`mKw ˛ 1Ãm≥tU¿Uv

IX

tIc-f-k¿°m¿

hnZym-̀ ym-k-h-Ip∏v

Xbm-dm-°n-bXv

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw2010

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw - II

Prepared by :State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, KeralaWebsite : www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail : scertkerala@asianetindia.comPhone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax: 0471 - 2341869First Edition : 2010Typesetting : Computer Lab, SCERT© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

tZio-b-Km\w

P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl

`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,

]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm

{ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,

hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,

D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,

Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,

Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,

Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm

P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl

`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm.

Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,

Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄

C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co-

ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln -°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw

sshhn -[y -]q¿W-hp -amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy -Øn¬ Rm≥

A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.

Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-

hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw

sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw.

{]nbs∏´ Ip´n-I-tf,

A\-¥-km-[y-X-I-fp≈ Hcp ]pXnb temI-Øns‚ am{¥n-I-

hm-Xn-en\p-ap-∂n-emWv \n߃ \n¬°p-∂-Xv. hmb-\-bp-

sSbpw Fgp-Øn-s‚bpw Cu hmXn¬∏Sn-bn¬\n∂v ]pXn-b-

temIw ImWm\p≈ kml-knIat\m-`mhw DW¿∂m¬,

Cu am{¥nIhmXn¬ Xpd∂v AXn-\-∏p-d-ap≈ A\p-`-h-ß-fn-

tebv°v \n߃ IuXpI-tØmsS {]th-in-°p-sa-s∂-\n-°p-d-

∏p≠v.

AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb ]pdw-tem-Iw \ΩpsS C{µn-b-߃°v

hncp-s∂m-cp-°p-I-bmWv. Poh-\p≈hbp-sSbpw C√m-

ØhbpsSbpw hnhn[cq]-߃, Ah-bp-sS emfn-Xyhpw

Zp¿{K-l-Xbpw, kqtcym-Z-bhpw AkvX-a-bhpw, ag-hn-√ns‚

cq]hpw \nd-ßfpw, ssItIm¿Øp-sIm≠v sX∂n-\o-ßp∂

taL-߃, Xoc-Ø-W-bp∂ Xnc, Imt‰‰p Ncn-bp-Ibpw

ho≠pw Dbcp-IbpwsNøp∂ ]p√p-Iƒ, Icp-Øp-Im´n Xe-bp-

b¿Øn-\n¬°p∂ ac-߃, ImSp-Iƒ, \£-{X-ß-fpsS

an∂¬, Nt{µm-Zbw... Ch-bpsS cl-ky-߃ tXSp-∂-Xn-

\p≈ Xmt°m¬; a\p-jy≥ ]n∂n´ hgn-Iƒ...

Cu ]pkvXIw \n߃°p \¬Ip-∂Xv AXm-Wv. A[ym-]-I-

tcm-sSm∏w \n߃ Cu hmXn¬ Xpd-°p-∂-tXmsS Cusbm-

cp-hm-Xn¬ am{X-a√ a‰-t\IwhmXn-ep-Iƒ \n߃°pap-ºn-ep-

s≠∂v t_m[y-s∏-Spw. At∂cw Cu hnizwapgp-h≥ Hcp

Xpd∂ ¢m v apdn-bmbn amdpw. PohnXwXs∂ hnZym-`ym-k-

Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ Hcp bm{X-bm-Ipw.

kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,

s{]m^. Fw.F. JmZ¿Ub-d-IvS¿Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

kwÿm\ hnZym-̀ ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)hnZym-`h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 012

]mT-]p-kvXI kanXn

Aºn-fn sP. sI

lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (tPym{K-^n),

Kh. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, hmf-Øp-¶¬, sIm√w

tUm. Ie F≥.

dnk¿®v Hm^o-k-¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

Ia-em-£≥ sNdn-bØv

sslkvIqƒ So®¿ (tkmjy¬ kb≥kv),

Kh. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, apt≠-cn, IÆq¿

IrjvW-Zmkv. ]n

lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (C°-tWm-an-Ivkv),

Kh. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, Xncp-hm-en, ae-∏pdw

emep-Ip-am¿. sI. C

lb¿ sk°-≠dn So®¿ (C°-tWm-anIvkv),

tamU¬ Kh. t_mbvkv lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ,

tXh≈n, sIm√w

AwK-߃

$ aZ-\≥, B¿´v FUn-‰¿, amXr-`qan. $ sI. jco^v, B¿´n-Ãv, amXr-`qan. $ tZh-{]-Imiv, B¿´n-Ãv,

kwÿm\ _me-km-lnXy C≥Ãn-‰yq´v. $ ]n. cta-i≥, Ccn-ß-∂q¿ lb¿ sk°‚dn kvIqƒ.hnZKv[kanXn

AssUz-k¿

tUm. tIi-h≥ shfp-Øm-´v

s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v lnÃ-dn, U¬ln bqWn-th-gvkn‰n, U¬ln

sNb¿am≥

tUm. Fw.F≥. kp[m-I-c≥

doU¿ B‚v slUv, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v C°-tWm-anIvkv

sk‚v Atem-jykv tImtfPv F¬Øp-cp-Øv, Xriq¿

tUm.am¿´n≥ ]m{Sn-Iv, doU¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v C°-tWm-an-Ivkv, alm-cm-Pmkv tImtf-Pv, Fd-Wm-Ipfw

Sn.]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥, ske-£≥ t{KUv eIvN-d¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v C°-tWm-anIvkv,

Kh. tImtf-Pv, t]cm-{º, tImgn-t°mSv

_me-tKm-]m-e≥ sI., ske-£≥ t{KUv eIvN-d¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v C°-tWm-anIvkv, sk‚v tacokv tImtfPv, hb-\mSv

hn. Zmtam-Z-c≥ \mb¿, slUv (dn´.), Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v tPym{K^n, bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

sI. _me-Ir-jvW≥, slUv (dn´.), Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v tPym{K-^n, bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

tUm. kt¥m-jvIp-am¿ hn.

t\m¨ shmt°-j-W¬ eIvN-d¿ (tPym{K-^n),

sI.F≥.Fw shmt°-j-W¬ lb¿ sk°≠dn kvIqƒ,

hmSm-\-∏-≈n, Xriq¿

jqPm-tam≥ Fkv.

sslkvIqƒ So®¿ (tkmjy¬ kb≥kv),

]n.F≥.Fw lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ,

Nnd-bn≥Io-gv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

knbm¿ a\p-cmPv

eIvN-d¿ (C°-tWm-an-Ivkv)

Kh. C©n-\o-b-dnwKv tImtf-Pv, Xriq¿

hn¬{^Uv tPm¨ Fkv.

lb¿ sk°≠dn So®¿ (tPym{K-^n), ap…ow lb¿

sk°≠dn kvIqƒ, IWn-bm-]p-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿

Nn{Xmam[-h≥

dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿ (tPym{K^n), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn

1. \ΩpsS A¥-co£w 07

2. a\p-jy-≥ B-{i-bn-°p∂ `qan 19

3. Poh-Pew 44

4. kap-{Zhpw a\p-jy\pw 57

5. h≥I-c-Iƒ 69

6. Dev]m-Z-\hpw Dev]mZ-\-L-S-I-ßfpw 86

7. Zmcn-{Zyhpw `£y-kp-c-£bpw 94

8. am\-h-ti-john-I-k-\hpw kaq-lhpw 107

D≈-S°w

`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\`mKw IV I

auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃

51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm

]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv ˛

(I) `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-

sfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(J) kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-c-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb

al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøpI;

(K) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fi-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw

kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bhiy-

s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°Xo-

X-ambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-S-bn¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb

kmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-

Øp∂ BNm-c-߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;

(N) \ΩpsS kΩn{ikwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°p-

Ibpw \ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;

(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]IrXym D≈

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw

ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(P) imkv{Xo -b -amb Img vN -∏mSpw am\-hn -I -Xbpw, At\z -j-W-Øn\pw

]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;

(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw

sNøpI;

(R) cmjv{Sw bXv\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-{]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-te°v

\nc¥cw Db-c-Ø-°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚

F√m afi-e-ß-fnepw D¬Ir-jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.

(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m c£y-_m-e-I-t\m,

AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£-I¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-

\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

94

kzmX{¥yw e`n®v Bdv ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ]n∂n -´t∏mƒ \mw FhnsS

FØn\n¬°p∂p F∂v Xncn™v t\m°p-

∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn -°pw. Hcp-`m-KØv apºv

kz]v\wImWm≥t]mepw Ign -bmØ

kºØpw PohnX-ku-I-cy-ß-fpw ImWmw.

]e-cw-KØpw kXz-c-amb am‰-߃ kw`-hn-

°p-∂p. temI-Ønse G‰hpw Db¿∂ kmº-

ØnIhf¿®bp≈cmPy-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv

C¥y F∂v Nne IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p∂p.

`mhn-bnse kmº-ØnIi‡n-I-fn¬ H∂mbn

Nne temI-cm-jv{S-ßfpw A¥¿tZ-iob

kwL-S-\-Ifpw C¥ysb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw 1950 ˛ 2007 Ime-b-f-

hn¬ C¥y-bn¬ Xmsg -∏ -d -bp∂ am‰ -

ßfp≠mbn.

$ `£y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w \men-c-´n-

bmbn h¿≤n-®p.

$ P\-kwJy aq∂n-c-´n-bmbn h¿≤n-®p.

$ `t£ymev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ kzbw-]-cym-]vXX

ssIh-cn®p.

$ Acn, tKmXºv XpS-ßnb `£y-[m-\y-

߃ Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXp.

$ s]mXp-hn-X-cWkwhn-[m\w km¿∆-{Xn-I-

am-°n.

$ \nc-h[n Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\]≤-Xn-Iƒ

\S-∏m-°n.

Cu t\´ßsfms° Ah-Im -i -s∏ -Sp -

tºmƒØs∂ Bkq-{X-W-°Ωo-js‚

2004˛se IW°p{]Imcw C¥y-bnse Zcn-

{Z-cpsS FÆw 30 tImSn-bn-te-sd-bmWv. 2005

se temI-_m-¶ns‚ IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw

temIØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Zcn-{Z-cp≈ cmPy-

amWv C¥y.

Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 7.1)

{i≤n°q.

(Nn{Xw 7.1)

Cu Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂v \n߃°v F¥mWv

a\- n-em-bXv?

CXpw \ΩpsS Hcp h¿Øam\Ime

-bm-Ym¿∞y-am-Wv. kmº-ØnIhf¿®-bn¬

ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-tºmgpw Zmcn-{Zyw Hcp henb

{]iv\-ambn C¥y-bn¬ Ct∏mgpw XpS-cp-∂p.

CXv ImWn-°p-∂Xv Hcp hiØv kºØpw

Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-ßfpw h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ adp-

h-iØv Zmcn{Zyw hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ \ne-

A[ymbw ˛ 7

Zmcn{Zyhpw ̀ £y-kp-c-£bpw 95

\n¬°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Cu sshcp-≤y-amWv

C¥y C∂pt\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-I-fn¬ H∂v.

imkv{Xhpwkmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw hf¿∂

Xns‚ ^e-ambn `t£ymev]m-Z-\hpw ASn-

ÿm\ kuI-cy-ßfpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈

kml-Ncyw C∂p-≠v. F∂n´pw C{X-b-

[nIwt]¿ Zcn-{Z-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Hcp henb

kmaqlnI{]iv\w Xs∂-.

C-¥y-bn¬ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw kmaq-lnIkmº-

ØnI Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ Hcp-t]m-se-b-√. Nne¿

hfsc sa®-s∏´Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ Ign-bp-

tºmƒ `qcn-]£wt]cpsSbpw kml-N-cy-

߃ tamiam-Wv. F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm\ Bh-

iy-߃ \nd-th-t‰-≠-Xv F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Bh-

iy-hp-am-Wv.

Hcp IpSp-_-Øns‚ ASnÿm\ Bh-iy-߃

Fs¥-√m-amWv?

$ hkv{Xw

$ ]m¿∏nSw

$ `£Ww

$

$

$

\n߃ Is≠-Ønb ASn-ÿm-\ Bh-

iy߃ ap≥K-W-\ A\p-k-cn®v {Iao-I-cn-°p-

a-t√m.

\n߃ Is≠-Øn-b-Xp-t]mse `£-Ww,

hkv{Xw, ]m¿∏n-Sw, ip≤-P-ew, Btcm-Ky-]-

cn-]me\w, hnZym-`ymkw XpS-ßn-bh F√m

a\p-jycpsSbpw ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-ß-

fmWv.

F¥mWv Zmcn{Zyw? hni-Zo-I-

cn-°m≥ {ian-°q. \nß-fpsS

Is≠-ج Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hni-

Zo-I-c-W-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøq.

P\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ Bh-iy-ß-ƒ \nd-

th-‰m≥ Ign-bmØ Ah-ÿ-bmWv Zmcn{Zyw

F∂-Xp-sIm≠v s]mXp-hn¬ A¿∞-am-°p-

∂Xv.

Hcp IpSpw-_-Øns‚ PohnX

kuI-cy-߃ sh®p-sIm≠v

B IpSpw_w Zmcn{Zyw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p≠v

F∂p ]d-bm-\m-Iptam? N¿® sNøp-I.

¢mkv {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ̀ mK-ambn Hcp Ip´n

Xøm-dm-°nb Zmcn{ZysØ°p-dn-®p≈ Nm¿´v

Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

Zmcn{Zyw Hcp _lp-X-e-kv]¿in-bmb

Ahÿ

Zmcn{Zyw F∂m¬ ................

hni∏v A\p-`hn-°p∂

th≠{X hkv{X-߃ C√mØ

hoSn√mØ

ip≤-Pew e`n°m-Ø

NnIn’ e`n-°mØ

hnZym-`ymkw e`n-°mØ

sXmgn¬ e`n-°mØ

Ah-k-c-߃ \ntj-[n-°s∏Sp∂

kzmX{¥yw \ntj-[n-°s∏Sp∂ Ah-

ÿ-bmWv

Nm¿´n\v \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Xe-s°´v

F{X-tØmfw tbmPn-®-XmWv? IqSp-X¬

tbmPn® Xe-s° v́ \n߃°v \¬Im≥

Ign-bptam?

Zmcn{Zyw F∂Xv H‰-hm-°n¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-

°m≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp Bi-b-am-Wv.

F¥p-sIm≠v?

Nm¿´nse D≈-S-°-tØmSv \n߃

tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? Fs¥-¶nepw Iq´n-

t®¿t°-≠-Xpt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

96

Zmcn-{Zyw˛ ]´n-Wn-˛-£maw

ASn-ÿm-\ Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰phm≥

Ign -bmØ Ah-ÿ-bmWv Zmcn - {Zyw.

aXnbmb Af-hn¬ Bfp-Iƒ°v `£Ww

e`n-°mØ Ah-ÿ-bmWv ]´n-Wn. Hcp P\-

hn-`m-K-Øn\p apgp-h-\mtbm AXnse `qcn-

]£w t]¿t°m `£Ww In´msX hcn-

Ibpw hen-b- tXm-Xn¬ Bfp-Iƒ acn-°p-

Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv £maw.

Ign™ \q‰m-≠n¬ C¥y-bn-ep-≠mb

G‰hpw henb £ma-w 1943 se _wKmƒ

£maamWv. A∂v 30 e£tØmfw t]¿

£maw-sIm≠v acn-®-Xmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p.

a\p-jys‚ ASn-ÿm\ Bh-

iy-߃ \nd-th-‰m≥ hcp-

am\w Bh-iy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ F√m IpSpw-

_-߃°pw e`n-°p∂ hcp-am\w Hcp-t]m-

se-b-√. Nne¿°v hfsc°qSp-X¬ hcp-am\w

e`n-°p-tºmƒ a‰p Nne¿°v hcpam\w Xosc

Ipd-hmWv. CXv Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p-∂p.

Cu Bibw C¥y-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ F{X-

tØmfw {]k-‡-am-Wv? N¿® sNøp-I.

