb| ld>n] ljBfnodf vfg]kfgLsf]cefj ljifodf tof/ u/]sf] ;dfrf/ ;fdfu|L @)^@ ;fn k'; @*ut]sf] ;dfrf/ j'n]l6gdf k|;f/0f eof] . o;}u/L /]l8of] n'lDagLsf]x/]s ljlxaf/ a]n'sf ^M#) ah] ;fKtflxs ?kdf k|;f/0f x'g]sfo{qmd …z}lIfs rf}tf/LÚdf klg o; ;DaGwL l/kf]6{ k|;f/0f eof] .sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ePkl5 j'6jnsf ;dfh;]jL ljdnfgGb pboaf]w/fhn]] /]l8of] n'lDagLsf 6]lnkmf]g u/]/ sfo{qmd ;~rfnsO{lGb/f cof{n;Fu s'/fsfgL ub}{ …cfk"mn] ljBfnodf wf/f lgdf{0fu/L ;xof]u ug{ rfx]sf]Ú hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

/]l8of] n'lDagLn] cfˆgf ;+jfbftf lj/]Gb| ld>sf] ;xof]udfdfofb]lj k|fljsf k|wfgfWofks dft[sfk|;fb df}o{nfO{ ;dfh;]jLaf]w/fh;Fu e]6 u/fO{lbof] . nuQ} To;sf] ! xKtfd} ;dfh;]jLaf]w/fhsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ljBfnodf vfg]kfgLsf] wf/f agfpg]sfd ;'? eof] . @)^@ ;fn df3 ̂ ut] ljBfnodf x]08 kfOk wf/fh8fg eof] . af]w/fhn] wf/f lgdf{0fsf nflu rflxg] ;fdfu|Lj'6jnaf6} k7fpg'ePsf] lyof] . ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks df}o{n]wf/f lgdf{0f ug{ dhb'/ vr{ ;d]t c7f/b]lv aL; xhf/ ?k}ofFnfu]sf] atfpg'eof] .

o;/L /]l8of]df ah]sf] ;dfrf/ / sfo{qmdsf sf/0f ljBfnodf

45

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

wf/f h8fg eof] . kfgL Kof; nfUbf Ps lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f kfgLlkpg hfg] afnjflnsfn] ljBfnod} kfgL lkpg kfP . ljBfnod}kfgL lkpg] Joj:yf ePkl5 ljBfyL{x¿n] ljBfno 5f]8\g] qmd36]sf] k|wfgfWofks df}o{n] atfpg'eof] . pQm ljBfnodf ul/ablnt ;d'bfo rdf/,kf;L,d'/fpsf afnafnLsfx¿ cWoog u5{g\ .ul/a kl/jf/sf afnafnLsfx¿ cWoog ug]{ ljBfnodf :yfgLoblnt ;d'bfosf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsfn] wf/f lgdf{0f x'g;s]sf] lyPg . /]l8of]df ;dfrf/ / sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ePkl5 ul/ablnt afnafnLsf cWoog ug]{ ljBfnodf lkpg] kfgLsf wf/fh8fg ug{df ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

blnt a:tLsf gfddf ah]6

?kGb]xLsf] Psnf uflj;–* df /x]sf] blnt a:tLsf dflg;x¿/fHon] cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] nflu 5'§}} ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5 eGg]yfxf kfpFbf crDddf k/] . /]l8of] n'lDagL;Fu cfj4 hgr]tgf/]l8of] >f]tf Snjsf] cfof]hgfdf @)^# ;fn d+l;/ !@ ut] …hflto5'jf5't k|yfÚ ljifodf 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . 5nkmnsfo{qmddf cfwfl/t ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ l/kf]6{ tof/ u/L /]l8ofn]k|;f/0f u¥of] .

sfo{qmddf :yfgLo hgfb{g nf]b / zflGt sf]xf/n] …;a}n] dfG5];a} a/fa/ x'G5 eG5g\ t/ ufFpdf xfdLnfO{ c5't eg]/ ;a}n] l5–l5 b'/–b'/ ug]{ u/]sf]Ú pNn]v ug'{eof] . of] ljifonfO{ ef]hk'/Lefiffsf] dlxnf;DaGwL sfo{qmd …cfjfhÚ / hflto ;dfgtfsf]sfo{qmd …hdsf]{Údf sfo{qmd tof/ u/]/ k|;f/0f u¥of] .

5nkmnsf ;xeflux¿n] dflg;x¿aLr x'g] hflto lje]bsf ljifodfs'/f p7fPsf lyP . pgLx¿n] ;a} …dflg;sf] /ut /ft} x'G5, t/ dfG5]dfG5] aLr o:tf] e]befj lsg < xfdLx¿n] agfPsf] ejgdf a:gx'g ] < xfdLx¿n] h8fg u/ ]sf ] wf/fsf ] kfgL vfgx'g] < v]taf/Ldf pAhgL u/]sf] t/sf/Lx¿ vfg x'g] t/ xfdLn] 5f]Psf

46

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

vfg]s'/f, kfgL lsg vfg gx'g]Únufotsf ;jfn p7fPsf lyP .

5nkmn sfo {q mddf;xeflux¿aLr ;dfhdf b]lvPsf]5'jf5't lje]bsf] cGTo ug]{, o;sfnflu blnt ;d'bfosf ] lglDtuflj;df /x]sf] ah]6af6 s]lx /sd5'§fpg] / pQm /sd 5'jf5't lje]bcGTo ug { ;r ]tgf sfo {qmd;~rfng ug]{ ;xdlt h'6\of] . o;/L/]l8of]df k|;f/0f x'g] ljleGg sfo{qmd/ ;dfrf/ j 'n ] l6gdf blnt;d'bfosf nflu ;/sf/n] ah]6

5'§fPsf] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ePkl5 pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf]nflu /sd ljlgof]hg ePsf] hfgsf/L kfP . pgLx¿ uflj;sfof{no / /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwnfO{ ah]6 lgsf;f ug{wfpg yfn] . blnt ;d'bfosf :yflgo hgfb{g nf]b, zflGt sf]xf/,;'lznf xl/hg, jgf/;Lk|;fb lj=s, lrGsL xl/hg, j;f]{gf kf;L,rDkf kf;L, lx/fnfn xl/hg, /fd;'xfu xl/hg nufotn] ;lqmo?kdf kxn u/] . 5nkmndf ;xeflu uflj; ;lrj ?:td clnn]blnt ;d'bfosf] ljsf;sf] nflu uflj;n] ;xof]u ug]{ k|lta4tfhgfPsfn] blnt ;d'bfosf cu'jfx¿ cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] ljsf;sfnflu kxn ug{ yfn]sf x'g\ .

o;}u/L cfly{s jif{ @)^#.)^$ sf] Psnf uflj;sf] ufpFkl/ifb\\n]dlxnf z;lQms/0f, blnt hfu/0f / ckfª\ux¿sf] nflu ?= %)xhf/ /sd 5'§fof] . pQm /sdn] uflj;sf gf} j6} j8fsf afl;Gbfrf/÷rf/ hgf b/n] blnt kl/jf/sf nflu #^ j6f afv|f vl/bu/L ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . uflj;sf] /sd blnt ;d'bfosf nfluljlgof]hg ug{ ljutdf tof/ gx'g] :yfgLo /fhgLlts bnsfk|ltlglwx¿ 5nkmn sfo{qmdkl5 /sd 5'§fpg tof/ ePsf] uflj;

/]l8of]af6 blnt;d'bfosf nflu;/sf/n] ah]6

5'§fPsf] ;dfrf/k|;f/0f ePkl5

pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf];d'bfosf] nflu /sd

ljlgof]hg ePsf]hfgsf/L kfP / uflj;

sfof{nodf ah]6lgsf;f ug{ wfpg

yfn] .

47

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

;lrj ?:td clnn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .#^ blnt kl/jf/nfO{ Ps÷Ps j6f afv|f ljt/0f u/L ar]sf]

/sdn] blnt ;d'bfosf] ljsf;sf nflu sf]if g} v8f eof] .:yfgLo cfdf ;d"xsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] sf]ifsf] gfd g} …blnt sf]ifÚ/x]sf] 5 . clxn] afv|fkfng ug]{ blnt kl/jf/nfO{ 3/ vr{ ug{;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . sf]ifsf] /sdaf6 cfktsflng ;dodf blnt;d'bfosf] nflu vr{ ul/G5 . sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd cfdf ;d"xn]ufpFsf blnt dlxnfx¿ ;'Ts]/L x'g] a]nfdf ;fk6Lsf] ?kdf lbG5g\ .sf]if ePkl5 b'Mv kbf{ 7"nfa8fsf]df dfUg hfg' gk/]sf] :yfgLo;'lznf xl/hgn] jtfpg'eof] . Tolxsf :yfgLo kqsf/ k|Nxfbofbjn] cfktsflng sf]ifaf6 /sd ;fk6L lbg yfn]kl5 c:ktfndfuP/ ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof a9]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .klxn] sdfPsf] /sd hlt ;a} vr{ ug]{ blnt ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿clxn] cfktljktsf nflu /sd art ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿cfˆgf] xs / clwsf/sf nflu ;d]t PsLs[t x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .o;/L /]l8of]n] rnfPsf] 5nkmn sfo{qmdn] blntsf gfddf /x]sf]ah]6 5'§fpg ;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} blnt ;zlQms/0fdf klg 6]jfk'¥ofPsf] 5 .

sfgkf/f sNof0f?kGb]xLsf] u+uf]lno uflj;sf] j8f gDa/ & / * kg]{ sfgkf/f

ufpFsf] cfsf/ klxn] s:tf] lyof] eGg] s'/f clxn]sf] k':tfnfO{yfxf g} 5}g . clxn]sf] k':tfn] cfk\mgf xh'/a'afsf]] kfnfdf wfgpAhfpg] v]tdf vf]nf alu/x]]sf] b]v]sf] 5 . @ ;o $) la3fIf]qkmndf km}lnPsf] ufp+F clxn] 36]/ ! ;o *) la3fdf v'lDrPsf]5 . ufpF+n]x¿sf cg';f/ sfgkf/fsf] ^) la3f v]tLof]Uo hldgau/df kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . /f]lx0fL gbLdf cfpg] af9Ln] aif]{gL To;ufpFsf] sl/a # la3f hldg s6fg ug]{ u5{ . tLglt/af6 gbLn]3]l/Psf] 5, sfgkf/f ufpF . /f]lx0fL gbLdf cfpg] af9Ln] jif]{gL

48

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

ufpFsf] hldg s6fg ub}{ nu]sf] 5 . ufpFsf ;a}h;f] afl;Gbfsf]w]/}yf]/} hldg gbL s6fgdf kl/;s]sf] 5 . gbL lgoGq0fsf nflus''g} lgsfoaf6 7f]; kxn x'g g;s]sf]df ;w} :yflgo afl;Gbfx¿u'gf;f] uy]{ . pgLx¿ ;/sf/n] gbL lgoGq0fsf s'g} of]hgfgagfPsf]n] Iflt ef]Ug k/]sf]df lrQ b'vfpFy] . @)$& ;fndfufpFdf cfPsf] af9LnfO{ ;Dembf :yflgo afl;Gbfx¿sf] cfª cem}l;l/ª\u x'G5 . ufpF g} 6fk' ePsfn] klg wghgsf] Iflt k'gMbf]xf]l/g] xf] sL eGg] cfzª\sfn] jiff{ofddf pgLx¿nfO{ ;w}lk/f]ln/xG5 . gbL lgoGq0fsf nflu ToxfF @÷$ j6f hfnL xfNg]afx]ssf] sfd x'g ;s]sf] lyPg .

l;4fy{ /fhdfu{ cGt/ut j'6jn e}/xjf v08sf] sf]l6xjfaf6;f8] & lsnf]ld6/ k"j{ nfu]kl5 sfgkf/f ufpFdf k'luG5 . ufp+FnfOk"j{, pQ/ / blIf0faf6 /f]lx0fL glbn] 3]/]sf] 5 . sfgkf/fsf] k"j{dfl;S6xg, pQ/df l;S6xgsf] k'/iff]Qdk'/, blIf0fdf xfl6 km;f{l6s// klZrddf xfl6 km;f{l6s/sf] s?jfgL;F+u l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] 5 .sfgkf/f ufp+Fdf ! ;o #) 3/w'/L kl/jf/ a;f]af; 5 .

sfgkf/f ufpFsf] of] cj:yf a'em]/ /]l8of] n'lDagLn] @)^& ;fnc;f/ @% ut] sfgkf/f ufpFsf] t6aGwsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ gful/s;+jfb -;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{_ sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . of] sfo{qmdn]hn pTkGg k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfof{no l8lehg gDa/ % sf] WofgtfGg ;kmn eof] . /f]lx0fL gbLdf jiff{}+b]lv sfd ul//x]sf] l8lehgsfo{fnon] sfgkf/f ;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf] /x]g5 . /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;'g]/l8lehgsf OlGhlgo/ b'h]Gb| a:g]tnfO{ :tAw agfof] . pxfFn] ToxfFsf]

sxfnLnfUbf] cj:yfsf] clxn];Ddcg'dfg;Dd gu/]sf] atfpg'eof] .l8lehg OlGhlgo/ a:g]tn]eGg'eof], …/]l8of] n'lDagLsf]gful/s ;+jfbn] xfdLnfO{ ToxfFsfdflg;n] ef]Ug'k/]sf] kL8fsfaf/]df cjut ePsf] 5 . ca

sfd k"/f ePkl5 :yfgLoafl;Gbfn] l8lehgsfof{no / /]l8of]

n'lDagLnfO{ cf}krl/ssfo{qmd g} /fv]/ ;Ddfg

u/]sf lyP .

49

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

xfdL l5§} g} sfgkf/f k'u]/ sfdu5f} { .Ú To:t} l8lehg k|d'vz ' l;nrGb | cfrfo {n ] klgsfgkf/fsf] afl;Gbfsf] kL8f sdug{ t6aGw lgdf{0fsf nflu sfdug]{ cfZjf;g lbg'eof] . pxfFx¿n]sfgk"/fsf] afl;Gbfsf] ;d:of;dfwfg ug{ JoQm u/]sf] egfO{nfO{/]l8of] n'lDagLn] k|;f/0f ;d]tu¥of] .

cfZjf;g lbPsf] Ps ;ftfleq}l8lehgsf] 6f]nL sfgkf/f k'u]/ToxfFsf] :ynut cjnf]sg u/L lgoGq0fsf] vfsf ;d]t sf]g]{ sfdu¥of] . l8lehg 6f]nLn] :yfgLo afl;Gbf;Fu 5nkmn u/L tTsfn/fxft :j?k %) j6f af]/f / gfOng hfnL pknAw u/fof] .

/f]lx0fL gbLdf t6aGw lgdf{0f ug{ :yfgLo kLl8t, /]l8of] n'lDagL/ l8lehg sfof{nosf] lqklIfo ;dGjodf sfd cl3 a9\of] .l8lehgn] s]Gb|df kxn u/]/ cfly{s aif{ )^&÷^* df gbLlgoGq0fsf nflu @) nfv ?k}ofFsf] ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ ;kmneof] . nfdf] ;dob]lv b]lv sfgkf/faf;Lsf] dfusf] ;'gjfO{ eO{sfgfkf/f ufpF+df s]lGb|o :t/af6 @) nfv ?k}ofsf] ah]6 ljlgof]hgeO{ t6aGw lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd ;d]t k"/f ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo /fhf/fdrf}w/Ln] eGg'eof], …l8lehg / /]l8of] n'lDagLsf] e"ldsfnfO{ xfdLslxNo} e'Ng ;Sb}g} . /]l8of]sf] k|efj slt xF'bf] /x]5 eGg] s'/fxfdLn] aNn dx;'; u¥of} .Ú

l8lehg sfof{nosf OlGhlgo/ a:g]tn] /]l8of]n] ljsf; lgdf{0fsfd'2fdf 3r3RofpFbf xfd|f] Wofg uPsfn] sfgkf/fdf t6aGwlgdf{0fdf /]l8of]sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn]eGg'eof], …w]/} 7fpFdf sfd ubf{ xfd|f] Wofg sfgkf/fdf k'Ug ;s]sf]lyPg . /]l8of]n] xfdLnfO{ sfgkf/fdf sfd ug{ uDeL/ dfq agfPg,

l8lehg OlGhlgo/b'h]Gb| a:g]tn]

eGg'eof], ‘/]l8of]n'lDagLsf] gful/s;+jfbn] xfdLnfO{Toxf“sf dflg;n]ef]Ug'k/]sf] kL8fsf

af/]df cjut ePsf] 5 .ca xfdL l5§} g}

sfgkf/f k'u]/ sfdu5f}{ .’

50

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

afWo klg agfof] .Ú sfgkf/fdf clxn] ! ;o #% ld6/ nfdf] :k/lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . To;n] /f]lx0fL gbLaf6 x'g] IfltnfO{ sd u/]sf]:yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] egfO{ 5 . ^ lhNnf sfo{If]q /x]sf] l8lehggDa/ % sfof{no e}/xjfn] @)^* ;fndf klxnf] sfd g}sfgkf/faf6 ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . /f]lx0fL gbLn] s6fg ul//x]sf]sfgkf/fsf] e"efu arfpg :k/ lgdf{0f, tf/hfnL ;lxtsf] kvf{nagfpg] nufotsf ;a} sfd l8lehgn] u/]sf] 5 . :k/ lgdf{0f u/Lb'a} efudf kvf{n agfOPsf] 5 . :yfgLo e"agf]6sf cfwf/df IftLsd ug{ ah]6n] k'Ug] u/L sfd ePsf] l8lehgn] hgfPsf] 5 .:yfgLo /fhf/fd ofbjsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t pkef]Qmf ;ldltn]t6aGwsf] sfd ;DkGg u/]sf] xf] . sfd k"/f ePkl5 :yfgLo afl;Gbfn]l8lehg sfof{no / /]l8of] n'lDagLnfO{ cf}krl/s sfo{qmd g} /fv]/;Ddfg u/]sf lyP .

g;{/Lsf nflu & nfv

afUn'ª PkmPdsf] /]l8of] sfo{qmd …xfd|f] ;/f]sf/Úsf sf/0fclxn] kj{tsf] d'l8s'jf uflj;df tof/ ul/Psf] g;{/Laf6 Psnfv nK;Lsf] la?jf pTkfbg ug]{ sfd ePsf] 5 . nK;Lsf] la?jfpTkfbg ug{sf nflu ;ft nfv ?k}ofFsf] ah]6 5'§fpg /]l8of]sfo{qmdn] d2t u/]sf] 5 . kj{t lhNnfsf] d'l8s'jf uflj;df ;'?ul/Psf] h}ljs v]tLsf] ljifonfO{ @)^^ sflt{s @! df /]l8of]sfo{qmd …xfd|f] ;/f]sf/Ú pTkfbgsf nflu :yflgo afl;Gbf /;/f]sf/jfnfaLr 5nkmn /fv]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf PsnfvnK;Lsf la?jf /f]kL kj{t lhNnfnfO{ nK;Ldo agfpg] cjwf/0ff;lxtsf] cleofgsf af/]df ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] .

kj{tsf] d'l8s'jfdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] pQm 5nkmndf lhNnfs[lif ljsf; sfof{no kj{tsf al/i7 s[lif ljsf; clws[t rGb|sfGtvgfn, kj{t ;fd'bflos ljsf; s]Gb|sf lhtaxfb'/ g]kfnL ;xefuL

51

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

x' 'g 'ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/Lsfo{qmddf h}ljs v]tLsfcleofgstf{ Pj d'l8s'jfdfgd"gf h}ljs u|fdsf] cjwf/0ffNofpg'x'g] Clifs]z ltjf/Ln]6]lnkmf]g dfkm{t sfo{qmddf;xefuL x'g'ePsf] lyof] .sfo{qmddf d'l8s'jfsf :yfgLo#% hgfsf] ;xefuLtf lyof] .

pQm /]l8of] sfo{qmddf;xefuL lhNnf s[lif ljsf;sfof{no kj{tsf jl/i7 s[lifljsf; clws[t rGb|sfGtvgfnn] d'l8s'jfsf afl;Gbfn] yfn]sf] h}ljs u|fdsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{;xof]usf nflu cfkm"n] tTsfn kxn ug]{ atfpg'eof] . To;}ul/Clifs]z ltjf/Ln] h}ljs v]tLsf] cjwf/0ff ;kmn kfg{ ljleGgIf]qaf6 ;xof]u h'6fP/ ;DkGg ug]{ /]l8of] sfo{qmddf k|lta4tfJoQm ug'{eof] .

/]l8of] sfo{qmddf ;DalGwt lgsfodf Psnfv nK;Lsf la?jf/f]kL kj{t lhNnfnfO{ nK;Ldo agfpg] cjwf/0ff tof/ ug]{ ;xdlteof] . of] cleofgnfO{ ;3fpg jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfnon]g;{/L :yfkgfsf nflu & nfv ?k}ofFsf] ah]6 ljlgof]hg eof] .

:yfgLo ?kdf ;~rfng ul/Psf] h}ljs k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf nflujg dGqfnon] lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t lhljsf]kfh{gsf nflujg sfo{qmd -PnPkmkL_ df 5'§fOPsf] kfFrnfv ?k}of /sd dWo]b'O{ nfv krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF /sd h}ljs ufpF d'l8s'jfdf dfq}ljlgof]hg ePsf] 5 . æo;n] d'l8s'jf uflj;sf !@ ;o 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ k|ToIf ?kdf nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ .Æ;dfh;]jL tyf h}ljs ufpF k|jt{s Clifs]z ltjf/Ln] atfpgeof] .

o;/L /]l8of] sfo{qmddf ul/Psf] 5nkmnn] nK;Lsf] la?jfpTkfbgsf nflu g;+/L lgdf{0f ug{ ah]6 5'§fpg d2t u¥of] .

‘/]l8of] ;a} ;j{;fw/0fsf]nflu 3/d} a;La;L

kl/0ffd yfxf kfpg] dfWodag]sf] 5 . /]l8of]n]kl/0ffd k|;f/0f

gubf{;Dd b'O{ lbg;Ddkl/0ffd yfxf gx'g]

cj:yfsf] cGTo ePsf] 5 ./]l8of]af6 kl/0ffdsf]k|;f/0fn] ljBfyL{ /cleefjsnfO{ lgs};xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .’

52

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

3/3/d} P;Pn;Lsf] kl/0ffd

P;Pn;L kl/Iff g]kfndf kmnfdsf] 9f]sfsf ?kdf kl/lrt 5 .ljBfyL{sf nflu P;Pn;L kl/Iff ptL0f{ ug'{ eg]sf] pRr lzIffsf]nflu af6f] v'Ng' xf] . To;}n] P;Pn;Lsf] glthf cfpg] ;dodfufpF 3/df kl/Iff lbPsf ljBfyL{ / ltgsf cleefjsnfO{ glthfyfxf kfpg] pT;'stf x'G5 . ufpF 3/df klqsf l9nf] k'Ug] ePsfn]P;Pn;L kl/0ffd 3/3/df yfxf kfpg] dfWod ag]sf] 5 /]l8of] .x/]s jif{ P;Pn;L k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg x'g] ;do glhscfpgf;fy ufFp ufFpdf /x]sf /]l8of] dd{t s]Gb|df 7"n} le8ef8x'G5 . To;afx]s glthf cfpg] a]nf :yfgLo /]l8of] k;ndf /]l8of]sf]laqmL klg lgs} x'G5 . rf/ dlxgfdf laqmL gePsf /]l8ofx¿ !%lbgdf laqmL x'G5g\ . vf]6fª lhNnfdf uPsf] rf/ jif{ b]lv x/]s jif{o:t} x'g] u/]sf] 5 . lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd lbSt]ndf /x]sf] ?kfsf]6;fd'bflos /]l8of] !)% d]ufxh{n] @)^$ ;fnb]lv P;Pn;L kl/Iffsf]glthf k|sfzg ePs} lbg gfd / >]0fL;d]t v'nfO{ /]l8of]af6k|;f/0f ug{ yfn]kl5 /]l8of]k|lt o:tf] cfsif{0f ePsf] xf] .

lhNnf lzIff sfof{no vf]6fªsf zfvf clws[t s[i0f/fh /fO{n]P;Pn;L glthf k|sfzg x'g' cufj} lkmN8df hfFbf ufpF ufpFdf/]l8of] lau|]sf] ePdf agfpg k7fpg] u/]sf] b]v]sf] atfpg'eof] .pxfFn] eGg'eof], …P;P;nL lbPsf ljBfyL{, ltgsf cleefjs /cfkmGtnfO{ /]l8of] lsGg] / agfpg] r6f/f]n] 5f]Psf] x'G5 . ?kfsf]6/]l8of]n] gfd / l8lehg g} ;'gfpF5 tof/L /xg' k5{ eGg] s'/f;'Gbf /]l8of]sf] k|efj / dxTj lgs} ePsf] d}n] kfP .Ú

/]l8of]af6 P;Pn;L glthf eGg ;'? ug'{ cl3 @)^$ ;fneGbf cuf8L P;Pn;L kl/Iff lbg] JolQmn] cfˆgf] kl/0ffd yfxfkfpg tLg lbg ;Dd s'g'{ kb{Yof] . lhNnf ;b/d'sfd eGbf6f9f6f9fsf ljBfyL{x¿n] ls Ps b'O{lbg wfP/ ;b/d'sfd cfpg'kYof]{{ ls t glthf cfPsf] ;do eGbf yk Ps xKtf s'g'{ kg]{

53

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

cj:yfsf] cGTo ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] u/]sf] 5 . klxn] tlhNnfsf] u|fdL0f If]qsf dflg;x¿ ;b/d'sfd cfP/ sf7df8f}FFdfcfˆgf cfkmGtnfO{ kmf]g u/]/ kl/0ffd yfxf kfpg] k|of; uy]{ . xfnufpFufpFdf kmf]g ;'ljwf ePklg sf7df8f}FFdf kl/0ffd x/]/ atfOlbg]dfG5]sf] cefjdf kl/0ffd kv{g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] cGTo g} ePsf] 5 .lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf >f]t JoQmL k|ltdfg /fO{ eGg'x'G5, …/]l8of];a} ;j{;fw/0fsf] nflu 3/d} a;La;L kl/0ffd yfxf kfpg] dfWodag]sf] 5 . /]l8of]n] kl/0ffd k|;f/0f gubf{;Dd b'O{ lbg;Dd kl/0ffdyfxf gx'g] cj:yfsf] cGTo ePsf] 5 . /]l8of]af6 kl/0ffdsf] k|;f/0fn]ljBfyL{ / cleefjsnfO{ lgs} ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .Ú pxfFn] cfk"mn]k9fPsf ljBfyL{ ;kmn jf c;kmn s] eP eGg] lh1f;f d]6fpgsf]nflu vr{ lbP/ g} kl/0fdsf] cgf}krfl/s hfgsf/L lng'kg]{afWotfsf] cGTo /]l8of]n] u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

/]l8of]n] glthf eGg' eGbf cufl8 ljBfyL{, cleefjs / ltgsfcfkmGt lbQm]n ahf/ cfpFbf Ps xhf/ hlt /sd vr{ x'GYof] .o;/L ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cfkm}n] glthf k|;f/0f ug{ yfn]kl5s]lx jif{ otfx¿ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;ª\3 nufot Jofkf/L tyf ljleGgpRrdflj tyf dfljx¿n] /]l8of]sf] k|fof]hg ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . o;jif{sf] P;Pn;L @)^* sf] kl/0ffd eGg] ;dosf] nflu sl/a #%xhf/sf] ;do k|fof]hg eO;s]sf]] ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf:6]zg Joj:yfks 6+saxfb'/ yfkfn] atfpg'eof] .

ljBfnodf aGof] zf}rfno

t]x|y'd lhNnf lkKn] uflj; j8f g+ ! 8fF8fFvs{df /x]sf] sflnsfk|fylds ljBfnodf /]l8of] d]G5\ofo]ddf ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ePkl5zf}rfno lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . @)$& ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] of]ljBfnodf zf}rfno lyPg . zf}rfno gx'Fbf ljBfnodf sv/fl;Sg cfpg] ;–;fgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ s] k9\g] eGbf klg lb;f

54

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

lk;fa cfof] eg] sxfF hfg] < eGg];d:ofn ] lk/f ] N Yof ] . o;n ]afnaflnsfsf ] cWoogdf afwfk'lu/x]sf] lyof] . ljBfnodf zf}rfnoagfpg' k5{ eg]/ k6s k6s dfue/] klg st}af6 ;xof]u k|fKt x'g;s]sf] lyPg . @)^^ k'; !^ ut]/ ]l8of] d]G5\ofo]ddf ljBfnodfzf}rfno gx'Fbfsf] ;d:of af/]dfl/kf]6{ tof/ u/L k|;f/0f u¥of] . pQml/kf]6{df zf}rfno cefjsf sf/0fljBfnodf cWoog ug{ cfpg]afnaflnsf cWoog 5f]8\g afWo

ePsf] ljifo ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] ./]l8of]df l/kf]6{ k|;f/0f ePkl5 o;n] w]/}sf] Wofg lvRof] .

lhNnf lzIff sfof{no t]x|y'dn] ljBfnoaf/] hfgsf/L lngljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks z]/axfb'/ a'9fyf]sLnfO{ sfof{nodfaf]nfof] . lhNnf lzIff sfof{{non] ljBfnonfO{ ejg / zf}rfnolgdf{0f ul/lbg] k|lta4tf hgfof] . lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] ejg/ zf}rfno lgdf{0f ul/lbg] k|lta4tf lbPsf] ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksa'9fyf]sLn] /]l8of]df cfP/ ;'gfpg' eof] . pQm va/nfO{ /]l8of]d]G5\ofo]dn] k|yfldstfsf ;fy k|;f/0f u¥of] .

