HO HC HU C 11THNH PHN NGUYN T V CNG THC PHN TI. Khi nim v ha hc hu c v hp cht hu c Ha hc hu c l ngnh ha hc chuyn nghin cu cc hp cht ca cacbon, tr cacbon oxit, cacbon ioxit v cc mui cacbonat Nhng hp cht hu c c nghin cu trong ha hc hu c c gi l hp cht hu c. II. c im chung ca cc hp cht hu c Mc d khng c danh gii tht r rt gia cht hu c v cht v c, cc hp cht hu c c mt s c im chung sau y: 1. Trong thnh phn hp cht hu c c th gp hu ht cc nguyn t trong h thng tun hon, song s lng cc nguyn t thng xuyn to nn cht hu c thng khng nhiu: nht thit phi c , thng l , hay gp , sau n halogen, vv. 2. Lin kt ha hc ch yu trong trng hp cht hu c l lin kt cng ha tr. 3. Cc hp cht hu c thng d bay hi, km bn i vi nhit v d chy hn hp cht v c. 4. Cc phn ng ca hp cht hu c thng chm v khng hon ton theo mt hng nht nh. III. Phn loi hp cht hu c v tnh cht ca mt s cht tiu biu 1. Phn loi hp cht hu c C hai loi ln: Hirocacbon (ch cu to bi hai nguyn t v ) v dn xut ca hirocacbon hay l hp cht hu c c nhm chc (trong phn t ca chng ngoi v cn c cc nguyn t khc nh O,N,Svv) Hirocacbon li c chia thnh 3 loi: hirocacbon no, trong phn t ch c lin kt n, th d ; hirocacbon khng no, trong phn t c lin kt bi, th d: ; hirocacbon thm trong phn t c vng benzen, n gin nht l Cc hp cht c nhm chc cng gm nhiu loi: l dn xut halogen (c nguyn t halogen lin kt vi gc hirocacbon) , L axit hu c (c nhm lin kt vi gc hirocacbon, vv c gi l nhng nhm chc. 2.Thnh phn nguyn t v cng thc phn t Thnh phn nguyn t ca hp cht hu c c biu din bng cc cng thc khc nhau: Cng thc tng qut cho bit thnh phn nh tnh cc nguyn t. Th d: (x, y, z l nhng s nguyn dng cha bit) ch cho bit trong phn t c 3 nguyn t v . Cng thc thc nghim cho bit t l v s lng cc nguyn t trong phn t. Th d: ( n l s nguyn dng, n >= 1 cha c xc nh c th) Cng thc n gin nht cng c ngha tng t cng thc thc nghim Th d: (ngi ta tm b n) Cng thc phn t cho bit s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t, tc l cho bit gi tr ca n.

Th d: hay xc nh thnh phn nguyn t cn phn tch nguyn t (nh tnh v nh lng). T thnh phn nguyn t c th lp cc cng thc nu trn. Ring i vi cng thc phn t cn bit thm khi lng phn t hoc mt d kin c lin quan. IV. S lc v phn tch nguyn t: 1. Phn tch nh tnh: Ngi ta chuyn cc nguyn t c trong hp cht hu c thnh cc cht v c n gin v quen thuc, ri nhn ra cc sn phm da vo tnh cht c trng ca chng. Th d: tm cacbon ngi ta t cht hu c chuyn thnh ri nhn bit bng nc vi trong; tm nit trong mt s cht hu c, ngi ta un cht hu c vi to ra , ri nhn bit sn phm bng giy qu. 2. Phn tch nh lng: Sau khi chuyn cc nguyn t trong cht hu c thnh nhng cht v c n gin ( ) ngi ta nh lng cc sn phm bng cc phng php khi lng hoc th tch. Th d: nh lng v c th nung cht hu c vi CuO, kh v H2O sinh ra c hp th ln lt bng v c, em cn s bit khi lng cc sn phm ; khi nh lng nit ngi ta o th tch kh nit sinh ra. V. Xc nh khi lng phn t Khi lng phn t M thng c xc nh theo biu thc v quan h gia M v t khi hi d ca cht hu c so vi mt kh quen thuc no nh khng kh, hiro (nh lut Avogaro) Th d: l t khi hi so vi khng kh hiro. VI. Lp cng thc phn t t cng thc ca hp cht l phng php ph bin sau y: 1. Da vo thnh phn % cc nguyn t: V khi lng mi nguyn t trong phn t t l vi thnh phn % nn ta c: T ta c: .ri xc nh x, y, z v v theo mt trong hai

