kingdom monera (bacteria)
DESCRIPTION
KINGDOM MONERA (BACTERIA). What makes this kingdom unique?. Most abundant organisms on Earth Outnumber all other organisms combined More in a handful of dirt than the total number of people who have ever lived. Characteristics. Prokaryotes: no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
KINGDOM MONERA(BACTERIA)
What makes this kingdom unique?
Most abundant organisms on Earth Outnumber all other organisms combined More in a handful of dirt than the total number of
people who have ever lived
Characteristics
Prokaryotes: no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Characteristics
Smaller than smallest eukaryotes All are unicellular Now considered two kingdoms:
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
smaller than
KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
Archae = ancient Evolution considers them the first organisms Can live where no others can
Types of Archaebacteria: methanogens
Convert CO2 into methane gas
O2 is poison to them Require anaerobic conditions
(i.e. sewage or swamp) Thrive in cow and human intestines
Types of Archaebacteria: thermoacidophiles
Love hot and acidic environment Many are chemosynthetic
volcanic vents hydrothermal vents
Types of Archaebacteria: extreme halophiles
Salt-loving Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea Use salt to generate ATP
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
Classified in two ways: shape and stain 3 different shapes Unicellular or colonies
1. SPHERE-SHAPED: COCCUS
Diplococcus - two
Staphylococcus – clusters
Streptococcus – strings
2. ROD-SHAPED: BACILLUS
Diplobacillus - two Streptobacillus - strings
3. CORK SCREW: SPIRILLUM
REACTION TO STAIN
Gram stain used for classification Differing reaction based on cell wall
Cell membrane
(Phospholipid)
Peptidoglycan
(Protein + sugar)
Lipopolysaccharide
(Fat + sugar)Gram-negative Gram-positive
GRAM-POSITIVE EUBACTERIA
Absorb Gram stain and appear purple Simple cell wall antibiotics are effective
GRAM-NEGATIVE EUBACTERIA
Do not absorb Gram stain Absorb a secondary pink stain Complex cell wall antibiotics are ineffective
ALEXANDER FLEMING - 1928
Scottish bacteriologist Grew Staphylococcus bacteria in dish Contaminated by Penicillium mold Mold inhibited the bacteria 1st antibiotic
ANTIBIOTICS
Fight pathogens Interfere with formation of cell walls Many obtained from bacteria or fungi Others produced synthetically
NATURAL BODY DEFENSES
1. SKIN
2. MUCUS
3. TEARS
4. STOMACH ACID
5. LEUCOCYTES
6. ANTIBODIES
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
1. Obligate aerobes require oxygen
(i.e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
2. Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen
when available but do not require it
(i.e. Escherichia coli)
3. Obligate anaerobes cannot grow in
the presence of oxygen
(i.e. Clostridium tetani)
BACTERIA IN NATURE ~Photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic O2
Availability of O2 advent of aerobic organisms
OscillatoriaNostoc
Anabaena
BACTERIA IN NATURE ~Nitrogen fixers
Rhizobacteria grow in roots of soybeans, alfalfa Convert atmospheric N2 into usable form for plants
BACTERIA IN NATURE ~Decomposers
Break down matter into simpler substances Nutrients released into the soil
BACTERIA IN NATURE ~Living Together (Symbioisis)
Mutualism: both organisms benefit Bacteria and Komodo dragons
Bacteria-laden saliva Mouth provides
habitat
BACTERIA IN NATURE ~Eutrophication
Excess phosphates and nitrates
Cyanobacteria thrive
Death and decomposition
Decomposition requires oxygen
Fish kill
BACTERIA and INDUSTRY ~Food Production
Ferment lactose in milk
sour cream, yogurt, and buttermilk Digest protein in milk
ricotta cheese and cottage cheese Fermentation
pickles and sauerkraut
BACTERIA and INDUSTRY ~Genetic engineering
Insert genes into bacteria Develop medical products
(i.e. synthetic insulin) Develop disease-resistant crops
(i.e. Bt corn)
Bt Corn Bt is a naturally-occurring soilborne bacterium that is found worldwide. This bacterium
produces crystal-like proteins that selectively kill specific groups of insects. Once the protein is eaten, insects stop feeding within two hours of a first bite and, if enough toxin is eaten, die within two or three days.
Plant geneticists create Bt corn by inserting selected exotic DNA into the corn plant's own DNA.
Bt corn improves European corn borer control.