Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista - - Chapter 20Chapter 20

Biology 111Biology 111

ProtistsProtists

Protists are Protists are single celled eukaryotessingle celled eukaryotes. A . A few forms are few forms are multi-cellularmulti-cellular. .

HeterotrophicHeterotrophic or or autotrophicautotrophic Most live in Most live in water (aquatic)water (aquatic)

Protist is any eukaryotic organism that is Protist is any eukaryotic organism that is not a plant, animal or fungus.not a plant, animal or fungus.

Classification of ProtistsClassification of Protists

1.1. How they How they obtain nutritionobtain nutrition

2.2. How they How they movemove

Protists are classified into Protists are classified into 3 main groups3 main groups::

1.1. Animal-like ProtistsAnimal-like Protists - also called - also called protozoaprotozoa (means "first animal”)(means "first animal”)

Ø HeterotrophsHeterotrophs

2.2. Plant-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists - also called - also called algaealgaeØ AutotrophsAutotrophs

3.3. Fungus-like ProtistsFungus-like Protists - decomposers, saprobes - decomposers, saprobes Ø heterotrophsheterotrophs

Animal-like ProtistsAnimal-like ProtistsFour PhylaFour Phyla of Animal-like Protists of Animal-like Protists

Classified by how they moveClassified by how they move

A. A. ZooflagellatesZooflagellates - flagella - flagella

B. B. SarcodinesSarcodines - extensions of cytoplasm - extensions of cytoplasm (pseudopodia) (pseudopodia)

C. C. CiliatesCiliates - cilia - cilia

D. D. SporozoansSporozoans - do not move - do not move

A. ZooflagellatesA. Zooflagellates

Flagellates have a small number of long Flagellates have a small number of long flagellaflagella, long whiplike hairs that beats to propel , long whiplike hairs that beats to propel the cell. the cell.

Some nasty Some nasty parasitesparasites are flagellates, including are flagellates, including GiardiaGiardia lamblialamblia, which causes diarrhea and , which causes diarrhea and which is found in most of the surface waters of which is found in most of the surface waters of the US.the US.

Another is Another is TrypanosomaTrypanosoma bruceibrucei, which causes , which causes sleeping sickness in Africasleeping sickness in Africa. .

http://www.youtube.com/watch#!v=4aVUrGO97Zg&feature=channel Also Also TrichmonasTrichmonas vaginalisvaginalis, a sexually , a sexually

transmitted disease.transmitted disease.

Trichomonas vaginalis: Trichomonas vaginalis: an STIan STI

B. SarcodinesB. Sarcodines Move using Move using pseudopodiapseudopodia ( "false feet" ), which are like ( "false feet" ), which are like

extensions of the cytoplasm - extensions of the cytoplasm - ameboid movementameboid movement

Ingests food by surrounding and engulfing food Ingests food by surrounding and engulfing food (endocytosis), creating a (endocytosis), creating a food vacuolefood vacuole

Reproduces by binary fission (mitosis)Reproduces by binary fission (mitosis)

Contractile vacuole - removes excess waterContractile vacuole - removes excess water

Can cause Can cause amebic dysenteryamebic dysentery in humans - diarrhea and in humans - diarrhea and stomach upset from drinking contaminated waterstomach upset from drinking contaminated water

Amoebas in ActionAmoebas in Action

Mimivirus:

infects a species of amoeba and is the largest known virus ever discovered.

Mimivirus enters amoeba cells by phagocytosis

C. CiliatesC. Ciliates CiliaCilia are small hairs surrounding are small hairs surrounding

the protist’s body. The cilia beat in the protist’s body. The cilia beat in a synchronized pattern to cause a synchronized pattern to cause movement.movement.

ParameciumParamecium is a typical ciliate. It is a typical ciliate. It has a gullet to swallow food, and a has a gullet to swallow food, and a contractile vacuole to get rid of contractile vacuole to get rid of excess water.excess water.

GeneticsGenetics: the DNA used for : the DNA used for sexual reproduction is stored in the sexual reproduction is stored in the small small micronucleusmicronucleus. A copy of . A copy of this information is used to run the this information is used to run the cell: the copy is kept in the much cell: the copy is kept in the much larger larger macronucleusmacronucleus. .

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbDQfZOuyyk&feature=PlayList&p=9F5D3FC918ABE2F5&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=17

D. SporozoansD. Sporozoans

SporozoansSporozoans are animal-like protists that have part are animal-like protists that have part of their life cycle inside the cells of their of their life cycle inside the cells of their hosts.hosts.

Known as the “PARASITIC PROTISTS”Known as the “PARASITIC PROTISTS”

MalariaMalaria::Parasite – Parasite – Plasmodium falciparumPlasmodium falciparum (protist) (protist)Vector – Female Anopheles MosquitoVector – Female Anopheles Mosquito

VectorVector: an organism that carries : an organism that carries parasite, and can transfer the parasite, and can transfer the parasite to another organismparasite to another organism..

Malaria: microbes inside me..Malaria: microbes inside me..

