kingdom: plantae. what is a plant? multicellular eukaryotic cell wall made of cellulose develop from...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Kingdom: Plantae
![Page 2: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is a plant?
• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• Cell wall made of cellulose• Develop from multicellular embryos• Carry out photosynthesis• Contain chlorophyll a and b to trap
sunlight.
![Page 3: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Life Cycle of Plants
• Plant life cycles have 2 alternating phases, a diploid (2n) and a haploid (n) phase, known as alternation of generations.
HaploidDiploid MEIOSIS
Spores(N)
Sporophyte Plant (2N)
Gametophyte Plant (N)
FERTILIZATION
Sperm(N)
Eggs(N)
![Page 4: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What plants need to survive?
• Sunlight• Water and minerals• Gas exchange (stomata)• Transport of water and nutrients (xylem
and phloem)
![Page 5: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Groups of Bryophytes
• This group lacks vascular tissue therefore it uses diffusion and osmosis to obtain nutrients.
• Mosses Which do not have true roots instead have rhizoids.
• Liverworts• Hornworts
![Page 6: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Seedless Vascular Plants
Comparing Spore-Bearing Vascular PlantsComparing Spore-Bearing Vascular Plants
Characteristics
Watertransportation
Structure
Characteristics
Watertransportation
Structure
Club Mosses
By vasculartissue
Look like miniature pine trees; scalelike leaves
Horsetails
By vasculartissue
True leaves, stems, and roots
Ferns
By vasculartissue
Creeping or underground rhizomes (stems); fronts (leaves); some have no roots or leaves
![Page 7: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Seed Plants
Comparing Features of Seed PlantsComparing Features of Seed Plants
Feature
Seeds
Reproduction
Examples
Feature
Seeds
Reproduction
Examples
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Bear their seeds on cones
Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination
Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes
Bear their seeds within flowers
Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination
Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, wildflowers, cultivated flowers
![Page 8: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
are categorized as
that completetheir life cycle in
that completetheir life cycle in
that completetheir life cycle in
Concept Map
Plants
Annuals Biennials Perennials
1 growingseason 2 years
More than2 years
![Page 9: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Monocots Dicots
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots
Single cotyledon
Parallel veins
Floral parts often in multiples of 3
Vascularbundlesscattered throughout stem
Fibrous roots
Two cotyledons
Branched veins
Floral parts often in multiplesof 4 or 5
Vascularbundlesarranged ina ring
Taproot
Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots
![Page 10: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Seed Plant Structures
include
includes includes includes
includes includes
Plant Tissues
Dermaltissue
Meristematictissue
Vasculartissue
Groundtissue
Epidermalcells Xylem Phloem Parenchyma
cellsCollenchyma
cellsSchlerenchyma
cells
Tracheids Vesselelements
Sieve tubeelements
Companioncells
![Page 11: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Plant Tissue Systems
• Dermal Tissue: consists of epidermal cells that cover the outer surface.
• Vascular Tissue: specialized transport cells
1. Xylem: carries water and nutrients up from the roots. (tracheids and vessel elements)
2. Phloem: carries sugars down from leaves (sieve tube elements and companion cells)
• Ground Tissue: contains photosynthesizing cells and cells that help make plants strong.
![Page 12: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Plant Growth
• Meristems are clusters of cells at the tips of roots and stems that are responsible for the growth throughout a plant’s life.
• The new cells produced are called meristematic tissue.
• Apical meristems are located at the tip or end of the root and stem that produces new cells by the process of mitosis.
![Page 13: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
RootsEpidermis
Ground tissue(cortex)
VascularCylinder
Cross Section of Plant Root(magnification: 40x)
Ground tissue (cortex)
Epidermis
Endodermis
Vascular cylinder
Root hairs
Phloem
Xylem
Apical meristem
Root cap
Zone of maturation
Zone of elongation
Endodermis
![Page 14: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Function and Types of Roots
• The roots job is absorb water and nutrients form the soil and anchor the plant in the ground.
• Types:1. Taproot a long root that extends deep
into the ground.2. Fibrous root: branching root help prevent
topsoil erosion.3. Some plants have both types of roots.
![Page 15: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Leaf Structure
Veins
Xylem
PhloemVein
Cuticle
Epidermis
Palisademesophyll
Epidermis
Stoma
Guardcells
Spongymesophyll
![Page 16: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Leaf Function
• Stomata: gas exchange• Guard cells: open and close the stomata• Mesophyll: contain cells that carry out
photosynthesis.