Th d: Khi t chy hon ton hp cht A, sinh ra v . Trong mt th nghim khc, mt khi lng cht A nh trn cho (o ktc). T khi hi ca A i vi khng kh l 2,05. Lp cng thc phn t cht A. Gii: p dng cc biu thc hc, ta tnh c thnh phn % cc nguyn t v M:

Sau ta tnh x, y, z v v theo cch nu trn:

Tng t nh vy ta c: vy cng thc phn t ca A l 2. Tnh trc tip t khi lng sn phm t chy: Theo s :

ta c th vit:

a l khi lng cht hu c b t chy

z c suy ra t x, y, v v M. p dng cch tnh ny vo th d nu trn ta s c cng mt kt qu.

trong tnh z ta vit: hay l

do vy z=1

Cng thc phn t ca A l

HIDROCACBON NOA. AN KANI. ng ng, ng phn,danh php 1. ng ng Ankan: metan ( ), etan ( ), propan ( ), cc butan ( ),cc pentan ( ),...c cng thc chung l . Chng hp thnh dy ng ng gi l dy ng ng ca metan. 2. ng phn a) ng phn mch cacbon dy ng ng ca metan, t thnh vin th t tr i, mi thnh vin u gm nhiu ng phn. Th d : ng vi cng thc phn t (thnh vin th t ca dy ng ng) c 2 ng phn cu to :

ng vi cng thc phn t phn cu to :

(thnh vin th nm ca dy ng ng) c 3 ng

Nhn xt : Ankan t cacbon. b) Bc ca cacbon

tr i c ng phn cu to, l ng phn mch

(ankan khng phn nhnh)

(ankan phn nhnh) Bc ca mt nguyn t C phn t ankan bng s nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi n. Ankan m phn t ch cha C bc I v C bc II (khng cha C bc III v C bc IV) l ankan khng phn nhnh. Ankan m phn t c cha C bc III hoc C bc IV l ankan phn nhnh. S lng ng phn cu to tng rt nhanh theo s nguyn t C trong phn t

n 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30 S ng phn 2 3 5 9 18 35 75 4347 366319 Nu k c ng phn lp th ( ng phn quang hc) th s lng ng phn cn ln hn nhiu. vit ng v cc ng phn cu to ca mt ankan c di 10 nguyn t C trong phn t, ta c th t lm c. Cn tnh ra s lng ng phn cu to ca mt ankan cha nhiu nguyn t C hn, chc chn cn phi c s tr gip ca my tnh. II. Danh php 1. Ankan khng phn nhnh (trc y ankan khng phn nhnh t tr ln thng thm ch n.) Nhm nguyn t cn li sau kh ly bt 1 nguyn t H t phn t ankan c cng thc uc gi l nhm ankyl. Tn ca nhm ankyl khng phn nhnh ly t tn ca ankan tung tng i ui an thnh yl. 2. Ankan phn nhnh Theo IUPAC, tn ca ankan phn nhn uc gi theo kiu tn thay th : S ch v tr - Tn nhnh Tn mch chnh - an Mch chnh l mch di nht,c nhiu nhnh nht. nh s cc nguyn t cacbon thuc mch chnh bt u t pha phn nhnh sm hn. Gi tn mch nhnh (tn nhm ankyl) theo th t vn ch ci. S ch v tr nhnh no t ngay trc gch ni vi tn nhnh . Th d 1 :

2- Metylpropan

2,2- imetylpropan

2,3- imetylpentan III.TINH CHT HO HC: Ankan ch c cc lin kt C-C v C-H. l lin kt bn vng, v th cc ankan tng i tr v mt ha hc : nhit thng thung chng khng phn ng vi axit,baz v cht oxi ha mnh (nh ) .V th ankan cn c tn l parafin,ngha l t i lc ha hc. Di tc dng ca nh sng, xc tc v nhit,ankan tham gia cc phn ng th,phn ng tch v phn ng xi ha. 1. Phn ng th Khi chiu nh sng hoc t nng hn hp metan v clo s xy ra phn ng th ln lt cc nguyn t hiro bng clo:

Cc ng ng ca metan cng tham gia phn ng th tung t metan.Th d :