/]l8of]sf sf/0f g} clxn] ljBfnodf @ nfv ¿k}ofFsf] b'O{ sf]7]kSsL zf}rfno lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . zf}rfno lgdf{0f ePkl5 ljBfyL{n]ljBfno 5f]8\g] qmd klg /f]lsPsf] 5 . ljBfnodf cWoog ug{rfxg] ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof klg a9]sf] hfgsf/L ljBfnosfk|wfgfWofks a'9fyf]sLn] lbg'eof] . ufpFdf :yfkgf ePsf]ljBfnosf nflu ;xof]u h'6fpg w]/} k6s :yfgLoaf;L / ljBfnon]ljleGg lgsfodf k|of; u/]sf lyP . t/, pgLx¿sf] k|of;n];fy{stf kfpg ;s]sf lyPg . /]l8of]df k|;f/0f ePsf] Pp6f;dfrf/n] eg] ;a}sf] Wofg tfGof] .

lhNnf lzIffsfof{non] ejg /zf}rfno lgdf{0ful/lbg] k|lta4tflbPsf] ljBfnosf

k|wfgfWofksa'9fyf]sLn] /]l8of]dfcfP/ ;'gfpg' eof] .pQm va/nfO{ /]l8of]

d]G5\ofo]dn]k|yfldstfsf ;fy

k|;f/0f u¥of] .

55

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

Dofªn'ªsf] ;8sdf sfnf]kq

t]x|y'dsf] Dofªn'ª ahf/ k"jf{~rnsf] kxf8L lhNnfdf /x]sf]k"/fgf] ahf/ xf] . o;n]] cfˆg} Oltxf; af]s]sf] 5 . lhNnfsf];b/d'sfd klg /x]sf] Dofªn'ª ahf/sf] ;8s sfnf]kq] eg] x'g;s]sf] lyPg . of] ljifodf /]l8of] d]G5\ofo]dn] sfo{qmd lgdf{0fu/L k|;f/0f u¥of] . sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ePkl5 lhNnfsf ljleGglgsfo Psh'6 eP/ nfu]kl5 clxn] ;8s sfnf]kq] x'g yfn]sf] 5 .ahf/sf] aLr efuaf6 ;8s sfnf]kq ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .

a;Gtk'/ – Dofªn'ª ;8s v08sf] @^ lsnf]ld6/ ;8sdfsfnf]kq] x'g] eP klg Dofªn'ª ahf/ leqsf] ;8s sfnf]kq] ePsf]lyPg . 7]s]bf/n] Dofªn'ª ahf/ leqsf] ;8s sfnf]kq] ug]{ ;Demf}tfgePsf] eGb} ahf/ aflx/sf] ;8sdf dfq sfnf]kq] ug]{ ePsf];dfrf/ / sfo{qmd /]l8of] d]G5\ofo]dn] tof/ u/L k|;f/0f u¥of] ./]l8of]n] ;8s sfnf]kq] ljifodf :yfgLo a;kfs{ – k'tlnahf/;8s Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf xf]d lnDa' / g]skf Pdfn] t]x|y'dsfcWoIf ejfgL vfk'ª;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{ k|;f/0f u¥of] . cGtjf{tf{ k|;f/0fePkl5 of] ljifodf ahf/af;Lsf] rf;f] a9\g yfNof] .

/]l8of] cGtjf{tf{df a;kfs{–k'tlnahf/ ;8s Joj:yfkg;ldltsf cWoIf xf]d lnDa'n] eGg'eof] æxfdLn] w]/} k6s ;8slgdf{0fsf nflu 5nkmndf af]nfpFbf klg pkef]Qmfx¿ cfPsflyPgg\ . t/ /]l8of]df sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ePkl5 ;a}sf] rf;f] a9\of] ./, ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 ;'g'jfO{ eof] .Æ ahf/ leqsf] ;8sdfsfnf]kq] ug{ dfu ub}{ )^& sflQs @* ut] Dofªn'ªaf;Lsf]k|ltlglwd08n uP/ k|wfgdGqL, pkk|wfg tyf ef}lts of]hgflgdf{0f dGqL, ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf ;+:s[lt dGqL, s[lif tyf ;xsf/LdGqL, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx¿sxfF ;8s sfnf]kq]ug]{ dfu /fVof] . ;8s sfnf]kq]sf nflu uPsf] k|ltlglwd08nsf]e]6sf ljifodf /]l8of]n] ;dfrf/ tyf sfo{qmdx¿ agfP/ k|;f/0fu/]sf] lyof] .

56

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

sf7df8f}Faf6 k|ltlglwd08n kmls{PnuQ} pknlAwx¿sf af/]df /]l8of]sfo{qmd æo'jf cfjfhÆ df ;8sJoj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf xf]d lnDa'sf]cGtjf{tf{ lnP/ k|;f/0f u¥of] . o;}sf]kl/0ffd :j?k lhNnfdf ePsf ;/sf/Ltyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfo, gful/s ;dfh;j{kIfLo /fhgLlts bnx¿;Fusf ]

5nkmn / s]Gb|;Ddsf] k|ltlglwd08nsf sf/0f cfly{s jif{@)^*÷^(df ;/sf/sf] s]lGb|o ah]6af6 /sd ljlgof]hg ePsf]5 . clxn] ahf/df ;8s sfnf]kq]sf] sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . @)^(c;f/ d;fGt;Dd ahf/ leqsf ;a} ;8sx¿ sfnf]kq] eO;Sg]a;kfs{ – k'tlnahf/ ;8s Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf xf]dlnDa'n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . pxfFn] eGg'eof], …/]l8of]sf sf/0f of];8s lgdf{0fdf ;a}sf] rf;f] a9\of] . lhNnfsf x/]s ljsf; lgdf{0fsfultljlwdf /]l8of]n] rf;f] /fv]df sfd l56f] / kf/bzL{ ?kdf;DkGg x'g] lyof] .Ú

ljBfnodf ;|f]t h'6\of];dfb PkmPdn] @)^^ c;f/df k|;f/0f u/]sf] /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf

sf/0fn] l;/fxfsf] vf}/lsofxL uflj;df /x]sf] Ps ljBfnosf] d'xf/g} km]l/Psf] 5 . pQm sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ePkl5 o;n] ;DalGwtlgsfosf] Wofg tfGg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . ljBfnosf] ejg lgdf{0f;Fu}lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] lzIfs b/aGbL ;d]t pknAw u/fof] .

;dfb PkmPdsf] ;fKtflxs /]l8of] sfo{qmd …/]l8of]] ;jxs]lzIffÚdf vf}/lsofxL uflj;df /x]sf] dxb cn agft cn ;flnxftsGof k|fylds ljBfnosf] ;d:ofsf] af/]df oyfy{ lrq0f ;lxtsf]/]l8of] l/kf]6{ tof/ u/L k|;f/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ljBfnodf lxGb'/ d'l:nd afnaflnsfx¿ cWoog u5{g\ . afnaflnsfx¿ sIff

‘lhNnfsf x/]sljsf; lgdf{0fsf

ultljlwdf /]l8of]n]rf;f] /fv]df sfdl56f] / kf/bzL{

?kdf ;DkGg x'g]lyof] .’

57

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

sf]7fsf] cefjdf sf]rfsf]r u/]/ a:g'kg]{afWotf lyof] . sIff sf]7f / lzIfssf]cefjsf ljBfnodf lgoldt ?kdf k9fO;d]t x'g ;ls/x]sf] lyPg . ;f] ljBfnodfPp6} sIffdf lgoldt ljifosf cltl/QmO{:nflds, g]kfnL / cª\u| ]hL lstfjcWofkg x'g] ljifodf /]l8of] l/kf]6{ tof/u/L k|;f/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 cg'dlt lnP/;~rflnt pQm ljBfnodf sl/a ! ;o*) lxGb' tyf d';ndfg ljBfyL{x¿lgoldt ?kdf cWoog ul//x]sf lyP .ljBfnodf ejg / lzIfssf] cefjsf af/]df lhNnf lzIff sfof{nol;/fxdf ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks / Joj:yfkg ;ldltsfkbflwsf/Lx¿n] w]/} k6s k'u]/ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfOlbg dfu;d]t u/]sf lyP . t/ To;sf] ;'gjfO{ lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6ePsf] lyPg . oL ;a} ljifonfO{ ;d]6]/ /]l8of] sfo{qmd k|;f/0fePkl5 ;f]xL cfly{s jif{df lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] ;+of]hgdflhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt / uflj;sf] ;d]]t cfly{s ;xof]udf ljBfnoejg lgdf{0f eof] . pQm ejgdf @)^& ;fn b]lv g} lgoldt ?kdfk9fO{ eO/x]sf] 5 .

ejg lgdf{0f ePkl5 ljBfnonfO{ lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] Ps/fxt b/aGbLdf lzIfs pkNAw u/fPsf] 5 . cGo lzIfs eg]:yfgLo ;d'bfon] g} h'6fO/x]sf 5g\ . …/]l8of]n] ljBfnosf] cj:yfsfaf/]df sfo{qmd k|;f/0f u/]sfn] g} xfd|f] ljBfnosf] ejg lgdf{0f;Fu}/fxt sf]6fdf lzIfssf] Joj:yf eof]Ú ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksdf]xdb Ozf cG;f/Ln] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] eGg'eof], …lhNnf lzIffsfof{nodf w]/} k6s tfs]tf ubf{ klg gePsf] sfd /]l8of]dfsfo{qmd k|;f/0f ePkl5 eof] .Ú clxn] ejg / /fxt b/aGbLsfsf/0f ljBfnosf] k7gkf7g ;'rf? /x]sf] 5 .

ljBfnosfk|wfgfWofksdf]xdb OzfcG;f/Ln]

eGg'eof], ‘lhNnflzIff sfof{nodfw]/} k6s tfs]tfubf{ klg gePsf]

sfd /]l8of]dfsfo{qmd k|;f/0f

ePkl5 eof] .’

58

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

qm;/ pBf]u aGb

;dfb PkmPdn] l;/fx lhNnfdf ;~rflnt qm;/ pBf]usfsf/0f r'/]sf] jftfj/0f ljgf; u/]sf] ;dfrf/ / sfo{qmd lgdf{0fu/]/ k|;f/0f u/]kl5 To;nfO{ /f]Sg :yfgLo afl;Gbf tL pBf]usfla?4df ;8sdf g} plqP / l;/fxf lhNnf g} aGb u/] .

/fi6«klt /fdj/0f ofbjaf6 r'/]sf] ljgfz /f]s]/ ;+/If0f ug{cfJxfg eO/x]sf] a]nf /]l8of]n] r'/]]sf ljleGg d'2fdf lgoldt/]l8of] sfo{qmd / ;dfrf/ lgdf{0f÷k|;f/0f ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] .;dfrf/ / sfo{qmddf qm;/ pBf]usf sf/0f To; jl/kl/sf] If]qd?e"lddf kl/0ft x'g yfn]sf]] ;Gb]z lbPsf lyof] . Tolta]nfl;/fxf lhNnfsf] r'/] If]qdf ef/tLo gful/ssf] nufgLdf kfFrj6fqm;/ pBf]u ;~rfngdf lyP . o;/L ;~rflnt qm;/ pBf]un] b}lgspTkfbg ug]{ /f]8f, lu6L / afn'jf lnP/ ;of}+ 6«s ef/tlt/ hfGYo] . ltqm;/ pBf]u aGb gu/] To;n] r'/]nfO{ uDeL/ c;/ kfl//x]sf] lyof] .r'/]sf] blIf0fjtL{ If]qdf /x]sf] v]tL of]Uo hldg phf8 aGb} uPsf]ljifodf @)^^ c;f/ !@ ut] laxfg ( ah] / a]n'sf $, ̂ / * ah]sf];dfrf/ a'n]l6gdf /]l8of] l/kf]6{ k|;f/0f u¥of] .

r'/] ljifodf lg/Gt/ /]l8of]df ;dfrf/ / sfo{qmd k|;f/0fePkl5 :yfgLoaf;Ln] tTsfn} ef/tLo nufgLdf ;~rfngdf /x]sfqm;/ pBf]u aGb ug'{kg]{ dfu /fv] . pgLx¿n] r'/] If]qaf6 lgsf;Lk}7f/L x'g] b}lgs xhf/f}+ 6«s lu6L afn'jf nufotsf pTkfbgx¿/f]s nufpg'kg]{ dfu /fvL lhNnfsf] oftfoft, ahf/, ;/sf/L /u}/;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ aGb g} u/] . @)^^ c;f/ !# ut] /]l8of]n]:yfgLo k|zf;gn] cg'dlt lbPsf qm;/ pBf]un] r'/]sf] ljgfz;Fu}jftfj/0fdf kf/]sf] c;/sf af/]df vf]hd"ns l/kf]6{ tof/ u/Lk|;f/0f u/]sf] lyof] . /]l8of]n] /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjn] r'/];+/If0fdf lRfGtf hfx]/ u/]sf] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ePkl5 :yfgLoaf;Ln]:jtM:k"mt{ ?kdf aGbsf] ;dy{gdf pln{P . nfdf] ;dob]lv w'nf]w"jfF/ b}lgs xhf/f}+sf] ;ª\Vofdf u'8\g] 6«ssf] cfjfhn] lbSs ePsf

59

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

:yfgLoaf;L /]l8of]n] ToxLljifodf ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f u/]kl5lj/f]wdf plqg Psh'6 agfof] .o;/L @)^^ c;f/ !# ut] ahf/aGb ePkl5 /]l8of]n] o; ljifodf;+jfb sfo{qmd g} rnfpg] lg0f{ou¥of] . /]l8of]n] :6'l8of]d};ef;b \åo /fd/lt /fd,d[u]Gb|s'df/ l;+x ofbj / aGbstf{ gful/snfO{ cfdGq0f u/]/ …e"Ifo/ r'/] ;+/If0fdfÚ ljifos ;+jfb sfo{qmd ;~rfng u¥of] . /]l8of];+jfbdf pkl:yt ;ef;b\åon] ;a} ldn]/ oL ultljlw /f]Sgsf] nflukxn ug{ ;xdt eP .

5nkmndf :yfgLo k|zf;gn] csf]{ lg0f{o geP;Ddsf] nfluqm;/ pBf]u aGb ug]{ atfP . of] ljifonfO{ uDeL/ ?kdf ;+;bsf]a}7sdf p7fpg] ;f+;båon] cfZjf;g ;d]t JoQm u/] . o;/L;ef;b\n] /]l8of] sfo{qmddf of] ljifonfO{ p7fpg] s'/f JoQm u/] .To;kl5 :yfgLoaf;L ;f]xL lbg a]n'sfb]lv oftfoft nufotsfaGb v'nfpg ;xdt eP . ;f]xL lbg :yfgLo k|zf;gn] csf]{;"rgf geP ;Ddsf nflu tTsfn kfFrj6} qm;/ pBf]u aGb ug]{lg0f{o u¥of] . pQm sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dfb PkmPdn] k|ToIf k|;f/0fu/]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfnt / ;+;bn] g} tL pBf]ux¿;~rfngdf /f]s nufPkl5 xfn tL pBf]ux¿ aGb 5g\ .

Hofnfdf ;xhLs/0f

of] @)^$ ;fn c;f/ / ;fpg dlxgfsf] 36gf xf] .ls;fgx¿nfO{ v]tdf afnL nufpg] r6f/f]n] 5f]k]s} a]nfdf PSsf;Ls[lif dhb'/n] kfpg] b}lgs Hofnfsf ljifodf ls;fg / s[lifdhb'/aLr ljjfb a9\of] . To;f] t s]lx ;do otfb]lv g} Hofnf

/]l8of]n] rnfPsf] ;+jfbsfo{qmdkl5 ;f]xL lbg:yfgLo k|zf;gn] csf]{

;"rgf geP ;Ddsf nflutTsfn % j6f g} qm;/pBf]u aGb ug]{ lg0f{o

u¥of] .

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sd ePsf] c;Gt'li6 s[lif dhb'/df lyof] t/ ;fj{hlgs dfq x'g;s]sf] lyPg . ptf ls;fg eg] v]tdf cGgafnLsf] pAhfp j[l4geP/ cfDbfgL ga9]sfn] Hofnf a9fpg g;Sg] atfpFb} cfPsflyP . JolQm–JolQm aLrdf /x]sf] of] ;d:of v]tdf afnL nufpg];dodf s[lif dhb'/n] k|s6 u/] . pgLx¿n] Hofnf j[l4 gePsfddf ghfg] 3f]if0ff ;d]t u/] . ls;fgn] s[lif dhb'/nfO{ Pslbgsf] Hofnfafkt $ s]hL wfg / Ps 5fs vfgf pknAw u/fpFb}cfPsf lyP .

;'?df s]xL 7fpFdf l56km'6 ?kdf b]lvPsf] Hofnf ljjfb l;/fxflhNnfsf k8l/of, j:tLk'/, dx]zk'/nufotsf If]qdf lj:tf/ eof] .of] ljjfb s[lif dhb'/n] sfd aGb ug]{ cfGbf]ngdf kl/0ft eof] ./]l8of] ;dfbn] s[lif dHfb'/sf] cfGbf]ngsf] ljifodf lgoldt sfo{qmdagfP/ k|;f/0f ug{ yfNof] . /]l8of]df ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ePkl5 of]lhNnfJofkL aGg k'Uof] . /]l8of]df ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ePs} sf/0fls;fgn] s[lif dhb'/ gkfPsf] u'gf;f] /]l8of]df cfpg yfNof] .;dfb PkmPdn] /]l8of]df cfP/ ls;fgx¿n] u/]sf] u'gf;f] / Hofnfj[l4 gu/] ls;fgsf] v]tdf sfd ug{ ghfg] s[lif dhb'/sf] egfO{nfO{;d]6]/ @)^$ ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] /]l8of] l/kf]6{ k|;f/0f u¥of] .

ls;fgx¿ /]l8of]df g} cfP/ of] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu kxnul/lbg cg'/f]w ug{ yfn] . of] ljifonfO{ lnP/ /]l8of] ;dfbn];+jfb sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ lgwf] u¥of] . /]l8of]n] cu'jf ls;fg/ dhb'/nfO{ :6'l8of]df af]nfP/ b'a} kIfaLr 5nkmn sfo{qmdrnfof] . ;+jfb sfo{qmddf s[lif dhb'/n] kl/jf/ kfNg ufx|f]ePsf] tyf ls;fgn] pTkfbg x'g 5f8]sf] ljifodf 5nkmn eof] .dhb'/n] b}lgs * lsnf] wfg / Ps 5fs vfgfsf] dfu u/] . t/ls;fgx¿ Tolt lbg tof/ ePgg\ . dhb'/ / ls;fgaLr Jofks5nkmn x'Fbf ^ s]hL wfg / b'O{ 5fs vfgf lbgsf] nlfu b'a}kIfaLr ;xdlt eof] . of] ljifonfO{ /]l8of]n] k|yfldstf ;fyk|;f/0f u¥of] . /]l8of]n] ;xlhs/0faf6 ls;fg / dhb'/aLrsf]]ljjfb ;xdltdf 6'lª\uof] . ls;fgsf] v]tdf sfd ug{ ;a} s[lifdhb'/ tof/ eP .

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dlGb/ k|j]zdf ljjfb

36gf @)^& ;fn ;fpg # ut]sf] xf] . ?kGb]xLsf] j'6jn;x/;Fu} hf]l8Psf] z+s/gu/ uflj;df /x]sf] b'uf{ dlGb/df5'jf5'tsf] ljjfb cfof] . dlGb/df k"hf u/]sf] cf/f]kdf Pshgfblnt dlxnfdfly dlGb/leq} b'Jo{jxf/ ul/of] . d+un rf}yLsf]cj;/df z+s/gu/ uflj;sf] hfgsLgu/df /x]sf] b'uf{ dlGb/dflaxfg}b]lv :yfgLo dlxnfx¿sf] 7"nf] le8 nfu]sf] lyof] . ToxLle8df z+s/gu/ s} k'gd ljs klg k"hf;fdu|L ;lxt dlGb/k'u]sL lyOg\ . k'gdeGbf klxnf dlGb/ k'u]sf :yfgLo 7"nf] hftsfelgg] dlxnfx¿ ;Ltf s];L, ;Ljf If]qLnufotn] dlGb/sf k"hf/Lhgf{bg 1jfnLnfO{ k'gdnfO{ k"hf ug{ glbg bafa lbP . pgLx¿n]dlGb/df k"hf ug{ cfPsf] egL k'gd dfly b'Jo{jxf/ ;d]t u/] .

k'gdn] cfk"mn] klg k"hf ug{ kfpg' kg]{ c8fg /fv]kl5 k"hf/Ln]cnUu} k"hfkf7sf] k|aGw ul/lbg] jrg lbP . t/ slyt dflyNnfhftsf dlxnfx¿ eg] To;df ;xdlt hgfPgg\ . pgLx¿ blntn]dlGb/df k"hf u/] clgi7 x'g] atfpFb} k"hf ug{ /f]s nufP .dlGb/sf k"hf/L 1jfnLn] klg tL dflyNnf hftsf elgg]dlxnfx¿;Fu ldn]kl5 k'gdn] ;fdflhs b'Jo{jxf/ ;xg'k¥of] .

of] ljifodf kLl8tsf] tkm{af6 hfgsf/L kfPkl5 /]l8of] n'lDagLn]36gf ePsf] bf];|f] lbg ;fpg $ ut] ;dfrf/ tyf /]l8of] l/kf]6{tof/ u/]/ k|;f/0f u¥of] . /]l8of]df ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ePkl5 of];a}sf] rf;f]sf] ljifo aGof] . 36gfsf] tTsfn 5fglag u/L ;d:of;dfwfg ug{ :yfgLo blnt cu'jfx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf ;ldlt ;d]tu7g eof] . /]l8of] ;dfrf/ / sfo{qmdsf sf/0f :yfgLo k|zf;gn]k'gd ljssf] hfx]/L btf{ ug{ afWo eof] . slyt u}/blnt s]lxdlxnfx¿n] blnt eGg] yfxf kfPkl5 k'gdnfO{ 5'§ofP/ k"hf ug]{of]hgf agfPsf] / To;df kl08tn] ;dy{g u/]kl5 ;d:of b]lvPsf]

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k'gdsf >Ldfg\ Psgf/fo0f ljZjsdf{n] atfpg'eof] . k"hfs}ljifodf ;f] dlGb/df s]lxa]/ emu8f ;d]t ePsf] lyof] .

blnt cu'jfsf] ;lqmotfdf ul7t 5fglag ;ldltn] 36gfsf;a} kIf;Fu 5nkmn u¥of] . 5nkmn u/]/ ;ldltn] o:tf] lgisif{lgsfNof] – d+un rf}yLsf] lbg c? dlxnf;Fu} k'gd ljs klg k"hfug{ dlGb/ uPsL lyOg . pgL klg dlGb/df k'u]/ k"hfsf] tof/Lub}{ lyOg . pgLeGbf klxnf k"hf ug{sf] nflu a;]sf dlxnfx¿k'gd;Fu a;]/ k"hf ub]{gf} eg]/ p7] . u}/blnt dlxnfx¿n] k'gd;Fu}k"hf gug]{ atfPkl5 PSn} k"hf ug{ k"hf/L kl08t hgfb{g 1jfnLn]cfu|x u/] . To;kl5 s]lxa]/ ljjfb sd eof] . t/ kl5 ;a}u}/blnt dlxnf ldn]/ k"hf g} ug{ glbg] l:ylt pTkGg eof] . ;f]sfo{df k"hf/L kl08t hgfb{g 1jfnLn] klg ;3fPsf] b]lvPsf]n]sfg'gL sf/afxL x'g'kg]{ 7x/df k'Uof] .

o;/L klxnf] k6s /]l8of]n] b'Jo{jxf/ ug{]sf ?kdf gfd lnPsftL dlxnfx¿;Fu} k"hf/L kl08t hgfb{g 1jfnLn] k|x/L k|zf;g /;fj{hlgs ?kdf dfkmL dfu] . pgLx¿n] ca slxn] klg hflto5'jf5't e]befj gug]{ k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/] . O{nfsf k|x/L sfof{noj'6jndf b'j} kIfsf aLrdf lnlvt ;xdlt g} eof] . kLl8t k'gdljssf] hfx]/Lsf] cfwf/df kqsf/, ?kGb]xLdf lqmoflzn ljleGgblnt ;ª\3÷;+:yf, dfgjclwsf/sdL{x¿sf] pkl:yltdf O{nfsfk|x/L sfof{no j'6jndf ePsf] 5nkmndf :yfgLo dlxnfx¿n]dfkmL dfuL cab]lv o:tf] gug{] lnlvt k|lta4tf u/]sf x'g\ . o;ljifodf klg /]l8of] n'lDagLn] ;dfrf/ agfO{ k|;f/0f u¥of] .

o;cl3 @)^& ;fn c;f/ @! ut] k'gd ;lxtsf ToxfFsf s]xL:yfgLo dlxnfx¿n] ;Fu} k"hf u/]sf lyP . t/ kl5 k'gd blnteGg] yfxf kfPkl5 pgLx¿ 6fl9Psf lyP . …;fj{hlgs dlGb/dfhfts} cfwf/df lje]b ug{ x'Gg eGg] ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . t/,Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ufx|f] 5 . /]l8of] n'lDagLn] hflto lje]b cGToug{ of] 36gfdf ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 ,Ú :yfgLo xif{axfb'/If]qLn] eGg''eof] .

