kkld vksj bfro`Ùk% uks eqx+ky njckj (yxhkx lksygoha vksj...

224 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ oqQN fo"k;

eqX+ky lkezkT; osQ 'kkld Lo;a dks ,d fo'kky vkSj fotkrh;turk ij 'kklu osQ fy,] fu;qDr ekurs FksA gkyk¡fd vlfy;r esajktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ bl HkO; n`f"V dks lhekc¼ dj nsrh Fkha

fiQj Hkh ,slh n`f"V lnSo egÙoiw.kZ jghA bl n`f"VosQ izpkj&izlkj dk ,d rjhdk jktoa'kh; bfrgklfy[kuk&fy[kokuk FkkA eqX+ky jktkvksa us njckjhbfrgkldkjksa dks fooj.kksa osQ ys[ku dk dk;Z lkSaikAbu fooj.kksa esa ckn'kkg osQ le; dh ?kVukvksa dkys[kk&tks[kk fn;k x;kA blosQ vfrfjDr muosQys[kdksa us 'kkldksa dks vius {ks=k osQ 'kklu esa ennosQ fy, miegk}hi osQ vU; {ks=kksa ls <sjksa tkudkfj;k¡bdêòh dhaA

vaxzs”kh esa fy[kus okys vkèkqfud bfrgkldkjksau s ewy&ikB dh bl 'k Syh dk s ØkW fudYl(bfroÙk@bfrgkl) uke fn;kA ;s bfro`Ùk ?kVukvksa dkvuojr dkykuqozQfed fooj.k izLrqr djrs gSaAeqX+kyksa dk bfrgkl fy[kus osQ bPNqd fdlh Hkhfo}ku osQ fy, ;s bfroÙk vifjgk;Z lzksr gSaA ,dvksj rks ;s bfroÙk eqX+ky jkT; dh laLFkkvksa osQ ckjsesa rF;kRed lwpukvksa dk [+k”kkuk Fks] ftUgsa njckjls ?kfu"B :i ls tqM+s O;fDr;ksa }kjk dkI+kQh esgurls ,df=kr ,oa oxhZo`Qr fd;k x;k FkkA nwljh vksjbu ewy&ikBksa dk mís'; mu vk'k;ksa dks laizsf"krdjuk Fkk ftUgsa eqX+ky 'kkld vius {ks=k esa ykxwdjuk pkgrs FksA vr% ;s bfroÙk gesa bl ckr dh

,d >yd nsrs gSa fd oSQls 'kkgh fopkjèkkjk,¡ jph rFkk izpkfjr dhtkrh FkhaA ;g vè;k; eqX+ky lkezkT; osQ bl le`¼ vkSj yqHkkousvk;ke dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ij izdk'k MkysxkA

fp=k 9-1ckcj dks jktoa'kh; eqoqQV lkSairk rSewj] xksoèkZu}kjk yxHkx 1630 esa fpf=kr

'kkld vkSj bfro`Ùk%

eqX+ky njckj(yxHkx lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha 'krkfCn;k¡)

fo"k;ukS

225'kkld vkSj bfroÙk % eqx+y njckj

1- eqX+ky 'kkld vkSj mudk lkezkT;eqX+ky uke eaxksy ls O;qRiUu gqvk gSA ;|fi vkt ;g uke ,dlkezkT; dh HkO;rk dk vglkl djkrk gS ysfdu jktoa'k osQ 'kkldksaus Lo;a osQ fy, ;g uke ugha pquk FkkA mUgksaus vius dks rSewjh dgkD;ksafd fir`i{k ls os rqdhZ 'kkld frewj osQ oa'kt FksA igyk eqX+ky'kkld ckcj ekr`i{k ls paxs”k [kk¡ dk lacaèkh FkkA og rqdhZ cksyrk FkkvkSj mlus eaxksyksa dk migkl djrs gq, mUgsa ccZj fxjksg osQ :i esamfYyf[kr fd;k gSA

lksygoha 'krkCnh osQ nkSjku ;wjksfi;ksa us ifjokj dh bl 'kk[kk osQHkkjrh; 'kkldksa dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, eqX+ky 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;kAlksygoha 'krkCnh ls gh bl 'kCn dk fujarj iz;ksx gksrk jgk gSA ;gk¡rd fd jM;kMZ fdifyax dh taxy cqd osQ ;qok uk;d eksxyh dkuke Hkh blls O;qRiUu gqvk gSA

eqX+kyksa o LFkkuh; ljnkjksa osQ chp jktuhfrd&eSf=k;ksa osQ ”kfj, rFkkfot;ksa osQ ”kfj, Hkkjr osQ fofoèk {ks=kh; jkT;ksa dks feykdj lkezkT;dh jpuk dh xbZA lkezkT; osQ laLFkkid ”kgh#íhu ckcj dks mlosQeè; ,f'k;kbZ Lons'k iQjxkuk ls izfr}a}h m”kcsdksa us Hkxk fn;k FkkAmlus lcls igys Lo;a dks dkcqy esa LFkkfir fd;k vkSj fiQj 1526esa vius ny osQ lnL;ksa dh vko';drk,¡ iwjh djus osQ fy, {ks=kksa vkSjlalkèkuksa dh [kkst esa og Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa vkSj vkxs dh vksjc<+kA

blosQ mÙkjkfèkdkjh ulh#íhu gqek;w¡ (1530&40] 1555&56) uslkezkT; dh lhekvksa esa foLrkj fd;k foaQrq og vI+kQxku usrk 'ksj'kkglwj ls ijkftr gks x;k ftlus mls bZjku osQ lI+kQkoh 'kkld osQ njckjesa fuokZflr gksus dks ckè; dj fn;kA 1555 esa gqek;w¡ us lwjksa dksijkftr dj fn;k foaQrq ,d o"kZ ckn gh mldh e`R;q gks xbZA

dbZ yksx tykyqíhu vdcj (1556&1605) dks eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa esaegkure ekurs gSa D;ksafd mlus u osQoy vius lkezkT; dk foLrkj ghfd;k cfYd bls vius le; dk fo'kkyre] n<+re vkSj lcls le¼jkT; cukdj lqn<+ Hkh fd;kA vdcj fganqoqQ'k ioZr rd vius lkezkT;dh lhekvksa osQ foLrkj esa liQy gqvk vkSj mlus bZjku osQ lI+kQkfo;ksa vkSjrwjku (eè; ,f'k;k) osQ m”kcsdksa dh foLrkjoknh ;kstukvksa ij yxkeyxk, j[khA vdcj ossQ ckn tgk¡xhj (1605&27)] 'kkgtgk¡ (1628&58)vkSj vkSjax”ksc (1658&1707) osQ :i esa fHkUu&fHkUu O;fDrRoksa okysrhu cgqr ;ksX; mÙkjkfèkdkjh gq,A buosQ vèkhu {ks=kh; foLrkj tkjh jgk;|fi bldh xfr dkI+kQh èkheh jghA rhuksa 'kkldksa us 'kklu osQ fofoèk;a=kksa dks cuk, j[kk vkSj mUgsa lqn<+ fd;kA

fp=k 9-2gqek;w¡ dh iRuh ukfnjk dk] jktLFkku osQ jsfxLrkudks ikj djrs fn[kkrk gqvk] vBkjgoha 'krkCnh dkfp=k.k


lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha 'krkfCn;ksa osQ nkSjku 'kkgh laLFkkvksa osQ <k¡psdk fuekZ.k gqvkA buosQ varxZr iz'kklu vkSj djkèkku osQ izHkko'kkyhrjhosQ 'kkfey FksA eqX+ky 'kfDr dk lqLi"V osaQnz njckj FkkA ;gk¡jktuhfrd lacaèk x<+s tkrs Fks] lkFk gh Jsf.k;k¡ vkSj gSfl;rsa ifjHkkf"krdh tkrh FkhaA eqX+kyksa }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk lSU; 'kfDrvkSj miegk}hi dh fHkUu&fHkUu ijaijkvksa dks lek;ksftr djus dhpsru uhfr osQ la;kstu ij vkèkkfjr FkhA

1707 osQ ckn vkSjax”ksc dh e`R;ksijkar jktoa'k dh 'kfDr ?kV xbZAfnYyh] vkxjk vFkok ykgkSj tSls fHkUu jktèkkuh uxjksa ls fu;af=kr ,dfo'kky lkezkT; ra=k dh txg {ks=kh; 'kfDr;ksa us vfèkd Lok;ÙkrkvftZr dj yhA fiQj Hkh lkaosQfrd :i esa gh lgh ij eqX+ky 'kklddh izfr"Bk us vHkh viuh vkHkk ugha [kksbZ FkhA 1857 esa bl oa'k osQvafre oa'kt cgknqj'kkg ”kiQj f}rh; dks vaxzs”kksa us m[kkM+ isaQdkA

2- bfroÙkksa dh jpukeqX+ky ckn'kkgksa }kjk rS;kj djok, x, bfro`Ùk lkezkT; vkSj mlosQnjckj osQ vè;;u osQ egÙoiw.kZ lzksr gSaA ;s bfro`Ùk bl lkezkT; osQvarxZr vkus okys lHkh yksxksa osQ lkeus ,d izcq¼ jkT; osQ n'kZu dhizk;kstuk osQ mís'; ls fy[ks x, FksA blh rjg budk mís'; mu yksxksadks] ftUgksaus eqX+ky 'kklu dk fojksèk fd;k Fkk] ;g crkuk Hkh Fkk fdmuosQ lkjs fojksèkksa dk vliQy gksuk fu;r gSA 'kkld ;g Hkhlqfuf'pr dj ysuk pkgrs Fks fd Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy, muosQ 'kkludk fooj.k miyCèk jgsA

eqX+ky bfro`Ùkksa osQ ys[kd fujiokn :i ls njckjh gh jgsA mUgksaustks bfrgkl fy[ks muosQ osaQnzfcanq esa Fkha 'kkld ij osaQfnzr ?kVuk,¡]'kkld dk ifjokj] njckj o vfHktkr] ;q¼ vkSj iz'kklfud O;oLFkk,¡Avdcj] 'kkgtgk¡ vkSj vkyexhj (eqX+ky 'kkld vkSjax”ksc dh ,dinoh) dh dgkfu;ksa ij vkèkkfjr bfro`Ùkksa osQ 'kh"kZd vdcjukek]'kkgtgk¡ukek] vkyexhjukek ;g laosQr djrs gSa fd buosQ ys[kdksa dhfuxkg esa lkezkT; o njckj dk bfrgkl vkSj ckn'kkg dk bfrgkl ,dgh FkkA

2-1 rqdhZ ls I+kQkjlh dh vksj

eqX+ky njckjh bfrgkl I+kQkjlh Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x, FksA fnYyh osQ lqYrkuksaosQ dky esa mÙkj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa fo'ks"kdj fganoh o bldh {ks=kh;fHkUurkvksa osQ lkFk I+kQkjlh] njckj vkSj lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dh Hkk"kkosQ :i esa] [kwc iqf"ir&iYyfor gqbZA pw¡fd eqX+ky px+ rkbZ ewy osQ Fks

ppkZ dhft,---irk yxkus dh dksf'k'k dhft, fd vkiftl jkT; esa jgrs gSa D;k og eqX+kylkezkT; dk Hkkx Fkk\ D;k lkezkT;LFkkfir gksus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ml {ks=kesa fdlh rjg osQ ifjorZu gq, Fks\vxj vkidk jkT; bl lkezkT; dkfgLlk ugha Fkk rks ledkyhu {ks=kh;'kkldksa] muosQ mn~Hko vkSj mudhuhfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjhizkIr dhft,A os fdl izdkj osQ fooj.kdk ys[kk&tks[kk j[krs Fks\

px+ rkbZ rqoZQ Lo;a dks paxss”k [kk¡ osQ lclscMs+ iq=k dk oa'kt ekurs FksA


vr% rqdhZ mudh ekr`Hkk"kk FkhA buosQ igys 'kkld ckcj us dfork,¡vkSj vius laLej.k blh Hkk"kk esa fy[ks FksA

vdcj us lksp&le>dj I+kQkjlh dks njckj dh eq[; Hkk"kk cuk;kAlaHkor;k bZjku osQ lkFk lkaLoQfrd vkSj ckSf¼d laidks± osQ lkFk&lkFkeqX+ky njckj esa in ikus dks bPNqd bZjkuh vkSj eè; ,f'k;kbZ izokfl;ksaus ckn'kkg dks bl Hkk"kk dks viuk, tkus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k gksxkAI+kQkjlh dks njckj dh Hkk"kk dk mQ¡pk LFkku fn;k x;k rFkk mu yksxksa dks'kfDr o izfr"Bk iznku dh xbZ ftudh bl Hkk"kk ij vPNh idM+ FkhAjktk] 'kkgh ifjokj osQ yksx vkSj njckj osQ fof'k"V lnL; ;g Hkk"kkcksyrs FksA oqQN vkSj vkxs ;g lHkh Lrjksa osQ iz'kklu dh Hkk"kk cu xbZftlls ys[kkdkjksa] fyfidksa rFkk vU; vfèkdkfj;ksa us Hkh bls lh[k fy;kA

tgk¡&tgk¡ I+kQkjlh izR;{k iz;ksx esa ugha Fkh] ogk¡ Hkh jktLFkkuh] ejkBhvkSj ;gk¡ rd fd rfey esa 'kkldh; ys[kksa dh Hkk"kk dks bldh'kCnkoyh vkSj eqgkojksa us O;kid :i ls izHkkfor fd;k FkkA pw¡fdlksygoha vkSj l=kgoha 'krkfCn;ksa osQ nkSjku I+kQkjlh dk iz;ksx djus okysyksx miegk}hi osQ dbZ vyx&vyx {ks=kksa ls vk, Fks vkSj os vU;Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡ Hkh cksyrs Fks vr% LFkkuh; eqgkojksa dks lekfo"V djus lsI+kQkjlh dk Hkh Hkkjrh;dj.k gks x;k FkkA I+kQkjlh osQ fganoh osQ lkFkikjLifjd laioZQ ls mnwZ osQ :i esa ,d u;h Hkk"kk fudy dj vkbZA

vdcjukek tSls eqX+ky bfrgkl I+kQkjlh esa fy[ks x, Fks tcfd vU;tSls ckcj osQ laLej.kksa dk ckcjukek osQ uke ls rqdhZ ls I+kQkjlh esavuqokn fd;k x;k FkkA eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa us egkHkkjr vkSj jkek;.k tSlslaLo`Qr xzaFkksa dks I+kQkjlh esa vuqokfnr fd, tkus dk vkns'k fn;kAegkHkkjr dk vuqokn j”eukek (;q¼ksa dh iqLrd) osQ :i esa gqvkA