0.8

3.28

1.26

43.36

23.0228.28

k_v klm-d≥B{^n°

sX°≥ Gjy

%Ing-°≥ Gjy &]k-̂ nIv

bqtdm∏v &a[y Gjy

%

%

%

%

%

hnI-kzccmjv{S-߃°n-S-bnse Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ hnX-cWw (2005 )

(Hcp Znhkw 1.25 Ata-cn-°≥ tUmf-dn¬ Xmsg hcp-am-\-ap-≈-h¿ )

(Nn{Xw ˛ 7.2)

Ah-ew_w: World Bank 2009, Global Economic prospects,Commodities at the cross roads

em‰n-\-ta-cn° &Ico-_n-b≥

a[y-]q¿thjym &hSt° B{^n°

Zmcn{Zyw Xn -́s∏-Sp-ج

A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-Øn¬

2005 se hne-\nehm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v Hcp Znhkw

1.25 Atacn-°≥ tUmf-dn¬ Xmsg hcp-am-\-

ap≈ hy‡n-Isf temI-_m¶v Zcn-{Z-cmbn

IW-°m-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcp tUmf-

dn\v 48 cq] hne IW-°m-°n-bm¬ Ahiy

hkvXp-°ƒ hmßphm≥ Hcp Znhkw 60 cq]

C√m-Ø-h-sc-bmWv Zcn-{Z-cmbn°mWp-∂-Xv.

CX-\p-k-cn®v 2005 ¬ temIØnse 140 tImSn

P\-߃ Zcn-{Z-cm-Wv. CXn¬ 137.35 tImSn

Zcn-{Zcpw hnI-kzccmjv{S-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

C¥y, ssN\, ]mIn-ÿm≥, {_ko¬, CdmJv

XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-ƒ hnI-kzccmjv{S-ß-

fn¬s∏Spw. Cu cmPy-ß-fnse Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚

hnX-cWw ImWn-°p∂ Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-

°p∂ Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 7.2) ImWp-I.

A[ymbw ˛ 7

Zmcn{Zyhpw ̀ £y-kp-c-£bpw 97

k_vk-lm-d≥ B{^n°

klmdm acp-̀ q-an°v sX°v ÿnXn sNøp∂

B^n-°≥ cmPy-ß-fmb Im-a-dq¨, sI\n-

b, FtXym-]y, Z£nWm-{^n-°, kmwºnb,

ss\Po-cn-b, audo-jykv, sk\-K¬, skmam-

enb XpS-ßnb cmPy-ßfmWv k_v klm-

d≥ B{^n-°≥ cmPy-߃.

sX°≥ Gjy

Gjymh≥I-cbpsS sX°v ̀ mKØv ÿnXn

sNøp∂ C¥y, ]mIn-ÿm≥, {ioe-¶,

t\∏mƒ, _w•m-tZiv apX-emb cmPy-ß-ƒ

a[y-]q¿thjym ˛ hSt° B{^n°

CuPn]v‰v, Cdm≥, Cdm-Jv, tPm¿Zm≥, kuZn

Atd-_ym, sba≥, samtdm-t°m, AƒPo-

cnb XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-ƒ

em‰n\ta-cn-° ˛ Ico-_nb≥

{_ko¬, A¿P‚o-\, Pssa°, s_mfo-

hn-b, sImfw-_n-b, Iyq_ apX-emb cmPy-

߃.

bqtdm∏v ˛ at≤yjy

_ƒtK-dnb, lwK-dn, t]mf-≠v, djy, S¿°n,

dpta-\n-b XpS-ßnb cmPy-ß-ƒ

Ing-°≥ Gjy ˛ ]k-̂ nIv

ssN\, sImdnb, Iwt_m-Un-b, Ct¥m-t\-

jym, -a-tejym, ̂ nen-ss∏≥kv, knwK-∏q¿,

hnb‰v\mw apX-emb cmPy-߃.

2005 ¬ temI-Ønse GsXms° hnI-

kzccmPy-ß-fn-emWv Zcn-{Z¿ IqSp-X-ep-

≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv?

Zcn-{Z¿ IqSp-X-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂

h nI -k z cc mP yßf ps S

ÿm\w temI `q]-S-Øn¬ Is≠-Øp-I.

2005 ¬ hnI-kzccmPy-ß-fnse Zcn-{Z-cn¬ 43.36

iX-am-\hpw C¥y, ]mIn-ÿm≥ XpS-ßnb

cmPy-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ sX°-t\-jy≥ cmPy-

ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. hnI-kzccmPy-ß-fnse Zcn-

{Z-cn¬ aq∂n-sem-∂pw C¥y-bn-em-Wv.

Zmcn{Zyw Xn -́s∏-Sp-ج C¥y-bn¬

ASn-ÿm\mh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn\v

th≠nhcp∂ sNe-hns\ am\-Z-fi-am-°n-

bmWv Zcn-{Zsc Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv. AXn-\p-

th≠ Ipd™XpI \n›-bn -°p -Ibpw

AXn¬ Xmsghcp-am-\-ap-≈-hsc Zmcn-{Zy-tc-

Jbv°pXmsgbp≈-h-cmbn Icp-Xp-Ibpw

sNøp∂p.

Zcn-{Zsc Xn -́s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ BZy-L´w Zmcn-

{Zy-tcJ \n¿Æ-bn-°-em-Wv. AXv Hcp km¶-

ev]nI tcJ-bmWv. PohnXmh-iy-߃ \nd-

th-‰p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-ap≈ imco-cntIm¿÷-

Øns‚ Afhv IW-°m-°-emWv BZy-L-´w.

ItemdnbpsS Af-hn -emWv imco -cn -

tIm¿÷sØ Xn -́s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. C¥y-bn¬

{Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hcphy‡n°v Hcp

Znhkw Ipd-™Xv 2400 Itemdn Du¿÷hpw

\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ 2100 Itemdn Du¿÷hpw

Bh-iy-am-sW∂v IW-°m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

A{Xbpw Du¿÷w e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠

`£-Whpw a‰v AXym-h-iy-Im-cy-ßfpw Xn´-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Ah hmßp-∂Xn\m-

h-iy-amb sNehv IW°m°p-∂p. Cu

XpIsb am\-Z-fi-am-°n- Zmcn-{Zy-tcJ \n¿Æ-

bn-°-emWv C¥y-bn¬ s]mXpsh \S-∏p-≈-

coXn. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 2004 ˛ 05

se hne-\n-e-hm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v {Kmaßfn¬

{]Xn-amkw Hcp hy‡n°v 356.30 cq]bpw \K-

c-ß-fn¬ 538.60 cq]bpw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-J-bmbn

\n¿Æ-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. CXn¬ Xmsg hcp-am-

\-ap-≈-h-sc-bmWv Zcn-{Z-cmbn IW-°m-°p-

∂Xv.

Zcn{ZcpsS FÆsØ BsI P\-kw-Jy-

sIm≠v lcn®v Zmcn{Zym\p-]mXw Is≠-

Øp∂p.

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

98

Zmcn-{Zym-\p-]mXw =

Zmcn{ZytcJbv°v Xmsg-bp-≈-h-cpsS FÆw

BsI P\-kwJy ×100

BsI P\kwJy-bn¬ F{X iX-am\w t]¿

Zmcn-{Zy-tcJ°v Xmsg-bm-sW-∂mWv Zmcn-

{Zym\p-]mXw ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn

2004 ˛ ¬ C¥y-bpsS Zmcn{Zym\p-]mXw 27.5

BWv. CXv ImWn-°p-∂Xv 2004˛¬ C¥y-

bpsS BsI P\-kw-JybpsS 27.5 iX-am\w

Zmcn{ZytcJ°v Xmsg-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv.

Zmcn{Zyw C¥y-bn¬

C¥y-bnse Zmcn-{ZysØ imkv{Xo-b-ambn

Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ BZy-ambn {ian-®Xv

C¥y-≥ tZ-iob {]ÿm-\-Ønse {]ap-J

t\-Xm-°-fn¬ Hcm-fmb ZmZm-`mbn\h-tdm-Pn-

bmWv. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw Zmcn{Zy\n¿Æ-b-

Øn\v ]e {ia-ßfpw \S-∂n-´p-≠v.

]´n-I˛7.1 Dw XpS¿∂v \evIn-bn-cn-°p∂

Nn{Xßfpw (7.3 F & 7.3 _n) ]cn-tim[n-

°p-a-t√m.

Zmcn{Zyw C¥y-bn¬ 1973 ˛ 2004

h¿jwZmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v

Xmsg-bp-≈-h-¿

iX-am\w FÆw˛tImSn

1973 54.88 32.13

1983 44.48 32.29

1993 35.97 32.04

2004 27.5 30.17

Ahew_w : Govt. of India (2008), PressInformation Bureau, PovertyEstimates for 2004 - 05

(]´n-I˛7.1)

hyXykvX Ime-L-́ -ß-fn¬ C¥y-bnse

Zcn-{Z-cpsSFÆØn¬ h∂ Ipdhpw iX-

am-\-Øn¬ h∂Ipdhpw Hcp t]mse-

bmtWm? Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

(Nn{Xw 7.3 _n)

Zmcn-{Z

y-tc-J

bv°

vX

msg-b

p-≈-h

-cps

S F

Æw

(tI

mSn)

h¿jw

C¥y-bnse Zcn{ZcpsS FÆw (tImSn)

h¿jw

C¥y-bnse Zmcn{Zym\p-]mXw

(Nn{Xw 7.3 F)

Zmcn-{Z

y-tc-J

bv°

v

Xms

g-b

p-≈-h

-cps

S i

X-am\

w

A[ymbw ˛ 7

Zmcn{Zyhpw ̀ £y-kp-c-£bpw 99

1973 \pw 2004 \pw CS-bn¬ C¥y-bnse

Zcn{ZcpsS iX-am\w ]Ip -Xn -bmbn

Ipds™¶nepw Ch-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬ henb

Ipdhv D≠m-bn-´n√.

F¥mWv Zmcn{Zym\p-]mXw F∂v a\- n-em-

°n-b-t√m. C¥y-bnse {][m\ kwÿm-\-

ß-fnse Zmcn{Zym\p-]mXw ImWn-°p-∂

Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 7.4) t\m°q.

C¥y-bnse F√mkwÿm-\-ß-fn-sebpw

Zmcn-{Zy-m-\p-]mXw Hcpt]mse-bmtWm?

C¥y-bpsS Zmcn-{Zym-\p-]m-X-

sØ-°mƒ (27.5) Db¿∂

Zmcn-{Zy-m-\p-]m-X-ap≈ kwÿm-\-ß-fpw

Xmgv∂ Zmcn-{Zym-\p-]m-X-ap≈ kwÿm-\-ß-

fpw hyXykvX \nd-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v C¥y-

bpsS `q]-S-Øn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

`qc-ln-X-cmb I¿jIsØmgn-

em-fn-Iƒ, ]c-º-cm-KXa’y-

sØm-gn -em -fn -Iƒ, ]c -º-cm -KXhyh-

kmbsØmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ,

]´nIPmXn ]´n-I-h¿§hn`m-K-߃ F∂o

hn`m-K-°m-cn-emWv Zmcn{Zyw IqSp-X-embn

ImW-p-∂-Xv. CXn-\p≈ Imc-W-߃ N¿®

sNøq.

tIc-f-Ønse Zmcn{Zyw

am\-hhnI-k-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ t\´-

߃ temI{]i-kvX-am-Wv. Ipd™ {]Xn-

io¿j-h-cp -am -\ -ap -≈-t∏mƒØs∂ B

cwKØv tIcfw C¥ybn¬ H∂mw-ÿm-\-

Øm-Wv. Ipd™ inip-a-c-W-\n-c°pw P\-\-

a-c-W-\n-c-°p-Ifpw Db¿∂ Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw,

km£-c-X, XpS-ßn-b-hbpw tIc-f-Øns‚

{]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. Cu cwK-ß-fn¬ tIcfw

henb ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw

Zmcn{Zyw kwÿm-\-Øp-\n∂v hn´p-am-dn-bn-́ n√.

Bkq-{XW°Ωo-js‚ IW-°-\p-k-cn®v 2004

˛ 05 ¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ 15 iX-am\w t]¿ Zcn-{Z-

cm-Wv. \Kc-ß-fn¬ 20.6 iX-am\wt]¿ Zcn-{Z-

cm -Wv . {Kma{]tZ -isØ Zmcn{Zyw

I¿jIsØmgn-em-fn-I-fnepw ssIsØm-gn¬

05

101520253035404550

Hdo 

m

_ol

m¿

OØ

o-kvKU

v

Qm¿

Jfi

v

DØ

cm-J

fiv

a≤

y-{]

-tZi

v

DØ

¿{]

-tZi

v

al

m-cmj

v{S

C¥

y

I¿Æ

m-SI

]›

n-a-_

w-Kmƒ

Xan-g

v\mS

v

cmP

-ÿm≥

KpP

-dmØ

v

B{‘

m-{]

-tZi

v

tIcfw

lcn-b

m\

]©

m_v

PΩ

p & I

mivao¿

46.441.4 40.9 40.3 39.6 38.3

32.8 30.727.5

25 24.722.5 22.1

16.8 15.8 15 14

8.45.4

C¥y-bnse Nne kwÿm-\-ß-fnse Zmcn-{Zym-\p-]mXw (2004 ˛ 05)Zm

cn-{Z

y-tc-J

bv°

v Xms

g-b

p-≈-h

-cps

S i

X-am\

w

kwÿm-\-߃

Ahew_w : Govt of India, 2008, Poverty Estimates for 2004 - 05(Nn{Xw 7.4)

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

100

sNøp-∂-h-cnepw tI{µo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ \K-c-

Ønse Zmcn{Zyw Akw-L-SnX sXmgn-em-fn-

I-fn-emWv {][m-\-ambpw I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv.

]´nI˛ 7.2 {i≤n-°q

Zmcn{ZytcJbv°v Xmsg-bp≈ IpSpw-_-ß-

fpsS iX-am\w ˛ hnhn[ hn`m-K-߃

Xncn®v

hn`mKwZmcn{ZytcJbv°v BsI P\-

Xmsg-bp-≈-h-cpsS kw-JybpsS-

iX-am\w iX-am\w

]´n-I 19 9.81

PmXn

]´nI 3 1.14

h¿§w

a‰p-≈-h¿ 78 89.05

BsI 100 100

Ah-ew_w: tIcf tÉv πm\nwKv t_m¿Uv

(2009), kmº-ØnI Ah-tem-I\w

2008

(]´nI ˛ 7.2)

]´n-I-bn¬ (]´nI 7.2) \n∂v

Fs¥√mw Is≠-Øm-sa∂v

N¿® sNøp-I.

$ tIc-f-Ønse samØw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS

9.81 iX-am\w am{X-amWv ]´n-I-PmXn hn`m-

K-Øn¬s∏-́ -h-sc-¶nepw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v

Xmsg-bp≈ BsI P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 19

iX-am\w ]´n-I-Pm-Xn-°m-cm-Wv.

$

Zmcn-{Zy-Øn\nS-bm-°p∂ Imc-W-߃

2004˛se IW-°-\p-k-cn®v C¥y-bn¬ 30

tImSn-bne[nIwt]¿ Zcn-{Z-cm-sW∂v \n߃

a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠t√m. C{X-b-[nIw t]¿

Zcn - {Z -cmbncn -°p -∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-߃

\n߃ Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m?.

C¥y-bnse Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚

Imc-W-߃ N¿® sNbvXv

Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

$ sXmgn-en-√mbva

$ NqjWw

$ kmº-ØnI Ak-aXzw

$

$

v̂tfmNm¿ v́ ̨ 7.1 ]cn-tim-[n®v sXmgn-en-√mbva

Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-te°v Fßs\ \bn°pw F∂v

Is≠-Ømw.

sXmgn-en-√mbva Zmcn-{Zy-Øn\v

Imc-W-am-Ip-∂Xv Fß-s\-

sb∂v \n߃ I≠p-h-t√m. CXp-t]mse \nc-

£c-X Fßs\ Zmcn{Zyw krjvSn-°p-∂p-

sh∂v Is≠-Øn Nm¿´v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃

]cn-l-cn-®p-sIm≠v am{Xta

Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿P-\-Øn¬ apt∂-dm≥ Ign-bq.

N¿® sNøp-I.

kmº-ØnIAk-aXzw Zmcn-

{ZyØnte°v \bn-°p-sa∂v

\n߃ a\- n -em -°n -b-t√m. Zmcn - {Zy -

\n¿Ωm¿P-\-Øn\v Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v. C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Cu

{]iv\w Fßs\ ]cn-l-cn°mw? N¿®

sNøp-I.

Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\w

Zmcn{Zyw AX-\p-`-hn-°p∂ hy‡n-bpsS

am{Xw {]iv\-a-√. hy‡n Dƒs∏-Sp∂ kaq-

l-Øns‚ {]iv\w IqSn-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬

Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\-Øn¬ k¿°m-cn\v

henb ]¶p hln-°m\p≠v. AtXm-sSm∏w

kmaq-ly-C-S-s]-Sepw Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-

Øn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.

