Enes Mulalić

KLEPARSTVOin KROVSTVO

Učbenik za modula Kleparska dela in Krovska dela za izobraževalni program Klepar-krovec

Kleparstvo in krovstvoUčbenik za modula Kleparska dela in Krovska dela za izobraževalni program Klepar–krovec

Učbenik je napisal Enes MulalićRisbe je narisal Enes MulalićFotografije je posnel David MulalićTehnične risbe je narisal Enes MulalićRokopis sta strokovno pregledala Igor Stres in Franc VeseličRokopis je jezikovno pregledal Valentin Logar

Strokovni svet Republike Slovenije za poklicno in strokovno izobraževanje je na svoji 126. seji dne 26. 11. 2010 na podlagi 26. člena Zakona o organizaciji in financiranju vzgoje in izobraževanja (Uradni list RS, št. 16/07–UPB in 36/08) in 15. člena Pravilnika o potrjevanju učbenikov (Ur. l. RS, št. 57/06) sprejel sklep št. 6130 – 3/2010/39 o potrditvi učbenika Kleparstvo in krovstvo za modula Kleparska dela in Krovska dela v programu Klepar-krovec.

Urednik Erik KaričLikovno grafična urednica Metka Škrabar in Alma UrbanijaOblikovanje opreme David MulalićGlavni urednik Vasja KožuhIzvršna direktorica Divizije založništev Ada de Costa Petan

© Ministrstvo za šolstvo in šport, 2010.Fotokopiranje in razmnoževanje dela po Zakonu o avtorski in sorodnih pravicah ni dovoljeno.

CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji

Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana

692.4(075.3)696.121(075.3)

MUL ALIĆ, EnesKleparstvo in krovstvo / [[besedilo], risbe, fotografije] Enes

Mulalić. - 1. izd. - Ljubljana : DZS, 2011

ISBN 978-961-02-0184-7

253206016

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1 Uvod ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Predstavitev objekta ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Vloga kleparsko-krovskih del ................................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.3 Predstavitev poklica klepar - krovec ................................................................................................................................................. 14 1.4 Poklicne naloge in spretnosti .................................................................................................................................................................. 15 1.5 Načrtovanje – osebno, skupinsko ........................................................................................................................................................ 16

2 Risanje, oblikovanje ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.1 Prostoročno risanje, skiciranje ............................................................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Risanje izdelkov in ornamentov ............................................................................................................................................................ 18 2.3 Risanje skic z meritvami, merilo ........................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Prostorsko risanje, izometrija .................................................................................................................................................................. 19 2.5 Nastajanje krojev .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 2.6 Geometrija ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24 2.7 Geometrijski liki ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 28 2.8 Geometrijska telesa, plašči ....................................................................................................................................................................... 45 2.9 Tehnično risanje v kleparstvu in krovstvu .................................................................................................................................... 51

3 Materiali v kleparstvu .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 53 3.1 Spoznavanje prvih materialov ............................................................................................................................................................... 54 3.2 Pločevina ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 3.3 Ploščati profili ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 3.4 Okrogli, kvadratni in šesterorobni profili ....................................................................................................................................... 56 3.5 Pocinkana jeklena pločevina .................................................................................................................................................................. 57 3.6 Cinkova pločevina ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 57 3.7 Cinkotitna pločevina ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 3.8 Jeklena nerjavna pločevina ...................................................................................................................................................................... 59 3.9 Bakrena pločevina ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 59 3.10 Medenina ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59 3.11 Tombak ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 60 3.12 Alpaka (argentan) ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 60 3.13 Svinec ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 60 3.14 Aluminij ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 60 3.15 Površinska zaščita kovin ............................................................................................................................................................................. 61 3.16 Mehki lot – cin (spajka, lot) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 61 3.17 Trdi lot – srebrni lot (spajka) .................................................................................................................................................................... 62 3.18 Lepilo in tesnilo ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 62 3.19 Vezni, pritrdilni material in zakovica, kovica (net) .................................................................................................................. 62 3.20 Solna kislina (HCl) ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 63 3.21 Salmiak – amonijev klorid (NH4Cl) ...................................................................................................................................................... 63