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@)^% ;fn ;fpg ( ut] . 36gf ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] 5f]8\sL/fdgu/ uflj; j8f g+ & 5f]8\sL ks8Lxjfsf ho/fd rdf/sf];'Fu'/n] ;f]xL ufpFdf a:g] lrgs gfpF / w'kf s]j6sf] 3/df k;Lef8f 5f]of] . lrgs / w'kf u}/blnt kl/jf/sf x'g\ . 3/df ;'Fu'/k;]/ ef8f 5f]Psf] lgx"Fdf ufpFdf ljjfb eof] . blntsf] ;F'u'/n]ef8f 5f]Psfn]] k"/fgf ef8fx¿sf] ;§fgofF ef8f lsGg'k5{ eGb} lrgs /w'kfn] /8fsf] dRrfP . lrgs /w'kfsf] kl/jf/n] ho/fd rdf/nfO{ufnL unf}h u/] . 36gfn] 7"n}ljjfbsf] ?k lnof] . ljjfb a9\b}uPkl5 ho/fdsf] ;fOsn pgLx¿n]sAhfdf lnP . gofF ef8f lsg]/glbPdf sfnf]df];f] nufP/ ufpFaf6lgsfnfb]lv Hofg dfg]{;Ddsf] wDsLlbP . ho/fdsf] kl/jf/n] kL8f ;xgg;sL Hofg ;'/Iffsf nflu k|x/Ldfph'/L u/] . Gofosf nflu kxnul/lbg /]l8of] hfu/0fsf :yfgLo;dfrf/bftf lbg]z xl/hg ;d]tnfO{va/ u/] .

;f] 36gfsf] af/]df j'6jn l:yt;fd'bflos /]l8of] hfu/0fn] ;j{k|yd;dfrf/ k|;f/0f u¥of] . ;f] 36gfsf]af/]df lj:t[t ?kdf a'em\g /]l8of]hfu/0fn] cfˆgf] /]l8of]sf] 6f]NfL;lxtcGo ;~rf/dfWoddf sfo {/t

blntsf] ;'“u'/n]ef8f 5f]Psfn]] k"/fgf

ef8fx¿sf] ;§fgof“́ ef8f lsGg'k5{eGb} lrgs / w'kfn]

/8fsf] dRrfP ,ho/fd rdf/nfO{ufnL unf}h u/] .

36gfn] 7"n} ljjfbsf]?k lnof] . ljjfb

a9\b} uPkl5ho/fdsf] ;fOsnpgLx¿n] sAhfdflnP . gof“ ef8flsg]/ glbPdf

sfnf]df];f] nufP/ufp“af6 lgsfnfug]{b]lv Hofg

dfg]{;Ddsf] wDsLlbP .

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;~rf/sdL{x¿nfO{ 36gf:yn;Dd n}hfg] sfdsf] ;+of]hg u¥of] .36gf:yn k'u]/ kms]{kl5 cGo ;~rf/dfWodn] klg of] ;dfrf/nfO{p7fP . t/, o;n] lg/Gt/ ?kdf dxTj kfPg . /]l8of] hfu/0fn]eg] of] 36gfnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbFb} sl/a Ps ;ftf;Dd k|;f/0fu¥of] . /]l8of] hfu/0fn] pQm 36gfnfO{ 6'ª\uf]df k'¥ofpg :yfgLo;+jfbbftf lbg]z xl/hgsf]] g]t[Tjdf Ps 6f]nL ;d]t ;f] :yfgdfkl/rfng u¥of] .

/]l8of]sf] 6f]nLn]] kL8s, kLl8t kIf / k|x/L k|zf;g ;dIf36gfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lnof] . /]l8of]n] 36gfsf bf]ifLnfO{sf/afxLsf] nflu k|zf;gn] u/]sf sfdsf] af/]df lgoldt ?kdf;dfrf/ agfP/ k|;f/0f ug{ yfNof] .

36gfsf] Ps ;ftf kl5 rf}tkmL{ bafa k/]kl5 kL8s kIf;fdflhs lje]b gug]{ ;t{;lxt ef8f lng tof/ eP . pgLx¿n]cfk"mn] uNtL u/]sf] :jLsf/ u/] / dfkmL dfu] clg o:tf] 36gf cagbf]xf]¥ofpg] k|lta4tf hgfP . To;kl5 b'j} kIfaLr ldnfkqeof] . ;~rf/ dfWodn] of] 36gfnfO{ uDeL/ ?kdf p7fPsfn]kLl8t kIfn] Gofosf] /fxt cg'ej u/] . ho/fd rdf/n] eg],…/]l8of]n] ;fy glbPsf] eP d}n] Gofo g} kfpg] lyPg . /]l8of]hfu/0fsf k|ltlglw lbg]z xl/hgn] v'a ;fy lbP/ Gofosf nfluk|x/L ;dIf hfg dnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'eof] . /]l8of] hfu/0faf6;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ePkl5 k|x/L k|zf;g kL8snfO{ sf/jfxL ug{h'd'{/fPkl5 ldnfkqdf s'/f cfof], /, xfdL ldNof} .Ú

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lgjf{lrt blnt cWoIf :jLsf/

slknj:t' lhNnfsf] ;f}/xf uflj;–! lkk/xjfdf /x]sf] >L/fli6«o k|fylds ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cWoIfdfcleefjsx¿sf]] dtbfgaf6 @)^$ ;fn k'; @! ut] :yfgLo;Gtf]if xl/hg cToflws dtn] lgjf{lrt eP . t/ blnt ePs}sf/0f s]xL u}/blntn] ;Gtf]ifnfO{ cWoIf :jLsf/ u/]gg\ . ;Gtf]ifsf]ljhonfO{ ljBfnosf lzIfs, cWoIfsf k|lt:kwL{ / s]xL :yfgLou}/blntx¿n] c:jLsf/ ub}{ pxfFnfO{ sfd ug}{ lbPgg .

of] 36gfnfO{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] hfu/0f j'6jnn]] uDeL/ ?kdflnof] . ljBfnodf ePsf] lje]bsf] 36gfnfO{ /]l8of]n] lg/Gt/?kdf k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|;f/0f u¥of] . 36gfsf] yk cg';Gwfgug{ /]l8of] hfu/0fn] /]l8of]df sfo{/t /]l8of]sdL{x¿sf] Ps 6f]nL36gf:yndf g} k7fof] .

pQm 6f]nLn] lhNnf lzIff sfof{no slknj:t', lhNnf k|zf;gsfof{no / lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf k|d'vnfO{ e]6\of] . pQm 36gfsfaf/]df /]l8of]df lg/Gt/ ?kdf l/kf]6{ tof/ u/]/ ;a}sf] k|lta4tfnfO{;fj{hlgs ug]{ sfd klg ul//xof] . To:t} 6f]nLn] kL8s kIfsf] egfO{,kLl8t kIf;Fu e]6L 36gfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lng] sfd u¥of] .

;fd'bflos /]l8of] hfu/0fsf] ;lqmotfdf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfkIfnfO{ w]/} k6s 3r3Rofpg] sfd u/]kl5 of] 36gfnfO{ ;a}n]dxTjsf] ;fy lng afWo eP . cleefjsåf/f lgjf{lrt cWoIf;Gtf]if xl/hgn] lgjf{w ?kdf Ps jif{;Dd sfd ug{ kfpg'kg]{lgb]{zg lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] lbof] . o;/L cj/f]w l;h{gf ug]{u}/blnt ;d'bfon]] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no slknj:t'df cfOGbfslxn] To:tf] sfo{ gug]{ / ;Gtf]ifnfO{ lagf cj/f]w cWoIf :jLsf/u/]/ sfd ug{ lbg] lnlvt ;xdlt eof] . of] ;xdlt kl5 dfqcfkm"n] Gofo kfPsf] dx;'; u/]sf] ;Gtf]if xl/hgn] atfpg'eof] .pxfFn] eGg'eof], …k|zf;g blntsf] ;jfndf Tolt uDeL/ x'Fb}glyof] . olb /]l8of]n] o; ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy p7fP/ kxngu/]sf] eP d}n] sfd ug{ kfpg] lyOFg .Ú

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blnt afnaflnsfnfO{ 5fqj[lQ

slknj:t'sf] afF;vf]/ uflj;–( uf}/fufFpdf /x]sf] >L gjb'uf{k|fylds ljBfnodf cfly{s jif{ )^$÷)^% df cWoog/tafnafnLsfsf] nflu ## j6f 5fqj[lQ sf]6f k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . t/blnt afnaflnsfnfO{ 5fqj[lQ glbP/ ;f] /sd cs}{ lzif{sdfvr{ ug]{ lg0f{o ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] u¥of] . 5fqj[lQdfcfPsf] /sd csf]{ lzif{sdf vr{ ug]{ sfd clgoldttf xf] eGb};/f]sf/jfnfsf] egfO{;lxt ;fd'bflos /]l8of] hfu/0fn]] l/kf]6{k|;f/0f u¥of] . To;kl5 t :yfgLo blnt ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿e]nf eP/ cfGbf]ng ug]{ lg0f{o u/] .

blnt afnaflnsfsf] nflu cfPsf] 5fqj[lQsf] ah]6 pgLx¿nfO{g} lbg'kg]{ dfu lnP/ blnt ;d'bfo cfGbf]ngdf plqof] . pgLx¿n]ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf u]gf sf]xf/ / k|wfgWofksbLJosnf kf]v/]n ;lxt kbflwsf/LnfO{ a}7s ul//x]sf] a]nf ljBfnosf]7fdf 3]/faGbL u/]/ y'g] . cleefjs / blnt ;d'bfosfdflg;x¿sf] cfGbf]ng cufl8 ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ulNt:jLsf/ u¥of] . ;f]xL 3]/fjGbLsf aLrdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg;ldltsf] a}7s a;]/ klxn] u/]sf] lg0f{o vf/]h u/L 5fqj[lQ blntafnaflnsfnfO{ ljt/0f ug]{ lg0f{o ug{ ;ldlt afWo eof] . To;qmddflhNnf lzIff sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ePsf] 5fqfj[lQsf] /sd blntljBfyL{nfO{ ;ft lbg leq ljt/0f ug{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;xdt klg eof] .

blnt afnaflnsfsf nflu 5fqj[lQsf] nflu cfPsf] /sdsf]b'?kof]u gu/]sf] / ;f] /sdaf6 ljBfnosf] kvf{n nufpg] lg0f{o]a}7sn] u/]sf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf sf]xf/n] cfGbf]lntblnt ;d'bfonfO{ jtfpg' ePsf] lyof] . cfGbf]ng/t cleefjs/ blnt ;d'bfon] blnt afnaflnsfnfO{ /sd ljt/0f ug'{kg]{dfhf]8 lbPkl5 ;f] ljifodf ;xdlt eO{ lg0f{o k]ml/Psf] pxfFn]jtfpg'eof] .

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;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

;'/Iff j]; SofDk /fVg afWokf¥of]

?kGb]xLsf] u+uf]lnofsf g]qaxfb'/ /fgf @)^% ;fn kmfu'gb]lvdfq lgw{Ss;F+u /ftdf ;'Tg yfn]sf 5g\ . c;'/Iffsf sf/0f @ aif{cl3sf /ftx¿ pgn] hfuf / clgbf] eP/ latfPsf lyP . pgL;Fu}u+uf]lnosf ;a}h;f]n] xftdf efnf, xFl;of / nf7L af]s]/ xKtfdfslDtdf @ /ft hfuf a:g}kg]{ afWotf lyof] . ufpFdf /ftsf] ;dodfb}lgs h;f] n'6kf6 / rf]/L x'Gy] . o:tf] cj:yfdf wg;Dklt hf]ufpgufpFn]x¿nfO{ xDd]xDd] g} k¥of] . …w]/} rn ;Dklt x'g]n] cGoq} nu]//fVg] sfd ;d]t u/] . Tof] a]nfdf sf]xL la/fdL k/]df c:ktfnn}hfg] k};f ;d]t ;fydf gx'g] cj:yf lyof]Ú, /fgfn] eGg'eof] .

@)^$ ;fn c;f]h @) ut] u+uf]lnofdf klxnf] k6s @ 3/dfn'6kf6 eof] . To;sf] s]xL lbg laTg gkfpFb} a/f}lnof, ksl8xjf,u+uf]lnof ufpFsf u/L !$ 3/df z[ª\vnfa4 ?kdf 8s}tL eof] .8s}tL / n'6kf6sf] huhuLn] u+uf]lnofaf;LnfO{ ql;t agfof] .n'6kf6 ePsf] ef]lnkN6 :yfgLo k|zf;gdf ufpFn]x¿n] ph'/Lu/] . ;'/IffsdL{ 36gf:yndf cfpg] d'r'Nsf p7fpg] sfd afx]sc? s]xL ug{ ;s]gg\ .

:yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ wgeGbf klg Hofg s;/L hf]ufpg] eGg]lrGtfn] ;tfpg yfNof] . ufpFn] cfkm}n] cfˆgf] ;'/Iff ug'{sf] s'/f ug{yfn] . ufpFn]x¿sf] a}7s a:of] . a}7sn] /ftL kfn}kfnf] u:tL ug]{lg0f{o u/] . ufpFn]x¿ cfnf]kfnf] ?kdf /ftL !)–!% hgfsf] ;ª\Vofdfu:tL ug{ yfn] . u:tL x'g yfn]kl5 kl/jf/ rgfvf] u/L eP klg ;'TgkfP . cu'N6fn] xfg]sf] s's'/ lah'nL b]lv rDsG5 eg] em}+ glrg]sfdfG5]sf] cg'xf/ b]v]kl5 ToxfFsf dflg;x¿ eml:sGy] .

u+uf]lnofdf dfq} xf]Og ToxL ;dodf ?kGb]xLsf cGo s]xL:yfgdf klg lbgx'F h;f] n'6kf6sf 36gf x'g yfNof] . 8fF+sfsf]cfqmd0fdf k/L l6s'nLu9df Ps hgfsf] Hofg} uof] . 8fFsfsf]

72

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

cfqmd0fdf u+uf]lnof uflj;–# b]ljgu/ 8Ff8fsf $) jifL{o xf]daxfb'5Gt]nsf] Hofg uof] . 36gf kl5 k|x/L k|zf;gn] Jofks ;'/IffsdL{kl/rfng u/]sf] eGb} hgtfnfO{ cfZj:t kfg]{ sfd klg u¥of] .k|x/Lsf] u:tL ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] b]v]kl5 u+uf]lnofjf;Ln] cfˆg}ufpFdf k|x/L rf}sL :yfkgfsf] dfu cl3 ;f/] . …ufpFn]x¿ ;a}sf]]x:tfIf/ ;lxtsf] lgj]bg lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no / lhNnf k|x/Lsfof{nodf a'emfof}+ . cfZjf;g t kfof} . t/, xKtf, dlxgf x'Fb} jif{laTbf klg rf}sL eg] :yfkgf ePg,Ú :yfgLo wgklt Gof}kfg] eGg'x'G5 .ufpFd} rf}sL /fVg ufpFn]n] w]/} k6s k|zf;gdf bafa lbP . k|d'vlhNnf clwsf/Lsf] sfof{nodf wgf{ ;d]t a;] . t/ klg pxL cfZjf;gafx]s c? s]xL xft k/]g . of] qmd klg Ps jif{eGbf a9L rNof] .u+uf]lnof ;lxt ?kGb]xLsf l6s'nLu9, dqmx/, b'w/fIfnufotsf7fpFdf 8s}tLsf 36gf eO/x]sf lyP .

o; aLrdf kLl8t hgtfsf] dd{nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} /]l8of]n'lDagLn] cfˆgf] /]l8of] sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfOdf zflGt;'/Iffsf] d'2f p7fpg] lgwf] u¥of] . @)^% ;fn k'; & ut] ;fj{hlgs;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u¥of] . sfo{qmddf ;xfos k|d'v lhNnfclwsf/L b'uf{k|;fb kf]v|]n / Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no j'6jnsftTsfnLg k|x/L gfoa pk/LIfs ;'zLns'df/ ofbjnfO{ ;xefuLu/fof] . sfo{qmddf rf]/L, 8s}tL / n'6kf6sf 36gfsf af/]df5nkmn rNof] .

u+uf]lnofsf Ps o'jsn] ufpFsf] zflGt;'/Iffsf] cj:yf k|ltcfqmf]z kf]Vb} @ j6f dfq} xltof/ lbP ufpFn]n] cfkm}n] k"/f ufpFsf];'/Iff ug]{ atfP . . ;f]xL 7fpFsf g]qaxfb'/ /fgfn] rf}sL :yfkgfgeP k|zf;gdf wgf{ lbg] / tfnfaGbL ug]{ r]tfjgL lbP . hjfkmdf;xfos k|lhc kf]v/]nn] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg] / dGqfnoaf6lg0f{o cfPkl5 rf}sL :yfkgf ug]{ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf cfZjf;g lbgafWo eP . t/ hgtfn] ljZjf; u/]gg\ . To;kl5 sfo{qmdcfof]hssf] x}l;otdf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no;Dd s'/f k'¥ofpg]/ af/Daf/ bafa lbg] lhDdf /]l8of] n'lDagLnfO{ lbg] ;xdlt eP/sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . sfo{qmddf p7]sf ljifonfO{ @)^% ;fnk'if ( ut] /]l8of] n'lDagLaf6 k|;f/0f eof] .

73

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{n] lbPsf] lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ /]l8of] n'lDagLn] k|lhc lrl/~hLlj jfUn]/ k|x/L pk/LIfsnfO{ ;f] ;d:ofsf af/]dflg/Gt/ cjut u/fof] . /]l8of]n] ufpFn]sf] kL8f;d]l6Psf] sfo{qmd ;'Gg ;d]t cfu|x u¥of] .pxfFx¿af6 /]l8of]n] ;sf/fTds sfd u/]sf] /hgtfnfO{ tTsfn zflGt;'/Iffsf] nflu kxnug]{ k|ltlqmof k|fKt eof] . To;kl5 klg /]l8of]n'lDagLn] w]/} k6s ;Dks{ u/]/ of] ljifodfeO/x]sf] sfdsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lnO/xof] .cGttM u+uf]lnofdf ;z:q k|x/Lsf] j]z SofDk g} /fVg] lg0f{oeof] . To; nuQ} @)^% ;fn k''; @* ut] u+uf]lnofsf] j/f}lnof8Ff8fdf ;'/Iff j]z SofDk :yfkgf eof] .

SofDk :yfkgfkl5sf] cj:yf a'e\mg /]l8of] n'lDagLsf] 6f]nL@)^% ;fn kmfu'g !* ut] ;f]xL :yfgdf k'Uof] . ToxFf k'Ubf:yfgLo bof/fd e§/fO{n] v';L JoQm ub}{ eGg'eof], æ/]l8of] n'lDagLn]bafa glbPsf] eP xfd|f] ufpFdf ;z:qsf] SofDk /xg] lyPg .Æclxn] ToxFfsf hgtf 9'Ss;Fu ;'Tg kfPsf 5g\ . /fqLsf] ;dodfkx/f a:g''kg]{ ufpFn]x¿sf] afWotfsf] cGTo ePsf] 5 . 8/ qf;df/xg] ufpFn]x¿ clxn] /ftsf] ;dodf klg PSn} b'Sn} ufpFdf lx+8g8/fpFb}gg\ . To;otf u+uf]lnodf rf]/L 8s}tLsf 36gf klg 36]sf]5}g . +uFuf]lnofdf clxn] ;z:q k|x/L lg/LIfssf] g]t[Tjdf $^hgfsf] 6f]nL ;lxtsf] ;'/Iff a]; SofDk /x]sf] 5 . ;'/Iff a];SofDkn] u+uf]lnof ;lxt a;Gtk'/, dqmx/, xfl6km;f{l6s/,dwf}lnof,k8;/L / s/lxof u/L & j6f uf=lj=;df ;'/Iff lbg] sfdu/]sf] 5 .

k|x/L lg/LIfs uf]kfn >]i7sf cg';f/ lbpF;f]df @ / /fltdf @u/L $ j6f ;z:q k|x/Lsf] 6f]nLn] lg/Gt/ u:tL ul//x]sf 5g\ .h;sf sf/0f rf]/L 8s}tL;Fu} t:s/L / cfk/flws ultljlw ;d]tlgoGq0fdf cfPsf] pxfFsf]] egfO 5 . k|x/L / hgtfsf] ;xsfo{dfclxn] Tof] If]qsf] zflGt;'/Iff ;Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] 5 .

æ/]l8of]n'lDagLn]

bafaglbPsf] ePxfd|f] ufp“df;z:qsf]

SofDk /xg]lyPg .Æ

74

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

sd{rf/L ;dod} sfof{nodf

;fd'bflos /]l8of] hfu/0fn] @)^% ;fndf …clkm; clkm;dfÚeGg] sfo{qmd ;'? u¥of] . /]l8of] hfu/0fsf /]l8of]sdL{x¿ ;/sf/Lsfof{no ;'? x'g] ;dodf tL sfof{nodf k'u]/ sd{rf/L ;dodfcfP gcfPsf] af/] /]l8of]df k|;f/0f ug{ yfNof] . o;/L /]l8of]dfgfd k|;f/0f x'g yfn]kl5 ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿ ;dodf g} sfof{nocfpg afWo x'g yfn] . sfo{nodf ;dodf sfd x'G5 ls x'Fb}g /;]jfu|xLn] ;]jf kfPsf 5g ls 5}gg eGg] p2]Zon] ;'? u/]sf] of]sfo{qmd lgs} k|efjsf/L /xof] .

/]l8of] hfu/0fsf /]l8of]sdL{x¿ laxfg l7s !) ah] ;/sf/Lsfof{nodf k'Uy] . sfof{no ;do ;'? x'g] a]nfdf sf] sd{rf/LcfpF5g . sf] cfpFb}gg\ < sfof{nodf cfPsf ;]jfu|fxLn] eg]sf];dodf ;]jf kfPsf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < sfof{no k|lt pgLx¿sf]wf/0ff s:tf] 5 < sfof{nox¿df x'g] e|i6frf/ / l9nf;':tL cflbsf]cg'udg u/]/ To;sf] l/kf]{6 /]l8of]af6 k|;f/0f x'GYof] . sfof{noaf6sfo{qmd k|ToIf k|;f/0f x'g] ePsfn] ;/sf/L sfof{nosf ;a}sd{rf/x¿ ;r]t x'g yfn]sf lyP .

sfo{qmd ;'? ePsf] klxnf] xKtfdf j'6jndf /x]sf ;/sf/Lsfof{no Onfsf jg sfof{no, Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{no, ;8ssfof{no, cfGtl/s /fhZj sfof{no cflbdf 7"n} k|efj k¥of] .tTsfn} sfof{no k|d'vx¿n] cfk\mgf ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] e]nfaf]nfO{ /]l8of]n] sfof{noaf6 k|ToIf k|;f/0f ug]{ ePsf]n] ;dodfg} sfof{nodf pkl:yt x'g / ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;]jf rfF8f]eGbf rfF8f];]jf lbg lgb]{zg g} lbP .

o;/L /]l8of] hfu/0fn] yfn]sf] sfdn] sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx¿;dodf g} sfof{no cfpg] yfn]sf 5g\ . ;]jfu|fxLsf] sfddfl9nf;':tL u/] ;~rf/ dfWoddf cfpg] ePsfn] sfd l56f] ;Sg'k5{ eGg dfGotfsf] ljsf; ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ldf x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

75

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

v]tsf vDaf ;8sdf

/]l8of] n'lDagLsf sf/0f ?kGb]xLsf] cfgGbjg uflj; j8f g+ &u0f]zk'/df ! jif{b]lv cnkq ?kdf ˆofFlsPsf ljB'tsf] vDafnfO{Jojl:yt ug]{ sfd ePsf]] 5 . @)^% ;fn d+l;/ @% ut] æljB't;d:of / pkef]Qmfsf] lh1f;fÆ ljifodf ePsf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{sfo{qmdkl5 Ps jif{b]lv v]tdf a]jfl/;] ?kdf /x]sf ljB'tsfvDafx¿ ljB't k|flws/0f sfof{non] p7fP/ Jojl:yt ug]{ sfdu¥of] .