A[ymbw ˛ 7

Zmcn{Zyhpw ̀ £y-kp-c-£bpw 101

Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\v Zmcn-{Zy-

\n¿Ωm¿÷\w AXym-hiyam-Wv. \ΩpsS

Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ {][m\e£y-ß-fn-sem-

∂mbn Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿am¿÷-\sØ \n›-bn-®n-

´p-≠v.

Fßs\-bmWv Hcp k¿°m-

cn\v Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿P-\-

Øn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ Ign-bp-I? N¿® sNøpI.

$ sXmgn¬\¬Ins°m≠v

$ hnZym-̀ ymkkuIcyw e`y-am-°n-s°m≠v

$ ip≤Pew e`y-am-°n-s°m≠v

$

$

$

hne-°b-‰w, {]IrXnt£m`-߃, tcmKm-Xp-

cX, aen-\o-I-cWw XpS-ßnb {]iv\-ß-fpsS

Xn‡^e-߃ IqSp-X¬ A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-

h -cpI Zcn{Z -cm -Wv . DZm -l-c -W-ambn

\ntXym]tbm-K-km-[-\-ß-fpsS hne-°-b‰w

Zcn{ZcpsS hm߬tijn Ipdbv-°p-Ibpw

Ahsc IqSp-X¬ Zcn-{Z-cm°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. temI-`-£y-kw-L-S-\-bpsS IW-

°p-Iƒ {]Imcw, 2007˛¬ temI-Ønse Zcn-

{Z-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬ 7.5 tImSn-bpsS h¿≤\-

hmWv D≠m-b-Xv. `£y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS hne-

°-b-‰ -amWnXn -\p≈ {][m\Imc -Ww.

CXn¬\n∂v hne-°-b‰w XpS-ßnb {]iv\-

߃ Zcn-{Z-sc-bmWv IqSp-X¬ _m[n-°p∂Xv

F∂v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. apI-fn¬

kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≈ {]iv\-ß-fn¬\n∂v Zcn-{Zsc

kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Zmcn{ZyeLq-I-c-W-

Øn\pw Fs¥√mw sNøm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v

\ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

$ s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-irw-Je i‡n-s∏-Sp-

ØpI.

$ tdmUv, Pe-tk-N-\w, hnZym-`ymkkuI-

cy-߃, NnIn’mku-I-cy-߃ XpS-

ßnb ASnÿm\kuI-cy-߃ Zcn-

{Z¿°v e`y-am-°p-I. DZm-l-c-W-ambn,

tdmUp\n¿ΩmWw Fßs\ Zmcn-{Zy-

\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn\v CS-bm°pw F∂v

]cn-tim-[n-°mw. KXm-K-X-ku-I-cy-߃

sa®-s∏-Sp-∂Xv sXmgn¬ Ah-k-c-߃

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw Zcn-{Z-cpsS Dev]-∂-

߃°v hn]Wn Is≠-Øp-hm\pw

klm-bn-°p-∂p. Ch IqSp-X¬ hcp-am\w

t\Sp-hm\pw AXp-hgn Zmcn-{Zy-e-Lq-I-c-

W-Øn-te°pw \bn-°p∂XmWv.

$ `qan, hoSv XpS-ßnb BkvXn-Iƒ Zcn-

{Z¿°v e`y-am-°p-I.

→→ →Ipd™ hm߬tijn

Ipd™ hnZym-̀ ymk

Ah-k-c-߃

Ipd™ D]-t`mKw→

tcmKm-hÿ

t]mj-Im-

lmc°pdhv

→

→

→

→

Ipd-™-h-cp-am\w

sX

mgn-e

n-√mb

va

Ipd™

A≤zm-\-tijn

Zmc

n{Zyw

→

→

→

→

→(^vtfmNm¿´v˛ 7.1)

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

102

`q]-cn-jvI-c-Whpw

Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷-\hpw

Zcn-{Z-cn¬ `qcn-]£wt]cpw kz¥-ambn

`qantbm ]m¿∏n-Stam C√m-Ø-h-cmWv. ̀ q]-

cn-jv°-c-W-Øns‚ ̂ e-ambn ̀ qc-ln-X¿°v

kz¥ambn `qan- e-`n-°p-∂p. `qan-bpsS DS-

a-ÿm-h-Imiw, sXmgn¬, ]m¿∏nSw, hnZym-

`ymkw XpS-ßn-bh t\Sp-hm≥ Zcn-{Zsc

{]m]vX-cm-°p-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ `q]-cn-jv°-

cWw ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏n-em-°nb kwÿm-

\-amWv tIc-fw.

hntI-{µo-IrX Bkq-{XWw

hntI-{µo-IrX Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ ̀ mK-ambn

IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-chpw, Npa-X-e-I-fpw, hn -̀

h-ßfpw {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v (]-

©m-b-Øv, ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n/ tIm¿∏-td-j≥)

e`n-°p-∂p. Ah¿ P\-]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS

{]mtZ-inIhnI-k\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bkq-

{XWw sNbvXv \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw hne-bn-

cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hntI-{µo-IrX

Bkq-{X-W-Øn¬ Bkq-{X-Ww, \n¿hl-

Ww, ta¬t\m´w F∂n-h-bn¬ ]mh-s∏-´-

h¿°v IqSp-X¬ ]¶m-fn-Øhpw Ah-cpsS

{]iv\-߃°v IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W\bpw e`n-

°p-∂p. CXv Zcn -{Z -cpsS BkvXn-Iƒ

h¿≤n∏n-°p-I-bpw Ahsc im‡o-I-cn-°p-

Ibpw Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\ {]h¿Ø-\-

ßsf i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

hntI-{µo--IrXmkq-{XWw {]iw-k-\o-b-amb

coXn-bn¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb kwÿm-\-amWv

tIc-fw.

$ {]mtZ-inIkzbw`cW-ÿm-]-\-ßsf

i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

$ km¿∆-{Xn-Ihpw kuP-\y-hp-amb hnZym-

`ymkw \¬Ip-I.

^vtfmNm¿´v˛7.2 ]cn-tim-[n®v hnZym-`ymkw

Fßs\ Zmcn-{Zy-eLq-I-c-W-Øn\n-S-bm-

°p∂p F∂v Is≠-Ømw.

Hcp Ip´n \∂mbn ]Tn-°p-

∂Xv B IpSpw-_-Øns‚

Zmcn{Zyw eLqIcn°p∂Xn\v kml-b-I-

amIpw F∂p \n߃ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? N¿®

sNøp-I.

kqN-I-߃

$ hnZym-`ym-khpw sXmgnepw

$ hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-Whpw

$ hnZym-`ym-khpw kmaq-ly]Zhnbpw

$ sa®-s∏´ Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw

$

$

`£ykpc-£bpw Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\hpw

`£ykpc£ Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Ønte-

°p≈ BZy NphSp shbv]mWv. KpW\ne-

hm-c-ap≈ `£Ww F√m-h¿°pw Ft∏mgpw

e`y-amIp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv `£ykpc-£.

`£ykpc-£bv°v aq∂v LS-I-߃ D≠v.

$ Bh-iy-amb`£Ww F√m-h¿°pw e`y-

amIp∂ Ah-ÿ.

$ Bh-iy-amb`£Ww F√m-h¿°pw

hmßp-hm≥ Ign-hp≈ Ahÿ.

→hnZ

ym-`ym

kw

sa®-s∏´ BtcmKy]cn-c£

sa®-s∏´

sXmgn¬

IqSp-X¬

hm߬ tijn sa®

-s∏

´ P

ohnX

\ne

-hmc

w

Zmc

n{Zy\

n¿Ω

m¿P

\w

→→

→

→

→ →IqSp-X¬hcp-am\w

→

(^vtfmNm¿´v ̨ 7.2)

A[ymbw ˛ 7

Zmcn{Zyhpw ̀ £y-kp-c-£bpw 103

$ KpW-\n -e-hm-c -ap≈`£Ww F√m-

h¿°pw e`y-am-Ip∂ Ah-ÿ.

Zmcn-{Zy-Øn¬\n∂pw t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-d-hn¬

\n∂pw P\-߃°v tamN\w \¬IpI F∂-

XmWv `£y-kp-c-£-bpsS e£yw. `£y-[m-

\y-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-

sSm∏w Ah-bpsS sa®-s∏´ hnX-c-W-Øn-

eqsS Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ tXmXv Ipd-bv°m-hp-∂-

Xm-Wv. `t£ymev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-°p-tºmgpw

]´n-Wn-bp≠m-Im-sa∂v {]kn-≤-km-º-ØnI

imkv{X-⁄\pw t\m_¬ kΩm-\-tP-Xm-hp-

amb Aa¿Xym-sk≥ ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v. AXn-

\m¬ IqSp-X¬ ka-Xz-]q¿Æ-amb ̀ £yhnX-

c-W-Øn-\v Zmcn -{Zy -\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn¬

{]tXyI{]k‡n D≠v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

s]mXp -hn -X -cWk{º-Zmbw i‡n-s∏-

SpØns°m≠p-am-{Xta ̀ £y-kp-c£ ssIh-

cn°m≥ Ign-bq.

B[p-\nI temIØv ]e BtcmKy{]iv\-

ßfpw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Aan-X-`-£WØn¬

\n∂m-Wv. F∂p am{X-a√ Hcp hn`mKw P\-

߃ ̀ £-W-Øn-\mbn Dg-ep-tºmƒ as‰mcp

hn`mKw Xß-fpsS ico-c-Ønse Item-dn-

bpsS IW-s°-Sp-°p-Ibpw saen-bm-\p≈

am¿§-߃ At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\]≤-Xn-Iƒ

C¥y-bnse BZysØ aq∂v ]©-h’c]≤-

Xn-Iƒ kmº-ØnIhf¿® t\Sp∂XneqsS

Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\-Øn-\mbn {ian-®p.

F∂m¬, Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS BZyw kmº-

ØnIhf¿®-bn-eqsS am{Xw Zmcn{Zyw Ipd-

bv°p-hm≥ Ign-bn√ F∂v t_m[y-s∏-´p.

AXn-\m¬ Zmcn-{ZysØ t\cn´v Iog-S-°pI

F∂ X{¥w Bhn-jv°-cn-®p. CXns‚ `mK-

ambn Zmcn - {Zy -\n¿Ωm¿÷\Øn\mbn

{]tXyI]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°n. 11˛mw ]©-

h¬k-c-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ (2007-2012) hnI-k-\-Øns‚ {]tbm-P\w F√m-h-cnepw, {]tXy-

In®v, ]mh-s∏-´-h-cn¬ FØWw F∂

Bibw apt∂m´p hbv°p-Ibpw AXp-

hscbp≠m-bn-cp∂ Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-]-

≤-Xn-Isf ]cn-jv°-cn®v ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

tI{µ-Kh¨sa‚ v \S-∏n-em-°p∂ {][m\

Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ.

$ tZiob sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤Xn (NREGS)

$ Cµncm Bhmkv tbmP\ (IAY)

$ kz¿ÆPb¥n {Kma -kz -tdm -kvKm¿

tbmP\ (SGSY)

$ kz¿ÆP-b¥n jlmcn tdmkvKm¿

tbmP\ (SJSRY)

$ kwtbm-PnX]m¿∏n-S-˛-tNcnhnI-k\]cn-

]mSn (IHSDP)

$ kºq¿ÆipNnXzb⁄w

tZiob sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤Xn (NREGS)

2005 sk]v‰-_¿ amkw tZiob sXmgn-ep-

d∏p\nbaw ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]m m-°n. Cu \nb-

a-{]-Imcw {KmaoWtaJ-e-bnse Hmtcm

-Ip-Spw-_-Øn\pw Hcp h¿jw 100 sXmgn¬

Zn\-߃ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. Imbn-I-amb

sXmgn¬ sNøm≥ Xøm-dp-≈-h¿°mWv Cu

]≤Xn {]Imcw sXmgn¬ e`n-°p-I. Cu

]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bn¬

sNdp-InS Pe-tk-N\kuI-cy-߃, tdmUv

XpS-ßnb \n¿ΩmW{]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-

Øp∂p. alm-flm-Km‘n tZiob sXmgn-ep-

d∏v ]≤-Xn-sb-∂mWv Ct∏mƒ Cu ]≤Xn

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu ]≤Xn Fß-s\-bmWv

Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-

sX∂v ^vtfmNm¿´v 7.3 ¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

""C¥y-bnse {][m\ Zmcn-{Zy-

\n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

Hcp hne-bn-cp-ج'' -F∂ hnj-b-sØ-°p-

dn®v Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

104

→→→

→

tZi

ob sX

mgn-e

p-d∏

v ]

≤X

n

hcp-am\w

sNe-h-gn-°p∂pIpd

™X

v 100

sX

mgn¬

Zn\

-߃

Dd∏

v hcp-Ø

p∂p

Pe-tk-N\

kuI-cy-߃

XpS-ßnb ÿncw

BkvXn-Iƒ

krjvSn-°p∂p

sXmgn¬

krjvSn-°p∂p

hcp-am\w

krjvSn-°p∂p

IqSp-X¬

hcp-am\w

{KmaoW

kºZv LS-\-

bpsS hnImkw

IqSp-X¬

sXmgn¬

Zmc

n-{Zy-\

n¿Ω

m¿P

\w

→

→

→

→

→

(^vtfmNm¿´v ̨ 7.3)

C¥y-bnse s]mXp-hn-X-cWkwhn[m\w

C¥y-bn¬ tdj≥ kwhn[m\w c≠mw temI-

bp-≤-Im-e-ØmWv Bcw-`n-®-Xv. 1960 Ifn-¬

`£y-£maw t\cn-´-t∏mƒ tdj≥kwhn-

[m\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw IqSp-X¬ {]tZ-

i-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

F∂m¬ kmº-ØnI]cn-jv°m-c-ß-fpsS

`mK-ambn tdj≥ Zcn{ZIpSpw-_-߃°p-am-{X-

ambn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. CXns‚ `mK-ambn

1997˛¬ ""e£ym[njvTnXs]mXp-hn-XcW-kw-

hn-[m\w'' (Sm¿P-‰Uv ]_vfn°v Unkv{Sn-_yq-

j≥ knÃw) C¥y-bn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. CX-

\p-k-cn®v Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v apI-fn-ep-≈- IpSpw-

_-߃°pw (F.]n.-F¬) Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v

Xmsg-bp-≈-IpSpw-_-߃°pw (_n.]n.-F¬)

{]tXyI Xc-Øn-ep≈ tdj≥Im¿Up-Iƒ

\¬Ip-Ibpw hyXykvX hnebv°v `£y-[m-

\y-߃ hnX-cWw sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\w tIc-f-Øn¬

Zmcn{Zyw eLq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw sXmgn¬

km≤y-X-Iƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn \nc-

h[n Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw ASn-

ÿm\kuI-cy-hn-I-k\]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw tIc-

f-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em°n hcp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse

F√m {]tZ-iß-fnepw "IpSpw-_{io' \ne-

hn¬ h∂n-´p-≠v. IpSpw-_-{io-sb-°p-dn®v

\n߃ ap≥ ¢m p-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®n´p-≠-t√m.

AK-Xn-I-fpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-

≠m-°nb ka{KhnI-k\]≤-Xn -bmWv

B{ib. kmaq-lyt£ahIp-∏n\p Iogn¬

aln-fm -a -µn -cw, B^v‰¿ sIb¿tlmw,

sdkvIyq tlmw XpS-ßnb t£a-ÿm-]-\-

߃ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. kaq -l-Ønse

Zp¿_ehn`m-K-߃°p-th≠n I¿j-I-sØm-

gn-emfn s]≥j≥, hn[hm s]≥j≥ XpS-

ßnb 40 ¬ A[nIw s]≥j≥ ]≤-Xn-I-

fmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ D≈-Xv. Akw-L-SnXtaJ-

e-bn¬ ]Wn-sbSp-°p∂ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS

t£a-Øn-\mbn tIc-f-Øn¬ 24 t£a-\n-[n-

t_m¿Up-Iƒ D≠v. IqSmsX ]´n-IPmXn ]´n-

I-h¿§-hn-̀ m-K-Øn¬s∏-́ -h¿°mbn {]tXyI

]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em°nhcp-∂p.

tIc-f -Øn¬ \S-∏n -ep≈

s]≥j≥]≤-Xn-I-fpsS Hcp

]´nI Xøm-dm-°n AXn¬ Hcp s]≥j≥

]≤-Xn- Xnc-s™-SpØv AXv Fßs\ Zmcn-

{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\hpw kmaq-ly-kp-c-£bpw

Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p-sh∂v N¿® sNøp-I.

s]mXphnX-cWkwhn[m\w

tIc-f-Øn¬

tIc-f-Øn¬ km¿h{Xn-I-amb tdj≥ kwhn-

[m\w 1966 ¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂p. C¥y-bn¬

Imcy-£-ahpw ka-{K-hp-amb tdj-\nwKvv k{º-

Zmbw \S -∏n -em -°nb kwÿm-\-amWv

tIc-fw. `£y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬

75 iX-am-\-Øn-tesd IΩn-bp≈ tIc-f-Øn¬

A[ymbw ˛ 7

Zmcn{Zyhpw ̀ £y-kp-c-£bpw 105

s]mXp-hn-X-cWkwhn-[m-\-Øn\v {]tXyI

{]k‡n D≠v. tIc-f-Ønse s]mXphnX-

cWkwhn-[m-\-Øn\v 3 Xe-ß-fp-≠v.