According to the WHO, 300-500 million cases of According to the WHO, 300-500 million cases of malaria occur each yearmalaria occur each year

1.5-2.7 million deaths/year (MUCH MORE than 1.5-2.7 million deaths/year (MUCH MORE than AIDS)AIDS)

Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting and other flu-like symptomsand other flu-like symptoms

The protist lives inside the bloodstream The protist lives inside the bloodstream eventually clogging capillaries and destroying eventually clogging capillaries and destroying blood cells, which will lead to death if not treatedblood cells, which will lead to death if not treated

Vector / Protist?Vector / Protist?

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Plant-like Protists: AlgaePlant-like Protists: Algae The plant-like protists are The plant-like protists are

called called algaealgae. Most are . Most are single-celled, but a few single-celled, but a few form form large multicellular large multicellular seaweed.seaweed.

The plant-like protists The plant-like protists have have chloroplastschloroplasts. Some, . Some, like like EuglenaEuglena, also have , also have flagella for movement.flagella for movement.

Some, such as the Some, such as the diatoms, have calcium diatoms, have calcium carbonate (chalk) or carbonate (chalk) or silicasilica shells. shells.

White cliffs of Dover are white from plant-like protist shells

Kelp forests

White Cliffs of DoverWhite Cliffs of Dover

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwtW2Lx5Vwc&feature=related

The most popular Second World War song written by Vera Lynn. It The most popular Second World War song written by Vera Lynn. It was written before America had joined World War II, to uplift the was written before America had joined World War II, to uplift the spirits of the Allies at a time when Nazi Germany had conquered spirits of the Allies at a time when Nazi Germany had conquered much of Europe's area and was bombing Britain.much of Europe's area and was bombing Britain.

The song was written at a time when British and German aircraft The song was written at a time when British and German aircraft had been fighting over the cliffs of Dover in the Battle of Britain: the had been fighting over the cliffs of Dover in the Battle of Britain: the song's lyrics looked toward a time when the war would be over and song's lyrics looked toward a time when the war would be over and peace would rule over the iconic White Cliffs of Dover, Britain’s peace would rule over the iconic White Cliffs of Dover, Britain’s border with the European mainland.border with the European mainland.

--WikipediaWikipedia

Multicellular AlgaeMulticellular Algae The multicellular algae are commonly called The multicellular algae are commonly called

seaweedseaweed. They can be classified . They can be classified into red, brown, into red, brown, and green algaeand green algae. . All have plastids, but the All have plastids, but the pigments in the plastids varypigments in the plastids vary, giving the different , giving the different colors.colors.

Some, like Some, like kelpkelp, are very large and contain several , are very large and contain several different types of cells and tissues to do specialized different types of cells and tissues to do specialized work. These include leaves for photosynthesis, gas-work. These include leaves for photosynthesis, gas-filled bladders for buoyancy, the root-like holdfast, filled bladders for buoyancy, the root-like holdfast, and tubes to transport nutrients throughout the body.and tubes to transport nutrients throughout the body.

Algae contain the Algae contain the polysaccharide “agar”,polysaccharide “agar”, which is which is tasteless and is used to thicken foods such as soft tasteless and is used to thicken foods such as soft ice cream, and used in petri dishes as food for ice cream, and used in petri dishes as food for microbes.microbes.

Algae BloomsAlgae Blooms Algae blooms are the Algae blooms are the sudden growth of a large sudden growth of a large

population of single celled algaepopulation of single celled algae. They occur near the . They occur near the coastlines, with the coastlines, with the algae feeding on fertilizer runoff algae feeding on fertilizer runoff and sewageand sewage. . Algae blooms deplete the oxygen in the Algae blooms deplete the oxygen in the water, killing fish and other organismswater, killing fish and other organisms..

Some of the algae also secrete toxins (ex: red tide) Some of the algae also secrete toxins (ex: red tide) causing diseases like paralytic shellfish poisoning.causing diseases like paralytic shellfish poisoning.

Green AlgaeGreen Algae

The green algae are the The green algae are the ancestors of plantsancestors of plants. The . The term “plant” implies living on term “plant” implies living on the land or derived from plants the land or derived from plants living on the land. living on the land. Green Green algae and plants have very algae and plants have very similar chloroplasts.similar chloroplasts.

Multicellular green Multicellular green algae ex: Volvox algae ex: Volvox (colonial)(colonial)

Fungus-like Protists: Fungus-like Protists: water & slime moldswater & slime molds

Like fungi, they are Like fungi, they are heterotrophsheterotrophs: they : they get food and energy get food and energy from other organisms from other organisms (live or dead). (live or dead).

More Fungus-like ProtistsMore Fungus-like Protists

The The water moldswater molds include some of the include some of the worst plant diseases.worst plant diseases.

Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestans causes rot causes rot in plants. In the 1840’s, Phytophthora in plants. In the 1840’s, Phytophthora caused the caused the potato blight in Irelandpotato blight in Ireland..

The Irish were poor and overcrowded, The Irish were poor and overcrowded, and lived mostly on potatoes. The and lived mostly on potatoes. The blight caused crop failures in several blight caused crop failures in several years, resulting in the deaths of of the years, resulting in the deaths of of the population. population. Many Irish came to the Many Irish came to the US/Canada at that time.US/Canada at that time.

Examples of slime molds