:yfgLo pkef]Qmfs} nufgLdf l;d]G6sf kf]nx¿ ljB'tk|flws/0fn] u0f]zk'/df v;fn]sf] lyof] . ;8sdf /x]sf k"/fgfkf]nx¿nfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/]/ ljB't k|;f/0f nfOgnfO{ Jojl:ytug{ gofF l;d]G6sf kf]nx¿ NofOPsf lyP . kf]nx¿ NofOP, t/km]g]{ sfd eg] ePg . kf]nn] v]t / :yfgLoaf;Lsf] 3/df c;/kf/]sf] lyof] . af/Daf/ ljB't k|flws/0fdf va/ ubf{ klg sfdaGg g;s]kl5 pgLx¿n] /]l8of]nfO{ o;sf] hfgsf/L u/fP . /]l8of]n'lDagLn] hfgsf/L kfPkl5 ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu :yfgLo;d'bfosf] u'gf;f]nfO{ ;d]6]/ ljB't k|flws/0f / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf];xeflutfdf Ps ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{ sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] .pQm sfo{qmddf ljB't k|lws/0fsf k|zfvf k|d'v cd/k|;fb hf]zLn]tTsfn sfd k"/f ug]{ ;fj{hlgs k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{eof] . ;f]s'/fnfO{ /]l8of]n] h:tfsf] To:t} k|;f/0f u¥of] . k|lta4tf cg';f/Psjif{ ;Dd gePsf] sfd g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Ln]sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ePsf] Ps xKtfd} sfd ;DkGg u/] . pgLx¿n]k"/fgf kf]nx¿ x6fP/ ;f] :yfgdf v]tdf a]jfl/;] ?kdf /flvPsfgofF kf]nx¿ /fv] .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f ;dIf v]tdf / 3/x¿nfO{ k"/fgfkf]nx¿n] ck\m7of/f] kfl//x]sf] atfpFb} kf]n kl/jt{g ug]{ dfu:yfgLoaf;Ln] af/Daf/ /fv] . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] ah]6

76

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

cefj ePsf] atfpFb} sfd ug{cfgfsfgL ul//x ]sf ] lyof ] .;d'bfon] ah]6sf] Joj:yf u/]tTsfn sfd ul/lbg] cfZjf;gljB't k|flws/0fn] lbof] . ;d'bfon];|f]t h'6fpg] sfd u¥of] . ;d'bfoldn]/ p7fPsf] /sdn] gofF kf]nklg lslgof] . tL vDaf ;8s 5]psf]v]tdf /flvof] . t/, sfd ;DkGgug]{tkm{ ljB't k|flws/0fn] jf:tfu/]g . sl/a &! xhf/ ¿k}ofF

a/fa/sf] ;d'bfon] vl/b u/]sf] ;fdfg a]jfl/;] x'g yfNof] .g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f k|zfvf gofFldnsf] u}/lhDd]jf/Lsf sf/0f:yfgLo afl;Gbfn] Ps jif{;Dd b'Mv em]Ng' k¥of] . ;d'bfon] w]/}k6s lgj]bg / bafa lbFbf ;d]t cnkq /x]sf] sfd k|zfvfn];DkGg ug]{tkm{ rf;f] b]vfPsf] lyPg .

;d'bfosf] ;lqmotfdf vl/b u/]sf kf]nx¿ Psjif{ ;Ddu0f]zk'/sf] v]tdf a]afl/z] ?kdf /x] . /]l8of]df sfo{qmd k|;f/0fePkl5 tL kf]nx¿ ;8sdf ;fl/P . clxn] ;f] :yfgdf efFlrPsf/ hL0f{ ;a} kf]nx¿ k]ml/Psf 5g\ .

…b'O{ lbg, tLg lbg eGb} Ps jif{ ;Dd kf]n ;fg]{ / k]mg]{ sfdePg . /]l8of]n] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f kl5 dfq ljB't k|flws/0fsf]Wofg uof] . v]tdf /x]sf kf]n ;8sdf ;fg]{ / hL0f{ kf]n x6fP/gofF /fVg] sfd eof],Ú u0f]zk'/sf :yfgLo afl;Gbf afns[i0f kf08]eGg'x'G5 . clxn] u0f]zk'/sf lah'nLsf ;a} vDafx¿df aQL aN5 .o;/L /]l8of]n] rf;f] lnPkl5 dfq ;DalGwt lgsfon] lhDd]jf/Lsf]sfd k"/f u¥of] .

‘b'O{ lbg , tLg lbg eGb}Ps jif{ ;Dd kf]n ;fg]{ /

k]mg]{ sfd ePg ./]l8of]n] sfo{qmd

k|;f/0f kl5 dfq ljB'tk|flws/0fsf] Wofg uof] .

v]tdf /x]sf kf]n;8sdf ;fg]{ / hL0f{

kf]n x6fP/ gof“ /fVg]sfd eof]’

77

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

gful/s a8fkq /flvof]

/]l8of] n'lDagLsf] sfo{qmd …;/f]sf/Úsf] k|efjn] slkna:t' /?kGb]xL lhNnfsf s]lx uflj;df gful/s a8fkq /fVg] sfd ePsf]5 . slkna:t'sf] nfnk'/, k6gf / ?kGb]xLsf] b]jbx uflj;dfgful/s a8fkq gful/sn] b]Vg]u/L /flvPsf] 5 . slkna:t'sf]a}bf}nL, ?kGb]xLsf] dqmxf/ / ;fnem08L uflj;n] ah]6 klxnf]k6s ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf 6fF:g] dfq xf]Og klqsfdf g} 5fk]/ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

slknj:t'sf] nfnk'/ uflj; sfof{non] a8fkq /fv]kl5 ToxfFsfgful/snfO{ uflj;af6 x'g] sfd, sf/afxL / ;]jfsf af/]df hfgsf/Llng ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿ sfof{noaf6 ;dod} sfd ;DkGgu/fpg kfPsf]df bª\u 5g\ . klxn] t slxn] of] k'u]g t slxn] s]k'u]g eg]/ sfd cw'/} 5f]8]/ 3/ kms{g' kg]{ lyof] .

:yfgLoaf;L hGd btf{ xf]; of d[To' btf{ u/fpg rflxg]sfuhkq s] s] x'g\ / slt lbgdf sfd x'G5 eGg] hfgsf/LleQfdf n]lvPsf] gful/s a8fkq x]/]/ yfxf kfpF5g\ . cfˆgf] jf;d'bfosf] sfd lnP/ uflj; sfof{no k'Ug] ;j{;fwf/0f uflj;sfof{no k'Ubf leQfdf n]lvPsf] gful/s a8fkq x]/]/ dfq sfof{nodfk|j]z u5{g\ . gful/s a8fkqn] sfd lnP/ hfg] ;j{;fw/0fnfO{sfd ;DkGg u/fpg lgs} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .

/]l8of] n'lDagLn] slkna:t'sf] nfnk'/ uflj;df @)^& ;fnh]7 % ut] :yfgLo ;'zf;g;DaGwL gful/s ;+jfb sfo{qmd cfof]hgfu/L /]l8of] sfo{qmd …;/f]sf/Ú tof/ kfl/ k|;f/0f u/]sf] lyof] .uflj;af6 kfOg] ;]jf, sfuhkq / ;doaf/] hfgsf/L gkfpFbfcfk"mx¿ w]/} k6s uflj; sfof{no wfpg' k/]sf] eGb} :yfgLoaf;Ln]sfof{nosf] ;]jf ;]jfu|fxLn] ;xh ?kdf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ dfu /fv] .sfo{qmdsf ;xeflux¿n] l5d]sL uflj;x¿df h:t} cfˆgf] uflj;dfklg gful/s a8fkq /fVg'kg]{df hf]8 lbP . :yflgo afl;Gbfsf]

78

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

u'gf;f] ;'g]kl5 sfo{qmdsf cWoIf tyf tTsflng uflj; ;lrjs[i0fs'df/ rf}w/Ln] !% lbg leq gful/s a8fkq /fVg] ;fj{hlgsk|lta4tf JoQm ug'{eof] . @)^& ;fn h]7 @) ut] ;Dd uflj;dfgful/s a8fkq /fVg] sfd k"/f eof] . clxn] uflj;sf] aflx/LleQfdf ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L gful/s a8fkq /flvPsf] 5 .

o:t} gful/s ;+jfb ;~rfng ePkl5 slknj:t'sf] k6gf,j}bf}nL tyf ?kGb]xLsf] ;fnemG8L / b]jbx uflj;df klg gful/sa8fkq /fVg] sfd ePsf] 5 .

;fnem08L uflj; ;lrj cUgL k|;fb kf}8]nsf cg';f/ /]l8of]n'lDagLsf] sfo{qmd ;/f]sf/n] gful/ssf u'gf;f ;'Gg, yfxf kfpg/ To;sf] sfof{Gjoogsf nflu sfd ug{ k|]l/t u/]sf] jtfpg'eof] .pxfFn] eGg'eof], …xfdL t ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf ;]js xf} . sfdt xfdLn] ;w} u/]s}} x'G5f} . t/ slxn]sflx+ ;]jfu|fxLx¿n] cfˆgf

;a} ;d:of eGg g;Sg] / xfdLsd{rf/LnfO{ klg ;a} hfgsf/L gx'g]x'Fbf Jofjxfl/s ?kdf g} ;d:of kg]{/x]5 .Ú pxfFn] eGg'eof], …xfdL;Fu l;w}eGg g;Sg]x¿n] klg sfo{qmddf eGbf/x]5g\ . o;n] xfdL gLlt sfof{Gjogug]{ txdf a;]sfnfO{ ;3fPsf] 5 .Ú

:yfgLo ;d'bfodf ;"rgf k'¥ofpFb}gful/ssf sfdx¿ l56f] 5l/tf] ?kdf ;DkGg ug{sf nflu ;xof]uk'uf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] /]l8of]] n'lDagLn] sfo{qmd …;/f]sf/Ú lgdf{0fu/L k|;f/0f ub{} cfPsf] 5 . of] sfo{qmd ;fKtflxs ?kdf x/]sa'wjf/ laxfg & ah] b]lv &=#) ah] ;Dd k|;f/0f x'G5 . of]sfo{qmddf /]l8of] n'lDagLn] :yfgLo gful/ssf kL8f / ;/f]sf/jfnflgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿sf] k|ltlqmof / k|lta4tf k|:t't u5{ .

‘xfdL;“u l;w} eGgg;Sg]x¿n] klg /]l8of]

sfo{qmddf ;a} s'/feGbf /x]5g\ . o;n]xfdL gLlt sfof{Gjogug]{ txdf a;]sfnfO{

;3fPsf] 5 .’

79

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

;dod} ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf

afUn'ª PkmPdsf] sfo{qmd …;'zf;gÚsf sf/0f xfn ;dflhs;'/Iff eQfx¿ ;dodf g} ljt/0f x'g yfn]sf] 5 . afUn'ªsf k|foMuflj; ;lrjx¿n] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf / cGo lzif{sdf uflj;dfcfpg] ah]6nfO{ cfk"mv';L cfk\mgf] JolQmut vftfdf hDdf uy]{ .cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf Ps} k6s ;DalGwt lzif{sdf vr{ ug]{u/]sf] Joxf]/f ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg lbg] u/]sf] ljifodf afUn'ª PkmPdsf]Wofg uof] .

uflj; ;lrjx¿sf] of] sfo{n] ;]jfu|fxL tyf nlIft ju{n] of];'ljwf l9nf] kfpg] jf kfpFb} gkfpg] u/]sf] ;d]t pbfx/0f e]l6of] .sfo{qmd ;'zf;gsf] @)^& k'; @/ ( ut]sf ] cª\sdf afUn'ªlhNnfsf] dNd / bd]s uflj;sfnflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljlgof]hgu/]sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQfsf]/sd uflj; ;lrjx¿sf] JolQmuta } +s vftfdf hDdf u/ ] /clgoldttf u/]sf ] ljifonfO{p7fof] .

bd]s uflj;sf ;lrj odaxfb'/ yfkf / dNd uflj;sf ;lrjj'4axfb'/ a:g]tnfO{ /]l8of]df g} lgDTofP/ ;+jfb u¥of] . o;/L;+jfbsf] qmddf uflj; ;lrjåon] JolQmut vftfdf ah]6 /fVbfb'?kof]u / clgoldttf ePsf] :jLsf/ g} u/] . o;/L :jod\uflj; ;lrjx¿n] cfkm"n] clgoldttf u/]sf] :jLsf/ u/]kl5sfo{qmd …;'zf;gÚsf nflu of] ljifodf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L lji0f'axfb'/ yfkf;Fu o; af/]df wf/0ffdfu ug]{ sfd u¥of] . :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L yfkfn] of] ljifouDeL/ k|s[ltsf] e|i6frf/sf] sfo{ ePsfn] tTsfn 5fglag u/L

uflj;df cfPsf] ;fdflhseQfsf] /sdsf] ljifodf/]l8of]df sfo{qmd aHg

yfn]kl5 ;dodf g} ufp“df g}k'uL ljt/0f ug{ yflnPsf]/fo8f“8f uflj;sf uflj;;lrj t'n;L/fd zdf{n]

atfpg'eof] .

80

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

sf/afxL cl3 a9fpg] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .o;/L uflj; ;lrjn] /]l8of] ;+jfbdf g} JolQmut vftfdf

hDdf u/]/ cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf dfq ah]6 ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf]ljifo / :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Ln] sf/afxL ug]{ atfPsf] ljifonfO{;d]6]/ …;'zf;gÚ sfo{qmddf k|;f/0f u¥of] . sfo{qmd k|;f/0fePkl5 :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L lji0f'axfb'/ yfkfn] ;a} uflj;;lrjsf] a}7s af]nfO{ ;fd'lxs ?kdf nlIft ju{sf] /sd k|fKtx'gf;fy ;DalGwt If]qdf lgsf;f u/]/ vr{ ug{ lgb]{zg lbP .

sfo{qmd ;'zf;gsf To;kl5sf cª\sx¿df uflj; ;lrjx¿n]ah]6 lgsf;f x'gf;fy nlIft ju{nfO{ ljt/0f u/] gu/]sf] ljifonfO{lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|;f/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . uflj;df cfPsf] ;fdflhseQfsf] /sdsf] ljifodf /]l8of]df sfo{qmd aHg yfn]kl5 ;dodfg} ufpFdf g} k'uL ljt/0f ug{ yflnPsf] /fo8fF8f uflj;sf uflj;;lrj t'n;L/fd zdf{n] atfpg'eof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ of] jif{sf]eQf lhNnfe/L g} lgwf{l/t ;dodf g} ljt/0f ul/;lsPsf] 5 .

sfo{qmd ;'zf;gdf :ygLo lgsfodf x'g] l9nf;':tL /clgoldttf nufotsf ljifonfO{ afUn'ª PkmPdn] xKtfsf] tLglbg ;f]djf/, a'wjf/ / z'qmjf/ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of]sfo{qmddf jfUn'ª, kj{t / DofUbL lhNnfsf ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfdfs]lGb|t eP/ sfo{qmd pTkfbg / k|;f/0f ug]{ ul/G5 . sfo{qmddfljleGg If]qdf ;~rflnt of]hgfsf] kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf]ljifodf /]l8of] ;+jfb rnfpg] u/]sf] 5 . gu/kflnsf, lhNnfljsf; ;ldlt / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltn] Ps cfly{s jif{el/ ;~rfngu/]sf sfo{of]hgfsf ljifonfO{ klg sfo{qmddf ;d]6g] u/]sf] 5 .

81

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

u}/sfg'gL x'lsª lgoGq0f

l;/fxf lhNnfsf blIf0fjtL{ uflj;sf ^) k|ltzteGbf al9:yfgLoaf;Ln] lah'nL ld6/ h8fg gu/L pkef]u uy]{ . pgLx¿laB't kf]naf6 u}/sfg'gL ?kdf tf/sf] x'lsª -tf/df c+s'z] xfn]/_af6 3/df lah'nL n}hfGy] . o;/L u}/sfg'gL x'lsª eO/x]sf]hfgsf/L ;dfb PkmPdn] k|fKt u¥of] . of] ljifodf ;dfb PkmPdn];dfrf/ / sfo{qmd lgdf{0f u/L k|;f/0f u/]kl5 clxn] lah'nLsf]u}/sfg'gL x'lsª u/L rf]/L lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{ /f]lsPsf] 5 . pkef]Qmfn]3/–3/df lah'nLsf] ld6/ h8fg u/]sf 5g\ .

l;/fxfsf] blIf0fjtL{ If]qsf uflj;x¿df ;dfb PkmPdn] :ynutcWoogsf nflu /]l8of]sdL{nfO{ v6fof] . /]l8of]sdL{n] :ynutcWoogkl5 lah'nLsf] u}/sfg'gL rf]/Lsf] ljifodf /]l8of] lkmr/tof/ u/] . /]l8of] lkmr/df ljB't lsg rf]/L x'G5 < rf]/L lgoGq0fug]{ pkfo s] x'g ;S5 eGg] af/]df :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] egfO{nfO{{;d]6]/ @)^& ;fn df3 $ ut]] /]l8of] lkmr/ k|;f/0f u¥of] . /]l8of]dflkmr/ k|;f/0f ePkl5 ;f]xL lkmr/sf cfwf/df g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfxfg zfvfsf k|d'v ldlyn]z uf]O{jf/nfO{ ;dfb PkmPdsf] lgoldtsfo{qmd …;do ;Gbe{Ú df af]nfO{ 5nkmn rnfof] .

5nkmndf lah'nLsf] u}/sfg'gL rf]/L / x'lsªsf] sf/0f /o;sf] lgoGq0fsf pkfosf] af/]df 5nkmn eof] . 5nkmnsf] qmddfljB't k|flws/0f nfxfgsf k|d'v uf]O{jf/n] l;/xf lhNnfdf dfqcfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& sf] ;'?sf] % dlxgfdf ljB't k|flws/0fzfvf l;/fxfaf6 k|;f/0f ePsf dWo] !$) j6f 6«fG;ld6/ cf]e/nf]8eP/ hn]sf] sxfnLnfUbf] cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . ljB't6«fG;kmd{/ hn]kl5 bh{gf}+ ufpFdf dlxgf};Dd aQL an]sf] lyPg .gofF 6«fG;km/d/ h8fg ug{ sfof{no;Fu kof{Kt ah]6 gePsf]pxfFn] atfpg'eof] . o;/L 6«fG;kmd{/ hNg'df :yfgLo afl;Gbfn]ljB't x'lsª u/]/ aQL afNg] / l;+rfO{sf] nflu df]6/ rnfpg]

82

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

u/]sf sf/0f ePsf] lgrf]8 lgsflnof] . u}/sfg'gL x'lsª rf]/Lsfsf/0f g} pRr jf sd ef]N6]hsf] ;d:ofn] ubf{ ljB't k|;f/0fnfOg cj/f]w x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmd …;do;Gbe{Ú ljB'tk|flws/0f nfxfgsf k|d'v uf]O{jf/n] :yfgLoaf;L, /fhgLlts bn,;~rf/sdL{ / k|x/L k|zf;gnfO{ ;xof]usf] cfu|x ub}{{ tTsfnljB't rf]/L lgoGq0fsf] sfo{ /f]Sg] sfd cufl8 a9fpg] k|lta4tf;fj{hlgs ug'{eof] . o;/L /]l8of]df ;fj{hlgs cleJolQm lbPsf]Ps xKtf leq g} k|flws/0fn] nfxfgdf :yfgLoaf;L, /fhgLlts bn,;~rf/sdL{ / k|x/L k|zf;g;Fu 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] .5nkmnsf clwsf+z ;xefuLn] lah'nLsf] u}/sfg'gL rf]/L / x'lsªnfO{lgoGq0f u/L ld6/ h8fg ug{ nufpg]df hf]8 lbP . o;sf nfluk|x/L k|zf;gn] k"0f{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ ljrf/ /fv] . e]nfdf tTsfng]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{ ufpFdf uP/ of] sfo{df ;xof]u ug{g]kfn k|x/L / z;:q k|x/LnfO{ cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] .

g]kfn k|x/L / z;:q k|x/Lsf] ;xof]udf k|flws/0fsf] 6f]nLufpF k:of] . o;/L a:tLdf ld6/ h8fg gu/L 3/df lah'nL k|of]uug]{ ;fdfg / tf/ ;lxtsf ljB'lto ;fdfg hkmt ug]{ sfd ;'?u¥of] . v]taf/Ldf kfgL l;+rfO{ ug{ k|of]u ePsf df]6/df x'lsª\uug]{x¿nfO{ kqmfp ;d]t u¥of] . lah'nL afNg] eP ld6/ h8fg ug{/ x'lsª gug{sf] nflu cg'/f]w u/]kl5 clwsf+z 3/df ld6/ hf]8\g]cleofg g} rNof] . xfn ;dfGotof l;/fxf lhNnfdf pRr jf sdef]N6]hsf] ;d:of b]vf kg{ 5f]8]sf] 5 . 6«fG;km/d/ hNg] ;d:ofklg lgoGq0f ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] lah'nLsf] rf]/LlgoGq0f kl5 dfl;s %) nfv eGbf a9L cfDbfgL x'g] u/]sf] ljB'tk|flws/0f nfxfgsf k|d'v uf]O{jf/n] atfpg'eof] . …rf]/L / x'lsªlgoGq0f ug]{ xfd|f] gLlt eP klg sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf]pkfo vf]Hg ;ls/x]sf lyPgf} . ;dfb PkmPdn] 3R3rfP/ ;a}nfO{;xdlt h'6fpg] sfo{df ;xof]u u/]sfn] lah'nLsf] u}/sfg'gLx'lsª u/L rf]/L lgoGq0f ug{ ;3fp k'Uof],Ú pxfFn] eGg'eof] .

83

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

sfuhL a}7s vf/]h

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf w]/} ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] ufpF kl/ifb\sf]a}7s :yfgLo bnsf k|ltlglw / ;lrjsf] ldnf]dtf]df ;DkGg x'g]u/]sf] 5 . ufpF kl/ifb\sf o:tf clwsf+z a}7sdf gfd dfqsf]hg;xeflutf x'g] u5{ . o:tf a}7s sfuhL ?kdf dfq ;DkGgx'G5g\ . To;dfly klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf o:tf a}7s ;DalGwtufFpdf cfof]hgf gu/]/ ;b/d'sfd w'lnv]n / cf;kf;sf] ;x/LIf]qdf s]xL bnsf k|ltlglw cfk;df ldn]/ u5{g\ . o:t} a}7saf6uflj;sf] ah]6 ;d]t ljlgof]hg x'G5 . o:t} l;nl;nfnfO{ lg/Gt/tflb+b} sfe|]sf] Rofl;+vs{ uflj;sf] ufpF kl/ifb\sf] a}7s bnsfk|ltlglw / ;lrjsf] ldnf]dtfdf ag]kfdf ;DkGg ePsf] va//]l8of] gdf]a'4nfO{ k|fKt eof] .

To;kl5 /]l8of] gdf]a'4n] Rofl;+vs{sf] ufpF kl/ifb\ ag]kfdf;DkGg eof] eg]/ @)^& ;fn kmfu'gsf] bf];|f] xKtfdf ;dfrf/k|;f/0f u¥of] . o;/L /]l8of]n] ;dfrf/ ahfPkl5 lhNnf ljsf;;ldlt sfe|]n] Tof] 36gfnfO{ uDeL/ ?kdf lnof] . lhlj;n] ufpFkl/ifb\nfO{ dfGotf glbg] / k'gM ufpF kl/ifb\ uflj;df g} :yfgLo;d'bfosf] ;xfeflutfdf gu/] sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg] lgb]{zg g}hf/L u¥of] . To;kl5 t slyt ufpF kl/ifb\sf ;xeflux¿ g} ufpFkl/ifb\ g} gePsf] eGb} lx8\g yfn] .

olx ljifonfO{ lnP/ /]l8of] gdf]j'4n] Rofl;+vs{ uflj;df @)^&;fn kmfu'g @) ut] Ps ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfO{ sfo{qmd g} cfof]hgfu¥of] . pQm sfo{qmddf ag]kfdf ;DkGg ePsf ;fwf/0f ;efdfx:tfIf/ ug]{ PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL, g]kfnL sfF+u|];, g]skf–Pdfn]nufotcGo /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwx¿, ;d'bfosf cu'jf /:yfgLoaf;Lsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

sfo{qmdsf] ;'?df g} ufpF kl/ifb\ ag]kfdf ug]{ sfdn] cfk\mgf]]clwsf/ vf]l;Psf] :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] atfP . pgLx¿n] :yfgLo

84

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

bnsf k|ltlglwnfO{ alx:sf/ ug]]{ ;d]t pNn]v u/] . ufpF ljsf;;ldltdf dlxnf, blnt / hghfltsf lzif{sdf /x]sf] ah]6 ;DalGwtIf]qdf vr{ ug'{kg]{df :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] hf]8 lbP . o;f] gu/]:yfgLo bnsf k|ltlglwsf lj?4 cfGbf]ngdf pqg] r]tfjgL ;d]tlbP . :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] egfO{ ;'g]kl5 bnsf k|ltlglwn] cfˆgf]wf/0f /fVg] qmddf sdhf]/L ePsf] :jLsf/ u/] . pgLx¿n] o:tf]uNtL gbf]xf]¥ofpg] k|lta4tf JoQm u/] . ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{sfo{qmddf Ps dlxgfleq uflj; sfof{nodf g} ufpF kl/ifb\ ug]{;xdlt h'6\of] . o; cl3 ag]kfdf ePsf] ufpFkl/ifb\nfO{ dfGotfglbO{ vf/]h ug]{ lg0f{o eof] .

o;/L lhNnfdf e]nf ePsf s]xL JolQmx¿ ldn]/ ljleGg lzif{sdfah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]sf] ufpF kl/ifb\ a}7s /]l8of]n] ;dfrf/ /sfo{qmd agfP/ k|;f/0f u/]kl5 vf/]h eof] . Ps dlxgf kl5 k'gMufpF kl/ifb\ a}7s uflj;d} a:of] . ufpF kl/ifb\n] uflj;sf ljsf;lgdf{0f nufotsf of]hgfx¿ kfl/t u¥of] .