2-2 ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh jpuk

eqX+ky Hkkjr dh lHkh iqLrosaQ ikaMqfyfi;ksa osQ :i esa Fkha vFkkZr~ os gkFkls fy[kh gksrh FkhaA ikaMqfyfi jpuk dk eq[; osaQnz 'kkgh fdrkc[+kkukFkkA gkyk¡fd fdrkc[+kkuk 'kCn iqLrdky; osQ :i esa vuqokfnr fd;ktk ldrk gS] ;g njvly ,d fyfi?kj Fkk vFkkZr ,slh txg tgk¡ckn'kkg dh ikaMqfyfi;ksa dk laxzg j[kk tkrk rFkk u;h ikaMqfyfi;ksa dhjpuk dh tkrh FkhA

ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh jpuk esa fofoèk izdkj osQ dk;Z djus okys cgqryksx 'kkfey gksrs FksA dkx”k cukus okyksa dh ikaMqfyfi osQ iUus rS;kjdjus] lqys[kdksa dh ikB dh udy rS;kj djus] dks-Ýrxjksa dh i`"Bksa dkspedkus osQ fy,] fp=kdkjksa dh ikB ls n`';ksa dks fpf=kr djus osQ fy,vkSj ftYnlk”kksa dh izR;sd iUus dks bdêòk dj mls vyao`Qr vkoj.k

fyf[kr 'kCn dh mM+kuvcqy I+kQ”y osQ 'kCnksa esa %

fyf[kr 'kCn foxr ;qxksa dh cqf¼eÙkkdks ewrZ :i ns ldrk gS vkSj blrjg og ckSf¼d izxfr oQk lkèkucu ldrk gSA mPpkfjr 'kCn muosQfnyks&fnekx esa tkrk gS tks mlslquus osQ fy, mifLFkr gksrk gSAfyf[kr 'kCn u osQoy ikl jgusokys yksxksa cfYd nwj fLFkr yksxksadks Hkh le>nkjh fl[kkrk gSA vxjfyf[kr 'kCn u gks rks mPpkfjr'kCn rks cgqr tYnh gh ej tk,xkvkSj gekjs ikl mu yksxksa dh dksbZfu'kkuh ugha jg tk,xh tks fnoaxrgks pqosQ gSaA lkekU; le> osQ yksxrks v{kjksa dks ,d xgjh vko`Qfrek=k ekurs gSa ij xgjkbZ ls ns[kusokys yksxksa dks buesa ,d izKk nhi(fpjkx&,&f'kuklkbZ) u”kj vkrk gSAvius esa g”kkjksa fdj.kksa dks fy, gksusosQ ckotwn fyf[kr 'kCn dkyk fn[krkgS vFkok bl <ax ls dgk tk ldrkgS fd ;g ,d ,slk izdk'k gS ftlij ,d fry gS tks bls cqjh u”kj lscpkrk gSA [kr ;k i=k le>nkjh dhrlohj gS_ fopkjksa dh nqfu;k lsfudkyk gqvk [+kkdk gS_ fnu dksykus okyh xgjh jks'kuh gS_ Kku lsHkjk gqvk ?kuk ckny gSA i=k ekSugksrs gSa fiQj Hkh os cksyrs gSa_ fLFkjgksrs gSa fiQj Hkh os lI+kQj djrs gSa_iUus ij iSQys gq,] fiQj Hkh mQijdh vksj mM+ku Hkjrs gSaA


essa cSBkus osQ fy, vko';drk gksrh FkhA rS;kj ikaMqfyfi dks ,dcgqewY; oLrq] ckSf¼d laink vkSj lkSan;Z osQ dk;Z osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrkFkkA bl rjg osQ lkSan;Z dks vfLrRo esa ykdj bu ikaMqfyfi;ksa osQlaj{kd eqX+ky ckn'kkg viuh 'kfDr dks n'kkZ jgs FksA

blh rjg bu ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh okLrfod jpuk esa 'kkfey oqQN yksxksadks Hkh info;ksa vkSj iqjLdkjksa osQ :i esa igpku feyhA buesa lqys[kdksavkSj fp=kdkjksa dks rks mPp lkekftd izfr"Bk feyh tcfd vU;] tSlsdkx”k cukus okys vFkok ftYnlk”k xqeuke dkjhxj gh jg x,A

lqys[ku vFkkZr~ gkFk ls fy[kus dh dyk vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ dkS'kyekuh tkrh FkhA bldk iz;ksx fHkUu&fHkUu 'kSfy;ksa esa gksrk FkkA uLrfydvdcj dh ilanhnk 'kSyh FkhA ;g ,d ,slh rjy 'kSyh Fkh ftls yacslikV izokgh <ax ls fy[kk tkrk FkkA bls 5 ls 10 feyhehVj dh uksdokys N¡Vs gq, ljoaQMs] ftls dye dgk tkrk gS] osQ VqdM+s ls L;kghesa Mqcksdj fy[kk tkrk gSA lkekU;r;k dye dh uksd esa chp esa NksVklk phjk yxk fn;k tkrk Fkk rkfd og L;kgh vklkuh ls lks[k ysA

ppkZ dhft,---vkt rS;kj gksus okyh iqLrosaQ fdu ek;uksa esa eqX+ky bfro`Ùkksa dhjpuk osQ rjhdksa ls fHkUu vFkok leku gSa\

3- jaxhu fp=ktSlk fd geus fiNys vuqHkkx esa i<+k] eqX+ky ikaMqfyfi;ksa dh jpuk esafp=kdkj Hkh 'kkfey FksA ,d eqX+ky ckn'kkg osQ 'kklu dh ?kVukvksa dkfooj.k nsus okys bfrgklksa esa fyf[kr ikB osQ lkFk gh mu ?kVukvksa dksfp=kksa osQ ekè;e ls n`'; :i esa Hkh of.kZr fd;k tkrk FkkA tc fdlhiqLrd esa ?kVukvksa vFkok fo"k;ksa dks n`'; :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkukgksrk Fkk rks lqys[kd mlosQ vklikl osQ i`"Bksa dks [kkyh NksM+ nsrs FksAfp=kdkj 'kCnksa esa of.kZr fo"k; dks vyx ls fp=k :i esa mrkjdj ogk¡layXu dj nsrs FksA ;s y?kqfp=k gksrs Fks ftUgsa ikaMqfyfi osQ i`"Bksa ijvklkuh ls yxk;k vkSj ns[kk tk ldrk FkkA

fp=kksa dks u osQoy fdlh iqLrd osQ lkSan;Z dks c<+kok nsus okykcfYd mUgsa rks] fyf[kr ekè;e ls jktk vkSj jktk dh 'kfDr osQ fo"k;esa tks ckr dgh u tk ldh gksa] ,sls fopkjksa osQ laizs"k.k dk Hkh ,dl'kDr ekè;e ekuk tkrk FkkA bfrgkldkj vcqy iQ”y us fp=kdkjhdk ,d ^tknqbZ dyk* osQ :i esa o.kZu fd;k gSA mldh jk; esa ;gdyk fdlh futhZo oLrq dks Hkh bl :i esa izLrqr dj ldrh gS fdtSls mlesa thou gksA

fp=k 9-3uLrfyO+kQ 'kSyh esa fy[kk gqvk ,d iUuk] ftlsvdcj osQ njckj osQ lcls vPNs lqys[kdksa esa ls,d dk'ehj osQ eqgEen gqlSu (yxHkx 1575&1605)}kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA blosQ v{kjksa osQ fo'kq¼lekuqikfrd ?kqeko dh dnjnkuh esa bldks ^”kjhuO+kQye* (lksus dh O+kQye) osQ f[krkc ls uok”kk x;kAlqys[kd us i`"B osQ fupys Hkkx ij vius gLrk{kjfd, gSaA bl i"B dk yxHkx ,d pkSFkkbZ fgLlk blhesa iz;qDr gks x;k gSA


ckn'kkg] mlosQ njckj rFkk mlesa fgLlk ysus okys yksxksa dk fp=k.kdjus okys fp=kksa dh jpuk dks ysdj 'kkldksa vkSj eqlyeku :f<+oknhoxZ osQ izfrfufèk;ksa vFkkZr myek osQ chp fujarj ruko cuk jgkA myekus oqQjku osQ lkFk&lkFk gnhl] ftlesa iSxEcj eqgEen osQ thou ls ,d,slk gh izlax of.kZr gS] esa izfr"Bkfir ekuo :iksa osQ fp=k.k ijbLykeh izfrcaèk dk vkàku fd;kA bl izlax esa iSxEcj lkgc dksizko`Qfrd rjhosQ ls thfor :iksa osQ fp=k.k dh eukgh djrs gq,mfYyf[kr fd;k x;k gS D;ksafd ,slk djus ls ;g yxrk Fkk fddykdkj jpuk dh 'kfDr dks vius gkFk esa ysus dh dksf'k'k dj jgkgSA ;g ,d ,slk dk;Z Fkk tks osQoy bZ'oj dk gh FkkA

Lkzksr 1

rlohj dh iz'kalk esa

vcqy iQ”y fp=kdkjh dks cgqr lEekunsrk Fkk %

fdlh Hkh ph”k dk mlosQ tSlk ghjs[kkadu cukuk rlohj dgykrk gSA viuh;qokoLFkk osQ ,dne 'kq#vkrh fnuksa lsgh egkefge us bl dyk esa viuhvfHk#fp O;Dr dh gSA os bls vè;;uvkSj euksjatu nksuksa dk gh lkèku ekursgq, bl dyk dks gj laHko izksRlkgu nsrsgSaA fp=kdkjksa dh ,d cM+h la[;k bldk;Z esa yxkbZ xbZ gSA gj gÝ+ rs 'kkghdk;Z'kkyk osQ vusd fujh{kd vkSj fyfidckn'kkg osQ lkeus izR;sd dykdkj dkdk;Z izLrqr djrs gSa vkSj egkefgeizn£'kr mRoQ"Vrk osQ vkèkkj ij bZukensrs rFkk dykdkjksa osQ ekfld osru esaof¼ djrs gSa--- vc lokZfèkd mRoQ"Vfp=kdkj feyus yxs gSa vkSj fcg”kkntSls fp=kdkjksa dh vR;qÙke dykoQfr;ksadks rks mu ;wjksih; fp=kdkjksa osQ mRoQ"Vdk;ks± osQ led{k gh j[kk tk ldrk gSftUgksaus fo'o esa O;kid [;kfr vftZrdj yh gSA C;ksjs dh lw{erk] ifjiw.kZrkvkSj izLrqrhdj.k dh fuHkhZdrk tks vcfp=kksa esa fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS] og vrqyuh;gSA ;gk¡ rd fd futhZo oLrq,¡ Hkhizk.koku izrhr gksrh gSaA lkS ls vfèkdfp=kdkj bl dyk osQ izfl¼ dykdkjgks x, gSaA fganw dykdkjksa osQ fy, ;gckr [+kklrkSj ij lgh gSA muosQ fp=koLrqvksa dh gekjh ifjdYiuk ls dghaijs gSaA oLrqr% iwjs fo'o esa oqQN yksx ghmuosQ leku ik, tk ldrs gSaA

vcqy iQ”y fp=kdyk dksegÙoiw.kZ D;ksa ekurk gS\ og bldyk dks oSèk oSQls Bgjkrk gS\

fp=k 9-4,d eqX+ky fdrkc[kkuk

bl y?kqfp=k esa fpf=kr eqX+ky ikaMqfyfi dh jpuk esa layXu vyx&vyxdk;ks± dh igpku dhft,A


foaQrq le; osQ lkFk 'kfj;k dh O;k[;kvksa esa Hkh cnyko vk;kAfofHkUu lkekftd lewgksa us bLykeh ijaijk osQ <k¡ps dh vyx&vyxrjhdksa ls O;k[;k dhA izk;% izR;sd lewg us bl ijaijk dh ,slh O;k[;kizfrikfnr dh tks mudh jktuhfrd vko';drkvksa ls lcls ”;knk esy[kkrh FkhA ftu 'krkfCn;ksa osQ nkSjku lkezkT; fuekZ.k gks jgk Fkk ml le;dbZ ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kksa osQ 'kkldksa us fu;fer :i ls dykdkjksa dks muosQ fp=krFkk muosQ jkT; osQ thou osQ n'; fpf=kr djus osQ fy, fu;qDr fd;kAmnkgj.k osQ fy,] bZjku osQ lI+kQkoh jktkvksa us njckj esa LFkkfirdk;Z'kkykvksa esa izf'kf{kr mRoQ"V dykdkjksa dks laj{k.k iznku fd;kAfcg”kkn tSls fp=kdkjksa osQ uke us lI+kQkoh njckj dh lkaLoQfrd izflf¼dks pkjksa vksj iSQykus esa cgqr ;ksxnku fn;kA

bZjku ls Hkh dykdkj eqX+kydkyhu Hkkjr vkus esa liQy gq,A oqQN dkseqX+ky njckj esa yk;k x;k tSls ehj lSÕ;n vyh vkSj vCnql len dksckn'kkg gqek;¡w dks fnYyh rd lkFk nsus osQ fy, dgk x;kA vU; uslaj{k.k vkSj izfr"Bk osQ voljksa dh ryk'k esa izokl fd;kA ckn'kkg vkSj:f<+oknh eqlyeku fopkjkèkkjk osQ izoDrkvksa osQ chp thoèkkfj;ksa osQ n';fu:i.k ij eqX+ky njckj esa ruko cuk gqvk FkkA vdcj dk njckjhbfrgkldkj vcqy iQ”y ckn'kkg dks ;g dgrs gq, m¼r djrk gS]¶dbZ yksx ,sls gSa tks fp=kdyk ls ?k.kk djrs gSa ij eSa ,sls O;fDr;ksa dksukilan djrk gw¡A eq>s ,slk yxrk gS fd dykdkj osQ ikl [+kqnk dksigpkuus dk cstksM+ rjhdk gSA pw¡fd dgha u dgha mls ;g eglwl gksrkgS fd [+kqnk dh jpuk dks og thou ugha ns ldrk---¸

4- vdcjukek vkSj ckn'kkgukekegÙoiw.kZ fpf=kr eqX+ky bfrgklksa esa lokZfèkd Kkr vdcjukek vkSjckn'kkgukek (jktk dk bfrgkl) gSA izR;sd ikaMqfyfi esa vkSlru 150iwjs vFkok nksgjs i`"Bksa ij yM+kbZ] ?ksjkcanh] f'kdkj] bekjr&fuekZ.k]njckjh n`'; vkfn osQ fp=k gSaA

vdcjukek osQ ys[kd vcqy iQ”y dk ikyu&iks"k.k eqX+ky jktèkkuhvkxjk esa gqvkA og vjch] iQkjlh] ;wukuh n'kZu vkSj lwI+kQhokn esai;kZIr fu".kkr FkkA blls Hkh vfèkd og ,d izHkko'kkyh fooknh rFkkLora=k fpard Fkk ftlus yxkrkj nfd;kuwlh myek osQ fopkjksa dkfojksèk fd;kA bu xq.kksa ls vdcj cgqr izHkkfor gqvkA mlus vcqyiQ”y dks vius lykgdkj vkSj viuh uhfr;ksa osQ izoDrk osQ :i esacgqr mi;qZDr ik;kA ckn'kkg dk ,d eq[; mís'; jkT; dks èkkfeZd:f<+okfn;ksa osQ fu;a=k.k ls eqDr djuk FkkA njckjh bfrgkldkj osQ :iesa vcqy iQ”y us vdcj osQ 'kklu ls tqM+s fopkjksa dks u osQoyvkdkj fn;k cfYd mudks Li"V :i ls O;Dr Hkh fd;kA

ppkZ dhft,---fp=kdkj osQ lkfgfR;d vkSj dykRedjpuk izn'kZu (fp=k 9-4) dh rqyukvcqy I+kQ”y dh lkfgfR;d vkSjdykRed jpuk&'kfDr ls dhft,(lzksr 1)A