$ tdj≥IS-hgn s]mXp-P-\-߃°p≈

`£y-[m-\y-ßfpsS hnX-c-Ww.

$ kvIqƒ hnZym¿Yn -Iƒ°p≈ D®-` -

£WhnX-cWw

$ A¶Whm-Sn-Iƒ hgn 5 hb- p-≈-h-sc-

bp≈ Ip´n-Iƒ°pw K¿`n-Wn-I-fmb

kv{XoIƒ°p-ap≈ t]mj-I-Kp-W-ap≈

`£y[m\y-ßfpsS hnX-c-Ww.

\nß-fpsS hoSn\p kao-]-

ap≈ Hcp tdj≥IS

kµ¿in®v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v tdj≥

kwhn[m-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-at√m. Xmsg

\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ s]mXp-hn-]-Wn-bnse hne-\n-e-hmcw ]nSn-

®p-\n¿Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

$ `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

$ Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\sØ klm-bn-

°p∂p.

$ tdj≥kwhn-[m\w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂

IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS FÆw.

$ hnX-cWw sNøp∂ ̀ £y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS

Xq°w, KpWn-\n-e-hm-cw, aXn-bmb Af-

hn¬ e`n-°¬ XpS-ßn-b-h.

$ _n.]n.-F¬, F.]n.-F¬ hne-hy-Xymkw.

$ tdj≥IS-bpsS {]h¿Ø\ka-bhpw

sXmgn¬ ka-bhpw XΩn -ep≈

s]mcpØw.

tIcfm tÉv knhn¬ kssπkv

tIm¿∏-td-j≥

1974 emWv tIcfm tÉv knhn¬ kssπkv

tIm¿∏-td-j≥ ÿm]n-®-Xv. kwÿm-\-Øm-

I-am\w hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ hnev]\ime-Iƒ

hgn Ipd™ hnebv°v AXym-hiykm[-\-

߃ hnX-cWw sNøp∂p. D¬khIme-ß-

fn¬ HmW-®¥ XpS-ßnb t]cp-I-fn¬ IqSp-

X¬ hnev]\ime-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv

s]mXphn]-Wn-bnse hne ]nSn®p \n¿Øp-

hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p. \ntXym-]-tbmKkm[-

\-ß-fpsS hnX-c-W-cw-KØv kl-I-c-W-ta-J-

e-bpw kPo-h-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

C¥y-bnse Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\

]≤-Xn-Iƒ˛Hcp hne-bn-cp-ج

C¥y-bnse Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷\]≤-Xn-

Iƒ°v t\´-߃ D≠m-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-´p-

≠v. s]mXphnX-cW kwhn[m\w \S-∏n-em-

°¬, {KmaoWtaJ-e-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hcp-am-

\hpw sXmgnepw krjvSn -°¬, ASn -

ÿm\kuI-cy-ßfmb tdmUp-Iƒ, sI´n-S-

߃ F∂n-h-bpsS \n¿ΩmWw XpS-ßn-b-h

Cu ]≤n-X-I-fpsS {]m[m\t\´-ß-fm-bn

IW-°m-°mw. F∂m¬ Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm-

¿÷\]≤-Xn-IfpsS \S-Øn-∏ns\-Xnsc Nne

hna¿i-\-ßfpw D∂-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

{][m\ hna¿i-\-߃:

$ F√m-h¿°pw ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS {]tbm-P\w

Hcp-t]m-se-b√ e`n-°p-∂-X.v

$ Zcn-{Z-c-√m-Ø-h¿°pw CXns‚ {]tbm-

P\w e`n-°p∂p.

$ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°mbn \o°n-sh-®n-cn-°p∂

XpI A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv.

$ ]≤Xn\S-Øn-∏n¬ Agn-a-Xnbpw Imcy-

£-a-X-bn-√mbvabpw \ne-\n¬°p∂p.

$ {]mtZ-inIkml-N-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-

∂n-√.

C¥y≥ `cWLS\ ka-Xzw, t£aw XpS-

ßnb e£y-߃ Db¿Øn-∏nSn -°p-∂p.

Ct∏mgpw henbsbmcp hn`mKw P\-߃ Zcn-

{Z-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv Cu e£y߃ t\Sm≥

\ap-°n-\nbpw Ign-™n-´n√ F∂mWv ImWn-

°p-∂-Xv. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cIme-L-´-Øn¬

Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ A\p-]mXw Ipdbv-°p-hm≥

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

106

Ign-™n-´p-≠v. F¶nepw Zmcn{Zyw C∂pw

C¥y-t\-cn-Sp∂ {][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-X-s∂-bm-

Wv. Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øns‚ Zni-bn¬

C\nbpw \Ωƒ Gsd Zqcw apt∂m-´p-t]m-

tI≠Xp-≠v.

XpS¿ {]h¿Ø-\-߃

1. Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn-\mbn ]mh-s∏-

´-h¿°v˛

tdj≥ IS-hgn Ipd™ hnebv°v Acn

\¬Ip-∂p.

tZiob sXmgn-ep-d∏v ]≤Xn-bpsS `mK-

ambn sXmgn¬ \¬Ip-∂p.

Ip´n-Iƒ°v hnZym-`ym-khpw kmt¶-XnI

]cn-io-e-\hpw \¬Ip-∂p.

$ apI-fn¬ kqNn -∏n -® -h-bn¬ Zmcn{Zy

\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn\v GXv am¿K-amWv

IqSp-X¬ A\p-tbmPyw? F¥p-sIm≠v?

$ Zmcn{Zy\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn\v ta¬kq-Nn-

∏n® F√m am¿K-ßfpw Bh-iy-amtWm?

Bh-iy-am-sW-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v?

N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

kqN-I-߃

$ Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn-\p≈ {lkz-

Ime]cn-]mSn-Iƒ.

$ Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn-\p≈ Zo¿L-

Ime ]cn-]mSn-Iƒ.

2. Hcp hnZym¿∞n F∂ \ne-bn¬ Zmcn-{Zy-

\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn¬ \n߃°p≈ ]¶v

F¥mWv? N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-

°p-I.

N¿®mkqN-I-߃

$ hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\hpw

$ Zmcn - {ZysØ Hcp kmaq -ly - {] -i v\ -

ambn°mW¬

$ kl-]m-Tn-Isf klm-bn-°¬

$ kmaqlyamb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ

$

$

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

86

\ΩpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw Fs¥-

√m-am-Wv? ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.

$ `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ

$ hkv{X-߃

$ hml-\-߃

$ Sn.hn

$ hnZym-`ymkw

$

$

$

Ch H∂p-an-√mØ Hcp temIw k¶-ev]n®p

t\m°p. ̀ £y-h-kvXp-°-ƒ C√, hml-\-߃

C√, Bip-]-{Xn-I-fn√! F¥m-bn-cn°pw

Ahÿ? Ch-bpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ \ap°v

Pohn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bptam?

km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw D]-t`mKw

sNbvXp-sIm-≠p-am{Xta a\p-jy\v \ne-

\n¬°m≥ km[n-°q. F∂m¬ Ch D]-

t`mKw sNø-W-sa-¶n¬ Ah Dev]m-Zn-∏n-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v. km[-\-ß-fpsSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-

sSbpw Dev]m-Z\w a\p-jy-s‚ \ne-\n-¬∏n\v

AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amWt√m.

\ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I¿ ImbvI-\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®pw

arK-ßsf th´-bm-Snbpw h\m-¥-c-ß-fnse

Kpl-Ifn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xns‚ Ncn{Xw a\-

 n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠-t√m. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂v

tiJ-cn-®mWv `£-Wm-h-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰n-

bn-cp-∂-Xv. ChnsS c≠v LS-I-ßtfbp≈p ̨

a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xn-bpw. ]m¿∏nSw F∂ Bh-

iyhpw {]Ir-Xn-X-s∂-bmWv \nd-th-‰n-b-Xv.

sam´p-kq-Nn -ap-X¬ Ir{Xna D]-{Klw hsc

FÆn-bm¬ HSp-ßmØ{X km[-\-߃ \mw

C∂v Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. A≤ym-]-I¿, \gvkv,

F©n-\n-b¿, imkv{X-⁄¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS

hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb tkh-\-߃ C∂v e`y-

am-Wv. Cu t\´-߃ a\p-jy¿ D≠m-°n-bXv

Fß-s\-bm-sW∂v \n߃ Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw

Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m? ]pXnb D]-I-c-W-߃

D≠m-°nbpw \ho-I-cn®pw A[zm-\-tijn

A\p-{I-a-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-®p-amWv CXv km[y-

am-°n-b-Xv. {]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jym-[zm-\hpw a\p-

jy-\n¿Ωn-X-amb D]-I-c-W-ßfpw HØp-

tN¿∂-t∏m-gm-Wv C∂v ImWp∂ Dev]-∂-

ssh-hn-[y-ß-fn-te°pw kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-fn-

te°pw am\-h-cm-in°v apt∂-dm≥ Ign-™Xv.

Dev]m-Z-\w

Bh-i-y-ßsf ]q¿Øn-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff a\p-

j-y-cpsS kwL-SnX{ia-ß-fnse \mgn-I-

°√mWv Irjn. \ΩpsS ]c-º-cm -KX

Im¿jnIhnf-I-fn¬ H∂m-Wt√m s\√v. sNfn-

\n-d-™p InS-°p∂ ]mSw \ap°v A∂w

\¬Ip∂ s\√-d-bmbn amdp-∂-sX-ß-s\-

sb∂v Nn¥n-®n-´p-t≠m?

A[ymbw ˛ 6

Dev]m-Z-\hpw Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ßfpw 87

Nn{Xw 6.1 \nco-£n-°p-I.

B[p-\nI s\¬°rjnbn¬

\new Dgp-∂-Xp-ap-X¬ hnf-sh-

Sp-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ Im¿jnI{]h¿Ø-\-

߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

$ {SmIvS¿ sIm≠v \new Dgp-Xp-a-dn-°p∂p

$

$

$

$

$ sImbvØv b{¥-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v s\√v

sImøp-∂p.

\ne-ap-gp--hpI, hc-sºmcp-°pI, hnØn-SpI, If-

]-dn-°p-I, sImbvsXSp°pI XpSßnb Dev]m-

Z-\-{]-{In-bbv°v ]n∂n¬ F{Xtbm Bfp-I-

fpsS A[zm-\w th≠n hcp-s∂∂v a\- n-em-

bt√m. asÆm-cp°n hnØn-Sp-tºmƒ AXv

ap-f-bv°m\pw hf-cm\pw th≠ kml-N-cy-

߃˛ ag, shbn¬, Im‰v, eh-W-߃

F∂nh {]Ir-Xn \¬Ip-∂p.

]e a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnXhkvXp-°fpw Irjn°v

Bh-iy-ap-≠v. Ah GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v

t\m°mw.

1. hf-w

2. {SmIvS-dp-Iƒ

3.

4.

5.

a\p-jycpw {]Ir-Xnbpw a\pjy\n¿ΩnX

hkvXp-°fpw HØptN¿∂Xns‚ ^e-am-

bmWv s\¬°r-jnbneqsS Acn-bp-≠m-°m≥

km[n-°p∂-sX∂v \mw Is≠-Øn-b-t√m.

a\p-jy-cpsS hnhn[ Bh-iy-߃ Xr]vXn-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-

ßfpw e`yam°p-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv Dev]m-Z\w

(Production) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Hcp tUmIvS-dpsS tkh-\hpw Dev]m-Z-\-amWv. tkh-\-

߃ \ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bn-√.

Nn{Xw 6.1

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

88

Dev]m-Z\LS-I-ß-ƒ

Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ Dev]mZ-\-Øn-\mbn

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ A[zm-\w, {]Ir-Xn-

hn-`-h-߃, a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-h-kvXp-

°ƒ F∂n-hsb Dev]mm-Z\ LS-I-

߃ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.

Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ßsf \membn Xcw

Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

1. `qan ˛ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ

hkvXp-°ƒ

2. A[zm\w ˛ ImbnIhpw

am\knIhpamb

a\pjym[zm\w

3. aqe-[\w ˛ a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnX

hkvXp-°ƒ

4. kwLmS\w ˛ a‰v Dev]mZ\

LSIßfpsS

GtIm]\w

Dev]m-Z\LS-I-߃ Dev]-∂-ß-fmbn amdp∂

{]{In-b-bmWv Dev]m-Z-\w.

`qan (Land)

G‰hpw auen-I-amb Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-amWv

`qan. A[zm-\hpw a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnXhkvXp-

°fpw Hgn -®p -≈-h -sb√mw `qan F∂

Dev]m-Z\LS-I-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-∂p. `qan-bpsS

D]-cn-X-e-Øn-epw ̀ uam-¥-co-£-Ønepw ̀ uam-

¥¿`m-KØpw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ {]Ir-Xn-Z-Ø-h-

kvXp-°-sf√mw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

`qan-imkv{X]mT-߃ D]-

tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Xmsg-s°m-

SpØncn-°p∂ ]´nI 6.1 ]qcn-∏n-®v ̀ qan F∂

Dev]mZ\LSIØn¬ Dƒs°m≈p∂h

Is≠Øpat√m.

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

$ `qan-bpsS samØw e`yX ÿnc-am-Wv. Hcp

{]tXyI Bh-iy-Øn-\m-bp≈ `qan-bpsS

D]-tbmKw Iq´m-sa-¶n¬t∏mepw BsI

Afhv h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-bn-√.

$ `qan°v Ne-\-ti-jn-bn-√. "`qan kqcys\

Np‰p∂p' F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ AXn\v Ne-

\-tijn D≠v. F∂m¬ IqSp-X¬ {]Xn-

^ew In´p-∂n-S-tØ°v `qan°v t]mIm≥

Ign-bn√ F∂ A¿∞-Øn-emWv `qan°v

Ne-\-ti-jn -bn√ F∂v ]d-bp -∂-Xv.

lnamebsØ IS¬ØoctØ°v

sIm≠pt]mIphm≥ Ignbn√t√m.

$ ^e-`q -bn -jvT -X -bpsS Imcy -Øn¬

hyXykvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂p. Pe-tk-N-\-

Øn-eqsS ^e-`q-bn-jvTX h¿≤n-∏n-°mw.

F∂m¬ AanXcmk-h-f-{]-tbm-Khpw

Ip∂p-Iƒ CSn-®p-\n-c-Øp-∂Xpw ]mSw

aÆn´p \nI-Øp-∂-Xp-sa√mw `qan F∂

Dev]m -Z\LS-IsØ \in -∏n -°p∂

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv.

`utam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ `uam-¥-co-£Øn¬ `uam-¥¿`m-KØv

ImW-s∏-Sp-∂h ImW-s∏-Sp-∂h -ImWs∏-Sp-∂h

aÆv hmbp [mXp-°ƒ

a™p-a-e-Iƒ

h\y-ar-K-߃

IS¬

˛

˛

˛

(]´nI ˛ 6.1)

A[ymbw ˛ 6

Dev]m-Z-\hpw Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ßfpw 89

$ {]Ir-Xn-ZØhkvXp-°sf kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

`qan ag-bm-Wv, aÆmWv F∂v th¿Xn-cn®p

]d-bp-tºmƒ Xs∂ Chsb√mw ]c-

kv]c_‘n-XamsW∂v Hm¿°Ww.