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3.22 Lotna voda ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 63 3.23 Lotna pasta ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 3.24 Lotna mast ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 64 3.25 Kolofonija ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64 3.26 Boraks ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 64 3.27 Energija in drugi potrebni materiali .................................................................................................................................................. 64

4 Postopki obdelave, sestavljanja in montaže ............................................................................................................................... 65 4.1 Prenos risov in točk ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 66 4.2 Izrezovanje, piljenje, žaganje .................................................................................................................................................................. 67 4.3 Prebijanje, vrtanje ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 69 4.4 Krivljenje, robljenje ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 70 4.5 Tehnike sestavljanja materialov ............................................................................................................................................................ 71 4.6 Zgibanje .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 73 4.7 Zakovičenje .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77 4.8 Mehko lotanje .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78 4.9 Trdo lotanje .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 79 4.10 Varjenje .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 79 4.11 Lepljenje ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 80 4.12 Kovanje, klepanje ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 80 4.13 Hladno kaljenje ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 82 4.14 Drukanje, potisno oblikovanje .............................................................................................................................................................. 82

5 Orodja in stroji ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83 5.1 Risalno in merilno orodje ........................................................................................................................................................................... 84 5.2 Kleparsko orodje za izdelavo in montažo ..................................................................................................................................... 86 5.3 Stroji v kleparstvu ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 94 5.4 Škarje za razrez pločevine in profilov ............................................................................................................................................... 94 5.5 Krivilni stroj za kotno in okroglo oblikovanje pločevine ................................................................................................... 95 5.6 Stroj za okroglo krivljenje .......................................................................................................................................................................... 95 5.7 Robilni stroj ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 96 5.8 Stroj za stiskanje cevnih zgibov ............................................................................................................................................................ 96 5.9 Stroj za profiliranje pločevine ................................................................................................................................................................. 97 5.10 Stroj za zgibanje in stiskanje ................................................................................................................................................................... 97 5.11 Stroj za izdelavo pritrdil .............................................................................................................................................................................. 99 5.12 Drugo potrebno orodje in stroji ........................................................................................................................................................... 99

6 Primeri kleparskih izdelkov ............................................................................................................................................................................... 101 6.1 Podstavek ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 102 6.2 Pekač .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 103 6.3 Lopatica za smeti ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 103 6.4 Lijak ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 104 6.5 Vevnica ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 106 6.6 Vedro ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 107

7 Odvodni kleparski elementi .............................................................................................................................................................................. 109 7.1 Izdelava polkrožnih kljuk ........................................................................................................................................................................... 110 7.2 Montaža polkrožnih kljuk .......................................................................................................................................................................... 112 7.3 Izdelava in montaža visečih strešnih žlebov ............................................................................................................................... 115 7.4 Izdelava in montaža ležečih strešnih žlebov .............................................................................................................................. 122

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7.5 Izdelava kotnega žleba ................................................................................................................................................................................ 123 7.6 Dilatacija žleba ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 126 7.7 Izdelava in montaža navpičnih odtokov ........................................................................................................................................ 127 7.8 Žlebni izpusti, kotlički ................................................................................................................................................................................... 127 7.9 Koleno ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 135 7.10 Cev ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 138 7.11 Sestavljanje cevi ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 141 7.12 Prehod iz štirioglatih v okrogle oblike in obratno .................................................................................................................. 144 7.13 Stranski priključek tanjše v debelejšo ali enako cev ............................................................................................................. 145 7.14 Lijak – sredinski, stranski ............................................................................................................................................................................ 147 7.15 Izogibni element (etaža) ............................................................................................................................................................................. 149 7.16 Stranski izliv .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 150 7.17 Lovilec vode ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 151 7.18 Lovilec kondenzne vode ............................................................................................................................................................................ 153 7.19 Zidne objemke ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 155 7.20 Cevni obroček (rink) ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 156 7.21 Rozeta ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 157