![Page 17: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Transpiration
• The pull of water from the roots to the leaves of the plant
Factors that increase transpiration:
1. Increase temperature
2. Increase wind
3. Decreased humidity
![Page 18: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sugar Movement in Plants
Movementof water
Movementof sugar
Sugarmolecules
Source cell
Sink cell
Phloem Xylem
![Page 19: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Reproduction with Cones
![Page 20: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Reproduction with Flowers
FilamentAnther
StigmaStyle
Ovary
Carpel
PetalSepal
Ovule
Stamen
Stamens: the male portionOf the flower1. anther: produces pollen2. filament
Carpel (Pistil): female Portion of the flower.1. ovary: contains the ovules.2. stigma: sticky tip that pollen attaches to.3. style: creates the Pollen tube that allowsPollen to reach the eggs.
![Page 21: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Cycle of an Angiosperm
Ovule
Anther (2N) Pollen grains (N)(male gametophyte)
Pollentubes
Haploid cell(N)
Embryo sac (N)(female gametophyte)
Egg cell
SpermPollen tube
Endosperm nucleiEndosperm(3N)
Zygote(2N)FruitSeed coat
Endosperm
Embryo(2N)Seedling (2N)
(new sporophyte)
Maturesporophyte
Ovary
Style
Stigma
![Page 22: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated PlantsComparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants
Characteristics
Pollination method
Relative efficiency of pollination method
Plant types
Reproductive organs
Adaptations that promote pollination
Characteristics
Pollination method
Relative efficiency of pollination method
Plant types
Reproductive organs
Adaptations that promote pollination
Wind-pollinatedPlants
Wind pollination
Less efficient
Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms
Cones
Pollination drop
Wind-pollinatedPlants
Wind pollination
Less efficient
Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms
Cones
Pollination drop
Animal-pollinated Plants
Vector pollination
More efficient
Angiosperms
Flowers
Bright colors, sweet nectar
Animal-pollinated Plants
Vector pollination
More efficient
Angiosperms
Flowers
Bright colors, sweet nectar
Wind vs. Animal Pollination
![Page 23: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Seed Dispersal
• Animals: sweet, fleshy fruits (blueberries) • Wind and water: lightweight, allowing them
to be carried by air or float in water. (tumbleweeds)
![Page 24: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Seed Germination
![Page 25: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Plant Hormones
• Chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of growth and development, and the plant’s responses to environmental conditions.
• Auxin: stimulate cell elongation• Gibberellins: increase size of stems and
fruit• Cytokinins: stimulate cellular division • Ethylene: Stimulate the ripening of fruit.
![Page 26: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Auxin and phototropism
Control Tipremoved
Opaquecap
Clearcap
Opaque shiedover base
Highconcentration
of auxin
Lowconcentration
of auxin
Auxin production of the shaded side of plant causes it to Bend towards the light.
![Page 27: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Auxin and Gravitropism
Auxin causes stems to grow up and roots to grow down in Response to gravity.
![Page 28: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Apical meristem
Lateral buds
Apical meristem removed
Auxins produced in the apical meristeminhibit the growth of lateral buds.
Without the inhibiting effect of auxinsfrom the apicial meristem, lateral budsproduce many branches.
Auxin and Branching Apical Dominance
![Page 29: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Auxin-like Weed Killers
• High concentrations of auxins inhibit plant growth.
• Scientists have engineered herbicides like 2,4-D that mimic the hormone auxin and thus kill weeds.
![Page 30: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Plant Reponses
• Phototropism: response to light• Gravitropism: response to gravity• Thigmotropism: response to touch
![Page 31: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
PhotoperiodismMidnight
Noon
Long Day
Midnight
Noon
Short Day
Midnight
Noon
Interrupted Night
Short-Day Plant Long-Day Plant
Photoperiodism:Is reponsible for The timing ofSeasonalActivities such asFlowering and growth
The response To flowering Is controlled byThe amountOf darkness thePlant receives
![Page 32: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Winter Dormancy
• As cold weather approaches, deciduous plants turn off photosynthetic pathways, transport materials from leaves to roots, and seal off leaves from the rest of the plant.
![Page 33: Kingdom: Plantae. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649e6b5503460f94b6999b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Adaptations
• Chemical defenses: manufacture compounds that have a powerful effect on animals. Ex. Aspirin, tobacco
• Epiphytes: Grow on trees to reach sunlight.
• Succulents: reduces leaves, extensive roots, thick stems. (cacti)
• Carnivorous Plants: digest insects.