kin selection and social behavior
DESCRIPTION
Kin Selection and Social Behavior. I. Motivation. Cooperative behaviors are widespread. Why?. Genetically related female banded mongooses live and breed in groups, and care for each other's young. +, -. Actor. Recipient. II. Theory of Altruism. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Kin Selection and Social Behavior
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I. Motivation
Cooperative behaviors are widespread.
Why?
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Genetically related female banded mongooses live and breed in groups, and care for each other's young
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Actor Recipient
+, -
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An individual’s survivorship and reproduction relative to other individuals in the population (Direct Fitness)
Hamilton’s Rule (1964):
Inclusive fitness =Direct fitness + indirect fitness
Kin selection: natural selection favoring the indirect component of fitness
(Benefit x relatedness) – Cost > 0; Br > C; r > C/BBenefit to recipient and cost to altruistRelatedness: probability that homolgous alleles in 2
individuals are identical by descent
II. Theory of Altruism
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Computing relatedness with pedigrees
The arrows describe paths by which genes can be identical by descent
Indirect Fitness through a Relative
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Black-tailed prairie dogs give more alarm calls when kin are nearby
III. Evidence
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Male black-tailed prairie dogs change their alarm calling behavior when their living situation changes
5 males
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Helping Behavior in Birds:White-fronted bee-eaters
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In bee-eaters, helpers assist close relatives
Fitness gains due to helping
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Figure 12-17More related birds are the more likely they are to cooperate
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Adoption in Red Squirrels
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Kin-selected discrimination in cannibalistic tadpoles and salamanders
Benefit
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Bequeathing Wealth in Vancouver
46.5 % to offspring and siblings (r = 0.5) but most to offspring
8.3 % to grandkids, nieces and nephews (r = 0.25)
0.6% to cousins (r = 0.125)
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IV. Special case of Sociality True or Eusociality = 1. overlap in generations between parents and offspring 2. cooperative brood care 3. specialized castes of nonreproductive individuals
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Haplodiploidy produces unusual coefficients of relationship
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Haplo-diploidy and Sister-Sister relationship
mother father
r = ½ ½ 1 1
sister sister
Sisters on averageshare ½ genes through mother& all of theirgenes throughfather(1/2 + 1)/2 = ¾
Or
¼ + ½ = 3/4
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phylogeny of the hymenoptera
Origins of complex nesting behaviour
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Naked mole-rats have highly inbred colonies
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Naked mole-rat queens preferentially shove nonrelatives
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Masked boobies
Blue-footed boobies
V. Siblicide and Parent-OffspringConflict
Older sib always pushes sib from nest
Older sib sometimespushes sib from nest
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Vampire batsThis photo shows a group of vampire bats roosting in a hollow tree
VI. Reciprocal Altruism
Cooperative behavior among non kin
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Also fed nest mates that had fed them
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Conclusion
• Cooperative behaviors are widespread• Inclusive fitness• (B x r) – C > 0• Haplo-diploidy• Siblicide• Reciprocal altruism (Tit for Tat)• Other interesting topics: P-O conflict, sex
ratio evolution, greenbeard alleles