H∂ns‚ \ne-\n¬∏vv as‰m-∂ns\ B{i-

bn®mWncn-°p-∂-Xv.

Dev]m-Z-\-L-SIw F∂ \ne-bn¬ `qan°v

e`n-°p∂ {]Xn-^-e-amWv ]m´w (Rent).Dev]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ klm-bn-°p∂ ̀ qan-

bpsS DS-a-ÿ\p e`n-°p∂ {]Xn-^-e-am-

Wn-Xv. ]m´-°rjn ]≠v hym]-I-am-bn-cp-

∂p. Ct∏mgpw \ΩpsS \m´n¬ ]m -́°rjn

\ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v.

\m´n-ep≈ {]mb-am-b-h-tcmSv

tNmZn®v Ah-cpsS Ip´n-°m-

e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]m´k{º-Zm-b-sØ-°p-

dn®v Ipdn∏v Xømdm-°pI

Im¿jnImh -iy -߃°-

√msX Im¿jn-tI-Xc Bh-

iy-߃°v `qan D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚

tXmXv \ΩpsS {]tZ-iØv ASpØ ImeØv

IqSn-bn-´p-≠-t√m. GsX√mw Im¿jn-tI-Xc

Bh-iy-߃°mWv \nß-fpsS \m´n¬ ̀ qan

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv? Im¿jn-tI-Xc Bh-iy-

߃°v `qan D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Imc-

W-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

`qan -bpsS k¥p-en -Xm -h -

ÿbv°v tIm´w X´p∂ a\p-

jy-CSs]SepIƒ \nß-fpsS ]cn-k-cØv \S-

°p-∂p-t≠m-sb∂v At\z-jn-°p-I.

A[zm\w(Labour)Dev]m -Z -\ -Øn¬ G‰hpw kPo-h-ambn

{]h¿Øn-°p∂ -L-S-I-amWv A[zm-\w. A[zm-

\-Øns‚ t{kmX v P\-ßfm-Wv. {]Xn-

^ew {]Xo£n®vv sNøp∂ ImbnIhpw am\-

kn-I-hp-amb F√m {]hrØn-Ifpw A[zm-\-

am-Wv. Npa-´p-Im-cs‚ {]hrØn Imbn-I

A-[zm-\-am-Wv. F∂m¬ A[ym-]-Is‚

{]hrØn am\-kn-I A-[zm-\-am-Wv.

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

$ A[zm-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb {]tXy-

IX AXv \evIp-∂-Xv a\p-jy¿ Xs∂-bm-

Wv F∂-XmWv.

$ A[zm\sØ sXmgn -em -fn -bn¬\n∂v

th¿s]-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√. Dev]m-Z\{]h¿Ø-

\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp∂ sXmgn-emfn sXmgn-ep-

S-abv°v hn¬°p-∂Xv tPmen sNøm-\p≈

Xs‚ tijn (Labour power) am{X-amWv.

$ A[zm-\-tijn `mhn-bn-te°v IcpXn

hbv°m-\m-hn-√. C∂v D]-tbm-Kn-°msX

]mgm-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ a\p-jym-[zm\w F∂-

tØ-°p-ambn \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. sXmgn-en-

√mbva h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ a\p-jym-[zm-\-

Øns‚ ]mgm-bn-t∏m-I-en-\n-S-h-cp-Øp-∂p.

$ Dev]m-Z-\-L-SIw F∂ \ne-bn¬ a\p-

jy¿°v Ne-\-ti-jn-bp-≠v. F∂m¬ Hcp

{]tZ-iØv \n∂v as‰mcp {]tZ-i-tØ-t°m,

Hcp cmPy-Øp-\n∂v as‰mcp cmPy-tØt°m

k©-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v sXmgn-em-fn°v \nb-a-

]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb XS- -߃

]et∏mgpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ A[zm-\-tijn hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eq-sS-bpw

]cn-io-e-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-

e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-

XmWv.

A[zm-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-̂ ew Iqen As√-¶n¬

thX\w F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

A[zm -\sØ Imbn -I -

sa∂pw am\-kn-I-sa∂pw

th¿Xn-cn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

\nß-fpsS \m´nse hnhn[

sXmgn-epI-fpsS Iqen-\n-c°v

]´n-I 6.2 ¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

90

tPmenØcw Znh-k-°q-en-\n-c°v (cq])

kv{Xo ]pcp-j≥

I¿jIsØm

gn-emfn

\n¿ΩmWsØm

gn-emfn

$

$

]´nI ̨ 6.2

tPmen-bpsS Xc-a-\p-k-cn®v Iqen-bn¬

hyXym-k-apt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ F¥p-

sIm≠v?

Iqen-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ kv{Xo]p-cpj

hyXym-k-apt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ F¥p-

sIms≠∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp-I.

sXmgn¬ hn -̀P\w (Division oflabour)BZnaa\p-jy≥ Iq´-tØmsS Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw D]-t`mKw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

{ItaW Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw sshZ-

Kv[yhpw sa®-s∏-´-t∏mƒ Blmckºm-Z-\-

Øn\v F√m-hcpw t]mtI-≠-Xn√ F∂

kml-Ncyw D≠m-bn. Blm-c-k-ºm-Z-\-

Øn¬ Ipd-®p-t]¿ G¿s∏-´-t∏mƒ a‰v Nne¿

thsd tPmen-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn.

Nne¿ \mbm-́ n-\p- t]m-b-t∏mƒ Nne¿ ImbvI-

\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°m≥ t]mbn. Ime-{I-taW

Irjn, ]m{X\n¿ΩmWw, hkv{X\n¿am-Ww

apX-em-bh Bcw-`n -®p. Hmtcm-cp -Øcpw

hyXykvXtPmen-I-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xns\

efn-X-amb sXmgn¬hn`-P\w F∂phnfn-

°p∂p.

Hcpev]-∂-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-WsØ hnhn[

L´-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°p-∂p. Cu Hmtcm L´-

sØbpw ho≠pw D]-L-´-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-°p-

∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Hmtcm

D]-L-´-ß-fn¬ {i≤ tI{µo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp

hkvXp-hns‚ \n¿ΩmW{]h¿Ø-\-߃

]q¿W-ambpw Hcp hy‡n sNømsX AXnse

sNdnb Hcp `mKw am{Xw sNøp-∂p. a‰p

L´ß-fn¬ \S-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

Abmƒ ]¶m -fn -bm -Ip -∂n -√. CXns\

k¶o¿ÆsXmgn¬hn`-P\w F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

B[p-\nI ^¿Wn-®¿ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ Hcp

tai \n¿Ωn-°p-∂Xv Hcn-°epw Hcp sXmgn-

emfn H‰-bv°m-hn-√. Hcmƒ XSn Af-h-\p-k-

cn®v apdn-°p-tºmƒ as‰m-cmƒ AXv sNØn

an\p-°p-∂p. thsdm-cmƒ Imep-≠m-°p-tºmƒ

as‰m-cmƒ ta¬∏-eI Xbm-dm-°p-∂p. C\n

as‰m-cmƒ Ch Iq´n-t®¿°p-tºmƒ thsdm-

cmƒ tai t]mfojv sNbvXv hrØn-bm-°p∂p.

sXmgn¬hn-̀ -P\w Dev]m-Z\h¿≤-\-hn\v Imc-

W-am-Ip-∂p.

sXmgn¬ hn`-P-\-Øns‚ t\´-߃

Fs¥√mw? Fs¥-¶nepw tIm´-߃

CXn-\pt≠m?

aqe-[\w (Capital)a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-amb Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-amWv

aqe-[-\w. GsX√mw a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnX hkvXp-

°-fmWv Dev]mZ-\-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-

sX∂v \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

$ sI´n-S-߃

$ b{¥-߃

$ Umap-Iƒ

$

$

Dev]m-Z-\--Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ImWm\pw

sXmSm\pw ]‰p∂ a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnXhkvXp-

°sf `uXnIaqe-[\w (Physical capital)F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. b{¥-߃, ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ

Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ XpS-ßnbh `uXnIaqe-[-\-

Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Dev]m-Z-\-{]-

h¿Ø-\Øn¬ -XpS¿®-bmbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ `uXnIaqe-[-\sØ

ÿnc-aq-e-[\w (Fixed capital) F∂p hnfn-°p∂p. Ah D]-tbm-Kn®v ho≠pw ho≠pw

Dev]m-Z\w \S-Øm-≥ km[n-°pw. sshZypXn

A[ymbw ˛ 6

Dev]m-Z-\hpw Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ßfpw 91

\ne-bw, temdn, sdbn¬ ]mf-߃ F∂nh

ÿncw aqe-[-\-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.

Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°ƒ, Dev]∂-ß-fpsS

tÃm°v XpS-ßnbh {]h¿Ø\aqe-[-\-am-Wv

(Working capital). sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v IqensImSp-°m\pw a‰v ssZ\w-Zn\ sNe-hp-

Iƒ°pap≈ ]Whpw {]h¿Ø\aqe-[-\-am-

Wv. D≠m-°nb Dev]∂w hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS

{]h¿Ø\ aqe-[\w DS-abv°v XncnsI e`n-

°p-∂p. aqe-[\hkvXp-°ƒ hmßp-∂-Xn-

\mbp≈ ]WsØ ]W-aq-e-[\w (Moneycapital) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

$ aqe-[\w a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-amb Dev]m-Z-\-

L-S-I-am-Wv. a\p-jym-≤zm-\-Øns‚ krjvSn-

bmWv aqe-[\w.

$ aqe-[\w A≤zm\sØ klmbn°p∂p.

A≤zm-\-Øn\p ]I-c-ambn {]h¿Øn-

°m≥ aqe-[-\-Øn\p Ign-bpw. b{¥-h¬°-

c-W-Øns‚ efn-X-cq-]-߃ \ap°v Np‰pw

ItÆm-Sn-®m¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ aqe-[\w sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS Dev]m-Z-\-

tijn h¿≤n∏n°p-∂p.

$ aqe-[-\-Øn\p tXbvam\w (Depreciation)kw`hn-°p-∂p. aqe-[\hkvXp-°ƒ Dev]m-

Z\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏´v {ItaW

D]-tbmKiq\y-amIp-∂p.

aqe-[-\-Øns‚ {]Xn-^ew ]eni (Interest)BWv.

aqe-[-\-Øn\v {]m[m-\y-ap≈ Dev]m-Z-\-co-

Xnsb aqe-[\Xo{h (Capital intensive) Dev]m-Z-\-sa∂pw A[zm\Øn\vv {]m[m-\y-ap≈

Dev]m-Z-\-co-Xn-sb A[zm\Xo{h (Labourintensive) Dev]m-Z\w F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.B[p-\nI b{¥-h¬°rXIrjn-coXn aqe-

[\Xo{h Dev]m -Z\Øn-\pw ]c -º-cm -

KXIrjn-co-Xn-Iƒ A[zm-\-Xo{hDev]m-Z-\-

Øn\pw DZm-l-c-W-ßfm-Wv.

\nß-fpsS Np‰p-ap≈ Dev]m-

Z-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nco-

£n®v A[zm\Xo{h- D-ev]m-Z-\hpw aqe-[-\-

Xo{h Dev]m-Z-\hpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

aqe-[\kzcq-]Ww (Capitalformation)`uXnIaqe-[-\-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ h¿≤-\-hn-s\-

bmWv aqe-[\kzcq-]Ww F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂Xv.

]pXnb ̂ mIvS-dn-Iƒ, b{¥-߃, sshZyp-Xn-

\n-e-b-߃, tdmUp-Iƒ F∂nh ÿm]n-°p-

∂-Xns\ aqe-[\kzcq-]Ww F∂p hnfn-°p-

∂p. aqe-[\kzcq-]Ww cmPyØv e`y-amb

`uXnIaqe-[-\-Øns‚ Afhv h¿≤n-∏n-°p-

∂p. aqe -[\kzcq -]Ww cmPy -Øns‚

samØw Dev]m-Z-\-tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.

CXv Db¿∂ Dev]m-Z-\-Øn\n-S-bm-°p-∂p.

aqe-[\kzcq-]Ww km[y-am-Ip-∂Xv kºm-

Zy-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. hy‡n-I-fpw ÿm]-\-ß-

fpw Kh¨sa‚pw Ah-cpsS hcp-am-\-Øn-

semcp `mKw sNe-h-gn-°msX `mhn-bnse

Bh-iy-߃°mbn am‰n hbv°p-∂p. Cßs\

am‰n hbv°p∂ ]WsØ kºmZyw F∂p-

hn-fn-°p-∂p. Cu kºm-ZysØ _m¶p-Ifpw

a‰p [\-Imcyÿm]-\-ßfpw kzoI-cn-°p-

Ibpw Dev]m-Z\{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ apX¬ apS-

°p-∂-h¿°v e`y-am-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. Cu

]W-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v b{¥-߃, Umap-Iƒ apX-

em-b-h krjvSn°p-∂p.

Iº-\n-Iƒ°v Hml-cn-Iƒ hn‰v aqe-[\w kzcq-

]n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. Hml-cn-Iƒ hmßp-∂-

h¿ Hml-cn-bp-S-a-IfmWvv. henb Iº-\n-I-fn¬

At\-Im-bncw Hml-cn-bp-S-a-Iƒ D≠m-bn-

cn°pw.

kwLmS\w (Organisation)

`qan, aqe-[-\w, A≤zm\w Ch sht∆sd

\n∂m¬ Dev]m-Z\w \S-°p-I-bn-√. Chsb

th≠ coXn-bn¬ kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®m¬ am{Xta

Dev]m-Z\w \S-°p-I-bp-≈q. `qan, aqe-[-\w,

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ̨ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

92

A[zm\w F∂o Dev]m-Z\LS-I-ßsf ]c-

kv]cw Iq́ n-bn-W°n Dev]m-Z\w km[y-am-°p∂

{]{Inbsb kwLmS\w F∂p ]dbp-∂p.

A≤zm-\-Øns‚ Hcp khn-tijcq]-amWv

kwLm-S -\w. CXp sNøp∂ Bsf

kwcw`I≥ F∂v hnfn°p∂p.

Dev]m-Z-\hpw a\p-jym-h-iy-ßfpw

`qan, A[zm-\w, aqe-[\w, kwLm-S\w F∂n-

h-bpsS kwtbm-P-\-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Dev]m-

Z\w km[y-am-Ip-∂-sX∂v hy‡-am-bt√m?

^vtfmNm¿´v \nco-£n-°p-I.

`qan

A[zm\w

aqe-[\w

kwLm-S\w

De

v]m-Z

\w

a\

p-jym

-hm-i

y-߃

\nd

-th

-‰p∂

p

$ Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ̀ qan, sXmgn-em-

fn-Iƒ, Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ, b{¥-

߃, ]Ww apX-em-bh Is≠Øp∂Xv

kwcw-`-I\mWv. Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ Imtem-

Nn-X-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øp-I, ]pXnb

Dev]-∂-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-I, ]pXnb Itºm-

f-߃ Is≠-Øp-I, ]pXnb hn]-W\

X{¥-߃ Bhn-jv°-cn-°pI XpSßnb

\ho-I-cW {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øp-∂Xv

kwcw-`-I-\m-Wv.

$ kwLmSIs‚ {]Xn-^ew em`w BWv.

F∂m¬ Nne-t∏mƒ Abmƒ°v \jvShpw

D≠m-tb-°mw.

$ Dev]m-Z\{]h¿Ø\w hn]p-e-am-b-tXmsS

kwcw-`-I≥ sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ]e

Imcy-ßfpw ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n® amt\-

P¿am-cmWv C∂v sNøp-∂-Xv. Ah-cpsS

{]Xn-^ew thX-\-amWv; em`-a-√.

Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ BXy-¥n-I-amb e£yw

a\p-jym-h-iy-ß-fpsS \nd-th-‰-em-Wv. km[-

\-߃ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂Xpw a\p-jy¿ Xs∂-bm-Wv. Dev]m-Z-\-

Øns‚ e£yhpw am¿§hpw a\p-jy-cm-Wv.

cmPyØv At\Iw hkvXp-°fpw tkh-\-

ßfpw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. IqSp-X¬ Dev]m-

Zn∏n-°p-tºmƒ km[-\-ß-fpsSbpw tkh-\-

ß-fp-sSbpw e`yX h¿≤n-°p-∂p. Hcp h¿j-

Øn¬ Hcp cmPyØv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ km[-

\-ß-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw BsI-

ØpI(]W-Øns‚ cq] -Øn¬)bmWv

tZiob hcp-am-\w. Dev]m-Z\w IqSp-tºmƒ

tZiob hcp-am\w IqSpw. tZiob hcp-am-\-

Øns‚ h¿≤-\-hn-s\-bmWv kmº-ØnI

hf¿®-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. IqSp-X¬ Dev]m-

Z\w kmº-ØnIhf¿®bv°v Imc-Wam-Ip-∂p.