1589 esa 'kq: dj vcqy iQ”y us vdcjukek ij rsjg o"kks± rddk;Z fd;k vkSj bl nkSjku dbZ ckj mlus izk:i eas lqèkkj fd,A ;gbfrgkl ?kVukvksa osQ okLrfod fooj.kksa (okO+kQbZ)] 'kkldh; nLrkos”kksarFkk tkudkj O;fDr;ksa osQ ekSf[kd izek.kksa tSls fofHkUu izdkj osQ lk{;ksaij vkèkkfjr gSA

vdcjukek dks rhu ftYnksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS ftuesa lsizFke nks bfrgkl gSaA rhljh ftYn vkbu&,&vdcjh gSA igyh ftYnesa vkne ls ysdj vdcj osQ thou osQ ,d [kxksyh; dkypozQ rd(30 o"kZ) dk ekuo&tkfr dk bfrgkl gSA nwljh f”kYn vdcj osQ46oas 'kklu o"kZ (1601) ij [+kRe gksrh gSA vxys gh o"kZ vcqyI+kQ”y jktoqQekj lyhe }kjk rS;kj fd, x, "kM~;a=k dk f'kdkj gqvkvkSj lyhe osQ lgkijkèkh chj flag caqnsyk }kjk mldh gR;k djnh xbZA

vdcjukek dk ys[ku jktuhfrd :i ls egÙoiw.kZ ?kVukvksa osQle; osQ lkFk fooj.k nsus osQ ikjaifjd ,sfrgkfld n`f"Vdks.k ls fd;kx;kA blosQ lkFk gh frfFk;ksa vkSj le; osQ lkFk gksus okys cnykoksa osQmYys[k osQ fcuk gh vdcj osQ lkezkT; osQ HkkSxksfyd] lkekftd]iz'kklfud vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd lHkh i{kksa dk fooj.k izLrqr djus osQvfHkuo rjhosQ ls Hkh bldk ys[ku gqvkA vkbu&,&vdcjh esa eqX+kylkezkT; dks fganqvksa] tSuksa] ckS¼ksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dh fHkUu&fHkUuvkcknh okys rFkk ,d fefJr laLo`Qfr okys lkezkT; osQ :i esa izLrqrfd;k x;k gSA

vcqy I+kQ”y dh Hkk"kk cgqr vyaÑr Fkh vkSj pw¡fd bl Hkk"kk osQikBksa dks Å¡ph vkok”k esa i<+k tkrk Fkk vr% bl Hkk"kk esa y; rFkkdFku&'kSyh dks cgqr egÙo fn;k tkrk FkkA bl Hkkjrh;&I+kQkjlh 'kSyhdks njckj esa laj{k.k feykA

vcqy iQ”y dk ,d f'k"; vCnqy gehn ykgkSjh ckn'kkgukek osQys[kd osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bldh ;ksX;rkvksa osQ ckjs esa lqudjckn'kkg 'kkgtgk¡ us mls vdcjukek osQ uewus ij vius 'kklu dkbfrgkl fy[kus osQ fy, fu;qDr fd;kA ckn'kkgukek Hkh ljdkjhbfrgkl gSA bldh rhu ftYnsa (n-Ýrj) gSa vkSj izR;sd ftYn nl panzo"kks± dk C;ksjk nsrh gSA ykgkSjh us ckn'kkg osQ 'kklu (1627&47) osQigys nks n'kdksa ij igyk o nwljk n-Ýrj fy[kkA bu ftYnksa esa cknesa 'kkgtgk¡ osQ o”khj lknqYykg [kk¡ us lqèkkj fd;kA cq<+kis dhv'kDrrkvksa dh otg ls ykgkSjh rhljs n'kd osQ ckjs esa u fy[k ldkftls ckn esa bfrgkldkj okfjl us fy[kkA

vkSifuosf'kd dky osQ nkSjku vaxsz”k iz'kkldksa us vius lkezkT; osQyksxksa vkSj laLo`Qfr;ksa (ftu ij os yack 'kklu djuk pkgrs Fks)] dks

,sfrgkfld fooj.k le;okj fodkldh :ijs[kk izLrqr djrk gS tcfd,ddkfyd fooj.k ,d [+kkl le;dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djrk gSA

ckn'kkgukek dk lI+kQjeqX+kyksa osQ vèkhu cgqewY; ikaMqfyfi;ksadh HksaV ,d LFkkfir jktuf;d izFkkFkhA blh dk vuqdj.k djrs gq, vo/uokc us 1799 esa tktZ r`rh; dkslfp=k ckn'kkgukek Hks aV esa fn;kArHkh ls ;g fo¯Mlj dkly osQ vaxzs”kh'kkgh laxzgksa esa lqjf{kr gSA

1994 esa gq, laj{k.k dk;Z esa c¡èkhgqbZ ikaMqfyfi dks vyx&vyx djukvko';d gks x;kA blh dh otg lsfp=kksa dks iznf'kZr djuk laHko gqvk vkSj1997 esa igyh ckj ckn'kkgukek osQfp=k u;h fnYyh] yanu vkSj okf'kaxVuesa gqbZ izn'kZfu;ksa esa fn[kk, x,A


csgrj <ax ls le>us osQ fy, Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk vè;;u rFkkmiegk}hi osQ ckjs esa Kku dk vfHkys[kkxkj LFkkfir djuk 'kq: fd;kA1784 esa lj fofy;e tksUl }kjk LFkkfir ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWI+kQcaxky us dbZ Hkkjrh; ikaMqfyfi;ksa osQ laiknu] izdk'ku vkSj vuqokndk f”kEek vius mQij ys fy;kA

vdcjukek vkSj ckn'kkgukek osQ laikfnr ikBkUrj lcls igys,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh }kjk mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa izdkf'kr fd, x,A o"kks±dh dM+h esgur osQ ckn chloha 'krkCnh osQ vkjaHk esa gsujh csofjt}kjk vdcjukek dk vaxzs”kh vuqokn fd;k x;kA ckn'kkgukek osQ osQoyoqQN gh va'kksa dk vHkh rd vaxzs”kh esa vuqokn gqvk gS] bldk ewyikB vius laiw.kZ :i esa vkt Hkh vuqokn fd, tkus dh izrh{kk esa gSA

ppkZ dhft,---irk yxkus dh dksf'k'k dhft, fd D;k vkiosQ dLcs vFkok xk¡oesa ikaMqfyfi;ksa dks fpf=kr djus dh ijaijk jgh gS\ bu ikaMqfyfi;ksadks dkSu rS;kj djrk Fkk\ bu ikaMqfyfi;ksa esa fdu fo"k;ksa ij fopkjfd;k x;k Fkk\ bUgsa oSQls lqjf{kr j[kk tkrk Fkk\

5- vkn'kZ jkT;5-1 ,d nSoh; izdk'k

njckjh bfrgkldkjksa us dbZ lk{;ksa dk gokyk nsrs gq, ;g fn[kk;k fdeqX+ky jktkvksa dks lhèks bZ'oj ls 'kfDr feyh FkhA muosQ }kjk of.kZrnardFkkvksa esa ls ,d eaxksy jkuh vykuoqQvk dh dgkuh gS tks viusf'kfoj esa vkjke djrs le; lw;Z dh ,d fdj.k }kjk xHkZorh gqbZ FkhAmlosQ }kjk tUe ysus okyh larku ij bl nSoh; izdk'k dk izHkko FkkAbl izdkj ih<+h&nj&ih<+h ;g izdk'k gLrkarfjr gksrk jgkA

bZ'oj (iQj&,&b”kknh) ls fu%lr izdk'k dks xzg.k djus okyh ph”kksaosQ inkuqozQe esa eqX+ky jktRo dks vcqy iQ”y us lcls mQ¡ps LFkku ijj[kkA bl fo"k; esa og izfl¼ bZjkuh lwI+kQh f'kgkcqíhu lqgjkonhZ (1191esa er) osQ fopkjksa ls izHkkfor Fkk ftlus loZizFke bl izdkj dk fopkjizLrqr fd;k FkkA bl fopkj osQ vuqlkj ,d inkuqozQe osQ rgr ;gnSoh; izdk'k jktk esa laizsf"kr gksrk Fkk ftlosQ ckn jktk viuh iztk osQfy, vkè;kfRed ekxZn'kZu dk lzksr cu tkrk FkkA

bfro`Ùkksa osQ fooj.kksa dk lkFk nsus okys fp=kksa us bu fopkjksa dks blrjhosQ ls laiszf"kr fd;k fd mUgksaus ns[kus okyksa osQ eu&efLr"d ij

izdk'k osQ fopkj dk laizs"k.klqgjkonhZ n'kZu osQ ewy esa IysVks dhfjifCyd gS tgk¡ bZ'oj dks lw;Z osQizrhd }kjk fu:fir fd;k x;k gSAlqgjkonhZ dh jpukvksa dks bLykeh nqfu;kesa O;kid :i ls i<+k tkrk FkkA 'ks[keqckjd us bldk vè;;u fd;k FkkAblosQ ckjs esa mlus vius iq=kksa iSQ”khvkSj vcqy iQ”y dks crk;k tks mlosQlaj{k.k esa izf'kf{kr gq, FksA


LFkk;h izHkko MkykA l=kgoha 'krkCnh ls eqX+ky dykdkjksa us ckn'kkgksa dksizHkkeaMy osQ lkFk fpf=kr djuk 'kq: fd;kA bZ'oj osQ izdk'k osQizrhd :i bu izHkkeaMyksa dks mUgksaus bZlk vkSj oftZu esjh osQ ;wjksih;fp=kksa esa ns[kk FkkA

5-2 lqyg&,&oqQy % ,dhdj.k dk ,d lzksr

eqX+ky bfro`Ùk lkezkT; dks fganqvksa] tSuksa] ”kjrqf'r;ksa vkSj eqlyekuksa tSlsvusd fHkUu&fHkUu u`tkrh; vkSj èkkfeZd leqnk;ksa dks lekfo"V fd,gq, lkezkT; osQ :i esa izLrqr djrs gSaA lHkh rjg dh 'kka fr vkSjLFkkf;Ro osQ lzksr :i esa ckn'kkg lHkh èkkfeZd vkSj u`tkrh; lewgksa lsmQij gksrk Fkk] buosQ chp eè;LFkrk djrk Fkk] rFkk ;g lqfuf'prdjrk Fkk fd U;k; vkSj 'kkafr cuh jgsA vcqy iQ”y lqyg&,&oqQy(iw.kZ 'kkafr) osQ vkn'kZ dks izcq¼ 'kklu dh vkèkkjf'kyk crkrk gSAlqyg&,&oqQy esa ;w¡ rks lHkh èkeks± vkSj erksa dks vfHkO;fDr dhLora=krk Fkh foaQrq mldh ,d 'krZ Fkh fd os jkT;&lÙkk dks {kfr ughaigq¡pk,¡xs vFkok vkil esa ugha yM+saxsA

lqyg&,&oqQy dk vkn'kZ jkT; uhfr;ksa osQ ”kfj, ykxw fd;k x;kAeqX+kyksa osQ vèkhu vfHktkr&oxZ fefJr fdLe dk FkkμvFkkZr mlesabZjkuh] rwjkuh] vI+kQxkuh] jktiwr] nD[kuh lHkh 'kkfey FksA bu lcdksfn, x, in vkSj iqjLdkj iwjh rjg ls jktk osQ izfr mudh lsok vkSj

fp=k 9-5vcqy glu }kjk cuk, x, bl fp=k esa tgk¡xhj dks nsnhI;eku diM+ksavkSj vkHkw"k.kksa esa vius firk vdcj osQ fp=k dks gkFk esa fy, fn[kk;kx;k gSA

vdcj dh iks'kkd lI+ksQn gSA lI+ksQn jax dks lwI+kQh ijaijkvksa esa izcq¼tho ls tksM+k x;k gSA og ,d xksyd vfiZr dj jgk gS tksjktoa'kh; lÙkk dk izrhd gSA eqX+ky lkezkT; esa ,slk dksbZ dkuwu ughaFkk tks fuèkkZfjr djs fd ckn'kkg osQ iq=kksa esa ls dkSu lk iq=k flagkludk mÙkjkfèkdkjh gksxkA bldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd izR;sd jktoa'kh;ifjorZu dk fu.kZ; Hkzkr`?kkrd ;q¼ ls gksus yxkA vdcj osQ 'kkluosQ vafre Hkkx esa 'kg”kkns lyhe us vius firk osQ f[kykI+kQ fonzksgdj fn;k ysfdu ckn esa mls ekiQ dj fn;k x;kA

;g fp=k firk&iq=k osQ chp osQ lacaèk dks oSQls fpf=kr djrkgS\ vkidks D;ksa yxrk gS fd eqX+ky dykdkjksa us fujarj ckn'kkgksadks xgjh vFkok iQhdh i`"BHkwfe osQ lkFk fpf=kr fd;k gS\ blfp=k esa izdk'k osQ dkSu ls lzksr gSa\


fu"Bk ij vkèkkfjr FksA blosQ vykok]vdcj us 1563 esa rhFkZ;k=kk dj rFkk1564 esa tf”k;k dks lekIr dj fn;kD;ksafd ;g nksuksa dj /kfeZd i{kikrij vk/kfjr FksA lkezkT; osQ vfèkdkfj;ksadks iz'kklu esa lqyg&,&oqQy osQ fu;edk vuqikyu djus osQ fy, funsZ'k nsfn, x,A

lHkh eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa us mikluk&LFkyksaosQ fuekZ.k o j[k&j[kko osQ fy, vuqnkufn,A ;gk¡ rd fd ;q¼ osQ nkSjku tceafnjksa dks u"V dj fn;k tkrk Fkk rksckn esa mudh ejEer osQ fy, vuqnkutkjh fd, tkrs FksA ,slk gesa 'kkgtgk¡vkSj vkSjax”ksc osQ 'kklu esa irk pyrkgS] gkyk¡fd vkSjax”ksc osQ 'kkludky esaxSj&eqlyeku iztk ij tf”k;k fiQj lsyxk fn;k x;kA