:jf:Yo 6f]nL ufp“df

@)^^ ;fn a}zfvsf] clGtd ;ftf . vf]6fªsf] pQ/L If]]qsfP}+;]n'vs{ / afsfrf]n uflj;df emf8f kvfnf / Hj/f]sf] dxfdf/Ln]dflg;x¿ la/fdL kg{ yfn] . o;;DaGwL ;dfrf/ ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos/]l8of]n] k|;f/0f u/]sf] ef]lnkN6} ;f] If]qdf lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{novf]6fªn] cf}ifwL ;lxtsf] :jf:yfsdL{sf] 6f]nL k7fof] .

Ps xKtfb]lv tL ufpFdf dxfdf/L ?kdf /f]u km}ln/x]sf] lyof] .ufpFsf] :jf:Yorf}sLdf cx]j klg lyPgg\ . ufpFn]n] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf:jf:YosdL{ gePsf] hfgsf/L lhNnf hg:jf:y sfof{nonfO{ u/fP .t/, hg:jf:Yo sfof{non] :jf:YosdL{sf] 6f]nL k7fpg g;Sg]hfgsf/L lbof] . ufpFn]x¿n] /fhgLltn bnsf sfof{nox¿ u'xf/] .cfZjf;g afx]s s]lx kfPgg\ . To;kl5 pQm 6f]nL ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos/]l8of]sf] sfof{nodf cfOk'Uof] . ufpFdf km}lnPsf] kvfnf / Hj/f]sf]

85

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

dxfdf/Ln] $ hgfsf] Hofg g} uO;s]sf] hfgsf/L :yfgLo of]u]Gb|/fhe08f/Ln] lbg'eof] . ;f]xL hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df @)^^ ;fn h]7@ ut] /]l8of]n] a]n'sf g} of] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f u¥of] .

of] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ePsf] ef]lnkN6 @)^^ ;fn h]7 # ut]:jf:YosdL{ df]xg /fptsf] g]t[Tjdf To;tkm{ 6f]nL k7fpg] lg0f{og} u¥of] . o;/L ufpFdf /x]sf Ps cx]jn] cfk"mn] pkrf/ PSn} ug{gEofPsf] / cfjZos dfqfdf cf}ifwLsf] cefj /x]sf] lhNnfhg:jf:YonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf lyP . t/, o; ljifodf hg:jf:YouDeL/ ePg . /]l8of]n] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f u/]kl5 6f]nL k7fPsf]dfcfZro{ JoQm ub}{ :yfgLoaf;L /fhe08f/Ln] eGg'eof] – oltzlQmzfnL kf] /x]5 /]l8of] /, kf] of] ;dfrf/ /]l8of]nfO{ b]p eGbf/x]5g\ .

P}+;]n'vs{ l:yt k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|df Pshgf cgdLn] dfq};]jf lb+b} cfPsf lyP . t/ afsfrf]n pk:jf:Yo rf}sLdf eg]cf}ifwL / :jf:YosdL{ g} lyPgg\ . dxfdf/Ln] Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{dfl/Pkl5 ufpFn]x¿n] Ps 6f]nL lhNnf ;b/d'sfd lbSt]n tkm{k7fPsf] lyof] . pQm 6f]nLs} kxndf cGttM :jf:YosdL{ ;lxtsf]6f]nL ufpF;Dd k'Uof] .

hg:jf:Yon] v6fPsf] :jf:YosdL{sf] 6f]nLn] dxfdf/L lgoGq0fdflnPsf] ljifodf ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ul/lbg lhNnf hg:jf:Yosfof{nosf k|d'v ;fu/ k|;fO{n] /]l8of]nfO{ cg'/f]w g} ug'{eof] .pQm 6f]nLn] ;b/d'sfd b]lv !^ sf]if 6f9fsf] afsfrf]n uflj;sf*% hgf / P}+;]n'vs{sf ^& hgfsf] pkrf/ u/]sf] lyof] . ufpFdfg} cgdL /x]sf]n] ;'?df 6f]nL k7fpg] ls gk7fpg] ljifodf 5nkmnug{ ;do nfu]sf] xf] . t/, /]l8of]n] dfG5] g} dg{ yfn]sf] ;dfrf/ahfP kl5 :jf:YosdL{sf] 6f]nL k7fP/ dxfdf/LnfO{ lgoGq0fdflnPsf]] lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no vf]6fªsf k|d'v k|;fO{n] atfpg'eof] .

86

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

dn ljt/0f ;Dej

x/]s jif{ ls;fgn] afnL nufpg] ;dodf sfe|] lhNNnfsf]ag]kf, w'nLv]n, kgf}tL / kfFrvfn nufotsf If]qdf dnsf] 7"Nf}xfxfsf/ x'g] u5{ . v]tL nfpg] ;dodf ls;fg v]taf/Ldf hfg'eGbfklxnf s[lifdnsf] hf]xf] ug{ yfN5g\ . ahf/ / s[lif sfof{nodfdn vl/b ug{ ls;fgsf] 7"n} eL8 hDdf x'G5 . ;a} ls;fgsf]nflu dnsf] cfjZostf Ps} ;dodf k5{ . v]tdf nufpsf] aLpx's]{ jf ;do 3s]{ kl5 nufPsf] afnL /fd|f] gkmNg] ePsfn]ls;fgnfO{ ;dod} dnsf] hf]xf] ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . s[lif Jofkf/Lx¿df}sfsf] kmfObf lnP/ al9 cfDbfgL ug{] ;'/df /xg] u5{g\ .pgLx¿ s[lqd cefj l;h{gf u/]/ al9 d"Nodf sfnf] ahf/L u/LlaqmL ug]{ tfsdf x'G5g\ . Jofkf/Lx¿sf] ldn]dtf]df @)^& ;fndfklg ahf/df dn cfpg sl7g ePsf] xNnf lhNnfe/L km}nfOof] .

otf sfe|]kNff~rf]s lhNnfsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ dn lgoldt?kdf dufOPsf] bfaL s[lif sfof{non] u/fpFbf klg ls;fg cfZj:tx'g ;s]gg\ . dn cefj x'g] cftª\sn] v]tLafnLsf] ;dodf ls;fgdfkg]{ dgf]j}1flgs qf;sf af/]df ls;fgn] /]l8of]df cfP/ u'gf;f]ug{ yfn] . ls;fgsf] u'gf;f] cfpg yfn]kl5 @)^& ;fn ;fpg !%ut] /]l8of] gdf]a'4n] ls;fgn] dn gkfPsf] ljifodf /]l8of]df;dfrf/ k|;f/0f u¥of] . ;dfrf/df Jofk/Lx¿n] dn uf]bfddf/fv]/ ls;fgnfO{ dn glbPsf] tYo ;d]t v'nfof] .

/]l8of] gdf]a'4n] tYo ;lxtsf] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ePkl5 s[lifsfof{nosf] klg ;lqmotf a9\of] . /]l8of]n] dn n'sfPsf] elgPsf;Defljt 7fpFx¿df lgl/If0f ug{ s[lif sfof{non] 6f]nL g} v6fof] .6f]nLn] Jofkf/Lsf] uf]bfddf 5fkf dfbf{ kof{Kt dn a/fdb eof] .@)^& ;fpg !^ ut]b]lv g} s[lif sfof{non] ls;fgnfO{ dn lgjf{w?kdf ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|;f/0fsf nflu /]l8of]nfO{

87

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

k7fof] . ;f] ;"rgfdf dn x'FbfxFb} laqmLljt/0f gug]{ Jofkf/Lsf]uf]bfddf 5fkf df/]/ dn hkmt ug]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L/]l8of]af6 ;"rgf hf/L ePkl5 Jofkf/Ln] ;f]xL lbgb]lv dnls;fgnfO{ laqmL ljt/0f ug{ yfn] . To;kl5 t ls;fgx¿ ;fgf]eGbf;fgf] ;d:of cfof] eg] klg /]l8of]df ;dfrf/ elglbg' k¥of] eGgyfn]sf 5g\ . /]l8of]df uOof] eg] xfd|f] ;d:of g} ;dfwfg x'G5eGg]] ljZjf; ls;fgx¿df knfPsf] 5 .

cfwf306fdf g} lg0f{o km]l/of]

lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no vf]6fªn] sfof{nodf btf{ ug{cfPsf ;xsf/Laf6 Joj:yfkg vr{ eGb} lgod ljkl/t b'O{ xhf/?k}ofF lnof] . ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] of] va/ kfPkl5 ;dfrf/k|;f/0f u¥of] . ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ePsf] cfwf306f leq g} s[lifsfof{no cfˆgf] lg0f{o ;Rrfpg afWo aGof] . p;n] lgod ljkl/tlnPsf] b'O{ xhf/ ?k}ofF lkmtf{ lng cfpg ;"rgf g} hf/L u¥of] .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& df cfd ;j{;fw/0fpkef]QmfnfO{ /fxt lbg] p2]Zon] ;'ky d"Nosf] k;n vf]Ng] gLltlnof] . ;f]xL gLlt cg';f/ pQm sfo{sf] nflu ;xsf/L u7g ug'{kYof]{ .u7g ePsf ;xsf/LnfO{ ;/sf/n] Ps nfv ¿k}ofF cg'bfg lbg]gLlt clVtof/ u¥of] . o;sf] nflu vf]6fªsf] w]/} 7fpFx¿df ;xsf/Lu7g u/L btf{ ug{] cleofg g} rNof] . w]/} ufpFx¿df ;xsf/Llgdf{0f u/]/ cfjZos sfuhft;lxt s[lif sfof{nodf lgj]bglbg'kYof]{ . lgj]bg lbPkl5 lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] /sdpknAw u/fpFYof] .

ufpF ufpFdf lgdf{0f ePsf pkef]Qmf ;xsf/Ln] btf{ u/]/ ;a}k|lqmof k"/f u/]kl5 s[lif sfof{non] Ps nfv ¿k}ofF ljt/0f ug]{sfo{qmd /fVof] / ;a} pkef]Qmf ;xsf/LnfO{ Ps nfv ¿k}ofFcg'bfg lbg] lg0f{o eof] . t/, pQm lg0f{o sfof{{Gjog x'Fbf eg]

88

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

/]l8of]df ;dfrf/ah]kl5 s[lif

sfof{nosf sd{rf/LhDdf eP/ 5nkmnu/]/clgoldt ?kdflnPsf] /sd tTsfn

;DalGwt;xsf/LnfO{ lkmtf{

ug]{ tTsfn} lg0f{o g}

cgf}7f] b[Zo b]lvof] . bh{gf} pkef]Qmf;xsf/LnfO{ (* xhf/ ?k}ofF dfq lbOof] .Ps ;xsf/L;Fu @ k|ltzt cyjf b'O{xhf/sf b/n] Joj:yfkg vr{ eGb} lng]sfd eof] . t/ o;/L /sd s6f}tL u/]sf]/l;b pkef]Qmf ;xsf/LnfO{ lbO{Pg .@)^^ ;fn r}t @% ut] bh{gf} pkef]Qmf;xsf/Ln ] lhNnf s [ l i f ljsf;sfof{noaf6 (* xhf/sf] b/n] /sda'em] . vf]6fª lhNnfdf lhNnf s[lif

ljsf; sfof{non] o;/L /sd ljt/0f u/]sf]] ;dfrf/ /]l8of]af6k|;f/0f ul/lbg pkef]Qmf ;xsf/Lsf k|ltlgwx¿n] cg'/f]w u/] ./]l8of]sdL{sf] 6f]nL o; ljifodf ;dfrf/ tof/ ug{ s[lif sfof{nouof] . s[lif sof{nodf /]l8of]sdL{n] pkef]Qmfn] kfpg'kg]{ /sds6f}tL u/]sf] b]v]/ rlst k/] . /]l8osdL{ lhNnf s[lif ljsf;sfof{nodf k'Ubf s]xL pkef]Qmf ;xsf/Lsf k|ltlglwx¿n] o;/Ls6f}tL u/]sf] /sdsf] /l;b lbg cg'/f]w ul//x]sf lyP . ;/sf/LgLlt lgoddf pNn]v gePsf] ePklg sfof{non]] sfof{noJoj:yfkgsf nflu eGb} k|To]s ;xsf/Laf6 b'O{ xhf/ ¿k}ofFsfb/n] /sd lng] u/]sf] kfOof] .

o:tf] b[Zo b]v]kl5 ;f]xL lbg @)^^ ;fn r}t @% ut] ?kfsf]6;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] ;/sf/L gLlt ljkl/t@ xhf/ ¿k}ofF lng] u/]sf] ljifodf ;dfrf/ tof/ u/L k|;f/0fu¥of] . of] ;dfrf/ a]n'sL $=)) ah]sf] ufpF 7fpFsf] va/dfk|fyfldstfsf ;fy k|;f/0f eof] . /]l8of]df ;dfrf/ ah]kl5 s[lifsfof{nosf sd{rf/L hDdf eP/ 5nkmn u/] . pgLx¿n] o;/LlnPsf] /sd tTsfn ;DalGwt pkef]Qmf ;xsf/LnfO{ lkmtf{ ug]{tTsfn} lg0f{o g} u/] .

o;/L ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ePsf] cfwf 306f nuQ} lhNnf s[lifljsf; sfof{nosf k|d'v x/]Gb| >Ljf:tjn] a]n'sL $=$) df

89

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] sfof{nodf kmf]g u/]/ pkef]Qmf;xsf/Lx¿af6 sfof{no Joj:yfkg vr{ elg s6fOPsf] /sdlkmtf{ lng cfpg] af/] ;"rgf l6kfO{ ;"rgf k|;f/0f ul/lbg cg'/f]wu/] . ;dfrf/ ah]sf] cfwf 306f kl5 g} lhNnf s[lif ljsf;sfof{non]] lg0f{o /2 u/]sf] ljifosf] ;"rgf ;z'Ns k|;f/0f u¥of] .o;/L ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ;dfrf/ / ;"rgf kl5 klxNo}cg'bfg lnO;s]sf pkef]Qmf ;xsf/LnfO{ b'O{ xhf/ /sd lkmtf{ug]{ sfd eof] . /sd glnPsf afFsL ;xsf/Lx¿n] eg] k'/} Psnfv /sd g} k|fKt u/] .

/]l8of]sdL{sf] ;fd' g} gful/stf

lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no l;/fxfn] gful/stf, kf;kf]6{nufotcGo ;]jfdf cfd gful/sx¿nfO{ sd{rf/Ln] b'Mv lbg] uy]{ .sfof{noaf6 lbOg] ;]jf l56f] 5l/tf] gePsf] u'gf;f] ;j{;fwf/0fsf]x'g] uYof]{ . o:tf] u'gf;f] lnP/ ;j{;fwf/0f af/Daf/ /]l8of] sfof{nodfcfpg] uy]{ . o;/L u'gf;f] cfpg yfn]kl5 ;dfb PkmPdn] @)^&;fn k'; * ut] s]xL ;j{;fwf/0fsf] egfO{nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ Ps:ynut /]l8of] l/kf]6{ k|;f/0f u¥of] . ;dfrf/ k|lt tTsfn lhNnfk|zf;g sfof{no l;/fxfn] cfklQ hgfof]] . k|zf;gn] ;dfrf/v08g ug{{ w]/} k6s kmf]g dfkm{t bafa lbof] . lbgx'F h;f] lhNnfk|zf;g sfof{nosf] cufl8 hDdf ePsf gful/sx¿;Fu a;]/csf]{ l/kf]6{ tof/ ug]{ / To;df ;a} ;]jfu|xLx¿ lhNnf k|zf;gsf];]jf k|lt ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] wf/0ff kfOP To;nfO{ klg h:tfsf] t:t}/]l8of] l/kf]6{ tof/ ul/ k|;f/0f ug]{ df}lvs ;xdlt k|zf;g //]l8of]aLr eof] .

;xdlt cg';f/ ;dfb PkmPdn] k|fljlws ;lxtsf] # hgfsf];d"xnfO{ v6fof] . /]l8of]sdL{x¿sf] ;d"xn] lhNnf k|zf;gsfof{nosf] cufl8 al;/x]sf ;of}+ dfG5]sf] le8df s'/fsfgL ug{yfNof] . l;/fxf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no cufl8 sl/a kfFr ;o

90

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

hgf dflg;x¿sf] eL8 ;w} /xG5 . ToxL eL8sf] aLrdf lrsgf–^sf Ps &% jlif{o j[4 ;f]gkmL uf]Ot e]l6P . &% jifL{o j[4 uf]Otcfˆgf] 5f]/f ;'lgns'df/ uf]Otsf] gful/stf agfpg k|zf;gwfpg yfn]sf] !% lbg eO;s]sf] lyof] . ljleGg sf/0f b]vfpFb}cfk"mnfO{ vfnL xft g} kmsf{pg] u/]sf] u'gf;f] pgn] u/] . tL j[4n]5f]/fsf] gful/stf agfpg rflxg] ;a} sfuhft k'¥ofpFbf klglhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 gful/stf agfpg g;s]sf] s'/f/]l8of]sdL{ ;fd' /fv] . pgLx¿n] cfk"m;Fu ePsf ;a} k|dfl0ft ug]{sfuhft ufpF ljsf; ;ldltn] hf/L u/]sf] hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkq,ljBfnosf] ptL0f{ u/]sf] z}lIfs k|df0fkq xft}df af]s]sf lyP .ToxfF ePsf ;a}nfO{ b]vfpFy] . ;a}] gful/stf algxfN5 eGbf/x]5g\ . t/, gful/stf kmfF6sf sd{rf/Ln] 5f]/f ev{/ !& jif{ dfqk'u]sf] eGb} lkmtf{ ul/lbg] u/]sf] tL j[4n] jtfP .

/]l8of]sdL{sf] ;d"xn] ToxL ljifodf /]l8of] l/kf]6{ tof/ u¥of] .cfjZos sfuhftdf @! jif{ k'u]sf] pNn]v ePklg kFmf6jfnfn]!& jif{sf] egL gful/stf glbP/ !% lbg b]lv Ps j[4n] b'MvkfPsf] ljifodf k|ltlqmof lng k|zf;lso clws[t hogf/fo0fofbj ;dIf k'Uof] . ;'?df of] ljifonfO{ pgn] ljZjf; g} u/]gg\ .pgn] k|ltlqmof lbg cfgfsfgL u/] . /]l8of]sdL{n] kLl8t kIfnfO{lnP/ sfo{sIfdf e]6 u/fof] . ;a} sfuhft b]vfof] . k|zf;lsoclws[tn] ;a} sfuhft x]/] . sfuhftdf ;a} sfg'gL k|lqmof k"/fePsf] lyof] . pgn] To;kl5 ;f]xL lbg /]l8of]sdL{sf ;fd'Gg];'lgns'df/ uf]Otsf] gful/stfdf x:tfIf/ ul/lbP / ;'lgns'df/uf]Otn] Tolx lbg gful/stf ;d]t kfP . o;/L kmfF6jfnf /n]vgbf;x¿sf sf/0f ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k/]sf] dsf{df ;'wf/ ug]{k|zf;lso clws[t ofbjn] atfP . of] ;a} ljifonfO{ @)^& ;fnk'; !@ ut] /]l8of]n] l/kf]6{ tof/ ul/ k|;f/0f u¥of] .

…kmfF6jfnf / n]vgbf;x¿n] cfk"m;Fu k};f lngsf] nflu b'MvlbP . /]l8of]sf sf/0f g} d]/f] 5f]/fsf] gful/stf aGof],Ú &% jlif{oj[4 ;f]gkmL uf]Otn] v'zL x'Fb} eg] .

91

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

3/]n' lx+;f

92

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

93

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

kfj{tL 3/d} k'g{:yflkt

?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] l;S6xg uflj;sL kfj{tL u'Ktf kfl/jfl/s3/]n' lx+;faf6 kLl8t lyOg\ . pgn] 3/]n' lx+;f ;xg ;lsgg\ . 3/5f]8]/ lgl:sg . cfkmGtsf] 3/df z/0f lnP/ al;g\ . /]l8of] n'lDagLn]l;S6xg uflj;df cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf kfj{tLnfO{klg ;xeflu u/fof] . kfj{tLn] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf pgn] cfˆgf]]hLjgsf 36gf, ef]u]sf kL8f / 3/ 5f]8]/ a:g' k/]sf] afWotfsf]sf?l0fs j]bgf ;'gfOg\ . pgn] cfkm"n] Gofo kfpg g;s]sf] u'gf;f]kf]lvg . pgn] kL8f kf]v]kl5 sfo{qmd ;xhstf{n] Gofo vf]Hg]ljlwsf] af/]df pgnfO{ hfgsf/L lbP .

oL ;a} ljifonfO{ ;d]6]/ /]l8of]n]] sfo{qmd lgdf{0f u/L k|;f/0fu¥of] . /]l8of]n] cfˆgf ;d:of k|;f/0f u/]kl5 kfj{tLnfO{ Gofovf]Hg pT;flxt agfof] . pgL Gofosf] vf]hLdf ef}tfl/g yflng\ .pgn] :yfgLo ;fdflhs cu'jf ;l/tf rf}w/LnfO{ ;Dks{ ul/g\ .;l/tfsf] ;xof]udf 3/ kl/jf/;Fu ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu 5nkmnug{ ;xdt eOg . rf}w/Ln] ;xlhs/0fsf nflu kfj{tLsf] 3/df;Dks{ ul/g . kL8sn] ljutdf u/]sf uNtL :jLsf/ u/L kLl8tnfO{ca kL8f glbg] atfP . /]l8of]n] ;xlhs/0f eO/x]sf] j]nf kfj{tLsf]af/]df sfo{qmd k|;f/0f u¥of] . /]l8of]df 3/]n' lx+;fsf] sfg'gL pkrf// b08sf] af/]df sfo{qmddf rrf{ u/]sf] lyof] . /]l8of]df sfo{qmdah]kl5 ufpFdf o;sf] ljifodf rrf{ kl/rrf{ x'g yfNof] . rf/}lt/o;sf] rrf{ x'g yfn]kl5 kfj{tLsf] kl/jf/ pgnfO{ 3/]n' lx+;f gug]{;t{df k'g{:yflkt ug{ tof/ eof] . tLg dlxgf;Dd 3/5f]8]sL kfj{tL3/ kl/jf/n] lx+;f gug]{ ;t{df 3/ kms{g tof/ eOg\ .

kfj{tL dfq xf]Og sof}++ dlxnfx¿ kfl/jfl/s lx+;fsf] l;sf/x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ cfˆgf] ;d:of n'sfP/ kL8f ;x]/ a:gfn] ykkLl8t x'g] u5{g\ . /]l8of] n'lDagLn] cfˆgf] k|;f/0f If]qsf tLglhNnfsf #) j6f uflj;df ;~rfng u/]sf] 5nkmn sfo{qmd kl5

94

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

dlxnfx¿n] cfˆgf ;d:ofnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf g} kf]Vg yfn]sf5g\ . pgLx¿n] sfo{qmddf Goflos pkrf/sf] k|lqmofsf af/]dfyfxf kfpF5g\ . Goflos pkrf/sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf ph'/L;d]t lbg yfn]sf 5g\ .

o;/L /]l8of] n'lDagLn] #) uflj;df sfo{qmd lgdf{0f u/Ldlxnf clwsf/ / 3/]n' lx+;faf/] ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf /gful/snfO{ hfgsf/L u/fof] . dlxnfn] ef]usf ;d:of / kL8fnfO{;fj{hlgs ax;df NofPkl5 o:tf] cj:yf cfPsf] xf] . of]sfo{qmddf n}lª\us ;dfgtf / ;dtf, hflto lje]b, ;dfhdfljBdfg k/Dk/fut unt dfGotf, sfg'g / ;+ljwfgdf pNn]vul/Psf dlxnf clwsf/sf s'/f, lx+;fdf k/]df ph'/L ug]{ tl/sf/ Gofosf] nflu ckgfpg' kg]{ ljlwx¿sf af/]df clwsf/sdL{ tyfsfg'g Joj;foLsf] ;xlhs/0fn] ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ?kGb]xL,slkna:t' / kfNkfsf #) j6f uflj;df /]l8of] n'lDagLn] cfof]hgfu/]sf] dlxnf clwsf/;DaGwL cGtlq{mofdf o:tf 36gf ljj/0f;ª\sng ug]{ sfd ;d]t u/]sf] lyof] .

dlxnfx¿sf] uf]klgotf / yk lx+;f gxf];\ eg]/ /]l8of] n'lDagLn]sfo{qmddf ;ª\sng ePsf ;a} ;"rgfnfO{ k|;f/0f gu/Lk|ltlglwd"ns 36gfx¿nfO{ dfq /]l8of]df k|;f/0f u¥of] . o:tfsfo{qmdn] dlxnf lx+;f /f]Sg / ;fdflhs lj;ª\utL cGTodfdxTjk'0f{ / ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z lbg yfn]sf] 5 . o:tf ljifonfO{{;d]6]/ dlxnf clwsf/sfsf nflu ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ;dfrf/ //]l8of] l/kf]6{ agfP/ /]l8of]df k|;f/0f x'G5 . /]l8of] n'lDagLsf]d+unjf/ k|;f/0f x'g] ;fKtflxs dlxnf ;DaGwL sfo{qmd …kl/j]zÚdfdlxnf ;DaGwL ljifo / 5nkmndf p7]sf ;To 36gf ljj/0f;lxtsf ;jfnx¿nfO{ p7fOG5 . o;sf af/]df /]l8of]n] ;DalGwtlgsfodf kxn / k}/jL ;d]t ug]{ u5{ .

