RELATIVE CLAUSES!

Klauza je relativna ukoliko se moze zameniti participom! Kao I ako mozemo izbaciti relative pronoun, a da znacenje ostaje isto (Have you seen those people who we met on holiday- Have you seen those people we met on .. )

I told you about the woman who lives next door. – I told you about the woman living next door.

Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof? – Do you see the cat lying on the roof?

Defining and Non-defining

Defining – BEZ ZAREZA, dodatno objasnjava nesto : I’m going to wear the skirt that I bought in London.

Non-defining – ZAREZ, tipicna apozicija : ukoliko se izbaci, znacenje ostaje isto:

My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in Hong Kong at the moment.

My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.

FINITE AND NON-FINITE

Finite – ima vreme

Non- finite : infinitive, participle, gerund

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

TIME : after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, no sooner than, since, until, when, or while.

PLACE : An adverb of place often starts with a preposition (e.g., in, on, near) or one of the following subordinating conjunctions: anywhere, everywhere, where, or wherever.

MANNER : is used to say HOW someone does something, or how something is done. as as if / as though as + adverb + as ….. as, like, or the way.

the form "verb+ing" is not used for making a manner clause. We use a prepositional phrase formed with "by/without + verb in ing" to express manner.

He began his speech by telling a joke.

COMPARISON: than, as...as, so...as, or the...the.

- A vacuum is a hell of a lot better than some of the stuff that nature replaces it with.

- He is as smart as he is tall.- She is not so bright as she thinks she is.

CONDITION : Under what conditions? if, unless, lest, provided (that), Lacey won't win the perogy-eating contest if she keeps eating faster than Hank can count.

CONCESSION : although, though, while, hough, although, even though, while, whereas, or even if.

Although golf was originally restricted to wealthy, overweight Protestants, today it's open to anybody who owns hideous clothing.

A loud voice cannot compete with a clear voice, even if it's a whisper.

REASON : Why? as, because, given, or since, for, so that

As she wanted to practise her spoken English, Carrie regularly took part in the ELC’s Big Mouth Corner.

Mark joined the English Drama Club because he wanted to improve his intonation.

Don’t use so in sentences beginning with since, as or because. Here is a common mistake:

Since he was interested in movies, so David joined the PolyU International Film Society.

PURPOSE : Why? (What was the reason for doing this?)

in order to, so that, in order that

- They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the chuchyard.

Sentence + so that / in order that + subject + verb + complement.

Sentence + so as to / in order to + verb + complement.

RESULT : so, so... that, or such … that.

The lecture was boring and irrelevant, so some of the students began to fall asleep.

Peter was having problems with mathematics, so he went to see his tutor to ask for advice.

There were so many books on the subject that Cindy didn’t know where to begin. There was such a lot of material to cover that Ivan found it difficult to keep up

with his studies.

Subject + verb + so + adjective/adverb + that + subject + verb + comp

- She is so hungry that she has lunch early.

Subject + verb + such + noun(s) + that + subject + verb + complement

- She acts such a rude manner that no man loves her.

- That no man loves her, she acts such a rude manner.

DEGREE : We use adverb clause of degree to modify verb in main clause.

Subordinating Conjunctions: according to as, according to how

- She will be paid according to how she works.

- According to how she works, she will be paid.

NOMINAL CLAUSES:

A nominal clause (noun clause) functions like a noun or noun phrase. It is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of its own and contains one of the following: that | if | whether

Nominal clauses may begin with interrogatives:

    who     whom   what    which     whoever      whomever     whatever     when    where     how   why