5-3 lkekftd vuqcaèk osQ :i esa U;k;iw.kZ izHkqlÙkk

vcqy iQ”y us izHkqlÙkk dks ,dlkekftd vuqcaèk osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"krfd;k gSA og dgrk gS fd ckn'kkgviuh iztk osQ pkj lÙoksa dh j{kkdjrk gS& thou (tu)] èku (eky)]lEeku (ukel) vkSj fo'okl (nhu)vkSj blosQ cnys esa og vkKkikyurFkk lalkèkuksa esa fgLls dh ek¡x djrkgSA osQoy U;k;iw.kZ laizHkq gh 'kfDrvkSj nSoh; ekxZn'kZu osQ lkFk bl vuqcaèkdk lEeku dj ikrs FksA

fp=k 9-6ckn'kkgukek ls ,d n`';dykdkj i;kx }kjk yxHkx 1640 esa fpf=krbl fp=k esa tgk¡xhj 'kg”kkns [kqjZe dksixM+h esa yxkbZ tkus okyh ef.k ns jgk gSA


U;k; osQ fopkj osQ n`'; :i esa fu:i.k gsrq vusd izrhdksa dhjpuk dh xbZA U;k; osQ fopkj dks eqX+ky jktra=k esa loksZÙke ln~xq.kekuk x;kA dykdkjksa }kjk iz;qDr lokZfèkd ilanhnk izrhdksa esa ls ,dFkk ,d nwljs osQ lkFk fpiVdj 'kkafriwoZd cSBs gq, 'ksj vkSj cdjh (;kfiQj xk;)A bldk mís'; jkT; dks ,d ,sls {ks=k osQ :i esa fn[kkukFkk tgk¡ nqcZy rFkk lcy lHkh ijLij ln~Hkko ls jg ldrs FksA lfp=kckn'kkgukek osQ njckjh n`';ksa esa ,sls izrhd dk vadu ckn'kkg osQflagklu osQ Bhd uhps ,d vkys esa gqvk gS (fp=k 9-6 nsf[k,)A

fp=k 9-7vcqy glu uked ,d dykdkj }kjk cuk, x,fp=k esa nfjnzrk dh vko`Qfr dks ekjrs gq,tgk¡xhjA dykdkj us ;gk¡ y{; dks xgjs cknyosQ vkoj.k esa fn[kkdj ;g crkus dh ps"Vk dhgS fd ;g dksbZ okLrfod O;fDr ugha cfYd ,dvewrZ y{k.k dks izrhd osQ :i esa fn[kkrk ,dekuoh; :i gSA dyk vkSj lkfgR; esa ekuohdj.kosQ bl <ax dks :id&dFkk dgk tkrk gSA U;k;

dh ”kathj dks LoxZ ls mrjrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gSA

tgk¡xhj us vius laLej.kksa esa U;k; dh ”kathjdks bl izdkj of.kZr fd;k gS%

jkT;kjksg.k osQ ckn eSaus tks igyk vkns'kfn;k og U;k; dh ta”khj dks yxkus dkFkk rkfd U;k; osQ iz'kklu esa layXu yksxksals ;fn nsj gks tk, vFkok os U;k; pkgusokys yksxksa osQ fo"k; esa feF;kpkj dkO;ogkj djsa rks mRihfM+r O;fDr bl”kathj osQ ikl vk losQ vkSj bls fgyklosQ vkSj mldh vksj è;ku vkdf"kZr gkslosQA bl ”kathj dks 'kq¼ lksus ls cuk;kx;k FkkA ;g 30 x”k yEch Fkh rFkk blesa60 ?kafV;k¡ yxh gqbZ FkhaA

ppkZ dhft,---eqX+ky lkezkT; esa U;k; dks jktra=k dkbruk egÙoiw.kZ ln~xq.k D;ksa ekuk tkrkFkk\

bl fp=k osQ izrhdksa dh igpkudj mudh O;k[;k dhft, vkSj blfp=k dk lkj izLrqr dhft,A


6 jktèkkfu;k¡ vkSj njckj6-1 jktèkkuh uxjeqX+ky lkezkT; dk ân;&LFky mldk jktèkkuh uxj Fkk] tgk¡ njckjyxrk FkkA lksygoha vkSj l=kgoha 'krkfCn;ksa osQ nkSjku eqX+kyksa dh jktèkkfu;k¡cM+h rs”kh ls LFkkukarfjr gksus yxhaA gkyk¡fd ckcj us yksfn;ksa dh jktèkkuhvkxjk ij vfèkdkj dj fy;k Fkk rFkkfi mlosQ 'kklu osQ pkj o"kks± osQnkSjku jktlh njckj fHkUu&fHkUu LFkku ij yxk, tkrs jgsA 1560 osQn'kd esa vdcj us vkxjk osQ fdys dk fuekZ.k djok;kA bls vkliklosQ {ks=kksa dh [knkuksa ls yk, x, yky cyqvk iRFkj ls cuk;k x;k FkkA

1570 osQ n'kd esa mlus iQrsgiqj lhdjh esa ,d u;h jktèkkuhcukus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA bl fu.kZ; dk ,d dkj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fdlhdjh vtesj dks tkus okyh lhèkh lM+d ij fLFkr Fkk] tgk¡ 'ks[keqbuqíhu fp'rh dh njxkg ml le; rd ,d egÙoiw.kZ rhFkZLFky cupqdh FkhA eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa osQ fp'rh flyflys osQ lwfI+kQ;ksa osQ lkFk ?kfu"B

lacaèk cusA vdcj us lhdjh esa tqEek efLtn osQcxy esa gh 'ks[k lyhe fp'rh osQ fy, lisQnlaxejej dk ,d edcjk cukus dk vkns'k fn;kAfo'kky esgjkch izos'k}kj (cqyan njok”kk) osQ fuekZ.kdk mís'; ogk¡ vkus okys yksxksa dks xqtjkr esa eqX+kyfot; dh ;kn fnykuk FkkA 1585 esa mÙkj&if'pedks vkSj vfèkd fu;a=k.k esa ykus osQ fy, jktèkkuh dksykgkSj LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;k vkSj bl rjg rsjgo"kks± rd vdcj us bl lhek ij xgjh pkSdlh cuk,j[khA

'kkgtgk¡ us foosdiw.kZ jktdks"kh; uhfr;ksa dksvkxs c<+k;k rFkk bekjr fuekZ.k osQ vius 'kkSd dksiwjk djus osQ fy, i;kZIr èku bdêòk dj fy;kAtSlkfd vkius igys osQ 'kkldksa osQ lanHkZ esa ns[kk]jktra=kh; laLoQfr;ksa esa bekjr fuekZ.k&dk;Z jktoa'kh;lÙkk] èku rFkk izfr"Bk dk lokZfèkd Li"V vkSj Bkslizrhd FkkA eqlyeku 'kkldksa osQ lanHkZ esa blsèkeZfu"Bk osQ ,d dk;Z osQ :i esa Hkh ns[kk tkrk FkkA

1648 esa njckj] lsuk o jktlh [+kkunku vkxjkls u;h fufeZr 'kkgh jktèkkuh 'kkgtgk¡ukckn pysx,A fnYyh osQ izkphu fjgk;'kh uxj esa 'kkgtgk¡ukckn,d u;h vkSj 'kkgh vkcknh FkhA ;gk¡ yky fdyk]

fp=k 9-8cqyan njok”kk]iQrgiqj lhdjh


tkek efLtn] pk¡nuh pkSd osQ ck”kkj dh o`{k ohfFk vkSj vfHktkr&oxZosQ cMs+&cMs+ ?kj FksA 'kkgtgk¡ dk ;g u;k 'kgj fo'kky ,oa HkO;jktra=k dh ”;knk vkSipkfjd dYiuk dks O;DRk djrk FkkA

6-2 eqX+ky njckj'kkld ij osaQfnzr njckj dh HkkSfrd O;oLFkk us 'kkld osQ vfLrRo dkslekt osQ ân; osQ :i esa iznf'kZr fd;kA bldk osaQnzfcanq bl izdkjjktflagklu vFkok r[+r Fkk ftlus laizHkq osQ dk;ks± dks HkkSfrd Lo:iiznku fd;k FkkA bls ,d ,sls LraHk osQ :i esa ns[kk tkrk Fkk ftl ijèkjrh fVdh gqbZ FkhA lgÏkfCn;ksa ls Hkkjr esa jktra=k dk izrhd jgh Nrjh]'kkld dh dkafr dks lw;Z dh dkafr ls iFkd djus okyh ekuh tkrh FkhA

bfro`Ùkksa us eqX+ky laHkzkar oxks± osQ chp gSfl;r dks fuèkkZfjr djus okysfu;eksa dks cM+h lqLi"Vrk ls lkeus j[kk gSA njckj esa fdlh dh gSfl;rbl ckr ls fuèkkZfjr gksrh Fkh fd og 'kkld osQ fdruk ikl vkSj nwjCkSBk gSA fdlh Hkh njckjh dks 'kkld }kjk fn;k x;k LFkku ckn'kkg dhu”kj esa mldh egÙkk dk izrhd FkkA ,d ckj tc ckn'kkg flagkluij CkSB tkrk Fkk rks fdlh dks Hkh viuh txg ls dgha vkSj tkus dhvuqefr ugha Fkh vkSj u gh dksbZ vuqefr osQ fcuk njckj ls ckgj tk

njckj esa gksus okyh eq[; xfrfofèk;ksa dk o.kZudhft,A

dks£u'k vkSipkfjd vfHkoknu dk ,d,slk rjhdk Fkk ftlesa njckjh nk,¡ gkFk dhrygFkh dks yykV ij j[kdj vkxs dhvksj flj >qdkrs FksA ;g bl ckr dkizrhd Fkk fd dksfuZ'k djus okyk O;fDRkvius ba fnz; vkSj eu osQ LFky dks gkFkyxkrs gq, >qddj fouezrk osQ lkFk 'kkghnjckj esa vius dks izLrqr dj jgk gSA

njckj&,&vdcjh

vcqy IkQ”y vdcj osQ njckj dk cM+k ltho fooj.k nsrs gq, dgrk gS %

tc Hkh egkefge (vdcj) njckj yxkrs gSa rks ,d fo'kky <ksyihVk tkrk gS vkSj lkFk&lkFk vYykg dk xq.kxku gksrk gSA bl rjglHkh oxks± osQ yksxksa dks lwpuk fey tkrh gSA egkefge osQ iq=k]ikS=k] njckjh vkSj os lHkh ftUgsa njckj esa izos'k dh vuqefr Fkh]gkf”kj gksrs gSa vkSj dksfuZ'k dj vius LFkku ij [kMs+ jgrs gSaA[;kfrizkIr fo}Ttu rFkk fof'k"V dkS'kyksa esa fuiq.k O;fDRk vknjO;Dr djrs gSa_ rFkk U;k; vfèkdkjh viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr djrs gSaAegkefge viuh lkekU; varnZf"V osQ vkèkkj ij vkns'k nsrs gSa vkSjlHkh ekeyksa dks larks"ktud <ax ls fuiVkrs gSaA bl iwjs le; osQnkSjku fofHkUu ns'kksa ls vk, ryokfj;s o igyoku vius dks rS;kjj[krs gSa vkSj efgyk rFkk iq#"k xk;d viuh ckjh dh izrh{kk esajgrs gSaA prqj ck”khxj vkSj e”kkfd;k dykck”k Hkh vius dkS'kyvkSj n{krk dk izn'kZu djus dks mRlqd gSaA

Lkzksr 2


'kc&,&ckjkr fgtjh oSQysaMj osQ vkBosaeghus vFkkZr pkSngosa lkou dks iM+us okyhiw.kZpanz jkf=k gSA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esaizkFkZukvksa vkSj vkfr'kckf”k;ksa osQ [ksy }kjkbl fnu dks euk;k tkrk gSA ,slk ekuktkrk gS fd bl jkr eqlyekuksa osQ fy,vkxs vkus okys o"kZ dk HkkX; fuèkkZfjr gksrkgS vkSj iki ekI+kQ dj fn, tkrs gSaA

ldrk FkkA njckjh lekt esa lkekftd fu;a=k.k dk O;ogkj njckj esa ekU;lacksèku] f'k"Vkpkj rFkk cksyus osQ è;kuiwoZd fuèkkZfjr fd, x, fu;eksa }kjkgksrk FkkA f'k"Vkpkj dk ”kjk lk Hkh mYya?ku gksus ij è;ku fn;k tkrk FkkvkSj ml O;fDRk dks rqjar gh nafMr fd;k tkrk FkkA

'kkld dks fd, x, vfHkoknu osQ rjhosQ ls inkuqØe esa mlO;fDRk dh gSfl;r dk irk pyrk Fkk tSls ftl O;fDr osQ lkeus”;knk >qddj vfHkoknu fd;k tkrk Fkk] ml O;fDr dh gSfl;r”;knk Å¡ph ekuh tkrh FkhA vkRefuosnu dk mPpre :i fltnk ;knaMor ysVuk FkkA 'kkgtgk¡ osQ 'kkludky esa bu rjhdksa osQ LFkku ijpkj rlyhe rFkk tehackslh (”kehu pweuk) osQ rjhosQ viuk, x,A

eqX+ky njckj esa jktuf;d nwrksa lacaèkh u;kpkjksa esa Hkh ,slh ghlqLi"Vrk FkhA eqX+ky ckn'kkg osQ le{k izLrqr gksus okys jktnwr ls ;gvis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd og vfHkoknu osQ ekU; :iksa esa ls ,dμ;krks cgqr >qddj vFkok ”kehu dks pwedj vFkok I+kQkjlh fjokt osQeqrkfcd Nkrh osQ lkeus gkFk ck¡èkdjμrjhosQ ls vfHkoknu djsxkAtsEl-I osQ vaxzs”k nwr VkWel jks us ;wjksih; fjokt osQ vuqlkj tgk¡xhjosQ lkeus osQoy >qddj vfHkoknu fd;k vkSj blosQ ckn cSBus osQfy, oqQlhZ dk vkxzg dj iqu% njckj dks vpafHkr dj fn;kA

ckn'kkg vius fnu dh 'kq#vkr lw;ksZn; osQ le; oqQN O;fDRkxrèkkfeZd izkFkZukvksa ls djrk Fkk vkSj blosQ ckn og iwoZ dh vksj eq¡gfd, ,d NksVs NTts vFkkZr >jks[ks esa vkrk FkkA blosQ uhps yksxksa dhHkhM+ (lSfud] O;kikjh] f'kYidkj] fdlku] chekj cPpksa osQ lkFkvkSjrsa) ckn'kkg dh ,d >yd ikus osQ fy, bar”kkj djrh FkhAvdcj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ >jks[kk n'kZu dh izFkk dk mís'; tu fo'oklosQ :i esa 'kkgh lÙkk dh Loho`Qfr dks vkSj foLrkj nsuk FkkA

vfHkoknu dk pkj rlyhe rjhdk nk,¡gkFk dks ”kehu ij j[kus ls 'kq: gksrk gSAblesa rygFkh mQij dh vksj gksrh gSAblosQ ckn gkFk dks èkhjs&èkhjs mBkrs gq,O;fDRk [kM+k gksrk gS rFkk rygFkh dks fljosQ mQij j[krk gSA ,slh rlyhe pkj ckjdh tkrh gSA rlyhe dk 'kkfCnd vFkZvkRefuosnu gSA

jRutfM+r ¯lgkluvkxjk egy osQ lkoZtfud lHkk Hkou esa j[ks 'kkgtgk¡ osQ jRutfM+r lgklu (r[+r&,&eqjLlk) osQ ckjs esa ckn'kkgukekesa fy[kk gS%