95

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

JolQmut hLjgdf k|efj

96

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

97

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

pkrf/ ;Dejvf]6fª l3t'ª\u uflj;–$ sflQs]sf k/z'/fd lnDa' d[uf}nf

/f]un] ylnP . pgsf] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf sdhf]/ lyof] . pkrf/ug{ c;Dej h:t} eof] . lnDa'sf] d[uf}nf k|Tof/f]k0f ug'{kg]{lrlsT;sn] atfP . ?kfsf]6 ;fdbflos /]l8of]n] pkrf/ vr{sf]cefjdf pkrf/ x'g g;s]sf] hfgsf/L kfof] . /]l8of]n] lgMz'Ns;"rgf k|;f/0f u/]/ ;xof]u ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] .

@)^$ ;fn a}zfv ! ut]b]lv k|;f/0f ;'? u/]sf]] /]l8of]n] klxnf]k6s lgMz'Ns ;"rgf k|;f/0f u¥of] . /]l8of]n] …tkfO{Fsf] ;fgf] ;xof]un]dflg;n] hLjg bfg kfpg ;S5Ú eGg] ;Gb]z ;lxtsf] ;"rgfk|;f/0f u/L ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w u¥of] . of] ;"rgfn] lnDa'sf]d[uf}nf k|Tof/f]k0f ug{df ;xof]u k'Uof] . /]l8of] vf]6fª pBf]ujfl0fHo ;ª\3sf] a}+s vftfdf /sd hDdf ug{ cfu|x u¥of] . ef}r/?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] sfof{nodf a'emfpg ;d]t cg'/f]wu¥of] . ;"rgfdf /sd l;w} lbg rfxg]n] vf]6fª pBf]u jfl0fHo;ª\3sf] sfof{nodf uP/ a'emfpg ;lsg] ;d]t pNn]v lyof] .pgsf] d[uf}nf pkrf/sf nflu lhNnfdf of]eGbf klxnf cflYf{s;xof]u ;ª\sngsf] nflu ;ldlt lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . t/ Tof]k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]g . ;ldltdf lhNnfdf lqmofzLn ;a} /fhgLltsbnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] g]skf Pdfn]sf tTsflng kf6L{ ;lrj

ljzfn e§/fO{n] atfpg'eof] .cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ JolQmsf] gfd

/]l8of]df k|;f/0f x'g yfNof] . o;n]c?nfO{ klg ;xof]u ug{ k|]l/t u¥of] .vf]6fª ;b/d'sfdb]lv k"j{ ̂ 306f k}bnlx8]/ k'lug] 5f]/Da' uflj;af6 :yfgLodlxnf lbbLalxgLx¿ /sd g} hDDffug{ egL lbQm]n cfP . k};f a}+sdfhDdf ug{ ;b/d'sfd hfg gEofpg]eGb} ;xof]u /sd a+}sdf hDdf ul/lbg

æ/]l8of] d]G5\ofo]dn]dnfO{ 7"nf] u'g

nufPsf] 5 . dnfO{arfpg ;xof]uu/]sf]df d}n]

/]l8of]nfO{ s]lx lbgg;s] klg WfGojfb

lbG5'' .Æ

98

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

ufpFsf w]/} lbbLalxgLx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ /sd k7fPsf] c;n zf;gkl/of]hgfsf ;x;+of]hs k|ldnf /fO{sf] egfO{ 5 . vf]6fª lhNnfsfsd{rf/L, lzIfs, ljBfyL{ tyf ;j{;fw/0f ;a}n] k/z'/fd lnDa'nfO{;xof]u u/L arfPsf] lwt'ª uflj; l:yt a'nfkGy] dfljsfk|wfgfWofks ;j{wg lnDa'n] atfpg'eof] . …;j{;fw/0f;Dd ;"rgfk¥ofpg] sfd /]l8of]n] g} u¥of] . gq of] ;Dej lyPg,Ú lnDa'n]eGg'eof] . d[To'sf] d'vdf k'u]sf] a]nf ;xof]usf nflu gful/snfO{;"lrt u/L ;xof]u /sd hDdf ug{ ;3fPsf]df /]l8of] /;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k/z'/fd lnDa'n] ;fj{hlgs ?kdf wGojfb lbg'eof] .

lwt'ª uflj; j8f g+ $ df hGd]sf lnDa' d[uf}nf /f]uaf6 u|l;tx'g'k"j{ ljBfyL{ /fhgLltdf ;lqmo x'g'x'GYof] . pxfF clxn] cfˆg}ufpFsf] k|fyflds ljBfnosf lzIfs x'g'x'G5 . ef/tsf] a}+unf]/dfpkrf/ kl5 xfn cfˆgf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] /x]sf] lnDa'n] hfgsf/Llbg'eof] .

o:t} csf]{ 36gfdf klg /]l8of] pkrf/ ;xof]usf] dfWodag]sf] 5 . vf]6fªsf] b'l5{d uflj; j8f g+ ^ sf et{axfb'/ /fO{sf]dfOnL 5f/L sf]lknf /fO{ / dfOnf 5f]/f ;'jf; /fO{ b'j}df d'6'/f]usf] ;d:of b]vf k¥of] . pkrf/sf nflu /fO{n] cfˆgf5f]/f5f/LnfO{ sf7df8fF} lng'eof] . sf7df8fF}df ePsf] :jf:Yo kl/If0fkl5 ck|]zg g} ug'{kg]{ zlxb u+ufnfn x[bo/f]u s]Gb| afF;af/Ln]hgfof]] . pkrf/sf nflu nfvf}+ /sdsf] hf]xf] /fO{n] ug'{kg]{ eof] .cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsfn] /sd h'6fpg ufx|f] x'g] eof] .@)^% ;fn r}t $ ut] /fO{ ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df cfO{;xof]u ul/lbg lnlvt ?kdf cg'/f]w ug'{eof] .

;xof]usf nflu ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] lgMz'Ns ?kdf;"rgf tof/ kf/L k|;f/0f u¥of] . vf]6fª pBf]u jfl0fHo ;ª\3sf]a}+s vftfdf /sd hDdf ul/ ef}r/ /]l8of]df a'emfpg cfu|xul/of]] . ;"rgf k|;f/0f ePkl5 /sd a}+sdf hDdf x'g yfNof] .ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnLn] klg pkrf/sf nflu ;xof]u u/] . a}+sdfnfvf} /sd hDdf ePkl5 d'6' kLl8t b'a}hgfsf] pkrf/ eof] .

99

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

?kfsf]6 /]l8of]n] cleefjssf] ?kdf pkrf/sf nflu ;xof]uu/]sf] pkrf/ kl5 ;fdfGo hLjg latfO /x]sL sf]lknf /fO{n]]eGg'eof] . aflS;nfsf d[uf}nf /f]u kLl8t l8sdfg kfv|Lg eGg'x'G5,…?kfsf]6 /]l8of]df ;"rgf gaemfO{ ;xof]u dfUg hfFbf dflg;n]pN6} xKsf/ k7fP .Ú ufFpn]n] ;"rgf gaemfO{ ;xof]u dfUbfgkTofPsf]n] kl5 /]l8of]af6 ;"rgf k|;f/0f ePkl5 af]nfP/ ;xof]u/sd lbPsf] pxfFn] atfpg'eof] .

o:tf d'6', d[uf}nf tyf cGo /f]un] kLl8t dflg;sf nflucfly{s ;xof]u h'6fpg] dfWod ag]sf] 5 /]l8of] . s;}sf] pkrf/sfnflu ;xof]u h'6fpg' k/]df /]l8of]nfO{ ;'?df va/ ug]{ k/Dk/f g}al;;s]sf] 5 . /]l8of]af6 k|;f/0f x'g] ;"rgfnfO{ dflg;n] ljZjf;ug]{ ePsfn] cfktljktdf ;xof]u ug]{ dfWod ag]sf] 5 /]l8of] .

/]l8of]s} sf/0fn] pkrf/

t]x|y'd ;f]Ndf uflj;–^ sf #% jlif{o a]uaxfb'/ lnDa'nfO{/]l8of]sf] af/]df vf;} hfgsf/L lyPg\ . pgn] lhNnfdf /]l8of]v'n]sf 5 eg]/ ;'g]sf dfq lyP . cf}krfl/s lzIff cWoog gu/]sflnDa'sf] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ lyof] . pgn] sfd ug{ ljb]lzg]lgwf] u/] . o;sf nflu ufpFdf C0f lnP/ s]xL /sd hDdf u/] /sfdsf] vf]lhdf ljb]z xflgP . sfdsf] vf]hLdf ljb]z xflgPsflnDa' b'O{ jif{ pt} a;] . ljb]z k7fPsf] Dofgkfj/ sDkgL;Fu;Demf}tf cg';f/ pgn] sfd kfPgg\ . b'O{ jif{sf] a;fO{df k};fsdfpg g;s]kl5 pgL l/Qf] xft 3/ kmls{g afWo eP .

3/ kmls{g] qmddf @)^& ;fn efb| !) ut] sf7df8f}F l:yt Psxf]6ndf af; a;] . /ftsf] ;dodf ;f]xL xf]6nsf] 5taf6 n8]/pgL uDeL/ 3fOt] eP . pkrf/sf nflu pgnfO{ lqlj lzIf0fc:ktfn dxf/fhu~h sf7df8f}Fdf egf{ ul/of] . cUnf] xf]6nsf]5taf6 n8]/ pgsf]] b]a|] uf]8f IftljIft ePsfn] v§f sf6\g'

100

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

k¥of] . b]a|] v'§fsf] zNolqmof ug'{kg]{ eof] . pkrf/ ug{ w]/} k};fnfUg] eof] . pkrf/sf nflu k};f gx'Fbf pgL d[To';Fu nl8/x]sflyP . pgL cfsl:ds b'3{6gfdf k/L 3fOt] ePsf] va/ pgsf]3/df cfof] . 5f]/fsf] cj:yf yfxf kfP/ afj'cfdf 5fFufaf6 v;]h:t}eP . pgLx¿n] /]l8of]af6 ;xof]usf nflu ;"rgf k|;f/0f x'g]u/]sf] ;'g]sf /x]5g\ . ;xof]u kfpg] cfzdf a]uaxfb'/sL cfdf/]l8of] d]G5\ofo]ddf cfP/ ;xof]usf nflu cg'/f]w ul/g . /]l8of]n]pkrf/sf nflu ;xof]u /sd h'6fpg lgMz'Ns ?kdf @)^& ;fnsflQs @) ut]b]lv lg/Gt/ !% lbg ;Dd ;"rgf k|;f/0f u¥of] .of] ;"rgf k|;f/0f ePkl5 ;xof]u ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] cf]O/f] nfUgyfNof] . /]l8of] / a]u axfb'/ pkrf/ ;xof]u ;ldltsf cWoIf /;lrjsf] df]jfOndf lhNnf leq / lhNnf aflx/sf dflg;x¿n];xof]usf nflu ;Dks{ u/] . pkrf/ sf]ifdf pkrf/sf nflurflxg] kof{Kt /sd hDdf eof] . pgsf] pkrf/ Tof] /sdn];Dej eof] .

pkrf/kl5 a]u axfb'/ lnDa'sf] ;s'zn x'g' ePsf] 5 . b'3{6\gdfPp6f v'§f u'dfPsf lnDa'n] a};fvL 6]Sb} /]l8of]df cfP/ eGg'eof]æ/]l8of] d]G5\ofo]dn] dnfO{ 7"nf] u'g nufPsf] 5 . dnfO{ arfpg;xof]u u/]sf]df d}n] /]l8of]nfO{ s]lx lbg g;s] klg WfGojfb lbG5''Æ .

æxfd|f] cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ lyof] . 3/af6 dfq k};f lgsfn]/pkrf/ ug{ ufx|f] lyof] . ;a}sf] ;xof]un] cfˆgf] 5f]/fsf] pkrf/;Dej eof],Æ a]u axfb'/sf a'af kbdaxfb'/ lnDa'sf] egfO{ lyof] .pxfFn] eGg'eof], æ/]l8of]df uLt / ;dfrf/ ah]sf] ;'g]sf] lyP t/o;/L k};f p7fpg ;xof]u u/]/ b'MvL ul/a hgtfsf] kIfdf ;d]taf]Ng] sfd ubf]{ /x]5 .Æ /]l8of]af6 ;"rgf k|;f/0f eP kl5 ;a}ufFpn]x¿n] /]l8of]n] eg]sfn] ;xof]u ug'{k5{ eg]/ cfly{s ;xof]uh'6fpg d2t k'u]sf] pkrf/ ;xof]u ;ldltsf ;+of]hs 5qaxfb'/lnDa'n] atfpg' eof] . clxn] a]u axfb'/ lnDa' pkrf/s} qmddf;'g;/Lsf] O{6x/Ldf a:b} cfpg' ePsf] 5 .

101

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

dlxnf klqsf ljt/s

b]jL zdf{ @# jif{sL eOg\ . pgsf] hGd kj{tsf] a]gLdf eof] .pgL ;fg} 5Fbf a'afn] csL{ cfdf NofP . pgL / pgsL cfdfnfO{To;} cnkq 5f]8] . cfdf5f]/Ln] csf{sf] 3/df z/0f lng'k¥of] .;'?df kj{t a]gLs} ;fgLdf -cfdfsf] alxgL_sf] 3/df z/0f lnP/a;] . ;'?sf lbgdf Tolx a;]/ b]jLn] :s"n k9\g yflng\ . t/ nfdf];do;Dd csf{sf] 3/df a;]/ k9\g] jftfj/0f pgnfO{ ldn]g .pgL ;fgLdfsf] 3/af6 lgl:sg afWo eOg . pgsf] cfly{s cj:yfsdhf]/ lyof] . pgn] k9fOnfO{ k"0f{lj/fd lbOg . hflu/sf nfluef}tfl/g yflng\ . pRrlzIff xfl;n gu/]sL b]jLnfO{ hflu/ kfpgsxfF ;lhnf] lyof] / <

/f]huf/L vf]Hbf vf]Hbf x}/fg ePsf cfdf5f]/L cj;/sf] vf]hLdfafUn'ª cfP . h]gtg cfdf5f]/Ln] hLjg u'hf/f ug{ lu6L s'6\gyfn] . lu6L s'6\b} b]jLn] k'gM k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg . sfdvf]Hg] qmddf afUn'ªaf6} k|sflzt x'g] d'lQmIf]q b}lgssf] ljt/ssf]?kdf pgn] sfd ug]{ cj;/ kfOg\ . klqsf ljt/ssf] sfdaf6cfpg] w]/yf]/ kfl/>ldsn] pgnfO{ vr{ wfGg s]xL ;lhnf] eof] .klqsf ljt/0f;Fu} cWoognfO{ klg pgn] lg/Gt/tf lbPsL l5g\ .pgL afUn'ªs} wf}nflu/L ax'd'vL SofDk;df k|lj0ftf k|df0fkqtxbf]>f] jif{df cWoog/t l5g\ . klqsf ljt/0fsf] k]zfdf k|foM k'?ifs}jr{:j 5 . pgn] nuglzn / ldx]gtsf ;fy sfdnfO{ cufl8a9fOg . pgL c~rns} klxnf] dlxnf ljt/ssf] ?kdf kl/lrteOg . hLjgofkg ;d]t olx k]zfaf6 ul//x]sL l5g\ . b]jLn]sfd eGg] ;fgf] 7"nf] gx'g] s'/fsf] pbfx/0f lbPsL l5g\ . dlxnfn]klg x/]s k]zfdf k'?if ;/x sfd ug{ ;Sg] b]vfPsL l5g\ .

;fd'bflos /]l8of] afUn'ª PkmPdn] cfˆgf] ;dfrf/ pTkfbgsfo{qmd xfd|f] va/sf] x/]s d+unaf/ k|;f/0f ug]{] ;fKtflxs:tDe wf}nflu/Lsf gd"gfdf @)^& ;fn sflQs ( ut] pgsf]

102

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

af/]df /]l8of] l/kf]6{ tof/ u/L k|;f/0f u¥of] . l/kf]6{df pgn] ef]Ug'k/]sf kL8f, ;ª\3if{ / ef]ufOsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] sfd eof] .of] :tDedf /]l8of]n] ;dfhdf km/s sfd u/]/ pbfx/l0fo /k|]/0ffbfoL JolQmsx¿sf] ef]ufO{, cg'ej / ;ª\3if{sf af/]df hfgsf/Llbg] ul/G5 .

pgsf] ef]ufO{ / ;ª\3if{nfO{ ;'g]/ w]/}nfO{ k|]l/t agfof] . To;/Lk|]l/t x'g] dWo]sL lblIftf yfkfdu/n] klg ;f]xL d'lQmIf]q b}lgsdfklqsf ljt/ssf] ?kdf sfd yfn]sL l5g\ . æb]jL lbbLsf] af/]df/]l8of]df ;'g]kl5 d}n] klg klqsf afF8g] sfd ;'? u/] Æ lblIftfyfkfdu/n] elgg\ . lblIftfn] afun'ª PkmPdaf6 @)^* h]7 $ut] k|zfl/t /]l8of] ;dfrf/ syfdf cfk"m b]jLsf] k|]/0ffaf6 klqsfafF8g] sfd ;'? u/]sf] atfPsL lyO{g . b]jLs} k|]/0ffaf6 wf}nflu/Lhfu/0f b}lgsdf DofUbL /Tg]rf}/sL t'ngf yfkfn] klqsf afF8g]klqsf ljt/ssf] sfd yfn]sL l5g\ . clxn] afUn'ªaf6 k|sflztx'''g] b}lgs tyf ;fKtflxs klqsfdf dlxnf klqsf ljt/ssf] ;ª\Vofa9\g yfn]sf] 5 . b]jL zdf{, lblIftf yfkfdu/ / t'ngf yfkfn]dlxnfx¿nfO{ o; k]zfk|lt k|]l/t ug]{ sfdsf] >]o ;fd'bflos/]l8of] afun'ª PkmPdnfO{ lbg] u/]sf 5g\ .

b]jL clxn] klg ;f]xL d'lQm If]q b}lgsdf klqsf ljt/0fsf] sfdul5{g . æafUn'ª PkmPddf d]/f] kl/>d / d]xgtsf af/]df ;dfrf/k|;f/0f eof] . o;n] dh:tf cGo ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg of] If]qdf sfdug{ cem xf};nf / k|]/0ff ldn]sf] 5 .Æ pgn] elgg\ .

103

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

:jod\;]jf

104

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

105

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

eflifs / ;F“:s[lts hfu/0f

?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df ljleGg efiffefifL;DaGwL sfo{qmdk|;f/0f x'G5 . o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ :yfgLo cflbjf;L hghfltsf]efiff, ;+:s[lt ;+/If0fsf ljifodf s]lGb|t x'G5g\ . o:tf sfo{qmd /;dfrf/sf] k|;f/0fn] vf]6fª lhNnfdf :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf]efiff / ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f ug{ hfu?s agfPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ cfˆgf]efiff / ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f ug{ /]l8of]df :jod\;]jL ?kdf sfd u5{g\ .cfˆgf] efiff / ;+:s[lt;DaGwL sfo{qmd pTkfbg u5{g\ . /]l8of]sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug]{ vr{ klg cfkm} h'6fpF5g\ . o;n] /]l8of]nfO{cfTdlge{/ agfpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .

;'?df ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] rflDnª efiffsf ;dfrf/tyf sfo{qmd pTkfbg / k|;f/0fsf] nflu @)^% ;fn k'; !@ ut]Ps e]nfsf] cfof]hgf u¥of] . e]nfsf] p2]Zo rflDnª efiffsf];dfrf/ / sfo{qmdsf] nflu cg'udg tyf k|a4{g ;ldlt lgdf{0fug'{ lyof] . e]nfsf ;xefuLn] rflDnª efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fsfnflu ;xof]u ug{ cfk"mx¿ tof/ ePsf] atfP . e]nfn] h;/fh/fO{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf rflDnª efiffsf] sfo{qmd cg'udg tyfk|a4{g ;ldlt lgdf{0f u¥of] . /]l8of]df rflDnª efiffdf k|;f/0f x'g]sfo{qmdsf nflu ljifoj:t' hfgsf/L lbg / sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;|f]t vf]Hg]df e]nf ;xdt eof] . o;/L efiff/ ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fdf :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ ;Fu} nUg] /]l8of]sf]k|of;n] ;fy{stf kfof] .

@)^% ;fn k'; !$ ut] ;ldltsf] klxnf] a}7s a:of] . a}7sn]sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg;Fu} efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ ;femfd~rsf ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . ;f] ;ldlt rflDnªnfvfDafltdsf]df kl/jt{g eO{ efiff / ;+:s[lt ;+/If0fsf] sfd ;'?u/]sf] 5 . ;ldltn] /]l8of]df k|;f/0f x'g] eflifs ;dfrf/ tyfsfo{qmdsf] nflu ljifosf] 6'ª\uf] nufpF5 . sfo{qmd k|:tf]tfsf]5gf]6 u5{ . /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf nflu ;+ul7t ePsf] ;ldltn] rflDnª

106

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

/fO{ ;d'bfoaf/] k':ts tyf j[Qlrq lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ klgcufl8 a9fpg lg0f{o ;d]t u/]sf] ;+of]hs h;/fh /fO{n] hfgsf/Llbg'eof] . ljleGg ljrf/df ljeflht rflDnª /fO{x¿nfO{ efiff /;+:s[lt ;+/If0f ug{ /]l8of]n] ;3fPsf] rflDnª efiffsf] sfo{qmdcg'udg tyf k|a4{g ;ldltsf ;+of]hs h;/fh /fO{n] atfpg'eof] .

/]l8of]sf nflu rflDnª /fO{x¿n] sfo{qmdsf] gfd g} Odf]lbdOdf]5fd eGg] /fv] . rflDnª efiffdf lgoldt ?kdf ;fKtflxs?kdf ;dfrf/ / sfo{qmd k|;f/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{qmdlgoldt ?kdf k|;f/0f x'g yfn]kl5 rflDnª efiffsf] ljsf; /k|of]udf ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . sfo{qmdn] efiff ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fug{sf nflu ls/fFt /fO{x¿sf] pBf}nL, pef}nL / ;fs]nf kj{x¿dfrflDnª efiffsf uLtx¿ ufpg'kg]{ dfGotf g} :yflkt ePsf] 5 .To;}u/L df}lns e]ife"iffsf] k|of]udf klg r]tgf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .;fdfGotof ljx] jf lkt[ sfo{df dfq k|of]u x'g]] u/]sf] efiffaf]nLrfnLdf k|of]u x'g'df /]l8of]sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf]] :yfgLovfDjfltdsf ;b:o kv{gaxfb'/ /fO{n] atfpg'eof] .

To:t} ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n]g]kfn efiff-g]jf/L_df ;dfrf/ /sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ;'? u¥of] . /]l8of]n]g]kfn efiffsf] ;dfrf/ / sfo{qmdcg'udg tyf k|a4{g ;ldlt ;d]tagfof] . sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofª\sgsfnflu ;ldIff a}7sx¿ a;]] . pQm;ldltn] @)^^ ;fn j}zfv ^ ut]:yfgLo ;/:jtL pRr dfljsf];efxndf g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] e]nfjf]nfof] . . pQm e]nfn] lhNnfdfklxnf] k6s g]jf/ ;d'bfosf] ;femf;+:yf g]jf vnM u7g eof] . o;sfnflu /]l8of]sf] pQm ;ldltn] sfd

/]l8of] sfo{qmdn]ubf{ efiff ;+:s[ltsf];+/If0f ug{sf nflu

ls/f“t /fO{x¿sf]pBf}nL, pef}nL /;fs]nf kj{x¿dfrflDnª efiffsfuLtx¿ ufpg'kg]{dfGotf g} :yflkt

ePsf] 5 eg] df}lnse]ife"iffsf] k|of]udf

klg a9]sf] 5 .

107

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

u¥of] . g]jf vnM vf]6fªsf]k|f/lDes sfo{qmdsf] yfngL?kfsf]6 ;f'dbflos /]l8of]n]u¥of] . lbQm]n–# a:g] g]jfvnMsf tTsflng ;lrj O{Gb|s;h'n] ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos/]l8of]sf] cleofgn] g]jf vnMu7g ePsf] atfpg'eof] . g]jfvnMsf ] ; +of ]hgdf lbQm ]nahf/df P ] ltxf l;s nfv ]dxf]T;j ;d]t x'g yfn]sf]] 5 .

@)^^ ;fn h]7df a;]sf] g]jfvnMsf] a}7sn]] vf]6fª lhNnfdfklxnf ] rf ]6L nfv] hfqfsf ]cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . @)^^ ;fpg !& ut] lhNnfdf klxnf]k6s nfv] dxf]T;j ;DkGg eof] . vf]6fª lhNnfsf] !! :yfgaf6nfv] gfr;Fu ;DalGwt /f]kfO{hfqf, g]jf/L uLt, nf7L gfFr,e]ife"iff;lxt ¥ofnL k|bz{g h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;DkGg x'g] u/]sf5g\ . g]jf/ ;d'bfon] klg ;fKtflxs ?kdf g]kfn efiff l;sfO{;lxtsf] cfwf 306fsf] sfo{qmd pTkfbg u5{g\ . ;fKtflxs ?kdf!% ldg]6sf] g]kfn efiffdf ;dfrf/ ;d]t lgoldt ?kdf k|;f/0fx'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o; afx]s b'dL /fO{ / tfdfª y'nª nufotsf;d'bfon] klg cfˆgf] efiffdf lgoldt ?kdf sfo{qmd pTkfbg /k|;f/0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5g\ . o;/L sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{ nfUg] ;Dk"0f{vr{ ;DalGwt ;d'bfon] g} Joxf]5{ .

