kingdom protista by: joanna, kyla, and larissa. what is a protist? single or multiple cell...
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KINGDOM PROTISTABy: Joanna, Kyla, and Larissa
WHAT IS A PROTIST?
Single or multiple cell eukaryotic organisms with an enclosed nucleus that cannot be classified as an animal, fungi or plant
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS
Animal like protists are animal like because:-they cannot make they own food-they consume other organisms for food-they are able to move
The 4 categories of animal-like protists are: cercozoans, ciliates, flagellates, and sporozoans
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS
Cercozoans (Phylum Cercozoa):
• The most familiar cercozoan are the amoebas • Their surface is a cell membrane with a cell wall• They change shape to move using their internal cytoskeleton • They are around 100-1000 micrometers long • Temporary extensions of cytoplasm called pseudopods ("false feet") are used for feeding and movement• They contain a nucleus, food and contractile vacuoles and cytoplasm
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS
Ciliates (Phylum Ciliophora):•They are large and complex protists •The most familiar ciliate is paramecium •Their cell surface is covered in short hair like projections called cilia which helps in the movement of the cell and food particles • Ciliates are around 100-3000 micrometers in length•They have 2 nuclei, one for reproduction and one for general cell regulation •They have an oral groove, gullet and food and contractile vacuoles
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS
Flagellates (Phylum Zoomastiginal) :•They have one or multiple flagella that whips from side to side for movement • A flagellum is a long hair like projection extending from the cell membrane surrounded by a protective covering • Flagellates are around 5-20 micrometers long
Sporozoans (Phylum Sporozoa) :•They are parasites that do not move •They produce spores which are cells that are able to develop asexually •An example is Plasmodium which causes malaria in humans
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: HABITAT AND LIVING CONDITIONS
• Animal-like protists can live almost anywhere where there is water or a moist environment - Cercozoans :•Amoeba live in salt water, fresh water, mud and inside animals •An example is Entamoeba Hystolitica •They feed on the lining of the human small intestine causing an illness called amoebic dysentery •This can be spread by drinking contaminated water or by consuming contaminated produce
- Ciliates: •They live in fresh water, salt water, and in animals • Some are free living and some are parasites •An example is Balantidium Coli which lives in the large intestine and causes diarrhea
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: HABITAT AND LIVING CONDITIONS
Flagellates: • They live in fresh water, salt water and in animals • Some are free living, parasites and some live in a mutualistic relationships meaning both organisms benefit from the relationship • An example is some flagellates live in termites intestines to convert the cellulose into sugar because they are unable to digest cellulose.
Sporozoans :• They live on or in animals
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: NUTRITIONAL PATTERNS
Animal-like protists are mostly heterotrophic, they rely on other organisms for nutrition • The protist finds a single-celled organism and engulfs them with a mouth like structure or pseudopodia and ingests it • They eat bacteria and algae
• Process of eating for animal-like protists: 1) wraps around prey 2) creates food vacuole around prey acting as a storage compartment 3) produces toxins to paralyze its prey 4) once digested the food moves into the cytoplasm
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION
There are 2 types of reproduction for animal-like protists
Asexual (binary fission) : the cell duplicates it's DNA and divides into two
genetically identical offspring
Sexual (conjugation) : Protists exchange genetic material to prevent
death caused by performing binary fission over hundreds of times • The protists exchange genetic material then divide into 4 genetically different offspring
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: LIFE CYCLE
Life cycle of amoeba
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: LIFE CYCLE
Life cycle of paramecium
ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: LIFE CYCLE
Life cycle of plasmodium
FUNGUS LIKE PROTISTS
There are two types: Slime molds
Plasmodial slime molds (most common) & cellular slime molds
Water molds Two important phyla of water molds: Chytrids and
Oomycetes
They produce spore like fungi. However, they are different from fungi on a cellular level.
FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS
Slime Molds: Has traits of both fungi and animal Made up of individual cells = look like blobs, gooey or foamy
masses, spilled jelly or vomit Color: orange, red, yellow, brown, black, blue, or white. Cellular Slime molds: pieces will pull themselves back
together if diced up Plasmodial molds: enormous single cells with thousands of
nuclei. They are formed when individual flagellated cells swarm together and fuse.
Mass thrives as food is available; however if food is scarce = the mass separates into smaller blobs
When nutrients and moisture is scarce, cells send out a chemical beacon to attract other cells of the same species (pseudo plasmodium). they join up to form a structure that looks and acts like a slug to move to a favorable location
FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS
Water Molds: Resembles fungi b/c they have branched filaments
(hyphae) and form spores Certain water molds are parasites of fish and marine
invertebrates Other cause disease in plants such as: tobacco,
grapes, and potatoes Chytrids: take the form of small masses called
sporangia which has many hair like rhizoids protrude.
Oomycetes: they caused sudden oak death syndrome and blue mold of tobacco
FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: NUTRITIONAL PATTERNS
Slime Molds: They eat decaying vegetation, bacteria, fungi, and other
slime molds.
Water Molds: Live as saprobes (decomposer) = obtains metabolic
energy from decaying plant and animal material
FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: HABITAT AND LIVING CONDITIONS
Slime Molds: Commonly found in forests Found worldwide and typically thrive in dark, cool,
moist conditions
Water Molds: Dead organic matter
Chytrids: lives in salt & fresh water and in moist soil
FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION
o All fungus-like protists can reproduce sexually or asexually.