8 Pločevinaste strehe ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 159 8.1 Oblike pločevinastih streh ........................................................................................................................................................................ 160 8.2 Zakaj veter odkrije streho ......................................................................................................................................................................... 160 8.3 Preboj ali dimniška obroba na pločevinasti strehi ................................................................................................................. 167 8.4 Prvi tip dimniške obrobe ............................................................................................................................................................................ 167 8.5 Drugi tip dimniške obrobe ....................................................................................................................................................................... 174 8.6 Tretji tip dimniške obrobe ......................................................................................................................................................................... 178 8.7 Četrti tip dimniške obrobe ....................................................................................................................................................................... 179 8.8 Peti tip dimniške obrobe ............................................................................................................................................................................ 180 8.9. Šesti tip dimniške obrobe ......................................................................................................................................................................... 181 8.10 Sedmi tip dimniške obrobe ..................................................................................................................................................................... 182 8.11 Osmi tip dimniške obrobe ........................................................................................................................................................................ 184 8.12 Frčada, kukerle ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 185 8.13 Nadstrešek oz. nastrešnica nad vhodom, portalom ............................................................................................................. 189 9 Obrobe, odkapi, zaključki ................................................................................................................................................................................... 193 9.1 Obrobe – splošno ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 194 9.2 Čelne – vetrne obrobe ................................................................................................................................................................................. 195 9.3 Zidne obrobe ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 197 9.4 Žlotne in globelne obrobe ....................................................................................................................................................................... 199 9.5 Dimniške obrobe .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 201 9.6 Protipožarne obrobe, obrobe nadzidav (atik) ........................................................................................................................... 204 9.7 Obrobe napuščev, simsa, okenskih polic, zidkov in zidnih kap ................................................................................... 205 9.8 Dilatacijski elementi, obrobe .................................................................................................................................................................. 210 9.9 Zaključki na koničasto ošiljenih delih strešin ............................................................................................................................. 213

10 Razni kleparski izdelki in dela ..................................................................................................................................................................... 215 10.1 Izdelava in montaža strešnega okna (line) ................................................................................................................................... 216 10.2 Izdelava in montaža štirioglatih ali okroglih zračnikov ...................................................................................................... 219 10.3 Snegolovi ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 222 10.4 Kljuke (sidrne) na strmih strešinah ..................................................................................................................................................... 224 10.5 Dimniške kape .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 225

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10.6 Servisne stopnice ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 225 10.7 Strešna okna (tipska, montaža) ............................................................................................................................................................. 226 10.8 Strelovodi ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 226 10.9 Izolacijska dela ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 228 10.10 Prezračevalna dela .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 229

11 Krovska dela ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 231 11.1 Pripravljalna dela .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 232 11.2 Izdelava podstrehe, podkrova (opaž) ............................................................................................................................................... 232 11.3 Polaganje rezervne kritine ........................................................................................................................................................................ 233 11.4 Izdelava prezračevanja ................................................................................................................................................................................ 233 11.5 Merjenje, mreženje – uskladitev in začetek ................................................................................................................................. 234 11.6 Letvanje, opaženje .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 234 11.7 Pokrivanje .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 236 11.8 Porezovanje globeli, robov in grebenov ........................................................................................................................................ 236 11.9 Montaža robov, grebenov in slemen ................................................................................................................................................ 237

