KINGDOM PLANTAECHAPTERS 27-31

CHARACTERISTICS

• Autotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular, primarily diploid but some triploid (corn)

• Plant-like protists (algae) is the link to plants

STRUCTURE OF A PLANT

Roots:

• anchor plant

• absorb water and nutrients from soil

• storage in some

• Root cap to protect root during growth

Leaves:

• capturing sunlight for photosynthesis

• gas exchange: CO2 in and O2 out through stomata

Stems: transport of water and

nutrients between leaves and root

Plant vascular tissue:

• xylem: transports water and nutrients from the soil to the rest of the plant

• phloem: carries organic materials (such as glucose) to the rest of the plant

PLANT DIVERSITY:increasing in complexity

• Non Vascular (bryophytes): lacks vascular tissue so it must remain small to transport materials

moss

liverworthornwort

Vascular

Seedless: uses spores to reproduce

tree fern

whisk fern

horsetail

club moss

VascularGymnosperms (naked seed plants)

Cycads

Gingkoes

Conifers

VascularAngiosperms (flowering/fruit

bearing seed plants)

Non-vascular

non-seed vascular

naked seed vascular

flowering vascular

Cladograms

• A cladogram is a family tree based on shared physical characteristics.– A cladogram is does not show phylogeny but

phylogeny can often be inferred.– A branching point would give a best guess as

to what to look for in a common ancestor.

Making a cladogram

1. Make a chart with all the characteristic you will be looking at.

2. Group species in nested Ven-diagram.

3. Transfer Ven-Diagram to tree.