A[ymbw ˛ 6

Dev]m-Z-\hpw Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ßfpw 93

\ΩpsS Bh-iy-߃ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. a\p-

jym-h-iy-ßsf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Dev]m-

Z\w \S-°-Ww. F∂m¬ F√m P\-ß-fp-

sSbpw Bh-iy-ßsf \nd-th-‰p∂ coXn-bn-

em-hWw Dev]m-Z-\w \S-t°-≠-Xv. Dev]mZ-

\-Øn-\p≈ hn`-h-߃°v ]cn-an-Xn-bp-≠v.

AXp-sIm≠v hn`-h-߃ \oXn-bp-‡-ambn

D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. Cu Xe-ap-d-bp-sSbpw hcpw-

X-e-ap-d-I-fp-sSbpw Bh-iy-ßsf Xr]vXn-s∏-

Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bn-em-hWw hn`-h-ß-fpsS

hn\n-tbm-Kw.

XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-߃

1. \nß-fpsS \m´n -ep≈ Hcp {][m\

Im¿jnI hnfbpsS/hyh-kmbØns‚

Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-th≠n hcp∂ hnhn[

hkvXp-°ƒ GsXm-s°-sb∂v Is≠-

ØpI.

Cu Dev]m-Z\ {]h¿Ø\w {]Ir-Xn-bn¬

F¥v Xc-Øn-ep≈ BLm-X-am-Wp-≠m-°p-

∂sX∂p N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn-∏p-Xbm-dm-

°p-I.

2. \m´n-ep≈ Hcp kwcw-`-I-\p-ambn A`n-

apJw \SØn Xmsg kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Imcy-

߃ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°p-I.

$ ÿm]-\-Ønse Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-

°ƒ Fs¥√mw?

$ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ Fhn-sS-

\n∂p hmßp-∂p.

$ F{X sXmgn -em-fn -Iƒ tPmen -sN-

øp∂p?

$ aqe-[\w Fß-s\-bmWv Is≠-Øn-

bXv?

$ ÿnc-aq-e-[\w Fs¥-√m-amWv?

$ Dev]-∂-߃ Fhn-sS-bmWv hn¬°p-

∂Xv?

$ hm¿jnI em`w F{X -cq-]-bmWv?

`qan-bn¬ C∂p-Im-Wp∂ h≥I-c-Iƒ F√mwHcn-°¬ H∂m-bn-°n-S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw B¥-

cnI_e-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn Ah hnL-Sn®p

sX∂n-\oßn C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Ggp

h≥I-c-I-fmbn amdnsb∂pw ap≥ A[ym-b-

Øn¬\n∂p \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

`qan -bn¬ C∂v ImWp∂ Nne h≥I-c-

Isf°pdn®v IqSp-X¬ hkvXp-X-Iƒ a\- n-

em-°mw.

kap-{Z-ß-fm¬ Np‰-s∏-´- hnkvXr-X-amb Ic-

`m-K-ß-fmWv h≥I-c-Iƒ.

h≥I-c-Iƒ ̀ qan-bn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv hn\y-kn-

°-s∏-́ n-́ p-≈Xv F∂v t•m_ns‚bpw Nn{X-Øn-

s‚bpw (Nn{Xw 5.1) klm-b-tØmsS ]cn-tim-

[n-°mw.

Z£n-Wm¿≤-tKm-f-Øn¬ am{Xw ÿnXn-

sN-øp∂ h≥Ic GXmWv ?

DØ-cm¿≤-tKm-f-Øn¬ am{Xw ÿnXn-sN-

øp∂ h≥IcIƒ GsXm-s°-bmWvv?

c≠v A¿≤-tKm-f-ß-fn-ep-ambn hym]n®p

InS-°p∂ h≥I-c-I-tf-sX√mw?

{[ph-{]-tZ-iØv am{Xw hym]n-®p-In-S-

°p∂ h≥I-c-bpt≠m?

GsXms° Xm]o-b-ta-J-e-I-fn-embmWv

Cu h≥Ic hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂Xv?

Cu h≥I-cbv°v Np‰pap≈ kap-{Z-߃

GsX-√m-amWv?

(Nn{Xw 5.1)

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

70(Nn{Xw 5.2)

Bkvt{X-enb

temI-Ønse G‰hpw sNdnb h≥I-c-bmWv

Bkvt{X-en-b. 1770 ¬ Pbnwkv Ip°v F∂

{_n´ojv \mhn-I≥ Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS

Ings° XocØp I∏-en-dßn. XpS¿∂v {_n´-

\nse Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf \mSp-I-S-Øm-\p≈ Hcp

Xmh-f-ambn Bkvt{X-en-bsb D]-tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-Øn.

1850 Bbt∏mtg°pw Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse

h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ kz¿Æ\nt£-]-ßsf°pdn-

®p≈ hkvXp-X-Iƒ ]pd-Øp-h-∂p. AtXmsS

bqtdm]y-∑m-cpsS Cu h≥I-c-bn-te-°p≈

IpSn-tb-‰-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p. Bkvt{X-

en-b-bnse `qan-imkv{Xkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°mw.

ÿm\w

Z£nW A£mwiw 10 Un{Kn°pw 44

Un{Kn°pw CS-bnepw ]q¿h-tc-Jmwiw 112

Un{Kn°pw 154 Un{Kn°pw CS-bn-embn

Bkvt{X-enb ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.

$ hnkvXrXn : 76,86,850 N.In.-ao-‰¿

$ Xe-ÿm\w: Im≥s_d

$ IS¬Øocw : 34,218 In.ao-‰¿

Bkvt{X-en-b-bneqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂

{][m\ A£mw-i-tcJ GXmWv ?

`q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃

s]mXpsh \nc∂ ̀ q{]-Ir-Xn-bp≈ Hcp h≥I-

c-bmWv Bkvt{X-enb. hfsc Db-c-ta-dnb

]¿∆-X-\n-c-I-sfm∂pw Xs∂ Bkvt{X-en-b-

bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Chn-SsØ icm-icn

Dbcw kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂p 300 ao‰¿ BWv.

h≥I-c-bpsS BsI hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS 5 iX-

am\w {]tZiw am{Xta kap-{Z-\n-c∏n¬\n∂p

GXm≠v 600 ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-

∂p-≈p.

Bkvt{X-en -bsb aq∂v {][m\ `q{]-

IrXnhn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xcw-Xn-c-n°mw.

$ ]Sn -™m-d≥ ]oT -`qan (Westernplateau)

$ a[y\nav\-XSw (Central lowlands)

$ Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ (Eastern high-lands)

]Sn-™m-d≥ ]oT-̀ qan

kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂p icm-icn 365 ao‰¿

Dbcw Cu {]tZ-i-Øn\p≠v. ZrV-amb ine-

I-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ G‰hpw ]g-°w-

Bkvt{X-enb

`q{]-Ir-Xn-hn-`m-K-߃

1. ]Sn-™m-d≥ ]oT-`qan 2. Ing°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ

3. a[y-\nav\XSw

1

2

2

3

A[ymbw ˛ 5

h≥I-c-Iƒ 71

apssd \Zn

(Nn{Xw 5.3)

sN∂ ̀ q{]-tZ-i-amWv CXv. Cu ]oT-̀ q-an-bpsS

GXm≠v a[y-`mKw tI{µo-I-cn®v GXm\pw

acp-`q-an-Ifpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. A‰vekv

t\m°n Ah GsXm -s°-bm -sW∂v

Is≠Øq.

a[y-\n-av\-XSw

Cu `q{]-IrXn hn`m-KsØ aq∂v D]-hn-`m-K-

ß-fmbn Xncn-®n´p≠v.

1. t{K‰v B¿´o-jy≥ XSw

2. Fdn XS-mI-ta-Je

3. apssd ˛ Um¿enMv taJe

temI-ØnseXs∂ G‰hpw henb

`qK¿`Pe-D-d-hn-S-amWv t{K‰v B¿´o-jy≥

taJ-e. Cu taJ-e-bnse `qK¿`-P-esØ

{]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn Im¿jn-I-ta-Je A`n-hr-

≤n-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

Fdn- X-Sm-I-ta-Je a[y\nav\X-S-Ønse

{it≤-b-amb Hcp {]tZ-i-am-Wv. Cu taJ-e-

bn-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-I-sf√mw IS-en-se-

ØmsX kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂v GXm≠v 100

ao‰¿ XmWp-In-S-°p∂ Fdn XSm-I-Øn-te-°v

Hgp-In-sb-Øp-∂p.

Ing-°≥ D∂-X-X-SØn¬\n∂p Hgp-In-sb-

Ø∂ c≠v {][m\ \Zn-I-fmWv apssd,

Um¿enMv F∂n-h. 2,574 In.ao-‰¿ ssZ¿Ly-

ap≈ apssd \Zn th\¬°m-eØv h‰n-t∏m-

Im-dn-√. Pe-k-ar-≤-am-b as‰mcp \Zn-bmWv

Um¿enMv. Bkvt{X-en-bm-bnse G‰hpw ̂ e-

]p-jvS-amb `q`m-K-amWv apssd-˛-Um¿enwMv

XSw.

Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ

Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ Iam\mIr-Xn-bn¬ 2000

In.ao-‰¿ \of-Øn¬ Ing-°≥ Xoc-Øn\p kam-

¥-c-ambn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p. Cu {]tZi-

Øns‚ icm-icn Dbcw 900 ao‰¿ BWv. Ing-

°≥ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS Ing-°p-`mKw IpØs\

Ncn™pw ]Sn-™m-dp-`mKw Xmc-X-tay\

Ncnhv Ipd™pw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. ªq

]¿∆X-\n-c, Bkvt{X-en-b≥ B¬∏vkv

F∂nh Chn-SsØ {][m\ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-I-fm-

Wv . apssd, Um¿enwMv F∂nh Cu

]¿∆X\nc-I-fn¬ \n∂p D¤-hn®v Hgp-Ip∂

\Zn-I-fm-Wv. Bkvt{X-en-b-bn¬ Pe-ssh-Zyp-

tXm-ev]m-Z-\-Øn\v Cu \Zn-Isf ^e-{^-Z-

ambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Bkvt{Xen-b-bnse {][m\ \Zn-Iƒ

Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse G‰hpw \ofw-Iq-Snb \Zn-

bmWv apssd \Zn (Murray River). a‰p {][m\\Zn-I-fm-Wv, apdpw-_nUvPn \Zn (Murrum-bidgee River), Um¿enMv \Zn (Darling River),

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

72

]´n-Isb (]´nI 5.1) C¥y-

bnse EXp-°-fp-ambn Xmc-

Xayw sNøq. F¥p hyXym-k-amWv ImWp-

∂Xv? F¥p-sIm≠v? ¢mkn¬ N¿®-sN-øq.

Bkvt{X -en -b -°m¿ {InkvXp -akv

BtLm-jn-°p-∂Xv th\¬°m-e-Øm-

Wv. \nßtfm? F¥p-sIm≠v?

Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse Imem-h-ÿsb kzm[o-

\n°p∂ aq∂v {][m\ LS-I-ß-fmWv

$ A£mwiw

$ ]¿∆-X-ß-fpsS InS∏v

$ kap-{Z-km-ao]yw

Cu h≥I-c-bn¬ DjvW-ta-JemImem-h-

ÿbpw antXm-jvW-ta-JemImem-h-ÿbpw

BWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Ing-°≥ Xoc-

Øn\v kam-¥-c-ambn ImWp∂ ae-\n-c-Iƒ

Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-

∂-Xv. Ch kap-{Z-Øn¬\n∂p hoip∂ \ocm-

hn-\n-d™ Im‰ns\ XS™v Ing-°p-`m-KØv

i‡-amb ag s]øn-°p∂p. Im‰n\p FXn¿h-

isØ ]¿∆-X-s®-cn-hv ag-\n-g¬{]tZiamWv

(Rain shadow region). th\¬°m-eØv ]Sn-™m-d≥ ]oT-̀ qan -{]-tZ-iØv Npg-en-°m-‰p-Iƒ

k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ cq]-

s∏-Sp∂ \yq\-a¿±-amWv a¨kq¨ Im‰ns\

Bkvt{X-en-b-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°p-∂Xv.

X∑qew hS°p`mK-ß-fn¬ \√ ag e`n-°p-

∂-Xn\v CS-bm-Ip-∂p.

Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse `q{]-Ir-Xnbnepw Imem-

h-ÿ-bnepw ImWp∂ sshPm-Xy-߃

sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ss\k¿§nIkky-Pm-e-ß-

fpsS cq]oI-cW-Øn\p Imc-W-am-bncn°p-∂p.

Imem-hÿmtaJ-eIfpw

ss\k¿§n-I-k-ky-Pm-eßfpw

a¨kq¨ taJe

Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS hS-°p-`m-KsØ Xoc-{]-

tZ-i-ß-fn¬ a¨kq¨ Imem-hÿ A\p-`-

eNve≥ \Zn (Lachlan River), Iqs]¿ {IoIv\Zn (Cooper Creek River), ̂ vssf≥sU¿ \Zn(Flinders River), Ubm-am‚ n\ \Zn(Diamantina River). F∂nh.

Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse {][m\

\Zn-Iƒ Hgp-Ip∂ {]tZ-i-

߃ A‰ve-kn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Øq.

t{K‰v _mcn-b¿ do^v

]hn-g-∏p-‰p-IƒsIm≠v \n¿Ωn-X-amb t{K‰v

_mcn -b¿ do^v Bkvt{Xen -b -bpsS

hS°pIng°p ̀ mK-Ømbn 2000 Intem-ao-‰-

dn-e-[nIw \of-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p.

sshhn -[y -am¿∂ a’y-ß-fp -tSbpw

B¬KI-fp-tSbpw Bhm-k-hy-hÿ IqSn-

bmWv ChnSw. temI-Øn -seØs∂

G‰hpw {it≤-b-amb hnt\m-Z-k-©m-c-tI-

{µ-amWv t{K‰v _mcn-b¿ do^v.

Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS Imem-h-ÿ-sb Cu ̀ q{]-

IrXn sshhn-[y-߃ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂pt≠m?

]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

Imem-hÿ

Bkvt{X-en-b-bn¬ EXp-°ƒ Hmtcm∂pw

GtX-Xp-am-k-ß-fn-em-sW∂v ]´n-I-bn¬

(]´nI 5.1) \n∂p a\- n-em-°q.

EXp-°ƒ amk-߃

th\¬°mew Unkw-_¿, P\p-h-cn,

(Summer) s^{_p-hcn

icXv Imew am¿®v, G{]n¬, sabv

(Autumn)

ssiXy-Imew Pq¨, Pqsse,

(Winter) BKkvXv

hk-¥-Imew sk]vXw-_¿,

(Spring) HIvtSm-_¿,\hw-_¿

(]´nI 5.1)

A[ymbw ˛ 5

h≥I-c-Iƒ 73

h-s∏-Sp-∂p. th\¬°m-eØv ChnsS i‡-

amb ag e`n°p∂p. Ime-h¿j°m‰p-Iƒ

h≥I-c-bpsS Dƒ`m-KsØØp-tºm-tg°pw

\ocmhn Ipd™v hc-≠-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

ssiXy-Im-eØv AXm-bXv Pq¨, Pqsse,

BKÃv amk-ß-fn¬ Cu {]tZ-iØv ag

Xosc e`n-°p-∂n-√. DjvW-ta-Jemh\-{]-tZ-

i-ß-fmWv ChnsS ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Xoc-

tØm-Sp-tN¿∂p I≠¬°m-Sp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-

Sp-∂p. hc≠ Imem-hÿ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂

{]tZ-iß-fn¬ bq°men ac-߃ hf-cp-∂p.

sX°p-In-g°v hmWn-Py--hm-X-ta-Je

h≥I-c-bpsS Ing-°≥ Xoc-{]-tZ-iØv h¿jw

apgp-h≥ ag e`n-°p-∂p. kap-{Z-Øn¬\n∂p

sX°p-In-g°v Zni-bn¬ h¿jw apgp-h≥

hoip∂ Im‰mWv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ag-s]-øn-

°p-∂-Xv. Z£n-Wm-b\tcJbv°v hS-°p-`m-K-

Ømbn DjvW-ta-Jemag-°m-Sp-Ifpw sX°p-

`m-K-Ømbn antXm-jvW-ta-Jemag-°m-Sp-Ifpw

ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

DjvW-a-cp-`qan{]tZiw

Ing°v a[y-\n-av\-XSw apX¬ ]Sn-™mtd

Xocw hscbp≈ hnkvXr-X-amb taJe Hcp

DjvW-a-cp-`q-an-bm-Wv. t{K‰v Bkvt{X-en-b≥

acp-`qan F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ Cu {]tZ-i-

sØ hm¿jnIh¿j-]mXw 25 sk‚o-ao-‰-dn¬

Xmsg-bm-Wv. Ip‰n-s®-Sn-Ifpw apƒs®-Sn-I-fp-

amWv Chn-SsØ {][m\ kky-Pm-e-߃.