Water Molds: Reproduction happens in the hyphaeo Asexual reproduction involves hyphae which develop
into zoosporangia. Flagellated spores swim away in search of food. Spores develop into hyphae when they find food and grow into a new organism
o Sexual reproduction takes place in specialized structures that are formed by hyphae. Antheridium produces male nuclei and oogonium produces female nuclei. Fertilization takes place in oogonium and spores form a new organism
FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION
Water Mold Reproduction
FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION
Slime Molds:o production of spores that takes a form out of the 4 forms (such as sporangium = most common)
Can grow as large as several meters in diameter
Asexual Reproduction Steps:
1. send out chemical signals to attract other cells of the same species
2. thousands of cells aggregate into a large sluglike colony that functions as a single organism
3. produces a fruiting body, slender reproductive structure that produces spores
4. spores are scattered
5. each spore gives rise to a single amoeba-like cell and the cycle is repeated
o In Sexual reproduction, the cells fuse into a sexual union to produce a diploid zygote) than amorbae is scattered and cycle is repeated.
FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION
Slime Mold Reproduction
PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS
contain pigments in their chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
most common of these pigments is chlorophyll-green colouring
unicellular plant like protists include, diatoms, dinoflagellates + euglenoids
PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS
Diatoms-Phylum Chrysophta
Phytoplankton is single celled, free-floating aquatic organisms. Diatom, are among the most diverse and abundant and are an important source of food for large marine life
They have rigid cell walls with of outer layer silica- (common ingredient in sand and glass
The walls are made of 2 unequal parts, the smaller one which fits neatly inside the other
PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: CHARACTERISTICS
Dinoflagellates-Phylum Pyrrophta: Most are phytoplankton
They have two flagella at right angles to each other
As they beat, a twirling motion is produced to allow the organisms to move by spinning through the water
As a result of a population explosion called a bloom or an algal bloom
in species that have red photosynthetic pigments, referred to a red tide
the species that formed tides produce a toxin that becomes concentrated in the tissues of the organisms eating plankton-shellfish that eat shellfish
Euglenoids In the genus Euglena, have a light-detecting stricter known as an eyespot
This light receptor does not create an image like the animal eye
But this allows them to use their flagella to direct them towards the light.
PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: NUTRITIONAL PATTERNS
Diatoms-Phylum Chrysophta Photosynthesis
Euglenoids: even though they have chloroplast and conduct photosynthesis they also have flagella and
can absorb nutrients
With both plant-like and animal like characteristics they tend to be autotrophs in sunlight and heterotrophs in the dark
Dinoflagellates-Phylum Pyrrophta: Benefit by using nitrogen waste and carbon dioxide by the coral, and the coral gains the
benefits of photosynthesis, carried on by the protists
If ocean temps, increase to abnormal levels, the coral-protisits partnership breaks down
protists are expelled in a process reefed to coral bleaching
this process often leads to the death of the coral
PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: HABITAT AND GENERAL LIVING CONDITIONS
Diatoms-Phylum Chrysophta:
free-floating aquatic organisms
Euglenoids:
there are over 1000 different species of euglenoids which most are found in shallow waters
Dinoflagellates-Phylum Pyrrophta:
some live in other organisms
best known as reef-building coral
PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION
Diatoms-Phylum Chrysophta
most of the time they reproduce asexually by mitosis
Sexual is less common and occurs under unfavourable condition
Dinoflagellates-Phylum Pyrrophta
under certain condition such as abundant amount of nutrients they reproduce very quickly
living inside many species of coral are dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium
Diatoms-Phylum Chrysophta
Phytoplankton is single celled, free-floating aquatic organisms
PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION
Life cycle of Diatoms
PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION
Dinoflagellates-Phylum Pyrrophta
PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: REPRODUCTION
Euglenoids
PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS: FACTS
Dinoflagellates-Phylum Pyrrophta:
-if or when ingested by humans of the shellfish may fall ill or die.
-since the Earth`s temps rise over recent decades, more frequent incidences of dinoflagellate being expelled from corals have occurred
-permanent damage to Australia’s Great Barrier Reef
-when they are permanently damaged as a result of bleaching, other organisms that eat the coral or live in the reef are also affected
ALGAE
A unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic protist
Multicellular algae is commonly called seaweed
3 Phyla: Brown algae (Phylum Phaeophyta) Red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta) Green Algae (Phylum Chlorophyta)
Brown algae (Phylum Phaeophyta): Largest and most complex protists
Key components of marine and tidal environments
Red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta): Have green chlorophyll and a pigment called phycoerythrin which allows algae
to thrive at 100m deep in the ocean
Common as a food and in the food-processing economically
Green Algae (Phylum Chlorophyta): Most are aquatic
Found in fresh water or salt water environments, sea ice, on trees and even on the fur of sloths
The most plant- like of the algae, they have the same types of chlorophyll and colour as land plant
ALGAE
QUIZ TIME
What are Protists? Single or multiple cell eukaryotic organisms with
an enclosed nucleus that cannot be classified as an animal, fungi or plant
How many subcatergories of protists are there?
Three.
ACTIVITY