;d'bfonfO{ g} /]l8of]df sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug]{ sfd lhDdflbPsfn] efiff ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f;Fu} /]l8of]k|lt pgLx¿sf] ckgTjklg a9]sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos ;xsfo{sf] efjgf ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ ;d'bfod'vL agfpg ;d'bfosf] ;xsfo{n]O{6f yKg] sfd u/]sf] 5 .

;d'bfonfO{ g} /]l8of]dfsfo{qmd pTkfbg ug]{

sfd lhDdf lbPsfn] efiff;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f;Fu}/]l8of]k|lt pgLx¿sf]

ckgTj klg a9]sf] 5 .;fd'bflos ;xsfo{sf]

efjgf ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{;d'bfod'vL agfpg

;d'bfosf] ;xsfo{n] O{6fyKg] sfd u/]sf] 5 .

108

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

efiffsf :jod\;]js

/]l8of] d]G5\ofo]dn] k|;f/0f ;'? u/]b]lv g} :yfgLo :t/dfaf]lng] /fli6«o efiffefifLsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ gLlt lnof] . eflifs /k|fljlws 1fg ePsf hgzlQm vf]hL o:tf sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug'{r'gf}tL g} lyof] . /]l8of]n]] cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfosf] af/]df…cflbjf;L clwsf/Ú sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . sfo{qmdpTkfbgsf nflu ljifo, ;|f]t / hgzlQm vf]Hg yfNof] .

/]l8of]n] @)^^ ;fn j}zfvb]lv ;fpg dlxgf;Dd t]x|y'dlhNnfsf] ljleGg If]qdf /x]sf ;d'bfo;Fu 5nkmn ug]{ sfdsf]yfngL u¥of] . /]l8of]n] ;d'bfonfO{ sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo / o;n];d'bfodf k'Ug] kmfObfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg yfNof] . /]l8of]n]lnDa', du/, z]kf{, e'h]n nufotsf ;d'bfoaLr k'u]/ /]l8of]sfo{qmdaf/] hfgsf/L u/fof] . ;d'bfo aLr ePsf] 5nkmnsfljifonfO{ ;Dkfbg u/L /]l8of] sfo{qmddf ;d]t k|;f/0f ul/g]hfgsf/L /]l8of]sdL{n] lbP .

cflbjf;L clwsf/ sfo{qmd af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] qmddf/]l8of]n] :yfgLo efiff, ;+:s[lt / snf, ;Lk / 1fgsf] ;+/If0fsf]nflu ;do 5'6\ofPsf] hfgsf/L lbof] . t/ cfjZos hgzlQmgePsfn] pTkfbg ug{ g;s]sf] klg atfOof] . /]l8of]df cfˆg}]efiffdf sfo{qmd ahfpg kfOg], efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] rrf{ klg x'g]yfxf kfPkl5 du/ / z]kf{ ;d'bfosf s]xL cu'jf pT;flxt eP .pgLx¿sf] pT;fxnfO{ yk xf}:ofpg] sfd /]l8of]n] u¥of] . /]l8of]d]G5\ofo]dsf sfo{qmd pTkfbg k|d'v dg' ofSy'ªafn] /]l8of]n]:yfgLo efiffx¿ lnDa', z]kf{, du/, tfdfª, g]kfn efiff / u'?ªnufotsf efiffdf sfo{qmd pTkfbg k|;f/0f ug]{ gLlt to ePsfn]tL ;d'bfosf dflg;nfO{ sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf nflu tof/ x'gcfu|x u/] . z]kf{ / du/ ;d'bfon] sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf] tof/L ug]{cfZjf;g lbP . z]kf{ / du/ ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] hftLo ;+u7gdfkm{t

109

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

/]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbg k|;f/0fsf] kxn g} ;'? u/] . du/ ;d'bfosf]hftLo ;+u7g g]kfn du/ ;ª\3 lhNnf zfvf t]x|y'dn] /]l8of]sfo{qmdsf nflu qmdzM gljg /fgfdu/, rGrnf s]K5fls du/ /s[i0fs'df/L /fgfdu/nfO{ sfo{qmd pTkfbg 6f]nLdf 5gf]6 u¥of] ./]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbg l6dsf ;xefuLnfO{ /]l8of]n] sfo{qmdpTkfbg k|ljlw;DaGwL hfgsf/L u/fof] . pgLx¿nfO{ /]l8of] k|ljlw,l:qmK6 n]vg, zAb rog, sfo{qmd k|:t'tL z}nL / /]l8of]s gLltlgodsf] af/]df cled'lvs/0f u/fof] .

sfo{qmd pTkfbg l6dsf /]l8of]sdL{n] :6'l8of]df /]sl8{ªsf]cEof; ;d]t u/] . /]l8of] k|ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L ePkl5 du/ efiffsfsfo{qmd ;~rfnsnfO{ sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf] cfTdljZjf; knfof] .pgLx¿n] @)^^ ebf} !# ut]af6 sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{ ;'? u/] ./]l8of] d]G5\ofo]daf6 klxnf] :yfgLo efiffdf du/efiffsf] sfo{qmd…sfg'ª 9'6 Nxf]/f];Ú ;fKtflxs ?kdf k|;f/0f x'g yfNof] . of] sfo{qmdxfn klg lgoldt ?kdf k|;f/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . du/efiffsf] sfo{qmd…sfg'ª 9'6 Nxf]/f];Ú sf] pTkfbg k|;f/0fdf nfUg] ;Dk'0f{ vr{ g]kfndu/ ;ª\3n] g} Joxf]g]{ u/]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo efiff ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ gLlt cg'?k sfo{qmdk|;f/0f ;do /]l8of]n] lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . du/ ;d'bfon]cfˆg} efiffdf /]l8of] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . /]l8of]d]G5\ofo]daf6 du/ efiffdf sfo{qmd / ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f x'gyfn]kl5 cGo ;d'bfon] klg cfˆgf] efiff ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ ug{sfo{qmd pTkfbg ug]{ hfFu/ b]vfP . clxn] /]l8of]df z]kf{, g]kfnefiffdf ;fKtflxs ?kdf cfwf 306f / lnDa' efiffdf b}lgs b'O{k6s;dfrf/ j'n]l6g / cfwf 306f sfo{qmd k|;f/0f xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .o;/L ;fKtflxs ?kdf sl/a kfFr306f eGbf a9L ;do ;d'bfosf;+:yfut :jod\;]jfaf6 sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5 . o;dfnfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ tLg} ;+:yfx¿n] Aoxf]g]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

:yfgLo efiff ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ gLlt cg'?k sfo{qmdk|;f/0f ;do /]l8of]n] lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

110

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

sfo{qmd pTkfbgdf :jod\;]js

/]l8of] :ju{åf/L PkmPd bfªn] ljleGg k]zfsf ljz]if1nfO{cfˆgf] lj1tf / ?rLsf] ljifodf :jod\;]jL ?kdf sfo{qmd ;~rfngu/fpg yfn]kl5 /]l8of]sf] sfo{qmddf ljljwtf yk]sf] 5 . /]l8of]nfO{rflxg] hgzlQm :jod\;]jL ?kdf tof/ ePsf 5g\ . /]l8of]sf]sfo{qmddf u'0f:t/tf yk]sf] 5 . /]l8of]sf] cfly{s ef/ s]lx xb;DdeP klg sd ePsf] 5 . >f]tfn] sfo{qmddf gofF :jfb kfPsf5g\ . /]l8of] / ;d'bfosf] ;DaGw glhs agfPsf] 5 .

/]l8of] :ju{åf/L PkmPd bfªdf :jod\;]jL lj1x¿af6 ;fKtflxsgf} j6f eGbf al9 sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . /]l8of]n]:jod\;]jLnfO{ k|fljlws ?kdf sfo{qmd pTkfbgdf ;3fpF5 . o:tfsfo{qmd ;~Rffnsx¿sf] d"n k]zf cs}{ 5 . t/ pgLx¿ ;dfhdfcfˆgf] klxrfg agfpg tyf cfˆgf] lj1tfsf] 1fg / cg'ej

;f6f;f6 ug { sfo {qmd;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ .:jod\;]jLsf ?kdf sfd ug]{lj1 / gful/sx¿;Fusf];xsfo{df ;~rflnt o:tfsfo{qmdx¿ :yfgLo ;d'bfodfem klg lgs} nf]slk|o/x]sf 5g\ . o;/L sfo{qmdpTkfbg ug { yfn ]k l5/]l8of]sf ] dfl;s vr{dfart x'g k'u]sf] 5 . :yfgLolj1 JolQmaf6 k|fKt o:tf];xof ]un ] / ] l8of ]nfO {cfTdlge{/ aGg d2t u/]sf]5 .

:jod\;]jLsf ?kdf sfdug]{ lj1 /

gful/sx¿;Fusf];xsfo{df ;~rflnt o:tf

sfo{qmdx¿ :yfgLo;d'bfo dfem klg lgs}

nf]slk|o /x]sf 5g\ . o;/Lsfo{qmd pTkfbg ug{

yfn]kl5 /]l8of]sf] dfl;svr{df art x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo lj1 JolQmaf6k|fKt o:tf] ;xof]un]

/]l8of]nfO{ cfTdlge{/ aGgd2t u/]sf] 5 .

111

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

/]l8of] :ju{åf/Ldf ljutnfdf ] ;dob ] lv wf ld {ssfo{qmd ;~rfns ?kdfdbg zdf{ lqmofzLg x'g'x'G5 .pxfFsf] d'Vo k]zf lzIf0f xf] .pxf Fn ] kBdf ]bo klAnspdf lj e/tk '/ bfªdflzIfssf ] ?kdf sfo {/tx 'g 'x ' G5 . g ]kfn ;+:s [tljZjljBfno a ]nem ' l 08bfªsL k|fWofks ;/:jtLkf]v/]nn] klg pQm wfld{ssfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{x'G5 .b 'j } sfo {qmd k|:tf ]tfsf ]k|:t'tL, 1fg / cg'ej sfo{qmdnfO{ lgs} nf]slk|o agfPsf] 5 .o;/L :jod\;]jL ?kdf ;~rflnt csf]{ sfo{qmd xf]] …O{ªln; afO{/]l8of]Ú xf], of] sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng lzIfs /fdx/L l/hfnn]ug'{x'G5 . ;fKtflxs ?kdf k|;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmd c+u|]hL efiff l;Sg,af]Ng / a'emg rfxg]sf nflu lgs} pkof]uL 5 . ljBfyL{x¿ dfemof] sfo{qmd nf]slk|o /x]sf] 5 . lxGb' ljBflk7 3f]/fxLdf sfo{/tef]nfgfy of]uLn] b}lgs ?kdf, lzIf0f hgsNof0f dflj b'w/f;,bfªdf sfo{/t lszf]/rGb| uf}td / ljBflgns07 pdfljdf sfo{/tk'ikk|sfz 1jfnLn] 1fgsf ljifodf /]l8of] k|jrg lbg] ug'{x'G5 .b}lgs ?kdf k|:t't x'g] of] sfo{qmddf 1fgsf gofF cfofdsfaf/]df rrf{ ul/G5 . /]l8of]sf] nf]slk|o sfo{qmddf of] k5{ .

bfª l;PdP SofDk;df sfo{/t r]tgfy lwtfn ;fKtflxs ?kdf;f+uLlts sfo{qmd k|:t't ug'{x'G5 eg] a; Joj;foL ;ldltdfsfo{/t nf]s/fh k/fh'nLn] /]l8of] :ju{åf/Ldf xf:o Joª\Uo sfo{qmdk|:t't ug'{x'G5 . of] sfo{qmdn] ;|f]tfnfO{ lgs} dgf]/~hg k|bfgu/]sf] 5 . dx]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk; bfªdf sfo{/t 8f s[i0f/fh

:jod\;]jL ?kdf ;~rflntcsf]{ sfo{qmd xf]] ‘O{ªln;

afO{ /]l8of]’ xf], of]sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng

lzIfs /fdx/L l/hfnn]ug'{x'G5 . ;fKtflxs ?kdf

k|;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmdc+u|]hL efiff l;Sg, af]Ng/ a'e\mg rfxg]sf nflu

lgs} pkof]uL 5 .ljBfyL{x¿ dfem of]

sfo{qmd nf]slk|o /x]sf]5 .

112

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

l8;Ln] ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt / lzIff;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . o:tf sfo{qmdsf] pTkfbgn] Psflt/ /]l8of]nfO{ pTkfbgug'{kg]{ sfo{qmdsf] af]em 36fPsf 5g\ eg] csf{lt/ /]l8of]df cfˆgf]?rLsf] sfo{qmd k|:t't ug{ rfxg]nfO{ df}sf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

o;}u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt bfª / 3f]/fO{ gu/kflnsfn] klg/]l8of] :ju{åf/Laf6 !%÷!% ldg]6sf] sfo{qmd pTkfbg / k|;f/0f ug]{u/]sf 5g\ . sfo{qmd pTkfbgsf nflu /]l8of]n] k|fljlws / k|;f/0f;do pknAw u/fpg] u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmdsf] ljifo 5gf]6b]lv sfo{qmdpTkfbgsf ;a} sfd ;DalGwt sfof{non] g} ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

:jod\;]jL k|fljlws

1fg / ;Lksf] k|of]u hlt u¥of] Tolt g} lgvf/ cfpF5 . 1fg/ ;Lksf] clwstd k|of]u ;a}sf nflu kmfObfhgs x'G5 . o:tf]1fg / ;Lk ePsf dflg; ;+:yfsf] /Qm;~rf/sf] dfWod g} x'G5g\ ./]l8of] d]G5\ofo]dsf nflu o:t} /Qm;~rf/sf] dfWod ag]sf 5g\w'|j /fO{ . pgdf ePsf] sDKo'6/ k|fljlws 1fg / ;Lkn] /]l8of]d]G5\ofo]dsf] k|fljlws sfddf lgs} ;3fp k'u]sf] 5 . pgn] /]l8of]sf]sDKo'6/ dd{t :jod\;]jL ?kdf ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

kqsfl/tfdf :gfts u/]sf /fO{ vf]6fªaf6 t]x|y'd /f]huf/Lsfnflu cfPsf x'g\ . sl/a % jif{ cufl8b]lv u|fdL0f kx'Fr sfo{qmd¥ofk 6' sf d]g]h/sf ?kdf t]x|y'ddf sfo{/t 5g\ . pgL sfof{nosf]sfddf dfq l;ldt ePgg\ . sDKo'6/ xf8{j]o/ / ;ˆ6j]o/ b'j}sf]/fd|f] 1fg ePsf /fO{ /]l8of]sf] ;Dks{df cfOk'u] . To;/L ;Dks{dfcfPsf /fO{ @)^% ;fn r}tb]lv xfn;Dd /]l8of]sf nflu geOgx'g] cleGg cª\u ePsf 5g\\ .

/]l8of]nfO{ l;ldt ;fdfu|Ldf /x]/ sfo{qmd tof/ u/L k|;f/0fug''{kg]{ jfWotf lyof] . /]l8of]df sfo{/t sd{rf/L;Fu k|fljlws 1fgsd lyof] . o;n] /]l8of] ;~rfngdf r'gf}tL v8f u/]sf] lyof] .

113

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

pks/0fx¿sf ] lgoldtkl/If0 f ug ] { qmddfsDKo '6/df ;d:ofcfO/xGYof ] . sDKo'6/dfcfpg] ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgug]{ ;|f]t JolQmsf] /]l8of]nfO{cfjZostf lyof] . /]l8of]dfsfo {/t sd {rf/ LnfO {sDKo'6/ dd{t ug] { 1fglyPg . aflx/af6 sDKo'6/dd {t ug ] { lj1lemsfpg'kYof]{ . aflx/af6 ;|f]tJolQm jf]nfPkl5 Ps k6sdfsDtLdf ! xhf/ % ;o b]lv @ xhf/ /sd ltg'[{kYof]{ . ;fdfGok|ljlwsf] ;d]t hfgsf/L /]l8of]sdL{ / sd{rf/LnfO{ gx'Fbf of] ;d:ofemg} rsf]{ ?kdf lyof] . dlxgfdf kfFr b]lv ;ft k6s;Dd sDKo'6/dd{t ug]{ ;|f]t JolQm lemsfpFbf /]l8of] cflht eO;s]sf] lyof] .

To:tf] ;dodf w|'j /fO{;Fu sDKo'6/ k|fljlws 1fg IfdtfePsfn] /]l8of]n] ;xof]usf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ sfd u¥of] . /]l8of]sf]cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]/ pxfFn] ;xof]u ug{ yfNg'eof] . pxfFn]:jod\;]jL ?kdf /]l8of]df /x]sf sDKo'6/ dd{t ug]{ hfgsf/Lu/fpg'eof] . sDKo'6/ k|ljlw, ;~rfng / dd{tsf af/]df /]l8of]sdL{/ sd{rf/LnfO{ pxfFn] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . o;n] dlxgf} lkR5]dd{t ug'{kg]{ sDKo'6/ jflif{s al9df b'O{ k6s dfq dd{t ug'{kg]{cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . /]l8of] d]G5\ofo]ddf xfn ;ft yfgsDKo'6/ /x]sf 5g\ . t]x|y'd ahf/df xfn Pp6f sDKo'6/ Psk6svf]n]/ dd{t u/]jfkt Go"gtd cf7;o ?k}of lng] u5{g\ . /]l8of]df/x]sf sDKo'6/x¿ dfl;s ?kdf Ps k6s dfq k/LIf0f ug]{ xf] eg]klg ;f9] kfFrxhf/ ?k}of kfl/>ldsdf vr{ nfUYof] . clxn] /]l8of]dfb]lvg] ;fdfGo sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] dd{t /]l8of]sdL{ / sd{rf/L

sDKo'6/ xf8{j]o/ /;̂6j]o/ b'j}sf] /fd|f] 1fg

ePsf w|'a /fO{ /]l8of]d]G5\ofo]dsf] ;Dks{dfcfOkl5 /]l8of]nfO{ w]/}

;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .:jod\;]js /fO{s} ]

/]l8of]sf] k|fljlws ;d:ofsd x'“b} uPsf] 5 eg]

/]l8of]sdL{sf] k|fljlws ;Lk/ Ifdtf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

114

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

cfkm} ug{ ;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . /fO{s} ;xof]un] /]l8of]sf] k|fljlws;d:of sd x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . /]l8of]sdL{sf] k|fljlws ;Lk / Ifdtfj[l4 ePsf] 5 .

jflif{s b'O{ k6s sDKo'6/sf] ;le{;sf nflu ahf/df pknAw>f]t JolQmnfO{ NofPdf sl/a !! xhf/ ?k}ofF kfl/>ldsdf vr{ x'gk'U5 . t/ w'|j{ /fO{sf] :jod\;]jfn] /]l8of]sf] vr{ hf]lug'sf ;fy}k|fljlws ;dfgx¿ lalu|gaf6 hf]luPsf] 5 . /fO{n] ljut tLg jif{b]lv/]l8of]nfO{ of] ;]jf lg/Gt/ lbO/x]sf 5g\ . pgn] t]x|y'daf;LnfO{;"rgf k|ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg @)^^ df3b]lv o;;Fu ;DalGwt!% ldg]6sf] sfo{qmd kflIfs ?kdf ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . of]sfo{qmd klg pgn] :jod\;]jL ?kd} ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;/L/fO{sf] ;xof]un] /]l8of]nfO{ k|fljlws Ifdtfo'Qm agfPsf] 5 .

115

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

;|f]t Joj:yfkg

116

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

117

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

hl/jfgfsf] k};f /]l8of]nfO{

w'd|kfg / dBkfg :jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s 5 . t/ o;sf];]jg ug]{sf] ;ª\Vof eg] lbgxF' a9\b} 5 . vf]6fªsf] lbQm]n ahf/ /cf;kf;sf If]qdf klg w'd|||kfg / dBkfg ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof7"n} 5 . ljz]if u/L ;fFemsf] ;dodf dBkfg ;]jg ug]{ dflg;sf]xf]xNnfn] ahf/ cf;kf;sf] If]qdf ljs[lt ;d]t km}nfpg] u/]sf]5 . xf]xNnf ug]{ dflg;nfO{ ufpFn]n] ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ 3/ kmsf{pg]u5{g\ . w]/} k6s ;DemfpFbf klg gdfGg] / ;fdflhs ljs[ltkm}nfpg] 36gf bf]xf]l//xG5g\ . o:tf 36gfsf] bf]ifLnfO{ sf/afxLug{ ph'/L k|x/L;Dd k'Ug] u5{ . lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no vf]6fªdfNofOPsf bf]ifLnfO{ ca To:tf] sfo{ gug]{ sa'lnot gfdfdf ;lx5fku/fO{ hl/jfgf lnP/ 5f]l8G5 . o;/L lnPsf] hl/jgfsf] /sdlhNnf k|x/L sfof{no vf]6fªn] ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{pknAw u/fO/x]sf] 5 .

lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no vf]6fª / ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]aLr;fdflhs ;xsfo{df ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosfdflg;x¿sf]] hLpwg ;DaGwLt nf]s sNof0fsf/L ;"rgfx¿,k|x/Ldf ph'/L btf{ ePsf ;fdfu|L x/fPsf] jf dflg; a]kQf ePsf36gfdf k|x/Lsf] cg'/f]wdf /]l8of]n] lgMz'Ns ;"rgf k|;f/0f u5{ .k|x/Ln] wd|kfg / dBkfgsf] ph'/L 36gfdf lnPsf] ;Dk"0f{ hl/jfgsf]/sd ?kfsf]6 ;fd"bflos /]l8of]nfO{ pknAw u/fpF5 .

To:t} vf]6fª lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd lbQm]ndf w'n] sRrL af6f]k'u]kl5 dfnafxs 6«s / ofq'a;x¿ ;~rfngdf cfP . Jojl:yt;8s / a; la;f}gLsf] cefjdf b}lgs h;f] ;8s b'3{6\gf x'gyfn] . 6«flkms lgodsf] pNnª\3g x'g yfNof] . o;/L lgod pNnª\3gug]{ oftfoft Joj;foL / dhb'/;Fu 6«flkms k|x/Ln] hl/jfgf lng]u5{ . hl/jfgsf] /sd 6«flkms k|x/Ln] /]l8of]nfO{ pknAw u/fpF5 ./]l8of]n] o;afkt cfd ;d'bfonfO{ ;8s b'3{6\gf /f]Sg ;r]tu/fpg] /]l8of] lhªn lhNnf 6«flkms sfof{nosf] ;xsfo{df tof/

118

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

u/L k|;f/0f u5{ . o:tf] ;xdlt / ;xsfo{sf] yfngL lhNnf6«flkms sfof{no / ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of] aLr ePsf] 5 .

@)^& ;fn ebf} %ut] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf tTsflng k|x/Lgfoa pkl/Ifs 6]saxfb'/ tfdfª / ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf:6]zg Joj:yfks 6ª\s yfkfn] b'a} kIf aLrsf] ;xsfo{sf] ;Demf}tfkqdf x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 of] ;Dej ePsf] xf] . o;/L hDdf ePsf]b'j} lgsfosf] /sd ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] a}+ssf] vftfdfhDdf x'G5 . @)^* ebf} !% ut] ;Dd a}+s vftfdf !% xhf/?k}of w'd|kfg dBkfg / & xhf/ ?k}ofF ;8s lgod pNnª\3gafktsf] hl/jfgf /sd u/L @@ xhf/ ?k}ofF a}+sdf bflvnf ePsf]5 . o;/L ;fdflhs lxtsf] lglDt h'g ljifosf] ;Gb]z agfOG5To;sf] pNnª\3g ug]{x¿af6 g} b08 hl/jfgfsf] /sd c;'n]//]l8of]nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ k|rng g} a;]sf] 5 .

o;/L lhNnf k|x/Ln] a]nf a]nfdf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;Gb]zsf];"rgf k|;f/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] ;Gb]z k|;f/0f ug{ k|x/L sfof{nodah]6 x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf /]l8of] / k|x/LaLr ;fdflhs lxtsfnflu ePsf] ;xsfo{n] zflGt ;'/Iff sfod u/L ;fdflhs ;b\efjsfod /fVg d2t k'u]sf] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{non] hgfPsf] 5 .

cfk\mg} efiff / :j/df z'esfdgf

wfld{s kj{sf cj;/df /]l8of]af6 z'esfdgf lbg rfxg];j{;fwf/0fsf] eL8 g} nfU5 . ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ cfly{s Jooef/ gkg]{/ /]l8of]sf nflu ;|f]t klg ;ª\sng x'g] gofF z}nLsf] yfngL ;'?u¥of] ;dfb PkmPdn] of] jif{ . k/Dk/fut ?kdf ;x/L If]qsf k};fx'g] JolQmx¿n] z'esfdgf jfkt /sd lt/]/ cfˆgf] ;Gb]z /]l8of]af6k|;f/0f ug]{ u/]sf lyP . t/ @)^* ;fnsf] ljhof bzdL, bLkfjnLtyf 57 kj{sf] cj;/df u|fdL0f e]usf dflg;x¿n] pgLx¿s}}cfjfhdf /]l8of]af6 ;Gb]z k|;f/0f ug]{ ;"rgf hf/L u¥of] . o;/Lz'esfdgf lbg]n] gub /sdsf] ;f6f] wfg / rfdn lbg ;lsg]

119

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

Joj:yf ldnfof] . /]l8of]af6 cfˆg} cfjfhdf ;Gb]z lbg kfpFbfu|fdL0f If]qsf dflg;x¿nfO{ lgs} xlif{t t'Nofcf] . of] sfo{n] /]l8of]nfO{lgs} nf]slk|o agfof] . ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿;Fu /]l8of]sf] ;DaGwdha't agfpgdf of] sfo{n] yk d2t u/]sf] 5 . l;/xf lhNnfaf6sf7df8f}FFdf a;f]jf; ub]{ cfPsf dflg;x¿af6 @)^* ;fn c;f]h* / ( ut] cfˆg} cfjfhdf %) hgfn] z'esfdgf lbP . z'esfdgfjfkt /]l8of]n] #) xhf/ ¿k}ofF p7fPsf] lyof] .