]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ

h\-ta-J-ebv°pw acp-`q-an°pw CS-bn-embn

t{K‰v {Kmkvem‚ v ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. Z£n-

Wm-b\taJ-ebv°v hS-°p≈ ]p¬ta-Sp-Isf

kmh∂m (Savannah) F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.sX°p-`m-KsØ ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ antXmjvW

]p¬taSp -I-fmWv. Chsb UuWp-Iƒ

(Downs) F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. ]p¬ta-Sp-I-fn¬ bq°m-en-]v‰kv, At°jym F∂o

ac-ßfpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Uu¨ taJ-e-

bnse P\-ß-fpsS {][m\sXmgn¬ tKmXºp

Irjn-bpw BSv hf¿Ø-ep-am-Wv.

saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ Imem-hÿm{]tZiw

Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS sXt° A‰-Ømbn

saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv A\p-̀ -h-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. s]¿Øv, AUn-sseUv F∂o

{]tZ-i-ß-fmWv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp -∂-X v . ssiXy -Im -eØv hS -°p -] -Sn -

™mdp\n∂p hoip∂ Im‰v ChnsS \√ ag

\¬Ip-∂p. th\¬°mew hc-≠Xpw NqSp-≈-

Xp-am-Wv. Hmd-©v, ap¥ncn XpS-ßnb ]g-tØm-

´-ßfpw tKmXºv Irjnbpw ChnsS [mcm-f-

ambn ImWmw.

Smkvam-\nb

Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS sX°p-`m-KØv ÿnXn

sNøp∂ Smkvam-\n-b Zzo]n¬ hS-°p-]-Sn-

™mdp Zni-bn¬\n∂p hoip∂ Im‰v h¿jw

apgp-h≥ ag \¬Ip-∂p. Cu taJ-e-bnse

Cu¿∏-ap≈ ]Sn-™m-d≥ ̀ mK-ß-fn¬ ss]≥,

]o®v F∂o hr£-ßfpw hc≠ Ing°p`m-

KØv ]e-Xcw bq°men ac-ßfpw hf-cp-∂p.

P\-Po-hnXw

Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 88 iX-

am\hpw bqtdm-∏n¬\n∂p IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cpsS

]n≥Km-an-I-fm-Wv. C∂v an° cmPyßfn¬

\n∂pw [mcmfw Bfp -Iƒ Chn -tS°p

IpSntb‰w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Irjn, BSp-am-

Sp-h-f¿Ø¬, hyh-kmbw, a¬ky-_-‘\w

F∂n-h-bmWv P\-ß-fpsS apJy-sXm-gnepIƒ

Irjn

Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS ̀ qcn-̀ mKhpw acp-̀ q-antbm

A¿≤-a-cp-`q-antbm BWv. CXn-\m¬ BsI

hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS 4% am{X-amWv Irjn-°mbn

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

Bkvt{X-en-b-bpsS sX°p-˛-In-g-°p-`m-K-

Øp≈ aqssd-˛-Um¿enMv taJ-e, sX°p-˛-]-

Sn-™m-dp-̀ mKw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse ̂ e-]p-jvS-

am-b -aÆpw Pe-e-`y-Xbpw Cu taJ-esb

Irjn°v A\p-Iq -e -am -°n -bn -cn -°p -∂p.

`qK¿`Pe-amWv Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-\mbn ]cs°

D]-tbm-Kn-®p-t]m-cp-∂Xv. tKmXºv, s\√v,

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

74

Icn-ºv, tNmfw, _m¿en, ]pI-bne F∂n-h-

bmWv Chn-SsØ {][m\ hnf-Iƒ. t\{¥-

hm-g, ]∏m-b, ssIX-®-°, ap¥n-cn, Hmd-©v,

B∏nƒ F∂n-hbpw ChnsS Irjn-sN-bvXp-

hcp-∂p.

BSp-h-f¿Ø¬

Bkvt{X-en-bbn¬ hnkvXr-X-amb ]p¬ta-Sp-

I-fp≠v. ChnSsØ P\-ß-fpsS Hcp apJy

sXmgn¬ sNΩ-cn-bm-Sns\ hf¿Ø-em-Wv.

temI-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ sNΩ-cn-bm-Sp-

Iƒ D≈ cmPyhpw Bkvt{X-enb Xs∂.

sa®s∏´ Iºn-fn-tcmaw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-

Xnepw Ah Ib-‰p -a -Xn -sN-øp -∂Xnepw

Bkvt{X-enb apJyÿm\Øv \n¬°p-∂p.

sNΩ-cn-bm-Sn-s\-°p-SmsX Imen-h-f¿Øepw

Chn-SsØ Hcp {][m\sXmgn-em-Wv. amwk-

Øn\pw ]men\pw ]mepev]-∂-߃°p-ambn

Chsb {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

Im¬Kq¿en kz¿Æ-J\n

(Nn{Xw 5.5)

[mcmfw sXmgn -e -h -kc߃ {]Zm\w

sNøp∂p. A\nb-{¥n-X-amb ao≥]n-SnØw

Chn-SsØ a’y-k-º-Øn\v `oj-Wn-bmbn

amdn-bn-´p-≠v.

[mXp-°ƒ

sshhn-[y-am¿∂ [mXp-hn-̀ -h-ß-fpsS Hcp Ie-

h-d-bmWv Bkvt{X-en-b. I¬°-cn, Ccp-º-

bn-cv, t_mIvssk‰v, kz¿Æw, s]t{Sm-fnbw

F∂n-h-bmWv Ah-bn¬ {]ap-J-ÿm-\-Øp-

\n¬°p-∂-h. Bkvt{X-en-b-bnse {]kn-≤-

amb kz¿ÆJ\n-I-fm-Wv Im¬-Kq¿enbpw

IqƒKm¿Un-bpw.

hyh-km-b-߃

(Nn{Xw 5.4)

a’y_-‘\w

temI-Ønse Hcp henb a’y-_-‘-\-taJ-

e-bmWv Bkvt{X-en-b. Um¿hn≥ lm¿_-

dmWv Chn-SsØ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ a’y-

_-‘\tI{µw. a’y-kw-kvI-c-Ww, kap-t{Zm-

ev]-∂\n¿ΩmWw F∂nh {Kmao-W-X-e-Øn¬

Irjn-sb B{i-bn-®p≈ hyh-km-b-ßfpw

[mXp°sf B{i-bn-®p≈ hyh-km-b-ßfpw

Cu taJ-e-bn¬ hf¿®-{]m-]n-®n-´p-≠v. ]cp-

Øn-Øp-Wn, Iºnfn hkv{Xw, ]©-km-c,

]m¬ Dev]-∂-߃, kwkv°-cn® `£y-h-

kvXp-°ƒ, XpI¬Dev]-∂-߃ F∂o hyh-

kmb߃v Im¿jnIAkw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-

°sf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-

bmWv.

Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-km-bw, Aeq-an-\nbw hyh-

km-bw, I∏¬ \n¿Ωm-Ww, FÆip≤o-I-c-

Ww, cmk-hkvXp \n¿ΩmWw F∂n-h-bmWv

Chn-SsØ {][m\ [mXpA-[n-jvTnX hyh-

km-b-߃.

A[ymbw ˛ 5

h≥I-c-Iƒ 75

Dƒ°-S-ep-Iƒ Zzo]p-Iƒ

t]cv ÿm\w t]cv ÿm\w

(kap-{Zw) (kap-{Zw)

(Nn{Xw 5.6)

hSt° Ata-cn°

`q]-S-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 5.6) \ndw sImSpØ

h≥Ic {i≤n-°q. t•m_v, `q]Sw F∂n-h-

bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Xmsg \¬In-bn-́ p≈

tNmZy-߃°v DØ-c-w Is≠-Øp-I.

hSt° Ata-cn° ÿnXn-sN-øp∂

A¿≤-tKmfw GXmWv ?

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS Ing-°pw ]Sn-

™mdpw hS°pw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ kap-

{Z-߃ GsXm-s°-bmWv?

Icbn-Sp°v (Isthumus)

c≠v h≥I-c-Isf XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw _‘n-

∏n-®p-sIm≠v ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ sNdnb Ic-

`m-K-amWv Ic-bn-Sp°v (Isthumus). hSt°Ata-cn-°-tbbpw sXt° Ata-cn-°-

tbbpw ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n®v ÿnXn-sN-

øp∂ Ic-bn-Sp-°v CkvXp-akv Hm^v ]\ma

F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS ̀ mK-

ambn \nc-h[n Dƒ°-S-ep-

Ifpw Zzo]p-Ifpw ImWm≥ Ignbpw. A‰ve-

kns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Ah GsXm-s°-bm-

sW∂v Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

hSt° Ata-cn-° h≥I-c-

bn¬ Dƒs∏´ cmPy-߃

GsX-√m-amWv ?A‰vekns‚ klm-b-

tØmsS Is≠-ØpI.

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

76

1. It\-Un-b≥ jo¬Uv

3. Ing-°≥ D∂-X-X-S-߃

2. a-[y-k-a-X-e-߃

4. ]›n-a-]¿∆-X-ta-Je

(Nn{Xw 5.7)

hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ h≥I-c-I-fn¬

aq∂mw ÿm\-amWv hSt° Ata-cn-°-bv°p-

≈-Xv. 24 Zi-e£w NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰¿

hnkvXr -Xn -bp≈ Cu h≥Ic DØc

A£mwiw 7 Un{Kn°pw 84 Un{Kn°pw CS-

bnepw ]›n-a-tc-Jmwiw 53 Un{Kn°pw 180

Un{Kn°pw CS-bnepw BWv ÿnXn sNøp-

∂-Xv.

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-

Ip∂ {][m\ A£mwi tcJ-Iƒ

GsXm-s°-bmWv?

C¥y-bn-te-°p≈ bm{X-bpsS `mK-ambn

1492 ¬ {InÃ-^¿ sImfw-_-kmWv hSt°

Ata-cn -°bpw sXt° Ata-cn -°bpw

Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. F∂m¬ C‰-en-°m-c-\mb

Ata-cntKm shkv]q®n sXt° Ata-cn-°-

bn¬ FØ-ns∏-´-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv hSt°

Ata-cn -°bv°v 1507 ¬ Cu t]cp

e`n-®-Xv.

hSt° Ata-cn° ˛ `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃

`q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS `q{]-Ir-Xnsb \mep

hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xncn-®n-´p-≠v.

$ It\-Un-b≥ jo¬Uv

$ Ing-°≥ D∂-X-X-S-߃

$ a≤y-k-a-Xew

$ ]Sn-™m-d≥ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ

`q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-ß-fpsS

ÿm\w `q]-S-Øn¬\n∂p

Is≠-Øq.

It\-Un-b≥ jo¬Uv

hfsc ]g°w sN∂Xpw ZrVhp-amb ine-

I-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-X-amb ̀ q{]-tZ-i-amWv Chn-Sw.

Nne sNdp\Zn-Iƒ ChnsS\n∂v D¤-hn®v

lUvk¨ Dƒ°-S-en¬ ]Xn-°p-∂p. A©v

{]kn≤ XSm-I-߃ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ ÿnXn-

1

2 34

A[ymbw ˛ 5

h≥I-c-Iƒ 77

sN-øp-∂p. kq∏o-cn-b¿, an®n-K¨, lyqd≥,

Cdn, H≠m-dntbm F∂n-h-bmWv Ah. Ch

]©-a-lm-X-Sm-I-ß-sf-∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Cu {]tZ-i-ØpIqsS Hgp-Ip∂ sk‚ v

temd≥kv \Zn Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-K-XsØ

hf-sc-b-[nIw klm-bn-°p-∂p. \n°¬,

kz¿Æw, sh≈n, sNºv F∂o [mXp-°-fpsS

Ie-h-d-IqSn-bmWv It\-Un-b≥ jo¬Uv.

\bm{Km sh≈-®m´w

Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-Iƒ°pw Im\-

U°pw CS-bn-embn \bm{Km \ZnbnemWv

\bm{Km sh≈-®m´w ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv.

aq∂v hyXykvX sh≈-®m -´ -ß-fmb

tlmgvkv jq (Horse Shoe), Ata-cn-°≥,ss{_U¬ ho¬ (Bridel Weil) F∂nhDƒs∏-´ -XmWv \bm{Km sh≈-®m-´w.

hnkvXr-X-amb Cu \o¿°p-Øns‚ icm-

icn Dbcw 52 ao‰¿ BWv. temI-

ØnseXs∂ G‰hpw {]kn-≤-amb sh≈-

®m-´-am-Wn-Xv.

Ing-°≥ D∂-X-X-S-߃

A∏-te-®n-b≥ ]¿∆-X-\ncIƒ Ing-°≥

D∂X XS-߃ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]g°w

Gsd-bp≈ aS-°p-]¿∆-X-amWv A∏-te-®n-

b≥. Cu ]¿∆X taJ-ebpsS icm-icn

Dbcw kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw 900 ao‰dmWv.

Chn-SpsØ G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb sImSp-

apSnbmWv au≠v an®¬ (Mount Mitchell).Dbcw 2037 ao‰¿.

a≤y-k-a-X-e-{]-tZiw

a≤y-k-a-X-e-{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ ÿm\w `q]-S-

Øn¬(Nn{Xw 5.7)\n∂p \n߃ a\-kn-em-°n-

bt√m? hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnse Im¿jn-I-ta-

J-e-bmWv Chn-Sw. sX°v-̨ -h-S°v 6000 Intem

ao‰¿ \of-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Cu `q{]-

Ir-Xn-hn-̀ mKw sX°v saIvknt°m Dƒ°-S¬

apX¬ hSs° sa°≥kn \Zo-XSwhsc

hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ka-X-e-`q-an-bpsS

sX°p-`m-Kw F°¬ kar-≤hpw Pe-k-ar-

≤hpam°p-∂-Xn¬ {][m\]¶p-h-ln-°p∂ \-

Zn-I-fmWv antkm-dnbpw an n- n-∏n-bpw.

]Sn-™m-d≥ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ

At\Iw ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ tN¿∂ Hcp `q{]-

tZ-i-amWv Chn-Sw. Aemkv° apX¬

]\mamhsc \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ Cu ]¿∆X\nc-

Iƒ {]mbw Ipd™ aS°p ]¿∆X-ß-fm-Wv.

Cu taJ-e-bpsS ]c-am-h[n hoXn 1500 Intem-

ao-‰-dm-Wv. hS-t°m´pw sXt°m´pw t]mIp-

t¥mdpw Ch-bpsS hoXn Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂p.

]›n-a-]¿∆-X-ta-J-e-bn¬ Ing-°p-̀ m-K-Ømbn

tdm°okv ]¿∆Xw ÿnXn -sN-øp -∂p.

Imkvt°Uv \nc, skd \nhm-U (Sierra Ne-vada), skd am{UnUv (Sierra Madrid) F∂nhChn -SpsØ a‰p ]¿∆X\nc -I -fm -Wv .

Aemkv°m \nc -bn -epƒs∏´ au≠v

sa°≥en-bm-Wv hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnse

G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb sImSp-apSn (6194 ao‰¿).

Cu taJ-e-bnse ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬

\nc-h[n ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

Aemkv°m ]oT-̀ q-an, sImfw_nbm ]oT-̀ qan,

sImf-dmtUm ]oT-`q-an F∂n-h-bmWv Ah-

bn¬ Nne-Xv.