Phn ng th H bng halogen thuc loi phn ng halogen ha,sn phm hu c c cha halogen gi l dn xut halogen. Clo th H cacbon cc bc khc nhau.Brom hu nh ch th H cacbon bc cao.Flo phn ng mnh lit nn phn hy ankan thnh C v HF.Iot qu yu nn khng phi ng vi ankan. C ch phn ng halogen ha ankan Phn ng clo ha vo brom ha ankan xy theo c ch gc-dy chuyn theo cc bc: (1) : Phn t clo hp th nh sng b phn ct ng li thnh 2 nguyn t clo. (2): Nguyn t clo l mt gc t do hot ng,n ngt ly nguyn t H t v gc t do . to rao HCl

(3): Gc khng bn,n tch ly nguyn t Cl t tr thnh bn n.Nguyn t Cl mi sin ra phn ng (3) li tc dng vi lm cho phn ng (2) v (3) lp i lp li ti hng chc ngn ln nh mt dy chuyn. (4) (5) (6) : Cc gc t do kt hp vi nhau thnh cc phn t bn hn. 2. Phn ng tch (gy lin kt C-C v C-H)

Nhn xt : Di tc dng ca nhit v xc tc ( ),cc ankan khng nhng b tch hiro to thnh hirocacbon khng no m cn b gy cc lin kt C-C to ra cc phn t nh hn.

3. Phn ng oxi ha. Khi t,cc ankan b chy to ra v ta nhiu nhit :

Cc ankan u dy ng ng rt d chy,ta nhiu nhit.Kh CO_2,hi nuc v nhit to ra nhanh nen c th gy n. Nu khng xi, ankan b chy khng hon ton, khi ngoi v cn to ra cc sn phm nh CO,mui than,khng nhng lm gim nng sut ta nhit m cn gy c hi cho mi trng. Khi c xc tc,nhit thch hp,ankan b xi ha hon ton to thnh dn xut cha oxi,th d :

II. iu ch v ng dng 1. iu ch ankan a) Trong cng nghip Metan v cc ng ng c tch t kh thin nhin v du m. b) Trong phng th nghim Khi cn mt lng nh metan, ngui ta nung natri axetat vi vi ti xt, hoc c th cho nhm cacbua tc dng vi nc :

2. ng dng Lm nhin liu, vt liu Lm nguyn liu

B.XICLOANKANI. Cu trc, ng phn, danh php 1. Cu trc phn t ca mt s monoxicloankan Xicloankan l nhng hirocacbon no mch vng. Xicloankan c 1 vng (n vng) gi l monoxicloankan. Xicloankan c nhiu vng (a vng) gi l polixicloankan. Monoxicloankan c cng thc chung l

Tr Xicloankan, phn t xicloankan cc nguyn t cc bon khng cng nm trn mt mt phng. 2. ng phn v cch gi tn monoxicloankan a) Quy tc S ch v tr - Tn nhnh - xiclo + Tn mnh chnh - an Mch chnh l mch vng. nh s sao cho tng cc s ch v tr cc mch nhnh l nh nht. b) Th d Mt s xicloankan ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t II. Tnh cht ha hc ca xicloankan 1) Phn ng cng m vng ca xiclopropan v Phn ng cng m vng ca xiclobutan

(propan) (1,3- ibrompropan) (1- brompropan) Xiclobutan ch cng vi hiro :

(butan) Xicloankan vng 5,6 cnh tr ln khng c phn ng cng m vng trong nhng iu kin trn 2) Phn ng th xicloankan Phn ng th xicloankan tng t nh ankan. 3) Phn ng oxi ha xicloankan

Xicloankan khng lm mt mu dung dch III. iu ch v ng dng 1. iu ch xicloankan

Ngoi vic tch trc tip t qa trnh chng ct du m, xicloankan cn uc iu ch t ankan. 2. ng dng ca xicloankan Ngoi vic dng lm nhin liu nh ankan, xicloankan cn c dng lm dung mi, lm nguyn liu iu ch cc cht khc

HIDROCACBON KHNG NOA.ANKENI. ng ng v danh php 1. Dy ng ng v tn thng thng ca anken. Etilen ( ), propilen ( thc chung l ca etilen[/ct]. ), butilen ( ),... u c mt lin kt i c cng . Chng hp thnh dy ng ng gi l [lk]dy ng ng