12 Strešne kritine, pokrivanje ............................................................................................................................................................................. 239 12.1 Strešna lepenka (bitumenizirani papir) .......................................................................................................................................... 240 12.2 Bobrovec (opečnik) ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 241 12.3 Korec (opečnik) .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 241 12.4 Zareznik (opečnik) ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 242 12.5 Skril, kamen .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 243 12.6 Vlaknocementne plošče – ravne, valovite (cement, vlakna) .......................................................................................... 245 12.7 Betonske kritine (pesek, cement) ........................................................................................................................................................ 245 12.8 Bitumenske kritine – ravne, valovite (bitumen, vlakna, karton) .................................................................................. 246 12.9 Slama (rž, trstika) .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 246 12.10 Skodle, deske (cepljeni ali žagani les) .............................................................................................................................................. 247 12.11 Maloformatne tipske kovinske kritine – ravne, rombaste (pločevina) ................................................................... 247 12.12 Velikoformatne kovinske kritine – sendvič, paneli (pločevina, toplotna izolacija) ....................................... 248 12.13 Ravne strehe: hladne – zračne, tople – nezračne (bitumenski trakovi, toplotna izolacija) ..................... 248 12.14 Strehe iz umetnih mas (PVC- oz. PE-trak, toplotna izolacija) ......................................................................................... 250

13 Slovar žargonskih izrazov ................................................................................................................................................................................... 253

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1.1 Predstavitev objekta

1.2 Vloga kleparsko-krovskih del

1.3 Predstavitev poklica klepar - krovec

1.4 Poklicne naloge in spretnosti

1.5 Načrtovanje - osebno, skupinsko

1 UVOD1 UVOD

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1.1 Predstavitev objektaV uvodnem delu bodo predstavljena področja ter poimensko določeni pojmi in deli objekta, tako da bo bralec ob nadaljnjem učenju, delu in poslušanju predavanj laže sodeloval in usvojil novo znanje.

Naučiti se moramo videni ali (narisani) objekt z besedami opisati tako slikovito, da bo poslušalec lahko razumel, vizualiziral in narisal predstavljeni del objekta oz. celotni objekt.

Primer: Opis strehe

Predstavljena streha je atrijska dvokapnica z naklonom 30° in s čopom, ki ima razgledni stolp in nadstrešek (kukerle). Streha dozidka je ločena s protipožarnim zidom.

Pri nadaljnjem opisovanju strehe – krova ugotovimo sestavo ostrešja: topla hladna streha, podkrov in rezervna kritina, prezračevanje, pohodnost strehe ali ne (naklon strehe), katera končna kritina krova je primerna itn.

Na začetku spoznajmo objekt (hišo) od temelja do strehe, in to ob kleparsko-krovskih delih in izdelkih.

Slika 1: Hiša

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- ozemljitveni vod, strelovod (najnižja točka objekta pod temeljem),

- hidroizolacija temelja,

- hidroizolacija kleti,

- žleb (mesto montaže) – viseči, ležeči,

- žleb (oblika) – polkrožni, štirikotni (kotni, izogibni, kaskada),

- žlebna zapora,

- maska – kotna (zunanja, notranja), zaključna,

- kotliček – žlebni, stranski,

- koleno – ločno segmentno,

- odtočna cev – okrogla, štirioglata,

- lovilec vode,

- obroba kapna,

- obroba stranska – vetrna,

- obroba čopa,

- obroba zidna,

- obroba napušča – venca,

- obroba nadzidave (atike), ograje,

- obroba dimnika,

- kapa dimnika,

- obroba droga, antene,

- obroba protipožarnih zidov,

- globel – žlota, greben, rob, sleme,

- podstreha, rezervna kritina,

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- letvanje, deskanje,

- kritina, kritina kot streha ograje,

- pločevinasta streha – ravna pravokotna,

- pločevinasta streha, dimniška obroba, (sleme),

- pločevinasta streha, kupola – ločno, usločena oblika,

- pločevinasta streha – ravna, navpična,

- zaključek s kroglo in vrtečim petelinom (najvišja točka objekta),

- strelovod, tipski,

- nadstrešek (kukerle), pločevina,

- zaključek s kroglo, špica,

- zračno sleme,

- strešna lina,

- strešno okno,

- zračnik – okrogli, štirioglati,

- strešni pohodi, stopnice,

- snegolov, ograjica, točkovni, cevni,

- okenska polica,

- nadstrešnik,

- ravna streha,

- izliv – stranski,

- poštni nabiralnik.

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