@)^* ;fn c;f]h !# b]lv sflQs $ ut] ;Dddf ;dfbPkmPdsf] k|;f/0f If]q nfxfg ahf/sf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ /;dfb PkmPd ;'lgg] ufpFsf dflg;x¿n] z'esfdgf ;Gb]z lbP .l;/fxfsf uflj;x¿ dWo] 9f]8gf, k8l/of, l;:jgL, j:tLk'/, ;f]gdltdemf}/f, j|xdfg uf]/5f/L, ejfgLk'/ sfnfjGh/, t]g'jfkl§ / l;tfk'/sfu/L !^;o 3/ kl/jf/n] cfkm}n] k9]sf] z'esfdgf /]l8of]af6 k|;f/0fePsf] lyof] . uflj;x¿df ;dfb PkmPdsf ;dfb ;d"x uflj;;ldltx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . !^ ;o 3/kl/jf/ dWo] % ;o 3/kl/jf/n]z'esfdgf ;Gb]z jfkt # s]hLsf b/n] /]l8of]nfO{ rfdn pknAwu/fP . o;/L hDdf ePsf] !% ;o s]hL rfdn ;dfb PkmPdn]:yfgLo ahf/df ? @% sf b/n] ljqmL u¥of] . o;/L rfdn lalqmaf6#& xhf/ %;o ?k}ofF /]l8of]n] p7fof] .

To:t} ljhof bzdL, z'e bLkfjnL tyf 57 kj{sf pknIofdfz'esfdgf cfˆg} :j/df k|;f/0f u/]jfkt !! ;o 3/kl/jf/n] %s]hLsf b/n] wfg pknAw u/fPsf lyP . o;/L hDdf ePsf] %%;o s]=hL= wfg :yfgLo ahf/df ?= !@ sf b/n] ljqmL u/L^^xhf/ ?k}ofF /]l8of]n] ;+nsg u¥of]] . …cfˆg} :j/df z'esfdgflbpF /]l8of]nfO{ ;xof]u u/f}+Ú eGg] cleofgdf ?=!% ;o / ?= %;o sf b/n] nfxfg l:yt !) j6f ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿af6 !)xhf/ /sd ;|f]t ;ª\sng u¥of]] . o;/L ;dfb PkmPdnfO{ ljhofbzdL, bLkfjnL tyf 57 kj{ @)^* sf] cj;/df z'esfdgflj1fkg afkt ! nfv $# xhf/ % ;o ?k}ofFsf] ;xof]u k|fKtePsf] lyof] .

120

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

;dfb PkmPdnfO{ sf7df8f } F Fdf a;f ]jf; ug] { l;/fxflhNnfjf;Lx¿n] cfˆg} cjfhdf /]l8of]af6 z'esfdgf lbg] OR5fhfx]/ u/] . nfxfg l:yt ;/sf/L sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lsf] cfjfhdfg} z'esfdgf k|;f/0f ePsf] :yfgLoaf;Ln] ;'g] . z'esfdgf ;'g]kl5:yfgLo ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿nfO{ klg cfˆg} cfjfhdf z'esfdgflbg] OR5f hfUof] . o;/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] OR5f k"/f ug{ ;dfbPkmPdn] z'esfdgf lj1fkg jfkt wfg rfdn ;ª\sng ug]{lg0f{o u¥of] . o;sf nflu ;dfb PkmPdn] /]l8of]df cfa4 /]l8of];b:ox¿ / cfd a'l4hLjLx¿ aLrdf z'esfdgf cfbfg k|bfgsfo{qmd @)^* c;f]h !% ut] /fVof] . pQm sfo{qmddf z'esfdgf/]s8{ ug]{ lalwsf af/]df ;dfb PkmPdn] hfgsf/L u/fof] . bz}+cfpg' eGbf !) lbg cufl8b]lv z'esfdgf ;Gb]zaf/] /]l8of]n];"rgf hf/L u¥of] . ;Gb]zdf cfˆg} cfjfhdf bz}+, z'elbkfjnL /57sf] pknIodf cfˆg} efiff / :j/df z'esfdgf lbpF, xfdLtkfO+{sf] z'esfdgf k|;f/0f u5f}+ eGg] hfgsf/L u/fof] .

;d'bfosf dflg;x¿aLr of] hgrf;f]sf] ljifo aGg k'Uof] .;fyLefO{, gftfuf]tfsf dfG5]x¿sf] z'esfdgf ;'g] kl5 u|fdL0f;d'bfodf of] hgrf;f]sf] ljifo aGof]] . u|fdL0f ufpFaf6 ;d'bfosfdflg;x¿n] 6]lnkmf]g dfkm{t / /]l8of]d} cfP/ cfˆg} cfjfhdfz'esfdgf /]s8{ u/fP . /]s8{ u/fpg cfpg]sf] /]l8of]df 7"nf]eL8 hDdf eof] . To:t} ;dfb ;b:o ldq;fyLx¿ klg o; sfddfh'd'{/fP . pgLx¿n] cf–cfˆgf] uflj;sf ;d'bfox¿sf] cfjfhdfz'esfdgf /]s8{ u/fpg / z'esfdgf pknAw u/fpg ;xof]uug]{ k|lta4tf hgfP . o;/L ;a} If]qaf6 ;xof]u kfPkl5 of]cleofgn] emg} d"t{ ?k lnof] .

o;/L /]l8of]n] z'esfdgf lbg rfxg]sf] z'esfdgf ufpF ufpFdfk'u]/ ;ª\sng u/L pgLx¿s} cfjfhdf k|;f/0f u¥of] . of] sfo{n]/]l8of]]nfO{ emg nf]slk|o agfPsf] 5 . ;d'bfo / /]l8of]aLrsf];DaGwdf klg ckGTj a9]sf] 5 .

121

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

;xsfo{sf] ;+:s[lt

@)^$ ;fn df3 !! ut]b]lv /]l8of] d]G5\ofo]dsf]] cf}krfl/sk|;f/0f ;'? eof]] . ;'?sf] ;dodf /]l8of] b}lgs !) 306f k|;f/0fx'g yfNof] . t]x|y'd ;b/d'sfd Dofªn'ªaf6 k|;f/0f ePsf] /]l8of]nfO{cfjZoos ;|f]t, hgzlQm, 1fg / ;Lksf] ;dfof]hg u/L ;~rfngug'{ 7"n} r'gf}tL lyof] . /]l8of] ;~rfngsf nflu ;|f]t h'6fpg';a}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf v8f eof] . /]l8of] ;~rfns ;ldltn];|f]t ;ª\sngsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfo;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ gLlt agfof] ./]l8of]n] o;sf nflu af:s]6 kmG8sf] Joj:yf u¥of] .

o;sf nflu lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt t]x|y'dsf] e"ldsf ;sf/fTds/xof] . /]l8of]n] ;xsfo{sf] nflu lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt;Fu kxn;'? u¥of] . ;'?df Tolt rf;f] gb]vfPklg tTsflng :yfgLo ljsf;clwsf/L a;Gt/fh uf}tdn] /]l8of];Fu ;Dk"0f{ :yfgLo lgsfosf];xsfo{ ug]{ ljifodf ;xdt eP . 5nkmnsf qmddf /]l8of]sfnflu Ps af:s]6 kmG8 -8fnf]sf]if_sf] Joj:yf ug]{ / To; sf]ifsf];+of]hg :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Ln] ug]{ ;xdlt eof] . cfly{s jif{@)^%÷^^ df lhNnfsf ;a} ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L sfof{no;Fu;xsfo{ u/L cfPsf] /sd af:s]6 km08df /fVg] ljifodf lhNnfljsf; ;ldlt / /]l8of] d]G5\ofo]daLr ;xdlt eof] .

:yfgLo lgsfon] lbg] ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfx¿sf] hfgsf/L ;]jfu|fxL;d'bfo dfem k'¥ofpg] lhDd]jf/L /]l8of]sf] /xof] . lhNnf ljsf;;ldltsf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L j;Gt/fh uf}tdsf] ;+of]hgdflhNnfdf lqmoflzn ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L sfof{nox¿nsf];+o'Qm a}7s a:of] . a}7sn] ;xsfo{sf] k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{ sfdu¥of] . 5nkmndf ;a} ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf]ultljlwnfO{ ;d]6]/ Ps Ps sfo{qmd pTkfbg / k|;f/0f ug]{;dembf/L aGof] . o;/L sfo{qmd pTkfbg / k|;f/0f u/]afkt;DalGwt sfof{non] /]l8of]sf] 8fnf]sf]ifdf jflif{s kfFr÷kfFr xhf/?k}of lbg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/] .

122

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

;xsfo{af6 /]l8of]sf] 8fnf]sf]ifdf ! nfv %) xhf/ ¿k}ofF/sdsf] ;|f]t ;ª\sng eof]] . /]l8of]n] of] cleofgnfO{ ;|f]t;ª\sng;Fu} ;a} lgsfon] ug]{ ultljlw / sfo{qmdsf] af/]dfhfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ cj;/sf ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . of] qmd clxn] klgrln/x]sf] 5 . of] cleofg tTsflng :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lj;Gt/fh uf}td t]x|y'ddf /xFbf;Dd dfq lg/Gt/tf kfof] . .To;kl5sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] sfo{sfndf eg] o;n]lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]g . of] sfdnfO{ :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/Lv8\ujxfb'/ rfFkfufO{n] k"0f{tof c:jLsf/ ug'{eof] . t/ lhNnfl:yt cGo ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ eg] /]l8of];Fu ;xsfo{u/L cfˆgf sfo{qmd / ultljlw ;d'bfo;Dd k'¥ofpg] ;+:s[lt g}ag]sf] 5 . pgLx¿n] l;w} /]l8of];Fu Psn ;Demf}tf u/L sfo{qmdlgdf{0fdf ;xsfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] qmdn] clxn] klg lg/Gt/tfkfO/x]sf] 5 .

/]l8of];Fu l;w} ;Demf}tf u/]/ ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ 3/]n' tyf;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no, lhNnf jgsfof{no;Fu} u}/;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ b]p/fnL ;f];fO6L, blnt;r]tgf ;dfh -8\of;_, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf lhNnf dxf;ª\3t]x|y'd, ;d'bfo ;xof]u sfo{qmd -l;P;kL_ nufotn] klxnf] jif{b]lvsf] ;xsfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ .

klxnf] jif{ :yflgo ljsf; clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hgdf ePsf] a}7ssfcfwf/df xfn klg pQm jf:s]6 km08sf nflu elg ut jif{ ;Ddklg jflif{s kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF ah]6 /]l8of]sf nflu 5'§ofpg] sfo{n]eg] lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] cfly{s jif{x¿df lhNnfljsf; ;ldltsf] ;+of]hgdf Ps d'i6 /sd ;ª\sng gePklg/]l8of]nfO{ sfo{qmd pTkfbg / k|;f/0f jfkt lhNnfdf /x]sf;/sf/L sfof{nox¿n] /sd pknAw u/fO/x]sf 5g\ . of] ;xsfo{n]:yfgLo lgsfo;Fu /]l8of]sf] ;DaGw dha't agfPsf] 5 .

123

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

;femf rf}tf/L

124

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

125

;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

;femf rf}tf/Lsf] ?kdf /]l8of]

;d'bfosf dflg;n] /]l8of]nfO{ cf–cfˆg} tl/sfn] a'e]msf x'G5g\ .cf–cfˆg} tl/sfn] o;sf] pkof]u u5{g\ . /]l8of]sf cg]s lsl;dsf>f]tf x'G5g\ . o:t} sfdn] bfªdf /]l8of] :ju{åf/L ;a}sf] ;femfrf}tf/L ag]sf] 5 . /]l8of] :ju{åf/L PkmPdsf Pshgf >f]tf k'/Gwf/fuflj;sf wd{axfb'/ a:g]tn] @)^* ;fn j}zfv ! ut] /]l8of]dfg} cfP/ gofF jif{df w'd|kfg / dWokfg TofUg cfu|x ub}{ z'esfdgflbg'eof] . Ps k"j{ b'Jo{zgL] k|sfz /]UdL - xfn kqsf/_ n] @)^);fn c;f]hdf b'Jo{;gLsf] s'ntdf km;]sfsf]x¿ ;'wf/ x'g ;S5eGg] ;Gb]z lbg cfˆgf] cGtjf{tf{ lnO{ /]l8of]df k|;f/0f ug{ cg'/f]wug'{eof] . cg'/f]w cg'?k g} cGtjf{tf{ lnP/ /]l8of]n] k|;f/0f u¥of] .

@)^@ ;fndf b]pv'/L v+u|xjfsf] lzIfs /d]z /]UdL ;?jfsfnflu s'/f ug{ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no 3f]/fxL hfbf ;?jfsf nflupxfF;Fu 3'; dfluof] . of] k|s/0fnfO{ /]l8of]n] ;dfrf/df k|;f/0fu¥of] . /]l8of]df k|;f/0f ePkl5 lhNnf lzIff sfof{no bfªdf 7"n}xnrn dlRrof] .

bfªsf] l5d]sL lhNnf slkna:t' / afFs]sf] ;b/d'sfd g]kfnu~hdflxGb' d'lZnd aLr ;fdflhs ;b\efj vnalng] sfo{ x'Fbf bfªsfd'lZndx¿ c:kmfs cxdb, ;flhbf l;l4sL, cAafs df]=, sNn'd';njfg nufot #* hgfn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfodug{ clkn ug'{eof] / To;nfO{ /]l8of]] :ju{åf/Laf6 k|;f/0f ug{ cfu|xug{'eof] . /]l8of]n] pxfFx¿sf] clkn ;lxtsf] ;Gb]z k|;f/0f u¥of] .;Gb]zdf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf ;lxt ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod /fVg b'j}kIfnfO{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnLx¿ aLrsf] PstfnfO{ wd{sf]gfddf ljv08g gug{ pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnL ;d'bfosf]Pstf slxn] g6'6\g] ;Gb]z lbOPsf] lyof] .

ls;fgnfO{ afnL nufpg] r6f/f] ePs} a]nfdf dnsf] cefjx'G5 . pgLx¿n] /]l8of]df cfP/ af/Daf/ dn gkfPsf] u'gf;f] ug{

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;fd'bflos /]l8of]

cfpF5g\ . ls;fgx¿sf] u'gf;f]nfO{ ;d]6]/ /]l8of] sfo{qmd pTkfbgu/L k|;f/0f ug]{ u5{ . jif]{gL ls;fgx¿n] dnsf nflu cfGbf]ngdfplqg] u/]sf 5g\ . v]tL ug]{ ;dodf ls;fgn] ;dodf dn gkfpFbfs[lif sfof{no ;w} pgLx¿sf] 3]/faGbLdf k5{ . dnsf] ;xh cfk"lt{sfnflu /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] Wofgfsif{0f ug{ …/]l8of]af6 km'sfpgÚeGb} ls;fgx¿sf] 7"n} eL8 k|To]s jif{ /]l8of]df nfUb} cfPsf] 5 .

o;/L ;a} ;d'bfon] cf–cfˆgf] sfdsf] nflu /]l8of] ;femfrf}tf/Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 .

/]l8of]M gfd Ps, sfd cg]s

?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]k|lt ;j{;fwf/0fsf] c6'6 ljZjf; 5 .pgLx¿ /]l8of]n] ahfPsf s'/fx¿ kTofpF5g\ . /]l8of] pgLx¿sfnflu geO gx'g] ;fwg ePsf] 5 . /]l8of]n] ;d'bfosf nflu ljleGg;fdflhs sfd u5{ . h;n] ubf{ /]l8of]sf] pkof]u ljleGg sfddfeO/x]sf] 5 . ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] :yfkgf ePsf] kGw| lbgkl5 @)^$ ;fn r}t !% ut] vf]6fª lhNnf lbQm]n uflj; j8f g+$ a:g] hok|;fb cfrfo{sf] a'afsf]] laxfg & ah] lgwg eof] .lgwgsf] va/ t'?Gt} cfkmGt / z'elrGts sxfF Ps}k6s k'¥ofpgTotL ;lhnf] eg] lyPg . lgwgsf] va/ hfgsf/L u/fpg ?kfsf]6;fd'bflos /]l8of]df cg'/f]w cfof] . /]l8of]n] lgwgsf] va/ /dnfdL hfg]af/] ;"rgf lgMz'Ns k|;f/0f u¥of] . ;"rgf k|;f/0fsf]! 306f leq ;b/d'sfd b]lv ! 306f 6f9f /x]sf bfh'efO{ d[tssf]3/df hDdf eP . d[tssf 5f]/f hok|;fb cfrfo{sf cg';f/bfh'efO{ hDdf x'g $ b]lv % 306f nfUg]] 7fpFdf ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos/]l8of]sf] ;"rgfn] lgs} 7"nf] ;xof]u k'u]sf] atfpg'eof] .

o:t} lbQm]n uflj; j8f g+ & a:g] l6sfdfof ljZjsdf{sf] d[To'eof] . d[To' ePsf] !% ldg]6df 5f]/f u+ufaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{n] ?kfsf]6/]l8of]df cfˆgf] b'vb va/ bfh'efO{ Oi6ldqnfO{ ;'gfO{lbg cfu|x

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;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

u/] . pgsf] cfu|xnfO{ l:jsfb}{ ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] dnfdLhfg] ;"rgf lgMz'Ns k|;f/0f u¥of] . ;"rgf u/]sf] Ps 306fd}bfh'efO{, cfkmGt / z'elrGtsx¿ hDdf eO{ bfxf;+:sf/ ug{;lhnf] ePsf] 5f]/f u+ufaxfb'/sf] egfO{ 5 . /]l8of]n] s;}sf] lgwgePdf cfkmGt / z'elrGts sxfF va/ ug]{ ;Gb]z lgMz'Ns k|;f/0fu5{ . /]l8of]af6 ;Gb]z k|;f/0f x'g yfn]kl5 d[To'sf] va/ geP/dnfdL hfg gkfPsf] eGg] u'gf;f] ;'lgg g} 5f]8]sf] 5 .

lbQm]n j8f g+ ^ d'8] l:yt z]kf{ tyf tfdfª ;d'bfon] @)^%;fn d+l;/ dlxgfdf lhNnfel/sf nfdfx¿sf] a[xt\ e]nf af]nfpg]lg0f{o u/] . lhNnfe/Lsf nfdf ;d'bfonfO{ va/ ug]{ r'gf}tL v8feof] . ;a}sxfF ;"rgf k'¥ofpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf pgLx¿n] /]l8of]nfO{/f]h] . e]nf cfof]hsn] ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]nfO{ ;–z'Ns;"rgf k|;f/0f ul/lbg cg'/f]w u/] . oxL ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df lagfkq lhNnfe/Lsf $$ hgf nfdfx¿sf] e]nf eof] . e]nfn] lbQm]nj8f g+ ^ / & df kg]{ ul/ Pp6f s]lGb|o u'Daf lgdf{0f ug]{ lg0f{ou¥of] . lg0f{o cg';f/ lbQm]n j8f g+ & df y]s5f]s ;fDt]g 5f]lnªu'Daf lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] u'Daf lgdf{0f ;ldltsf cWoIf bfjfk'm/Lz]kf{n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . xfn ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;a}e]nf a}7ssf nflu ;"rgf u/]kl5 kq sf6\g} gkg]{ ePsf] g]kfnz]kf{ ;ª\3 vf]6fªsf cWoIf Pg6L z]kf{n] atfpg'eof] .

lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] @)^$ ;fnsf] nflu @) hgf blnthfltsf] lzIfssf] cfjZostf /x]sf] ;"rgf ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos/]l8of]nfO{ pknAw u/fof] . @)^# ;fndf klg @) hgf blnthfltsf] lzIfs cfjZostfsf] ;"rgf lzIff sfo{nodf 6fF; ubf{cfjZos ;ª\Vof eGbf sd b/vf:t k/]sf] lyof] . To;}n] lhNnflzIff sfof{non] @)^$ df ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]dfk{mt ;"rgflbg] lg0f{o ePsf] tTsflng lhNnf lzIff sfof{nosf gfoj ;'Aafs6saxfb'/ s];Ln] atfpg'eof] . o;/L ;"rgf k|;f/0f ePkl5sl/a %% hgfsf] cfj]bg lhNnf lzIff sfof{non] k¥of] .

;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] s'g} ;fdfg x/fPdf jf s;}n] e]§fPdf

128

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

/]l8of]df va/ ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . /]l8of]n] ;"rgf lbPsf] e/df y'k|}x/fPsf ;fdfg e]l6Psf 5g\ . xf}+r'/ uflj; j8f g+ & sf df]xgu?ªsf] lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no cfpg] qmddf af6}df gful/stfx/fof] . gful/stf x/fPkl5 cfˆgf] sfd gx'g] ePkl5 pgL 3/kmls{P . Ps :yfgLo o'jfn] jf6f]df] gful/stf k]mnf kf/L ?kfsf]6/]l8of]sf] sfof{nodf cfP/ lbP . ?kfsf]6 /]l8of]n] gful/stf km]nfk/]sf] ;"rgf k|;f/0f u¥of] . /]l8of]af6 ;"rgf k|;f/0f ePkl5gful/stf e]l6Psf] hfgsf/L pgn] kfP . pgL /]l8of]df cfP/gful/stf nufotsf sfuhftx¿ lnP/ uP . o:t} y'k|} cfjZossfuhft tyf ;fdfu|Lx¿ x/fPdf ?kfsf]6 /]l8of]df cfP/ va/ug]{, lbg] / nfg] qmd rln/x]sf] 5 . a'O{kf j8f g+ @ a:g] :yfgLorDkfjtL pRr df=lj Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf lbg]z /fO{n]@)^& ;fn d+l;/ dlxgfdf a'O{kf b]lv lbQm]n cfpg] qmddfdf]6/;fO{snsf] rfaL / df]jfO{n kmf]g x/fP . df]jfO{n x/fPsf];"rgf ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] k|;f/0f u¥of] . ;"rgf k|;f/0fePsf] @ lbg kl5 ;"rgf ;'g]sf] cfwf/df lbQm]n l:yt ?ksf]6sf]/]l8of]sf] sfof{nodf tL ;fdfg Ps :yfgLo JolQmn] NofOlbP .

vf]6fª lhNNffdf dfG5] x/fPdf x'lnof k|x/Ldf k'U5, k|x/Ln]?kfsf]6 /]l8of]nfO{ l;kmfl/; u5{ / dfG5] x/fPsf] ;"rgf lgMz'Nsk|;f/0f x'G5 . vf]6fª lhNnf kfy]sf uflj;af6 1fgdfof /fO{,o'lgzf /fO{, hd'gf /fO{, nufot Pshgf blnt dlxnf ljBfyL{x/fPsf] va/ ?kfsf]6 ;fd'bflos /]l8of]df hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] .hfgsf/L kl5 x'lnof k|;f/0f ubf{ x/fPsf] ef]ln kN6 rf/ hgfnfO{ef]hk'/sf] h/fof]6f/df k|x/Ln] km]nf kf¥of] . km]nfk/] kl5 pgLx¿nfO{ef]hk'/ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf cleefjs jf]nfO{ plgx¿sf]lhDdf nufpg] sfd eof] .

o;/L /]l8of]n] ;d'bfosf] lxtsf nflu o:tf ;fdflhs sfdlg:jfy{ ?kdf ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

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;kmntfsf sYo k|df0f

;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]Gb|sf] k|sfzg

;dfh kl/jt{gsf nflu ;fd'bflos /]l8of] @)%* -;g\ @))!_–/fh]z l3ld/] / 3d/fh n'O{+6]n -;Dkfbs_

;fd'bflos /]l8of] k|;f/0f lgb]{lzsf @)%* -;g\ @))!_–/3' d}gfnL, cf]d v8\sf, alb| kf}8\ofn / xl/snf clwsf/L

/]l8of] jrg @)%( -;g\ @))@_–/3' d}gfnL

g]kfndf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] @)%( -;g\ @))@_–k'ik clwsf/L

;fd'bflos k|zf/0f M k|:tfljt sfg'g tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k}m;nf@)%( -;g\ @))@_–/3' d}gfnL -;Dkfbs_

A proposed Bill on Community and Non-Commercial Broadcasting 2059 (2002)

/]l8of] sfo{qmd -;g\ @))#_–ab|L kf}8\ofn

g]kfndf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] Oltj[QfGt @)^! -;g\ @))$_–3d/fh n'O{+6]n / dw' cfrfo{

;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;d:of / ;dfwfg @)^! -;g\ @))$_–/3' d}gfnL / /fh]z l3ld/] -;Dkfbs_

130

;fd'bflos /]l8of]

;fd'bflos /]l8of] M /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df lgb]{lzsf @)^! -;g\@))$_–ljqmd ;'Aaf / /3' d}gfnL

Radio Directory (2004)

;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;fd"lxs ahf/Ls/0f /0fgLlt @)^# -;g\ @))^_–ljqmd ;'Aaf, ofbj rfkfufO{+ / /3' d}gfnL

Community Radio Strategic Planning Manual2008 (First English Edition)-Bikram Subba and Raghu Mainali

Community Radio Collective Marketing Strategy(2008)-Bikram Subba, Yadhab Chapagain and RaghuMainali

Radio Pledge (2008)-Raghu Mainali

Community Radio Principle and Prospectus(2008)-Raghu Mainali

/]l8of] sfo{qmd / of]hgf @)^% -;g\ @))(_–e/t e";fn

/]l8of]df dlxnf af]nL M efiff, ;+jfb / n}lª\us z}nL @)^%-;g\ @))(_–xl/snf clwsf/L

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Women in Radio: Language, discourse and genderPerspective (2009) - Nepali-Harikala Adhikari

Community Radio Performance Assessment System(2009)-Raghu Mainali, Yadhab Chapagain, Bikram Subba

CR Organization Development Guidebook (2009)-Raghu Mainali, Yadhab Chapagain, Bikram Subba

What's on Air (2010)-Binod Bhattarai with Ghanendra Ojha

Communities Challenging Climate Change (2010)-Madan Koirala and Ranjana Bhatta

Community MHz- Assessing Community RadioPerformance in Nepal (2011)

Community MHz II- Assessing Community RadioPerformance in Nepal (2012)

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