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS ̀ q{]-Ir-Xnbnepw P\-

Po-hn-X-Ønepw apJy-]¶p hln-°p∂hbmWv

Chn-SpsØ \Zn-Iƒ. hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnse

G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ \Zn-bm-Wv ankn- n-∏n.

antkmdn, sa°≥kn, Hmln-tbm, dtbm-{Km-

t‚, sk‚ v temd≥kv, bqt°m¨ F∂nh

a‰p {][m\ \Zn-I-fm-Wv.

Imem-hÿ

DjvW-ta-J-e-aq-X¬ ssiXy-ta-Jehsc

hym]n-®p-In-S-°p∂ hSt° Ata-cn-°bpsS

Imem-hÿ sshhn-[y-am¿∂-Xm-Wv.

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS `qcn-`m-Khpw antXm-

jvW-ta-J-e-bnepw hfsc sNdnb {]tZiw

ssiXy-ta-J-e-bnepw DjvW-ta-J-e-bn-ep-ambn

hym]n®p InS-°p∂p.

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS Imem-h-ÿsb

kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fmWv

$ kap-{Z-km-ao]yw

$ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ

$ kap-{Z-P-e-{]-hm-l-߃

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

78

GsXms° Pe-{]-hm-l-ß-

fmWv hSt° Ata-cn -

°bpsS Imem -hÿsb kzm[o -\n -

°p∂sX∂v Is≠Øn Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°q.

Imem-hÿmtaJ-eIfpw

ss\k¿§nIkky-Pm-e-ßfpw

Xp{µm- ta-Je

lUvk¨ Dƒ°-S¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Cu `mKw

B¿´nIv hrØ-Øn\v (66 ½°N) hS-°p-`m-K-Øm-bmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. sImSpw-X-Wp∏pw

ssZ¿Ly-ta-dnb ssiXy-Im-e-hp-amWv ChnsS

A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

ssSKm taJe

Ing°v \yq^u≠vem‚ v apX¬ ]Sn-™mdv

AemkvI hsc hym]n®p InS-°p∂ hnkvXr-

Xa-mb Cu taJ-e-bn¬ kqNn-Øe°mSp-I-

fmWv ImW-s∏-Sp -∂-X v . NqSp≈Xpw

ssZ¿Lyw Ipd-™-Xp-amb DjvW-Im-e-amWv

ChnsS A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp -∂-Xv. Chn-SsØ

{][m\ sXmgn¬ XSn-hy-h-km-bw, XpI¬

hyh-kmbw F∂nhbpambn _‘-s∏-´-h-

bmWv.

antXmjvW Ing-°≥ AXn¿Øn Imem-

hÿm hn`mKw

]©-a-lm-X-Sm-I-߃°pw A∏te-®n-b≥

]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ°pw Ing-°p≈ {]tZ-i-am-

WnXv. hS-°p-`m-KØv em{_tUm¿ ioX-P-e-

{]-hm-lØns‚ kmao]yw aqew ssiXy-

Imew XWp-t∏-dn-b-Xm-Wv. DjvW-Im-e-ØmWv

ChnsS ag e`n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ sX°p-`m-

KØv Xmc-X-tay\ NqSp≈ DjvWImehpw

XWp-∏p-Ip-d™ ssiXy-Im-e-hp-amWv A\p-

`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu Xoc-tZitaJ-e-bn-emWv

lcn-s°-bn≥ (Hurricane), sSm¿WmtUm(Torrnado) F∂o Npg -en -°m -‰p -I -fpsSkzm[o\w IqSp-X-embn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

XWp-∏p≈ antXmjvW]›n-am-Xn¿Øn

Imem-hÿmtaJe

Imen -t^m¿Wn -bbv°v hS -°p -ap -X¬

AemkvI hsc-bmWv Cu taJe hym]n-®p-

In-S-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Xoc-Øp-IqSn Hgp-Ip∂

AemkvI DjvW-Pe{]hmlw NqSp≈

DjvW-Im-ehpw XWp-∏p -Ip-d™ ssiXy-Im-

ehpw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. tdm°n ]¿∆-X-\n-

c-bpsS kmao]yw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ i‡-amb

agbv°v klm-b-I-am-Wv. kqNn-Øe°mSp-I-

fmWv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ IqSp-X-embn ImW-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

{]bdn ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ

]©alm-X-Sm-I-߃°pw tdm°n ]¿∆-X-\n-

cbv°pw at≤y D≈ ssSKm {]tZ-i-Øns‚

sX°p-`mKw apX¬ antkmdn ˛ an n- n∏n

taJe hsc Cu {]tZiw hym]n-®p- In-S-°p-

∂p. Dbcw Ipd™ ]p√p-I-fmWv Cu taJ-

e-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 100° ]Sn-™mdvtcJmw-i-Øn\v Ing°v ag IqSp-X¬ e`n-

°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ hym]-I-

ambn sh´n-sØ-fn®v tKmXºv, tNmfw,

]cpØn F∂nh Irjn sNøp-∂p. Cu

{]tZiw tKmX-ºns‚ Ie-hd F∂-dn-b-s∏-

Sp-∂p.

saUn‰td-\n-b≥ Imem-hÿmtaJe

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-

Øp≈ a[y Imen-t^m¿Wn-b-bn-emWv Cu

Imem-hÿ A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 30°N apX¬40°N hscbp≈ {]tZ-i-ØmWv Cu Imem-hÿmtaJe ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. ssiXy-Im-

e-ØmWv ChnsS ag e`n-°p-∂-Xv. Hmd-©v,

ap¥ncn XpS-ßn-bhbp-sS tXm-´-߃ ChnsS

hym]-I-ambn ImWmw.

A[ymbw ˛ 5

h≥I-c-Iƒ 79

DjvWacp-{]-tZiw

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS sX°p-]-Sn-™mdv

`mKØv tdm°n ]¿∆-X-\n-c-bpsS Ing-°m--Wv

Cu {]tZiw ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. ChnsS

DjvW-Im-eØv AXyp-jvWhpw ssiXy-Im-

eØv AXn-ssi-Xyhpw A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp-∂p. ag

hf-sc-°p-d®v am{Xta e`n-°p-∂p-≈q. apƒs®-

Sn-Ifpw hnhn-[-Xcw ]p√p-I-fp-amWv ChnSsØ

{][m-\ ss\k¿§nI kky-Pm-e-߃.

DjvW-ta-Jemag-°m-Sp-Iƒ

a[y Ata-cn-°-bnepw shÃn≥Uo-kn-ep-am-

bmWv DjvW-ta-Jemag-°m-Sp-Iƒ ImW-s∏-

Sp-∂Xv. Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X¬ Dujvamhpw

i‡-amb agbpw Chn-SsØ {]tXy-I-X-I-

fmWv.

P\-Po-hnXw

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnse ̀ q{]-Ir-Xnbpw Imem-

h-ÿbpw Ahn-SsØ P\-Po -hn -XsØ

Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂p F∂v a\- n-em-

°mw. C¥y-bpsS icm-icn P\-km-{µX 1

NXpc{i Intem-ao-‰-dn\v 279 t]¿ BW-t√m.

F∂m¬ hSt° Ata-cn-°-bn¬ CXv NXp-

c{i Intem-ao-‰-dn\v Ccp-]-Xp-t]-cn¬ Xmsg-

bm-Wv.

Irjn

`qhn-kvXr-Xn-bpsS 10 iX-am\w am{X-amWv

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Irjn°v D]-bp-‡-

am-°n-bn-́ p-≈-Xv. a[y-k-a-X-e-{]-tZ-i-amWv Cu

h≥I-c-bnse {][m\ Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e. ̂ e-

]p-jvSamb aÆv, Pe-e-`y-X, A\p-Iq-e-amb

Imem-h-ÿ, hnkvXr-X-amb Irjn-̀ q-an, b{¥-

h¬°-cWw F∂nh Cu taJ-e-bnse

Im¿jnI]ptcm-K-XnbpsS {][m\ LS-I-ß-

fm-Wv. tKmX-ºv, tNmfw, HmSvkv, _m¿en

F∂n-h-bmWv Chn-SsØ {][m\ [m\yhnf-

Iƒ. tKmXºv Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ temI-Ønse

apJyÿm\w hSt° Ata-cn-°bv-°m-Wv.

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnse [m\y Dev]m-Z-\-

Øn¬ tKmXºv Ign-™m¬ ASpØÿm\w

tNmf-Øn-\m-Wv. NqSp-Im-em-h-ÿbpw CS-hn-

´p≈ agbpw tNmf-°r-jn°v A\p-IqeLS-

Ißfm-Wv. saIvkn -°≥ P\-X-bpsS

apJy`£y-[m-\yhpw CXp-X-s∂. F∂m¬

Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sv, Im\U F∂n-hn-S-

ß-fn¬ tNmfw A[n-Ihpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv

I∂p-Im-en-I-fpsS Xo‰bmbn-´m-Wv.

NqSpw Cu¿∏-hp-ap≈ A¥-co-£-ÿn-Xn-

bp≈ saIvknt°m Xoc-߃, shÃn≥Uokv

F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ s\¬°rjn sNbvXp-h-

cp∂p.

]cp-Øn, ]pI-bn-e, Icn-ºv, Im∏n, sImt°m

F∂n-h-bmWv Chn-SsØ {][m\ \mWy-hn-

f-Iƒ. Ch-sb-°q-SmsX ap¥n-cn, Hmd-©v,

B∏nƒ, B{]n-t°m-́ v, ]o®v F∂nh h≥tXm-

Xn¬ Imen-t^m¿Wn-b-bn¬ Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-

Sp-∂p.

Imen-h-f¿Ø¬

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bnse P\-ß-fpsS Hcp

apJy-sXm-gn-emWv Imen-h-f¿Ø¬. hnkvXr-

X-amb Chn-SpsØ ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ Imen-h-

f¿Ø-en\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb kml-Ncyw Hcp-

°p-∂p. Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sns‚ hS°p

Ing-°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw AXn-t\mSp

tN¿∂p InS-°p∂ Im\-U-bpsS `mK-ß-

fnepw Imen-h-f¿Ø¬ kPo-h-am-Wv. Iºn-

fn°pw Cd-®n-°p-ambn tdm°n-]¿∆X-\n-c-

bpsS hc≠`mK-ß-fn¬ sNΩ-cn-bm-Sp-Isf

hf¿Øp-∂p. Cd-®n°v ]∂n-I-tfbpw Cd-

®n°pw ap -́bv°p-ambn tImgn-I-tfbpw hmWn-

Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hf¿Øp-∂p.

a’y-_-‘\w

P\-ß-fpsS as‰mcp {][m\ sXmgn¬ta-J-e-

bmWv a’y-_-‘-\w. hSt° Ata-cn-°-

bpsS aq∂p ̀ mK-ßfpw kap-{Z-Øm¬ Np‰-s∏-

´n-cn-°p-∂p. ]k-̂ n-°n-t‚bpw A‰vem‚n-°n-

t‚bpw Bgw Ipd™ `mK-ß-fn¬ h≥tXm-

Xn¬ πh-I-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXv a’y-

e-̀ y-X°p≈ A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-Ncyw Hcp-

°p-∂p. \yq^u-≠vem‚ns‚ Ing-t°-`m-

KsØ {Km‚ v _m¶vkn-s\-°p-dn®v \n߃

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

80

(Nn{Xw 5.8)

tI´n-´p-≠t√m? A‰vem‚n-°nse a‰p a’y-

_-‘-\-tI-{µ-ß-fmWv sk‚ v ]ob¿ _m¶v,

km_nƒ sFe‚ v _m¶v, {_u¨kv _m¶v,

tPm¿Pkv _m¶v F∂n-h. at’ym¬∏m-Z-\-

Øn¬ hSt° Ata-cn-°bv°v temI-Øn¬

aq∂mw ÿm\-ap-≠v.

hyh-kmbw

h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ [mXp-hn-`-h-ß-fp-tSbpw

Du¿÷-hn-` -h-ß-fp -tSbpw \nt£-]hpw

Im¿jn-I-˛-h\ hn`-h-ß-fp-sS e`y-Xbpw

hSt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS hyh-kmbhnI-k-\-

Øn\v hfsc klm-b-I-am-bn-´p-≠v. P\-ß-

fpsS ITn-\m-[zm\at\m-`m-hhpw kwc-`-IXz

tijnbpw hymh-km-bn-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v Imc-

W-amb a‰p LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. hSt° Ata-cn-

°-bnse {][m\ hyh-km-b-ßfmWv Ccp-ºp-

cp°v, hml-\-\n¿ΩmWw, I∏¬ \n¿Ωm-Ww,

Im¿jn-I-b-{¥-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ, ]cp-Øn-ØpWn,

Iºn-fn-ØpWn, t]∏¿, cmk-hfw, s]bn‚ v,

Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬-˛-C-e-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv, Iºyq-´¿

lm¿Uv shb¿˛tkm^v‰v shb¿ F∂n-h-.

hSt° Ata-cn -°-bnse

hymh-km-bnI-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v

klm-bn-®n-´p≈ `qan-imkv{XLS-I-߃

Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? N¿® sNøq.

hSt° Ata-cn-°bpsS XpS¿®-bmbn

ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ h≥Ic GXmWv?

sXt° Ata-cn°

Nn{Xw 5.8 {i≤n-°q.

DØcA£mwiw 12 Un{Kn°pw Z£nW

A£mwiw 55 Un{Kn°pw CS-bnepw ]›n-a-

tc-Jmwiw 35 Un{Kn°pw ]q¿h-tc-Jmwiw

81 Un{Kn°pw CS-bn-ep-amWv sXt° Ata-

cn° ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. hnkvXr-Xn-bpsS

Imcy-Øn¬ h≥I-c-I-fn¬ \memw ÿm\-

amWv sXt° Atacn°bv°p-≈-Xv. 17.8 Zi-

e£w NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰¿ hnkvXo¿Ww

Cu h≥I-c-bv°p≠v.

saIvkn-t°m, a≤y Ata-cn-°≥ cmPy-߃,

sXt° Ata-cn° F∂nh H∂msI em‰n≥

Ata-cn° F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

A[ymbw ˛ 5

h≥I-c-Iƒ 81

sXt° Ata-cn-°sbbpw hSt° Ata-

cn°sbbpw ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n®p InS-

°p∂ Ic`m-KsØ F¥p-t]-cn-emWv

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?

]\m-am -I-\m-ens‚ ÿm\w Fhn-sS-

bmWv?

]\m-am- I-\m¬sIm≠v kap-{Z-k-©m-cn-

Iƒ°p≈ t\´w F¥mWv?

A‰vekv t\m°n sXt°

Ata-cn-°-bpsS sXt° A‰-

Øp≈ tlm¨ ap\ºv Is≠-Øq.

sXt° Ata-cn -°-bpsS GXp-`m -K-

ØmWv aK-√≥ IS-en-Sp°v ÿnXn-

sNøp∂Xv? CXv th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ Ic-`m-

K-߃ GsX-√m-amWv?

]\mam I\m¬

77 Intem-ao-‰¿ \of-Øn¬ A‰v-em‚nIv kap-

{Z-sØbpw ]k-^n°v kap-{Z-sØbpw

XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n® v \n¿Ωn -®n -´p≈

I\m-emWv ]\mam I\m¬. 1914 BKkv‰vv

15\v HutZym-Kn-I-ambn Xpd-°-s∏-´p. Bbn-

c -°-W-°n\v I∏-ep -I -fmWv Hmtcm

h¿jhpw ]\m-am-I-\m¬ apdn-®p-I-S∂v A‰v-

em‚n-°n-te°pw ]k-̂ n-°n-te°pw k©-

cn-°p-∂Xv.

A‰vekv \nco-£n®p sXt°

Ata-cn-°-bnse cmPy-߃

GsXms°-sb∂v Is≠-ØpI.

(Nn{Xw 5.9)

sXt° Ata-cn° ˛ `q{]IrXn hn`m-K-߃

Ba-tkm¨ XSw

a[y alm-k-a-Xew3 {_ko-en-b≥ D∂-X-XSw2

]m‰-tKm-Wnb

aK-e≥ IS-en-Sp°v

]k

--̂nI

v kap

{Zw

A‰ve

m‚nI

v kap

{Zw

B‚okv ]¿h-X-\nc

1. B‚okv ]¿∆-X-\nc 2. Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ

3. a≤y-a-lm-k-a-Xew

Kphm\ D∂-X-XSw

2

`q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-߃

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw ˛ II

¢mkv ˛ IX

82

sXt° Ata-cn-°-bpsS `q{]-IrXn Nn{Xo-I-

cn-°p∂ `q]-S-amWv (Nn