¯lgklu dh HkO; lajpuk esa ,d Nrjh gS tks }kn'kdks.kh; LraHkksa ij fVdh gqbZ gSA bldh mQ¡pkbZ lhf<+;ksa ls xqacnrd ik¡p D;wfcV (yxHkx 10 iqQV) gSA vius jkT;kjksg.k osQ le; egkefge us ;g vkns'k fn;k fd 86 yk[k #i,osQ jRu rFkk cgqewY; iRFkj vkSj ,d yk[k rksyk lksuk ftldh dher pkSng yk[k #i, gS] ls bls ltk;k tkuk pkfg,A¯lgklu dh lkt&lTtk esa lkr o"kZ yx x,A bldh ltkoV esa iz;qDr gq, cgqewY; iRFkjksa esa :ch Fkk ftldh dher,d yk[k #i, Fkh vkSj ftls 'kkg vCckl lI+kQkoh us fnoaxr ckn'kkg tgk¡xhj dks Hkstk FkkA bl :ch ij egku ckn'kkgfrewj lkfgc&, fdjku] fe”kkZ 'kkg:[k] fe”kkZ myqx csx vkSj 'kkg vCckl osQ lkFk&lkFk vdcj] tgk¡xhj vkSj Lo;aegkefge osQ uke vafdr FksA


>jks[ks esa ,d ?kaVk fcrkus osQ ckn ckn'kkg viuh ljdkj osQizkFkfed dk;ks± osQ lapkyu gsrq lkoZtfud lHkk Hkou (nhoku&,vke) esa vkrk FkkA ogk¡ jkT; osQ vfèkdkjh fjiksVZ izLrqr djrs rFkkfuosnu djrs FksA nks ?kaVs ckn ckn'kkg nhoku&,&[+kkl esa futh lHkk,¡vkSj xksiuh; eqíksa ij ppkZ djrk FkkA jkT; osQ ofj"B ea=kh mlosQ lkeusviuh ;kfpdk,¡ izLrqr djrs Fks vkSj dj vfèkdkjh fglkc dk C;ksjknsrs FksA dHkh&dHkh ckn'kkg mPp izfrf"Br dykdkjksa osQ dk;ks± vFkokokLrqdkjksa (feekj) osQ }kjk cuk, x, bekjrksa osQ uD'kksa dks ns[krk FkkA

¯lgklukjksg.k dh o"kZxk¡B] bZn] 'kc&,&ckjkr rFkk gksyh tSls oqQNfof'k"V voljksa ij njckj dk ekgkSy thoar gks mBrk FkkA lts gq,fMCcksa esa j[kh lqxafèkr eksecfÙk;k¡ vkSj egy dh nhokjksa ij yVd jgsjax&fcjaxs canuokj vkus okyksa ij vk'p;Ztud izHkko NksM+rs FksA eqx+y'kkld o"kZ esa rhu eq[; R;kSgkj euk;k djrs Fks % lw;Zo"kZ vkSj panzo"kZosQ vuqlkj 'kkld dk tUefnu vkSj olarkxeu ij I+kQkjlh uoo"kZ

fp=k 9-9vkxjk esa fookg ls iwoZ 'kg”kkns vkSjax”ksc dklEeku djrs gq, 'kkgtgk¡A ckn'kkgukek esa i;kx}kjk dh xbZ fp=kdkjhA

ckn'kkg dh igpku dhft,vkSjax”ksc dks ,d ihyk tkek (ÅijhoL=k) rFkk NksVs&NksVs ckSjksa okys gjs tSosQVesa fn[kk;k x;k gSA og dgk¡ gS vkSj firkosQ izfr mldh Hkko&Hkafxek ls D;k irkpyrk gS\ njckfj;ksa dks oSQls fn[kk;k x;kgS\ D;k vki ckb± vksj cM+h ixfM+;ksa okyhvkÑfr;ksa dk irk yxk ldrs gSa\ ;sfo}kuksa osQ fp=k.k gSaA

fp=k 9-10t'u&,&o”u vFkok rqyknku lekjksg esa 'kg”kkns[kqjZe dks cgqewY; èkkrqvksa ls rkSyk tkuk (tgk¡xhj osQlaLej.kksa ls)


'kkgh ifjokjksa esa fookgksa dk vk;kstu dkI+kQh [kphZyk gksrk FkkA 1633esa nkjkf'kdksg vkSj ukfnjk (jktoqQekj ijos”k dh iq=kh) osQ fookgdh O;oLFkk jktoqQekjh tgk¡vkjk vkSj fnoaxr egkjkuh eqerk”k egydh izeq[k ukSdjkuh lrh mu fulk[kkuqe }kjk dh xbZA 'kknh osQmigkjksa osQ izn'kZu dh O;oLFkk nhoku&,&vke esa dh xbZ FkhAckn'kkg rFkk gje dh fL=k;k¡ nksigj esa bls ns[kus osQ fy, vkb± rFkk'kke osQ le; vfHktkr ;gk¡ vk,A nqygu dh ek¡ us Hkh blh rjgmlh fo'kky d{k esa migkjksa dks ltk;k FkkA 'kkgtgk¡ bUgsa ns[kus osQfy, ogk¡ x;kA fgukcanh (esagnh yxkuk) dh jLe nhoku&,&[+kkl esavnk dh xbZA njckj esa mifLFkr O;fDr;ksa osQ chp iku] byk;phrFkk esos ck¡Vs x,A fookg ij oqQy 32 yk[k #i, [kpZ gq, Fks ftlesa6 yk[k #i, 'kkgh [k”kkus ls] 16 yk[k #i, tgk¡vkjk (eqerk”kegy }kjk vkjaHk esa vyx ls j[ks x, #i;ksa dks feykrs gq,) vkSj'ks"k nqygu dh ek¡ }kjk fn, x, FksA ckn'kkgukek ls fy, x, bufp=kksa esa bl volj ls tqM+h oqQN xfrfofèk;ksa dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA

fp=k esa vki tks ns[k jgsgSa mldk o.kZu dhft,A

fp=k 9-11 ([k)

fp=k 9-11 (x)

fp=k 9-11 (d) nkjkf'kdksg dk fookg


^ukSjks”k*A tUefnu ij 'kkld dks fofHkUu oLrqvksa ls rkSyk tkrk Fkk rFkk ckn esa;s oLrq,¡ nku esa ck¡V nh tkrh FkhaA

6-3 info;k¡] migkj vkSj HksaVjkT;kfHk"ksd osQ le; vFkok fdlh 'k=kq ij fot; osQ ckn eqX+ky ckn'kkg fo'kkyinfo;k¡ xzg.k djrs FksA mn~?kks"kdksa (uO+kQhc) }kjk tc bu xqatk;eku vkSj y;c¼info;ksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh Fkh rks os lHkk esa foLe; dk ekgkSy cuk nsrh FkhaAeqX+ky flDdksa ij jktlh u;kpkj osQ lkFk 'kklujr ckn'kkg dh iwjh inoh gksrhFkhA

;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dks info;k¡ nsuk eqX+ky jkT;ra=k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ i{k FkkAnjckjh inkuqØe esa fdlh O;fDr dh mUufr dks mlosQ }kjk èkkj.k dh tkusokyhinfo;ksa ls tkuk tk ldrk FkkA mPpre eaf=k;ksa esa ls ,d dks nh tkus okyhvkliQ [kk¡ dh inoh dk mn~Hko iSxEcj 'kkld lqyseku osQ dfYir ea=kh lsgqvk FkkA vkSjx”ksc us vius nks mPp inLFk vfHktkrksa t;flag vkSj tloar flagdks fe”kkZ jktk dh inoh iznku dhA info;k¡ ;k rks vftZr dh tk ldrh FkhavFkok bUgsa ikus osQ fy, iSls fn, tk ldrs FksA ehj [+kku us vius uke esavfyI+kQ vFkkZr ^v* v{kj yxkdj mls vehj [+kku djus osQ fy, vkSjax”ksc dks,d yk[k #i, nsus dk izLrko fd;kA

vU; iqjLdkjksa esa lEeku dk tkek (f[+kYyr) Hkh 'kkfey Fkk ftls igysdHkh u dHkh ckn'kkg }kjk iguk x;k gqvk gksrk FkkA blfy, ;g le>k tkrkFkk fd og ckn'kkg osQ vk'khokZn dk izrhd gSA ljIik (^lj ls ik¡o rd*) ,dvU; migkj FkkA bl migkj osQ rhu fgLls gqvk djrs Fks % tkek] ixM+h vkSjiVdkA ckn'kkg }kjk vdlj jRutfM+r vkHkw"k.k Hkh migkj osQ :i esa fn, tkrsFksA cgqr [+kkl ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ckn'kkg dey dh eatfj;ksa okyk jRutfM+r xguksadk lsV (in~e eqjLlk) Hkh migkj esa iznku djrk FkkA

,d njckjh ckn'kkg osQ ikl dHkh [kkyh gkFk ugha tkrk FkkA og ;k rks uT+kzosQ :i esa FkksM+k èku ;k is'kd'k osQ :i esa eksVh jde ckn'kkg dks is'kdjrk FkkA jktuf;d lacaèkksa esa migkjksa dks lEeku vkSj vknj dk izrhdekuk tkrk FkkA jktnwr izfr}a}h jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ksa osQ chp lafèk vkSjlacaèkksa osQ ”kfj, le>kSrk djokus osQ egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z dk laiknu djrsFksA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa migkjksa dh egÙoiw.kZ izrhdkRed Hkwfedk gksrhFkhA VkWel jks dks bl ckr ls cgqr fujk'kk gqbZ Fkh fd mlus vkliQ [+kk¡dks tks v¡xwBh HksaV dh Fkh] og mls osQoy blfy, okil dj nh xbZfd og D;ksa ek=k pkj lkS #i, ewY; dh FkhA

ppkZ dhft,---D;k eqX+kyksa ls tqM+s oqQN fjoktksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dk vuqikyu vktosQ jktusrk djrs gSa\

fp=k 9-12ixM+h j[kus osQ dke vkus okyk,d eqX+kydkyhu fMCck


7- 'kkgh ifjokj^gje* 'kCn dk iz;ksx izk;% eqX+kyksa dh ?kjsyw nqfu;k dh vksj laosQrdjus osQ fy, gksrk gSA ;g 'kCn I+kQkjlh ls fudyk gS ftldk rkRi;ZgS ^ifo=k LFkku*A eqX+ky ifjokj esa ckn'kkg dh ifRu;k¡ vkSj miifRu;k¡]mlosQ u”knhdh vkSj nwj osQ fj'rsnkj (ekrk] lkSrsyh o miekrk,¡]cgu] iq=kh] cgw] pkph&ekSlh] cPps vkfn) o efgyk ifjpkfjdk,¡ rFkkxqyke gksrs FksA cgqfookg izFkk Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa fo'ks"kdj 'kkldoxks± esa O;kid :i ls izpfyr FkhA

jktiwr oqQyksa ,oa eqX+kyksa] nksuksa osQ fy, fookg jktuhfrd lacaèkcukus o eS=kh&lacaèk LFkkfir djus dk ,d rjhdk FksA fookg esa iq=khdks HksaVLo:i fn, tkus osQ lkFk izk;% ,d {ks=k Hkh migkj esa ns fn;ktkrk FkkA blls fofHkUu 'kkld oxks± osQ chp inkuqØfed lacaèkksa dhfujarjrk lqfuf'pr gks tkrh FkhA bl rjg osQ fookg vkSj muosQiQyLo:i fodflr lacaèkksa osQ dkj.k gh eqX+ky caèkqrk osQ ,d O;kidra=k dk fuekZ.k dj losQA blls os egÙoiw.kZ oxks± ls tqM+s vkSj mUgsa ,dc`gn lkezkT; dks bd_k j[kus esa enn feyhA

eqX+ky ifjokj esa 'kkgh ifjokjksa ls vkus okyh fL=k;ksa (csxeksa ) vkSjvU; fL=k;ksa (vxgk)] ftudk tUe oqQyhu ifjokj esa ugha gqvk Fkk] esavarj j[kk tkrk FkkA ngst (esgj) osQ :i esa vPNk&[+kklk udn vkSjcgqewY; oLrq,¡ ysus osQ ckn fookg djosQ vkbZ csxeksa dks vius ifr;ksals LokHkkfod :i ls vxgkvksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd m¡Qpk ntkZ vkSjlEeku feyrk FkkA jktra=k ls tqM+s efgykvksa osQ inkuqØe esa mifRu;ksa(vxkpk) dh fLFkfr lcls fuEu FkhA bu lHkh dks udn ekfld HkÙkkrFkk vius&vius ntsZ osQ fglkc ls migkj feyrs FksA oa'k vkèkkfjrikfjokfjd <k¡pk iwjh rjg LFkk;h ugha FkkA ;fn ifr dh bPNk gks vkSjmlosQ ikl igys ls gh pkj ifRu;k¡ u gksa rks vxgk vkSj vxkpk Hkhcsxe dh fLFkfr ik ldrh FkhaA izse rFkk ekr`Ro ,slh fL=k;ksa dksfofèklEer fookfgr ifRu;ksa osQ ntsZ rd igq¡pkus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedkvnk djrs FksA

ifRu;ksa osQ vfrfjDr eqX+ky ifjokj esa vusd efgyk rFkk iq#"kxqyke gksrs FksA os lkèkkj.k ls lkèkkj.k dk;Z ls ysdj dkS'ky] fuiq.krkrFkk cqf¼erk osQ vyx&vyx dk;ks± dk laiknu djrs FksA xqykefgtMs+ ([+oktklj) ifjokj osQ vanj vkSj ckgj osQ thou esa j{kd]ukSdj vkSj O;kikj esa fnypLih ysus okyh efgykvksa osQ ,tsaV gksrs FksA

uwjtgk¡ osQ ckn eqX+ky jkfu;ksa vkSj jktoqQekfj;ksa us egÙoiw.kZ foÙkh;Ïksrksa ij fu;a=k.k j[kuk 'kq: dj fn;kA 'kkgtgk¡ dh iqf=k;ksa] tgk¡vkjk

fp=k 9-13IkQrsgiqj lhdjh esa vkarfjd dejksa dk ,dfgLlkA


vkSj jks'kuvkjk] dks m¡Qps 'kkgh eulcnkjksa osQ leku okf"kZd vk; gksrhFkhA blosQ vfrfjDRk tgk¡vkjk dks lwjr osQ canjxkg uxj tks fdfons'kh O;kikj dk ,d ykHkizn osaQnz Fkk] ls jktLo izkIr gksrk FkkA

lalkèkuksa ij fu;a=k.k us eqX+ky ifjokj dh egÙoiw.kZ fL=k;ksa dksbekjrksa o ckxksa osQ fuekZ.k dk vfèkdkj ns fn;kA tgk¡vkjk us 'kkgtgk¡dh u;h jktèkkuh 'kkgtgk¡ukckn (fnYyh) dh dbZ okLrqdykRedifj;kstukvksa esa fgLlk fy;kA buesa ls vk¡xu o ckx osQ lkFk ,dnkseaftyh HkO; dkjok¡ljk; FkhA 'kkgtgk¡ukckn osQ ân; LFky pk¡nuhpkSd dh :ijs[kk tgk¡vkjk }kjk cukbZ xbZ FkhA

xqycnu csxe }kjk fy[kh xbZ ,d jkspdiqLrd gqek;w¡ukek ls gesa eqX+kyksa dh ?kjsyw nqfu;kdh ,d >yd feyrh gSA xqycnu csxe ckcjdh iq=kh] gwek;w¡ dh cgu rFkk vdcj dh pkphFkhA xqycnu Lo;a rqdhZ rFkk I+kQkjlh esa èkkjkizokgfy[k ldrh FkhA tc vdcj us vcqy iQ”y dksvius 'kklu dk bfrgkl fy[kus osQ fy, fu;qDrfd;k rks mlus viuh pkph ls ckcj vkSj gqek;w¡osQ le; osQ vius igys laLej.kksa dks fyfic¼djus dk vkxzg fd;k rkfd vcqy iQ”y mudkykHk mBkdj viuh o`Qfr dks iwjk dj losQA

xqycnu us tks fy[kk og eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa dhiz'kfLr ugha Fkh cfYd mlus jktkvksa vkSj jktoqQekjksaosQ chp pyus okys la?k"kks± vkSj rukoksa osQ lkFk ghbuesa ls oqqQN la?k"kks± dks lqy>kus esa ifjokj dhmeznjk”k fL=k;ksa dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedkvksa osQ ckjsesa foLrkj ls fy[kkA