Tn ca mt s anken n gin ly t tn ca ankan tung ng nhng i ui an thnh ui ilen. Th d : (propilen) ( butilen) ()

( isobutilen) Nhm 2. Tn thay th a) Quy tc S ch vi tr - Tn nhnh - Tn mnh chnh + s ch v tr - en Mch chnh l mch cha lin kt i,di nht v c nhiu nhnh nht. nh s C mch chnh bt u t pha gn lin kt i hn. S ch v tr lin kt i ghi ngay trc ui en (khi mch nhnh ch c 2 hoc 3 nguyn t C th khng cn ghi). b) Th d c gi l nhm vinyl

II. Cu trc v ng phn 1.Cu trc Hai nguyn t C mang ni i trng thi lai ha (lai ha tam gic)

Lin kt i C=C phn t anken gm mt lin kt v mt lin kt .Lin kt c to thnh do s xen ph trc (ca 2 obitan lai ha ) nn tng i bn vng.Lin kt c to thnh do s xen ph bn (ca 2 obitan p) nn km bn hn so vi lin kt .Hai nhm nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt i C=C khng quay t do c quanh trc lin kt (do b cn tr bi lin kt ). phn t etilen,hai nguyn t C v bn nguyn t H u nm cng trn mt mt phng (gi l mt phng phn t),cc gc 2. ng phn a) ng phn cu to Anken t Th d: tr ln c ng phn mch cacbon v ng phn v tr lin kt i v hu nh bng nhau v bng

b) ng phn hnh hc Anken t tr ln nu mi C mang lin kt i dnh vi 2 nhm nguyn t khc nhau t s c 2 cch phn b khng gian khc nhau dn ti 2 ng phn hnh hc.Nu mch chnh

nm cng mt pha ca lin kt C=C th gi l ng phn cis. Nu mch chnh nm hai pha khc nhau ca lin kt C=C th gi l ng phn trans. III. Tnh cht vt l ca anken 1. Nhit si,nhit nng chy v khi lung ring Nhn xt : Nhit si,nhit nng chy v khi lng ring ca anken khng khc nhiu so vi ankan tng ng v thng nh hn so vi xicloankan c cng s nguyn t C. iu kin thng,anken t n l cht kh.Nhit si,nhit nng chy tng theo khi lng mol phn t.Cc anken u nh hn nc. 2. Tnh tan v mu sc Anken ha tan tt trong du m.Anken hu nh khng tan trong nc v l nhng cht khng mu. IV. Tnh cht ha hc ca anken Lin kt ni i ca anken km bn vng,nn trong phn ng d b t ra to thnh lin kt vi cc nguyn t khc.V th,lin kt i C=C l trung tm phn ng gy ra nhng phn ng ha hc c trng cho anken nh phn ng cng,phn ng trng hp v phn ng oxi ha. 1. Phn ng cng hiro (phn ng hiro ha) Khi c mt cht xc tc nh Ni,Pt,Pd, nhit thch hp,anken cng hiro vo ni i to thnh ankan tng ng,phn ng ta nhit,th d :

2.Phn ng cng halogen (phn ng halogen ha) a) Cng clo Etilen v clo u t tan trong dung dch natri clorua.Thot u mc nc trong ng nghim thp (A).Etilen cng vi clo to thnh cht lng dng du (Tn c ca anken l olefin,c ngha l to du),khng tan trong nc,bn vo thnh ng nghim,p sut trong ng nghim gim lm cho mc nc dng ln (B)

b) Cng brom Cho 0,2 ml anken lng chng hn hex-2-en,vo ng nghim cha 2ml nc brom (hnh 6.4a),lc k ri yn,mu vng - da cam ca nc brom b mt

Brom d cng vo ni i ca anken to thnh dn xut ihalogen khng mu :

(2,3ibromhexan) Anken lm mt mu ca nuc brom,v th ngi ta thng dng nc brom hoc dung dch brom trong lm thuc th nhn bit anken. 3. Phn ng cng axit v cng nc a) Cng axit Hiro halogenua (HCl,HBr,HI),axit sunfuric m c,... c th cng vo anken. Th d :

C ch phn ng cng vo anken theo s chung : Axit cng vo anken theo s chung : Phn ng xy ra qua 2 giai on lin tip : +Phn t H-A b phn ct d li : tch ra. tng tc vi lin kt to thnh cacbocation,cn to sn phm.

