Kingdom Plantae

• Plants are members of the kingdom Plantae whose cells are _____________________(have a nucleus), have a cell wall made of ________________and contains chloroplasts with pigments such as chlorophyll a and b that help the plant to carry out photosynthesis.

KEY CONCEPT Plant life began in the water and became adapted to land.

Early Plants

• They were very similar to algae that we are familiar with. They were dependent on __________________ for reproduction, and only with the evolution of the _______________ were plants able to survive on dry land.

Plant Kingdom

Non-flowering Plants

Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)

Seedless Vascular

Plants

Bryophytes Gymnosperms

Non - flowering Plants

Seed-producing Spore-producing

Bryophytes

Non - flowering Plants

Do NOT produce flowers

Gymnosperms Seedless Vascular

Plants

Mosses and their relatives are _______________________________ • Nonvascular plants grow close

to the ground to absorb water and nutrients.

• Seedless plants rely on _______________________________ for reproduction.

• Liverworts belong to phylum

Hepatophyta. – often grow on wet rocks or in

greenhouses – can be thallose or leafy

Bryophytes

• Appearance – Mosses: grow in clumps (green mass)

• Anchor

– _______________________ – they have _____________

• Transport

– No vascular tissue so no transport

Bryophytes

• Habitat – Damp terrestrial environments

• Reproduction

– __________________ form capsules that are dispersed by the wind

– Requires ____________

• Examples – Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C

• Mosses belong to phylum Bryophyta.

– most common seedless nonvascular plants – sphagnum moss commonly used by humans as “peat”

Bryophyta: Mosses

spores

Spore-producing capsule Moss

Liverworts and Hornworts

Hornwort Liverwort

Seedless Vascular Plants

• Appearance – Feathery leaves, underground stems

• Anchor

– Roots, underground stems

• Transport – Vascular tissue (also provides support)

20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C

Club mosses and ferns are seedless vascular plants. • A _____________________allows club mosses and

ferns to grow higher off the ground. • Both need ___________________________water for

reproduction.

• Club mosses belong to phylum Lycophyta.

– not true mosses – oldest living group

of vascular plants

20.1 Origins of Plant Life TEKS 7A, 7E, 8C, 12A

• A vascular system allows resources to move to different parts of the plant.

sugars

water and mineral nutrients

– collection of specialized tissues – brings _____________________nutrients up from roots – disperses ____________________ from the leaves – allows plants to grow higher off the ground

21.1 Plant Cells and Tissues TEKS 5B, 10B, 10C

stem

leaf

root

– two networks of hollow tubes

– ___________ transports water and minerals

– ___________ transports photosynthetic products

• Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic compounds.

21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C

Water and dissolved minerals move through xylem.

• Xylem contains specialized cells. – vessel elements are short and wide – tracheid cells are long and narrow – xylem cells die at maturity

vessel element

tracheid

21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C

Phloem carries sugars from photosynthesis throughout the plant. • Phloem contains specialized cells.

– sieve tube elements have holes at ends

– companion cells help sieve tube elements

– unlike xylem, phloem tissue is alive

21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C

– absorption occurs at roots • Water travels from roots to the top of trees.

– cohesion and adhesion in xylem – transpiration at leaves

21.2 The Vascular System TEKS 4B, 5B, 10B, 10C

– Plants passively transport water through the xylem. – ___________ is the tendency of water molecules to

bond with each other.

• The cohesion-tension theory explains water movement.

– ________________ is the tendency of water molecules to bond with other substances.

Seedless Vascular Plants

• Habitat – Damp, shady environments

• Reproduction

– Spores are produced on ___________________________ by the ___________

– Requires ________________

• Examples – Ferns, horsetails, club mosses

Fern Young fern leaf (circinate)

Sorus: fern spore-producing organ

Horsetail

Club moss

Tips of branches called strobili have spore bearing parts on them.

Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants.

• Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless ancestors. – can reproduce ________________________________,

via pollination – ___________

occurs when pollen meets female plant parts

– ___________ nourish and protect plant embryo – seeds allow plants to disperse to new places

20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C

• __________________ do not have seeds enclosed in fruit. – most gymnosperms are ________________ and

evergreen. – the cone is reproductive structure of most

gymnosperms. – ___________ is produced

in _________ cones.

– ____________ are produced in ___________ cones.

– seeds develop on scales of female cones.

Cycad

Ginko

Male cone

Female cone

Cycadophyta

Conifer Needle-shaped leaves

Male cones (in clusters)

Female cones (scattered)

20.2 Classification of Plants TEKS 5B, 7D, 8B, 8C

• ___________________ have seeds enclosed in some type of _______________

– A ________________ is the reproductive structure of angiosperms.

– A __________ is a mature _____________of a flower.

• Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum Anthophyta.

20.3 Diversity of Flowering Plants TEKS 7B, 7D, 8B

Flowering plants have unique adaptations that allow them to dominate in today’s world. • _________________ allow for efficient pollination.

– animals feed on pollen or nectar – pollen is spread from plant to plant in process