8- 'kkgh ukSdj'kkgh8-1 HkrhZ dh izfozQ;k rFkk ineqX+ky bfrgkl fo'ks"kdj vdcjukek us lkezkT;dh ,slh dYiuk nh ftlesa fozQ;k vkSj lÙkkyxHkx iwjh rjg ls ,dek=k ckn'kkg esa fufgr

bl fp=k osQ izR;sd fgLls esa ftuxfrfofèk;ksa dk fp=k.k dykdkj us fd;kgS mldk o.kZu dhft,A vyx&vyxO;fDr;ksa }kjk laikfnr fd, tk jgs dk;ks±osQ vkèkkj ij vki bl n`'; osQ 'kkghizfr"Bku osQ lnL;ksa dks igpkuus dh dksf'k'kdhft,A

fp=k 9-14iQrsgiqj lhdjh esa 'kg”kkns lyhe dk tUe] vdcjukek]jkenkl }kjk fpf=kr


gksrh gS tcfd 'ks"k jkT; dks ckn'kkg osQ vkns'kksa dk vuqikyu djrsgq, iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA foaQrq eqX+ky jkT;&ra=k osQ ckjs esa bu bfrgklksals izkIr le`¼ tkudkjh dks ge è;ku ls ns[ksa rks ge mu rjhdksa dksle> ldrs gSa ftuls dbZ fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh laLFkkvksa ij vkèkkfjr'kkgh laxBu izHkko'kkyh <ax ls dk;Z djus esa l{ke gqvkA eqX+ky jkT;dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ LraHk blosQ vfèkdkfj;ksa dk ny Fkk ftls bfrgkldkjlkewfgd :i ls vfHktkr&oxZ Hkh dgrs gSaA

vfHktkr&oxZ esa HkrhZ fofHkUu u`&tkrh; rFkk èkkfeZd lewgksa ls gksrhFkhA blls ;g lqfuf'pr gks tkrk Fkk fd dksbZ Hkh ny bruk cM+k ugks fd og jkT; dh lÙkk dks pqukSrh ns losQA eqX+kyksa osQ vfèkdkjh&oxZdks xqynLrs osQ :i esa of.kZr fd;k tkrk Fkk tks oI+kQknkjh ls ckn'kkgosQ lkFk tqM+s gq, FksA lkezkT; osQ fuekZ.k osQ vkjafHkd pj.k ls gh rwjkuhvkSj bZjkuh vfHktkr vdcj dh 'kkgh lsok esa mifLFkr FksA buesa lsoqQN gqek;w¡ osQ lkFk Hkkjr pys vk, FksA oqQN vU; ckn esa eqX+kynjckj esa vk, FksA

1560 ls vkxs Hkkjrh; ewy osQ nks 'kkldh; lewgksaμjktiwrksa oHkkjrh; eqlyekuksa ('ks[k”kknkvksa) us 'kkgh lsok esa izos'k fd;kA buesafu;qDr gksus okyk izFke O;fDr ,d jktiwr eqf[k;k vacsj dk jktkHkkjey dNokgk Fkk ftldh iq=kh ls vdcj dk fookg gqvk FkkA f'k{kk

eqX+ky vfHktkr&oxZ

panzHkku czkã.k us 'kkgtgk¡ osQ 'kkludky osQ nkSjku fy[kh viuh iqLrd pkj peu (pkj ckX+k) esa eqX+kyvfHktkr&oxZ dk bl izdkj o.kZu fd;k gS%

fofHkUu tkfr;ksa (vjc] bZjkuh] rqdhZ] rkftd] oqQnZ] rrkj] :lh] vfclhfu;kbZ bR;kfn) vkSj ns'kks a(rqdhZ] feÏ] lhfj;k] bjkd] vjc] bZjku] [kqjklku] rwjku) osQ yksxksa] oLrqr% lHkh lektksa ls fofHkUulewgksa vkSj Jsf.k;ksa osQ yksxksa dks 'kkgh njckj esa vkJ; izkIr gqvkA Hkkjr ls fofHkUu lewgksa] Kku vkSjf'kYi esa fuiq.k O;fDr;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk ;ks¼kvksa] mnkgj.k osQ fy, cq[kkjh vkSj HkDdjh] fo'kq¼ oa'kksaosQ lSÕ;n] vfHktkr oa'k osQ 'ks[k”kknk] yksèkh] jksfgYyk] ;qlqiQ”kbZ tSlh vI+kQxku tutkfr;ksa] jk.kk]jktk] jko o jk;k¡ vFkkZr] jkBkSj] fllksfn;k] dNokgk] gkM+] xkSM+] pkSgku] i¡okj] Hkknqfj;k] lksyadh]cqansyk] 'ks[kkor uke ls lacksfèkr dh tkus okyh jktiwr tkfr;ksa o ?kDdj] [kksdj] cywph vkSj vU;lHkh Hkkjrh; tutkfr;k¡ tks ryokj pykrh Fkha o 100 ls 7000 ”kkr osQ eulc] ?kkl osQ eSnkuksavkSj ioZrh; Hkkxksa ls Hkw&Lokeh] dukZVd] caxky] vle] mn;iqj] Jhuxj] oqQek;w¡] frCcr ofd'rokM+ bR;kfn {ks=kks a ls lHkh tutkfr;ksa vkSj lewgksa dks 'kkgh njckj dks pweus (esa vkus) vFkokjks”kxkj ikus dk lkSHkkX; izkIr gqvk FkkA


vkSj ys[kk'kkL=k dh vksj >qdko okys fganw tkfr;ksa osQ lnL;ksa dks HkhinksUur fd;k tkrk FkkA bldk ,d izfl¼ mnkgj.k vdcj osQfoÙkea=kh VksMjey dk gS tks [k=kh tkfr dk FkkA

tgk¡xhj osQ 'kklu esa bZjkfu;ksa dks mPp in izkIr gq,A tgk¡xhj dhjktuhfrd :i ls izHkko'kkyh jkuh uwjtgk¡ (1645) bZjkuh FkhAvkSajx”ksc us jktiwrksa dks mPp inksa ij fu;qDr fd;kA fiQj Hkh 'kkluesa vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ lewg esa ejkBs vPNh [kklh la[;k esa FksA

lHkh ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ ntsZ vkSj inksa esa nks rjg osQla[;k&fo"k;d vksgns gksrs Fks % ^”kkr* 'kkgh inkuqozQe esa vfèkdkjh(eulcnkj) osQ in vkSj osru dk lwpd Fkk vkSj ^lokj* ;g lwfprdjrk Fkk fd mlls lsok esa fdrus ?kqM+lokj j[kuk visf{kr FkkAl=kgoha 'krkCnh esa 1]000 ;k mlls mQij ”kkr okys eulcnkjvfHktkr (mejk tks fd vehj dk cgqopu gS) dgs x,A

lSU; vfHk;kuksa esa ;s vfHktkr viuh lsukvksa osQ lkFk Hkkx ysrs FksrFkk izkarksa esa os lkezkT; osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrs FksAizR;sd lSU; dekaMj ?kqM+lokjksa dks HkrhZ djrk Fkk] mUgsa gfFk;kjksa vkfnls ySl djrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa izf'k{k.k nsrk FkkA ?kqM+lokjh I+kQkSt eqX+kyI+kQkSt dk vifjgk;Z vax FkhA ?kqM+lokj flikgh 'kkgh fu'kku ls ik'oZHkkxesa nkxs x, mRo`Q"V Js.kh osQ ?kksM+s j[krs FksA fuEure vksgnksa osQvfèkdkfj;ksa dks NksM+dj ckn'kkg Lo;a lHkh vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ vksgnksa]info;ksa vkSj vfèkdkfjd fu;qfDr;ksa osQ cnyko dk iqujh{k.k djrkFkkA eulc izFkk dh 'kq#vkr djus okys vdcj us vius vfHktkr&oxZosQ oqQN yksxksa dks f'k"; (eqjhn) dh rjg ekurs gq, muosQ lkFkvkè;kfRed fj'rs Hkh dk;e fd,A

vfHktkr&oxZ osQ lnL;ksa osQ fy, 'kkgh lsok 'kfDr] èku rFkkmPpre izfr"Bk izkIr djus dk ,d ”kfj;k FkhA lsok esa vkus dkbPNqd O;fDr ,d vfHktkr osQ ”kfj, ;kfpdk nsrk Fkk tks ckn'kkg osQlkeus rtoh”k izLrqr djrk FkkA vxj ;kfpdkdrkZ dks lq;ksX; ekuktkrk Fkk rks mls eulc iznku fd;k tkrk FkkA ehjc[+'kh (mPpreosrunkrk) [kqys njckj esa ckn'kkg osQ nk,¡ vksj [kM+k gksrk Fkk rFkkfu;qfDr vkSj inksUufr osQ lHkh mEehnokjksa dks izLrqr djrk Fkk tcfdmldk dk;kZy; mldh eqgj o gLrk{kj osQ lkFk&lkFk ckn'kkg dheqgj o gLrk{kj okys vkns'k rS;kj djrk FkkA osaQnz esa nks vU;egÙoiw.kZ ea=kh Fks % nhoku&,&vkyk (foÙkea=kh) vkSj lnz&ml&lqnqj(enn&,&ek'k vFkok vuqnku dk ea=kh vkSj LFkkuh; U;k;kèkh'kksa vFkokdkf”k;ksa dh fu;qfDr dk izHkkjh)A ;s rhuksa ea=kh dHkh&dHkh bdêsò ,dlykgdkj fudk; osQ :i esa dke djrs Fks ysfdu ;s ,d nwljs ls

rtoh”k ,d vfHktkr }kjk ckn'kkg osQ lkeusizLrqr dh tkus okyh ,slh ;kfpdk Fkh ftlesafdlh mEehnokj dks eulcnkj osQ :i esafu;qDRk djus dh flI+kQkfj'k dh tkrh FkhA

njckj esa vfHktkr

vdcj osQ njckj esa Bgjk gqvk tslqbViknjh iQknj ,aVksfu;ks ekUlsjsV mYys[kdjrk gS %

lÙkk osQ csèkM+d mi;ksx ls mPpvfHktkrks a dks jksdus osQ fy,jktk mUgsa njckj esa cqykrk gSvkSj fujaoqQ'k vkns'k nsrk gS tSlsfd os mlosQ nkl gksaA bu vkns'kksadk ikyu mu vfHktkrksa osQ mPpvksgns vkSj gSfl;r ls esy ugha[kkrk FkkA

Lkzksr 3

iQknj ekUlsjsV dh fVIi.kheqX+ky ckn'kkg o muosQvfèkdkfj;ksa osQ chp lacaèk osQckjs esa D;k laosQr nsrh gS\


Lora=k gksrs FksA vdcj us bu rFkk vU; lykgdkjksa osQ lkFk feydjlkezkT; dh iz'kklfud] jktdks"kh; o ekSfnzd laLFkkvksa dks vkdkjiznku fd;kA

njckj esa fu;qDr (rSukr&,&jdkc) vfHktkrksa dk ,d ,slk lqjf{krny Fkk ftls fdlh Hkh izkar ;k lSU; vfHk;ku esa izfrfu;qDr fd;k tkldrk FkkA os izfrfnu nks ckj lqcg o 'kke dks lkoZtfud lHkk&Hkouesa ckn'kkg osQ izfr vkRefuosnu djus osQ drZO; ls c¡èks FksA fnu&jkrckn'kkg vkSj mlosQ ?kjkus dh lqj{kk dh f”kEesnkjh Hkh os mBkrs FksA

8-2 lwpuk rFkk lkezkT;lVhd vkSj foLr`r vkys[k rS;kj djuk eqX+ky iz'kklu osQ fy, eq[;:i ls egÙoiw.kZ FkkA ehj c[+'kh njckjh ys[kdksa (okfd;k uohl) osQlewg dk fujh{k.k djrk FkkA ;s ys[kd gh njckj esa izLrqr fd, tkusokys lHkh v£”k;ksa o nLrkos”kksa rFkk lHkh 'kkldh; vkns'kksa (I+kQjeku)dk vkys[k rS;kj djrs FksA blosQ vfrfjDr vfHktkrksa vkSj {ks=kh;'kkldksa osQ izfrfufèk (odhy) njckj dh cSBdksa (igj) dh frfFkvkSj le; osQ lkFk ¶mPp njckj ls lekpkj¸ (v[+kckjkr&,&njckj&,&eqvYyk) 'kh"kZd osQ varxZr njckj dh lHkh dk;Zokfg;ksa dkfooj.k rS;kj djrs FksA v[+kckjkr esa gj rjg dh lwpuk,¡ gksrh gSa tSlsnjckj esa mifLFkfr] inksa vkSj info;ksa dk nku] jktuf;d f'k"VeaMyksa]xzg.k fd, x, migkjksa vFkok fdlh vfèkdkjh osQ LokLF; osQ fo"k;esa ckn'kkg }kjk dh xbZ iwNrkNA jktkvksa vkSj vfHktkrksa osQ lkoZtfudvkSj O;fDrxr thou dk bfrgkl fy[kus osQ fy, ;g lwpuk,¡ cgqrmi;ksxh gksrh gSaA

lekpkj o`Ùkkar vkSj egÙoiw.kZ 'kkldh; nLrkos”k 'kkgh Mkd osQ”kfj, eqX+ky 'kklu osQ vèkhu {ks=kksa esa ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd tkrsFksA ck¡l osQ fMCcksa esa yisVdj j[ks dkx”kksa dks ysdj gjdkjksa (dlhnvFkok iFkekj) osQ ny fnu&jkr nkSM+rs jgrs FksA dkI+kQh nwj fLFkrizkarh; jktèkkfu;ksa ls Hkh o`Ùkkar ckn'kkg dks oqQN gh fnuksa esa fey tk;kdjrs FksA jktèkkuh ls ckgj rSukr vfHktkrksa osQ izfrfufèk vFkok jktiwrjktoqQekj rFkk vèkhuLFk 'kkld cM+s euks;ksx ls bu mn~?kks"k.kkvksa dhudy rS;kj djrs Fks o lans'kokgdksa osQ ”kfj, viuh fVIif.k;k¡ viusLokfe;ksa osQ ikl Hkst nsrs FksA lkoZtfud lekpkj osQ fy, iwjk lkezkT;vk'p;Ztud :i ls rhoz lwpuk ra=k ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA


8-3 osaQæ ls ijs % izkarh; iz'kklu

osaQnz esa LFkkfir dk;ks± osQ foHkktu dks izkarksa (lwcksa) esa nqgjk;k x;k FkkA;gk¡ Hkh osaQnz osQ leku eaf=k;ksa osQ vuq:i vèkhuLFk (nhoku] c[+'khvkSj lnz) gksrs FksA izkarh; 'kklu dk izeq[k xouZj (lwcsnkj) gksrk Fkktks lhèkk ckn'kkg dks izfrosnu izLrqr djrk FkkA

izR;sd lwck dbZ ljdkjksa esa c¡Vk gqvk FkkA vdlj ljdkj dhlhek,¡ I+kQkStnkjksa osQ uhps vkus okys {ks=kksa dh lhekvksa ls esy [kkrh FkhaAbu bykdksa esa I+kQkStnkjksa dks fo'kky ?kqM+lokj I+kQkSt vkSj rksifp;ksa osQlkFk j[kk tkrk FkkA ijxuk (mi&f”kyk) Lrj ij LFkkuh; iz'kklu dhns[k&js[k rhu vèkZ&oa'kkuqxr vfèkdkfj;ksa] dkuwuxks (jktLo vkys[kdk j[kokyk)] pkSèkjh (jktLo laxzg dk izHkkjh) vkSj dk”kh }kjk dhtkrh FkhA

'kklu osQ izR;sd foHkkx osQ ikl fyfidksa dk ,d cM+k lgk;dlewg] ys[kkdkj] ys[kk&ijh{kd] lans'kokgd vkSj vU; deZpkjh gksrs Fkstks rduhdh :i ls n{k vfèkdkjh FksA ;s ekudho`Qr fu;eksa vkSjizfozQ;kvksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrs rFkk izpqj la[;k esa fyf[kr vkns'ko o`Ùkkar rS;kj djrs FksA loZ=k I+kQkjlh dks 'kklu dh Hkk"kk cuk fn;kx;k ysfdu xzke&ys[kk osQ fy, LFkkuh; Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA

eqX+ky bfrgkldkjksa us izk;% ckn'kkg vkSj mlosQ njckj dks xzke Lrjrd osQ laiw.kZ iz'kklfud ra=k dk fu;a=k.k djrs gq, iznf'kZr fd;k gSAij tSlk fd vkius ns[kk (vè;k; 8)] bl izfozQ;k dk rukoeqDr jgukvlaHko lk gh FkkA LFkkuh; ”kehankjksa vkSj eqX+ky lkezkT; osQ izfrfufèk;ksaosQ chp osQ lacaèk dbZ ckj lalkèkuksa vkSj lÙkk osQ c¡Vokjksa dks ysdjla?k"kZ dk :i ys ysrs FksA ”kehankj izk;% jkT; osQ f[kykI+kQ fdlkuksa dkleFkZu la?kfVr djus esa liQy gks tkrs FksA

ppkZ dhft,---vè;k; 8 dk vuqHkkx 2 iqu% if<+,A xk¡oksa esa ckn'kkg dh mifLFkfrdks fdl gn rd eglwl fd;k x;k gksxk] bl ij ppkZ dhft,A


9- lhekvksa osQ ijsbfro`Ùkksa osQ ys[kdksa us eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa }kjk èkkj.k dh xbZ dbZ xqatk;ekuinfo;ksa dks lwphc¼ fd;k gSA buosQ varxZr 'kga'kkg (jktkvksa dkjktk) tSlh lkekU; info;k¡ vFkok tgk¡xhj (fo'o ij dC”kk djusokyk)] vFkok 'kkgtgk¡ (fo'o dk jktk) tSls vyx&vyx jktkvksa}kjk viukbZ xbZ [+kkl mikfèk;k¡ 'kkfey FkhaA eqX+ky ckn'kkgksa osQvfoftr {ks=kh; o jktuhfrd fu;a=k.k osQ nkoksa dks nqgjkus osQ fy,bfrgkldkj izk;% bu info;ksa vkSj muosQ vFkks± dk gokyk nsrs FksAysfdu ;gh lelkef;d bfrgkl iM+kslh jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ksa osQ lkFkjktuf;d fj'rksa vkSj la?k"kZ dk fooj.k nsrs gSa ftlesa izfrLièkhZ

{ks=kh; fgrksa dh otg ls oqQN rukovkSj jktuhfrd izfr}af}rk dk irkpyrk gSA

9-1 lI+kQkoh vkSj oaQèkkjeqX+ky jktkvksa rFkk bZjku o rwjku osQiM+kslh ns'kksa osQ jktuhfrd o jktuf;dfj'rs vI+kQxkfuLrku dks bZjku o eè;,f'k;k osQ {ks=kksa ls i`Fkd djus okysfganwoqQ'k ioZrksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr lhek osQfu;a=k.k ij fuHkZj djrs FksA Hkkjrh;miegk}hi esa vkus dks bPNqd lHkhfotsrkvksa dks mÙkj Hkkjr rd igq¡pusosQ fy, fganwoqQ'k dks ikj djuk gksrkFkkA eqX+ky uhfr dk ;g fujarj iz;kljgk fd lkefjd egÙo dh pkSfd;ksafo'ks"kdj dkcqy o oaQèkkj ij fu;a=k.kosQ }kjk bl laHkkfor [krjs ls cpkofd;k tk losQA

oaQèkkj lI+kQkfo;ksa vkSj eqX+kyksa osQchp >xM+s dh tM+ FkkA ;g fdyk&uxjvkjaHk esa gqek;w¡ osQ vfèkdkj esa Fkkftls 1595 esa vdcj }kjk iqu% thrfy;k x;kA ;|fi lI+kQkoh njckj useqX+kyksa osQ lkFk vius jktuf;d lacaèkcuk, j[ks rFkkfi oaQèkkj ij ;g nkokdjrk jgkA 1613 esa tgk¡xhj us 'kkg

fp=k 9-15oaQèkkj dh ?ksjkcanh


vCckl osQ njckj esa oaQèkkj dks eqX+ky vfèkdkj esa jgus nsus dhodkyr djus osQ fy, ,d jktuf;d nwr Hkstk ysfdu ;g f'k"VeaMyvius mís'; esa liQy ugha gqvkA 1622 dh 'khr ½rq esa ,d I+kQkjlhlsuk us oaQèkkj ij ?ksjk Mky fn;kA eqX+ky j{kd lsuk iwjh rjg ls rS;kjugha FkhA vr% og ijkftr gqbZ vkSj mls fdyk rFkk uxj lI+kQkfo;ksa dkslkSaius iM+sA

9-2 vkWVkseu lkezkT; % rhFkZ;k=kk vkSj O;kikjvkWVkseu lkezkT; osQ lkFk eqX+kyksa us vius lacaèk bl fglkc ls cuk,fd os vkWVkseu fu;a=k.k okys {ks=kksa esa O;kikfj;ksa o rhFkZ;kf=k;ksa osQ Lora=kvkokxeu dks cjdjkj j[kok losaQA ;g fgtk”k vFkkZr vkWVkseu vjcosQ ml fgLls osQ fy, fo'ks"k :i ls lR; Fkk tgk¡ eDdk vkSj enhukosQ egÙoiw.kZ rhFkZLFky fLFkr FksA bl {ks=k osQ lkFk vius lacaèkksa esaeqX+ky ckn'kkg vkerkSj ij èkeZ ,oa okf.kT; osQ eqíksa dks feykus dhdksf'k'k djrk FkkA og yky lkxj osQ canjxkg vnu vkSj eks[kk dkscgqewY; oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr dks izksRlkgu nsrk Fkk vkSj budh fcozQh lsvftZr vk; dks ml bykosQ osQ èkeZLFkyksa o I+kQdhjksa esa nku esa ck¡V nsrkFkkA gkyk¡fd vkSjax”ksc dks tc vjc Hksts tkus okys èku osQ nq#i;ksx

fp=k 9-16tgk¡xhj dk LoIubl y?kqfp=k osQ vfHkys[k ls irk pyrk gS fdtgk¡xhj us gky gh esa ns[ks x, ,d LoIu dks vcqyglu ls fp=k esa mrkjus osQ fy, dgkA vcqy glu usbl n`'; esa nks 'kkldksa& tgk¡xhj o lI+kQkoh 'kkgvCckl dks fe=kor~ xys yxkrs gq, iznf'kZr djrs gq,fp=k cuk;kA nksuksa gh jktkvksa dk fp=k.k mudhikjaifjd iks'kkdksa esa fd;k x;k gSA 'kkg dh vko`Qfr1613 esa eqX+ky jktnwr oxZ osQ lkFk bZjku x,fc'kunkl }kjk cuk, x, fp=kksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA bllsbl n`'; dks] tksfd dkYifud gS D;ksafd nksuksa 'kklddHkh vkil esa ugha feys] ,d rjhosQ dh izkekf.kdrkfeyhA

fp=k dks è;ku ls nsf[k,A tgk¡xhj vkSj 'kkg vCckl osQ lacaèkdks fdl rjg n'kkZ;k x;k gS\ buosQ 'kjhj dh cukoV rFkkgko&Hkko dh rqyuk dhft,A tkuojksa dk D;k vfHkizk; gS\fp=k esa ekufp=k D;k lwfpr djrk gS\


dk irk pyk rks mlus Hkkjr esa mlosQ forj.k dk leFkZu fd;k D;ksafdmldk ekuuk Fkk fd ¶;g Hkh oSlk gh bZ'oj dk ?kj gS tSlk fdeDdkA¸

9-3 eqX+ky njckj esa tslqbV èkeZ izpkjd

;wjksi dks Hkkjr osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh tslqbV èkeZ izpkjdksa] ;kf=k;ksa]O;kikfj;ksa vkSj jktuf;dksa osQ fooj.kksa ls gqbZA eqX+ky njckj osQ ;wjksih;fooj.kksa esa tslqbV o`Ùkkar lcls iqjkus o`Ùkkar gSaA ianzgoha 'krkCnh osQ varesa Hkkjr rd ,d lhèks leqnzh ekxZ dh [kkst dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,iqrZxkyh O;kikfj;ksa us rVh; uxjksa esa O;kikfjd osaQnzksa dk tky LFkkfirfd;kA iqrZxkyh jktk Hkh lkslkbVh vkWI+kQ thll (tslqbV) osQ èkeZizpkjdksadh enn ls bZlkbZ èkeZ osQ izpkj&izlkj esa #fp j[krk FkkA lksygoha'krkCnh osQ nkSjku Hkkjr vkus okys tslqbV f'k"VeaMy O;kikj vkSjlkezkT; fuekZ.k dh bl izfozQ;k dk fgLlk FksA

vdcj bZlkbZ èkeZ osQ fo"k; esa tkuus dks cgqr mRlqd FkkA mlustslqbV iknfj;ksa dks vkeaf=kr djus osQ fy, ,d nwreaMy xksok HkstkAigyk tslqbV f'k"VeaMy iQrsgiqj lhdjh osQ eqX+ky njckj esa 1580 esaigq¡pk vkSj og ogk¡ yxHkx nks o"kZ jgkA bu tslqbV yksxksa us bZlkbZ èkeZosQ fo"k; esa vdcj ls ckr dh vkSj blosQ ln~xq.kksa osQ fo"k; esamyek ls mudk okn&fookn gqvkA ykgkSj osQ eqX+ky njckj esa nks vkSjf'k"VeaMy 1591 vkSj 1595 esa Hksts x,A

tslqbV fooj.k O;fDrxr izs{k.kksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa vkSj os ckn'kkg osQpfj=k vkSj lksp ij xgjk izdk'k Mkyrs gSaA lkoZtfud lHkkvksa esatslqbV yksxksa dks vdcj osQ flagklu osQ dkI+kQh u”knhd LFkku fn;ktkrk FkkA os mlosQ lkFk vfHk;kuksa esa tkrs] mlosQ cPpksa dks f'k{kk nsrsrFkk mlosQ iqQjlr osQ le; esa os vdlj mlosQ lkFk gksrs FksA tslqbVfooj.k eqX+kydky osQ jkT; vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj lkekU; tu&thou osQckjs esa iQkjlh bfrgklksa esa nh xbZ lwpuk dh iqf"V djrs gSaA

ppkZ dhft,---os dkSu&oQkSu ls eqís vkSj ljksdkj Fks ftUgksaus eqX+ky 'kkldksa osQ muosQlelkekf;dksa osQ lkFk lacaèkksa dks fuèkkZfjr fd;k\

ckn'kkg rd lqyHk igq¡p

igys tslqbV f'k"VeaMy dk ,d lnL;ekUlsjsV vius vuqHkoksa dk fooj.k fy[krsgq, dgrk gS %

mlls (vdcj ls) HksaV djusdh bPNk j[kus okys yksxksa osQfy, mldh igq¡p fdruh lqyHkgS blosQ ckjs esa vfr'k;ksfDr djukcgqr dfBu gSA yxHkx izR;sdfnu og ,slk volj fudkyrk gSfd dksbZ Hkh vke vkneh vFkokvfHktkr mlls fey losQ vkSjckrphr dj losQA mlls tks Hkhckr djus vkrk gS mu lHkh osQizfr dBksj u gksdj og Lo;a dkseèkqjHkk"kh vkSj feyulkj fn[kkusdk iz;kl djrk gSA mls mldhiztk osQ fnyks&fnekx ls tksM+us esabl f'k"Vkpkj vkSj Hknzrk dk cM+kvlkèkkj.k izHkko gSA

Lkzksr 4

Lkzksr 2 osQ lkFk bl fooj.kdh rqyuk dhft,A


10- vkSipkfjd èkeZ ij iz'u mBkuktslqbV f'k"VeaMy osQ lnL;ksa osQ izfr vdcj us tksmPp vknj iznf'kZr fd;k mlls os cgqr izHkkfor gq,AbZlkbZ èkeZ fl¼karksa esa ckn'kkg dh Li"V fnypLih dhO;k[;k mUgksaus vius er esa ckn'kkg osQ èkeZ&ifjorZuosQ laosQr :i esa dhA bls if'peh ;wjksi esa gkohèkkfeZd vlfg".kqrk osQ ekgkSy osQ izdk'k esa le>k tkldrk gSA ekUlsjsV us fVIi.kh dh fd] ¶jktk us blckr dh cgqr de ijokg dh fd lHkh dks mlosQ èkeZosQ vuqikyu dh vuqefr nsdj mlus okLro esa lcdkfrjLdkj fd;kA¸

èkkfeZd Kku osQ fy, vdcj dh ryk'k us iQrsgiqjlhdjh osQ bcknr[kkus esa fo}ku eqlyekuksa] fganqvksa]tSuksa] ikjfl;ksa vkSj bZlkb;ksa osQ chp varj&èkehZ;okn&fooknksa dks tUe fn;kA vdcj osQ èkkfeZd fopkj]fofHkUu èkeks± o laiznk;ksa osQ fo}kuksa ls iz'u iwNus vkSjmuosQ èkeZ&fl¼karksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh bdêòk djus ls]ifjiDo gq,A èkhjs&èkhjs og èkeks± dks le>us osQ :f<+oknhrjhdksa ls nwj izdk'k vkSj lw;Z ij osaQfnzr nSoh; miklukosQ Lo&dfYir fofHkUun'kZu xzkgh :i dh vksj c<+kAgeus ns[kk fd vdcj vkSj vcqy iQ”y us izdk'k osQn'kZu dk l`tu fd;k vkSj jktk dh Nfo rFkk jkT; dhfopkjèkkjk dks vkdkj nsus esa bldk iz;ksx fd;kA blesanSoh; :i ls izsfjr O;fDr dk vius yksxksa ij loksZPpizHkqRo rFkk vius 'k=kqvksa ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA

fp=k 9-17njckj esa èkkfeZd okn&fooknAiknsZ #MksYiQ ,Dokfook igystslqbV f'k"VeaMy dk usrkFkkA mldk uke fp=k osQmQijh Hkkx ij fy[kk gSA

gje esa gkse;gk¡ vCnqy dkfnj cnk;w¡uh osQ eqUr[+kkc&mr&rokjh[k ls ,d va'k fn;k x;k gSA ,dèkeZfoKkuh vkSj njckjh cnk;w¡uh vius fu;ksDrk dh uhfr;ksa dk vkykspd Fkk vkSj viuhiqLrd dh fo"k;oLrq dks og lkoZtfud ugha djuk pkgrk FkkA

;qokoLFkk osQ vkjaHk ls gh egkefge viuh ifRu;ksa vFkkZr fgan osQ jktkvksa dh iqf=k;ksaosQ lEeku esa gje esa gkse dk vk;kstu dj jgs FksA ;g ,slh èkeZfozQ;k gS tks vfXu&iwtk(vkfr'k&ijLrh) ls O;qRiUu gqbZ gSA ijarq vius 25osa 'kklu o"kZ (1578) osQ u, o"kZij mlus lkoZtfud :i ls lw;Z vkSj vfXu dks naMor~ iz.kke fd;kA 'kke dks fpjkxvkSj eksecfÙk;k¡ tyk, tkus ij lkjs njckj dks vknjiwoZd mBuk iM+kA


;s fopkj njckjh bfrgkldkjksa osQ ifjizs{; ls laxfr j[krs FksA ;sbfrgkldkj gesa mu izfozQ;kvksa dk cksèk djkrs gSa ftuosQ }kjk eqX+ky'kkld cM+s izHkko'kkyh rjhosQ ls ,slh fotkrh; turk dks ,d 'kkghlajpuk osQ varxZr lfEefyr dj losQA HkkSxksfyd foLrkj vkSj jktuhfrdfu;a=k.k osQ O;kid :i ls ßkl osQ ckn Hkh yxHkx Ms<+ 'krkCnh rdbl jktoa'k dk uke Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa oSèk jgkA

dky&js[kk

oqQN izeq[k eqX+ky bfroÙk rFkk laLej.kyxHkx 1530 ckcj osQ laLej.kksa dh ik.Mqfyfi dk frewfj;ksa osQ ikfjokfjd laxzg dk fgLlk

cuukA rqdhZ Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x, ;g laLej.k fdlh rjg ,d rwI+kQku ls cpkfy, x,A

yxHkx 1587 xqycnu csxe }kjk gqek;w¡ukek osQ ys[ku dh 'kq#vkr

1589 ckcj osQ laLej.kksa dk ckcjukek osQ :i esa I+kQkjlh esa vuqokn

1589&1602 vcqy iQ”y }kjk vdcjukek ij dk;Z djuk

1605&22 tgk¡xhj }kjk tgk¡xhjukek uke ls viuk laLej.k fy[kuk

1639&47 ykgkSjh }kjk ckn'kkgukek osQ igys nks n-Ýrjksa dk ys[ku

yxHkx 1650 eqgEen okfjl }kjk 'kkgtgk¡ osQ 'kklu osQ rhljs n'kd osQ bfro`Ùk ys[ku dh'kq#vkr

1668 eqgEen dkf”ke }kjk vkSjax”ksc osQ 'kklu osQ igys nl o"kks± osQ bfrgkl dkvkyexhjukek osQ uke ls ladyu

fp=k 9-18bZjku osQ izoklh dykdkjksa }kjk eqYrku osQ edcjsls ykbZ xbZ uhyh VkbysaA


mÙkj nhft, (yxHkx 100-150 'kCnksa esa )

1- eqX+ky njckj esa ikaMqfyfi rS;kj djus dh izfozQ;k dko.kZu dhft,A

2- eqX+ky njckj ls tqM+s nSfud&deZ vkSj fo'ks"k mRloksa osQfnuksa us fdl rjg ls ckn'kkg dh lÙkk osQ Hkko dksizfrikfnr fd;k gksxk\

3- eqX+ky lkezkT; esa 'kkgh ifjokj dh fL=k;ksa }kjk fuHkkbZ xbZHkwfedk dk ewY;kadu dhft,A

4- os dkSu ls eqís Fks ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ls ckgj{ks=kksa osQ izfr eqX+ky uhfr;ksa o fopkjksa dks vkdkj iznkufd;k\

5- eqX+ky izkarh; iz'kklu osQ eq[; vfHky{k.kksa dh ppkZdhft,A osaQnz fdl rjg ls izkarksa ij fu;a=k.k j[krk Fkk\

fuEufyf[kr ij ,d y?kq fuca/fyf[k, (yxHkx 250-300 'kCnksa )

6- mnkgj.k lfgr eqX+ky bfrgklksa osQ fof'k"V vfHky{k.kksadh ppkZ dhft,A

7- bl vè;k; esa nh xbZ n`';&lkezxh fdl gn rd vcqyiQ”y }kjk fd, x, rlohj* osQ o.kZu (Lkzksr 1) ls esy[kkrh gS\

8- eqX+ky vfHktkr oxZ osQ fof'k"V vfHky{k.k D;k Fks\ckn'kkg osQ lkFk muosQ lacaèk fdl rjg cusA

9- jktRo osQ eqX+ky vkn'kZ dk fuekZ.k djus okys rRoksa dhigpku dhft,A

fp=k 9-19dbZ eqX+ky ikaMqfyfi;ksa eas fpfM+;ksa dk vadu gqvk FkkA


vfèkd tkudkjh osQ fy, vkifuEufyf[kr osclkbV ns[k ldrs gSaAwww.mughalgardens.org

cSEcj xSldksbus] 1971]fn xzsV eqxYl]tksukFku osQi fyfeVsM] yanu

'khjhu ewloh] 2006 (iqueqZfnzr),filksM~l bu fn ykbiQ vkWI+kQ vdcjus'kuy cqd VªLV]U;w fnYyh

gjcal eqf[k;k] 2004fn eqxYl vkWI+kQ bafM;k] CySdosy]vkWDliQksMZ

tkWu ,iQ- fjpMZ~l] 1996

fn eqXk+y ,Eik;j(fn U;w oSQfEczt fgLVªh vkWI+kQ bafM;k]oksY;we&1)oSQfEczt ;wfuo£lVh izsl] oSQfEczt

,Uusesjh 'khesy] 2005fn ,Eik;j vkWI+kQ fn xzsV eqxYl% fgLVªh]vkVZ ,aM dYpj]vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuo£lVh izsl] U;w fnYyh

fp=k 9-20,d isM+ ij fxygfj;ksa dks n'kkZrh ,d eqX+kyfp=kdkjh

ekufp=k dk;Z

10- fo'o ekufp=k osQ ,d js[kkfp=k ij mu {ks=kksa dks vafdr dhft,ftuls eqX+kyksa osQ jktuhfrd o lkaLo`Qfrd lacaèk Fks\

ifj;kstuk (dksbZ ,d)

11- fdlh eqX+ky bfro`Ùk osQ fo"k; esa vkSj tkudkjh <w¡f<+,A blosQ ys[kd]Hkk"kk] 'kSyh vkSj fo"k;oLrq dk o.kZu djrs gq, ,d o`Ùkkar rS;kjdhft,A vkiosQ }kjk p;fur bfrgkl dh O;k[;k esa iz;qDr de&ls&denks fp=kksa dk] ckn'kkg dh 'kfDr dks bafxr djus okys laosQrksa ijè;ku osaQfnzr djrs gq,] o.kZu dhft,\

12- jkT;in osQ vkn'kks±] njckjh fjoktksa vkSj 'kkgh lsok esa HkrhZ dhfofèk;ksa ij è;ku osaQfnzr djrs gq, o lekurkvksa vkSj fofHkUurkvksa ijizdk'k Mkyrs gq, eqX+ky njckj vkSj iz'kklu dh orZeku Hkkjrh;'kklu O;oLFkk ls rqyuk dj ,d o`Ùkkar rS;kj dhft,A

;fn vki vkSj tkudkjh pkgrs gSarks bUgsa if<+,%


fp=kksa osQ fy, Js;

fo"k; 5fp=k 5.1: Ritu Topa.fp=k 5.2 : Henri Stierlin, The Cultural History of the Arabs,

Aurum Press, London, 1981.fp=k 5.4, 5.13: FICCI, Footprints of Enterprise: Indian Business

Through the Ages, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1999.fp=k 5.5: Calcutta Art Gallery, printed in E.B. Havell,

The Art Heritage of India, D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., Bombay, 1964.fp=k 5.6, 5.7, 5.12: Bamber Gascoigne, The Great Moghuls,

Jonathan Cape Ltd., London, 1971.fp=k 5.8, 5.9: Sunil Kumar.

fp=k 5.10: Rosemary Crill, Indian Ikat Textiles, Weatherhill, London, 1998.fp=k 5.11, 5.14: C.A. Bayly (ed). An Illustrated History of Modern India,

1600-1947, Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1991.

fo"k; 6fp=k 6.1: Susan L. Huntington, The Art of Ancient India,

Weatherhill, New York, 1993.fp=k 6.3, 6.17: Jim Masselos, Jackie Menzies and Pratapaditya Pal,

Dancing to the Flute: Music and Dance in Indian Art,The Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 1997.

fp=k 6.4, 6.5: Benjamin Rowland, The Art and Architecture of India,Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1970.

fp=k 6.6: Henri Stierlin, The Cultural History of the Arabs,Aurum Press, London, 1981.

fp=k 6.8: http:èkèkwww.us.iis.ac.ukèkview_article.aspèkContentID=104228

fp=k 6.9: http:èkèkwww.thekkepuram.ourfamily.comèkmiskal.htm

fp=k 6.10: http:èkèka bangladesh.comèkbanglapediaèkImagesèkA_0350A.JPGfp=k 6.11: [email protected]

fp=k 6.12: Stuart Cary Welch, Indian Art and Culture 1300-1900,The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1985.

fp=k 6.13: Bamber Gascoigne, The Great Moghuls,Jonathan Cape Ltd., London, 1971.

fp=k 6.15: CCRT.

fp=k 6.16: C. A. Bayly (ed). An Illustrated History of Modern India,1600-1947, Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1991.

fp=k 6.18: Ahmad Nabi Khan, Islamic Architecture in Pakistan,National Hijra Council, Islamabad, 1990.

fo"k; 7fp=k 7.1, 7.11, 7.12, 7.14, 7.15, 7.16, 7.18: Vasundhara Filliozat and

George Michell (eds), The Splendours of Vijayanagara,Marg Publications, Bombay, 1981.


fp=k 7.2: C.A. Bayly (ed). An Illustrated History of Modern India,1600-1947, Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1991.

fp=k 7.3: Susan L. Huntington, The Art of Ancient India, Weatherhill,New York, 1993.

fp=k 7.4, 7.6, 7.7, 7.20, 7. 23, 7.26, 7.27, 7.32: George Michell,Architecture and Art of South India, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, 1995.

fp=k 7.5, 7.8, 7.9, 7.21 http:èkèkwww.museum.upenn.eduèknewèkresearchèkExp_Rese_DiscèkAsiaèkvrpèkHTMLèkVijay_Hist.shtml

fp=k 7.10: Catherine B. Asher and Cynthia Talbot.India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.

fp=k 7.17, 7.22, 7.24, 7.28, 7.29, 7.30, 7.31, 7.33: George Michell andM.B.Wagoner, Vijayanagara: Architectural Inventory of theSacred Centre, Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi.

fp=k 7.25: CCRT.

fo"k; 8fp=k 8.1, 8.9: Milo Cleveland Beach and Ebba Koch, King of the World,

Sackler Gallery, New York, 1997.fp=k 8.3: India Office Library, printed in C.A. Bailey (ed). An Illustrated

History of Modern India, 1600-1947, Oxford University Press,Bombay, 1991.

fp=k 8.4: Harvard University Art Museum, printed in Stuart Cary Welch,Indian Art and Culture 1300-1900, The Metropolitan Museum of Art,New York, 1985.

fp=k 8.6, 8.11, 8.12, 8.14: C.A. Bayly (ed). An Illustrated History of ModernIndia, 1600-1947, Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1991.

fp=k 8.13, 8.15: Bamber Gascoigne, The Great Moghuls,Jonathan Cape Ltd., London, 1971.

fo"k; 9fp=k 9.1, 9.2, 9.12, 9.13, 9.19: Bamber Gascoigne, The Great Moghuls,

Jonathan Cape, London, 1971.fp=k 9.3, 9.4, 9.17: Michael Brand and Glenn D. Lowry, Akbar’s India,

New York, 1986.fp=k 9.5, 9.15: Amina Okada, Indian Miniatures of the Mughal Court.

fp=k 9.6, 9.7: The Jahangirnama (tr. Wheeler Thackston)

fp=k 9.8: Photograph Friedrich Huneke.

fp=k 9.9, 9.11 a, b, c : Milo Cleveland Beach and Ebba Koch,King of the World, Sackler Gallery, New York, 1997.

fp=k 9.10, 9.16, 9.20: Stuart Carey Welch, Imperial Mughal Painting,George Braziller, New York, 1978.

fp=k 9.14: Geeti Sen, Paintings from the Akbarnama.

fp=k 9.18: Hermann Forkl et al. (eds), Die Gärten des Islam.

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