+Cacbocation l tiu phn trung gian khng bn,kt hp ngay vi anion b) Cng nc (phn ng hirat ha) nhit thch hp v c xc tc axit,anken c th cng nc,th d :

(etanol) c) Hng ca phn ng cng axit v nc vo anken Phn ng cng axit hoc nuc vo anken khng i xng thng to ra hn hp hai ng phn,trong c mt ng phn l sn phm chnh.Th d :

Quy tc Mac-cp-nhi-cp

Trong phn ng cng axit hoc nc (K hiu chung l HA) vo lin kt C=C ca anken,H (phn t mang in tch dng)u tin cng vo C mang nhiu H hn (cacbon bc thp hn),cn A(phn t mang in tch m) u tin cng vo C mang t H hn (cacbon bc cao hn). 4. Phn ng trng hp Cc anken u dy nh etilen,propilen,butilen trong nhng iu kin nhit ,p sut,xc tc thch hp th tham gia phn ng cng nhiu phn t vi nhau thnh nhng phn t mch rt di v c khi lng phn t rt ln.Ngi ta gi l phn ng trng hp.Th d :

(polietilen,n=3000-40 000)

(polipropilen) Phn ng trng hp l qu trnh kt hp lin tip nhiu phn t nh ging nhau hoc tng t nhau to thnh nhng phn t rt ln gi l polime. Trong phn ng trng hp,cht u (cc phn t nh) c gi l monome.Sn phm ca phn ng gm nhiu mt xch monome hp thnh nn c gi l polime.S lng mt xch monome trong mt phn t polime gi l h s trnh hp v k hiu l n. 5. Phn ng oxi ha Ging vi ankan,anken chy hon ton to ra v ta nhiu nhit :

Khc vi ankan,anken lm mt mu dung dch

(Thut tm)

Phn ng lm mt mu tm ca dung dch kali pemanganat c dng nhn ra s c mt ca lin kt i anken. V. iu ch v ng dng ca anken 1. iu ch anken Trong cng nghip,etilen,propilen v butilen c iu ch bng phn ng tch hiro t ankan tng ng hoc bng phn ng crckinh Trong phng th nghim,etilen c iu ch bng cch un etanol vi axit sunfuric m c :

2. ng dng ca anken Trong cc ha cht hu c do con ngi sn xut ra th etilen ng u v sn lng.S d nh vy v etilen cng nh cc anken thp khc l nguyn liu quan trng ca cng nghip tng hp polime v cc ha cht hu c khc a) Tng hp polime Trng hp etilen,propilen,butilen ngi ta thu c cc polime ch to mng mng,bnh cha,ng dn nc,... dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Chuyn ha etilen thnh cc monome khc tng hp ra hng lot polime p ng nhu cu phong ph ca i sng v k thut.Th d :

vinyl clorua

poli vinyl clorua (PVC ) b) Tng hp cc ha cht khc T etilen tng hp ra nhng cht hu c thit yu nh etanol,etilen oxit,etylen glicol,anehit axetic,...

B. ANKADIENI. Phn loi Hirocacbon m trong phn t c 2 lin kt i C=C gi l ien, c 3 lin kt i C=C gi l trien,... chng uc gi chung l polien. Hai lin kt i trong phn t ien c th lin nhau (loi lin kt i lin), cch nhau mt lin kt n (loi lin kt i lin hp) hoc cch nhau nhiu lin kt n (loi lin kt i khng lin hp).Th d :

[lk8]propaien[/lk] (anlen) buta-1,3-ien (butaien)

2-metylbuta -1,3-ien (isopren)

penta-1,4-ien ien mch h,cng thc chung ,c gi l ankaien.

Ankaien m hai lin kt i cch nhau mt lin kt n c gi l ankaien lin hp. Buta-1,3-ien (thng c gi n gin l butaien) v 2-metylbuta-1,3-ien (thng c gi l isopren) l hai ankaien lin hp c bit quan trng. II. Cu trc phn t v phn ng ca butaien v isopren 1. Cu trc phn t butaien Bn nguyn t C ca buta-1,3-ien u trng thi lai ha .Cc obitan lai ha ca chng to thnh cc lin kt vi nhau v vi 6 nguyn t H.C 10 nguyn t u nm trn cng mt mt phng (mt phng phn t). mi nguyn t C cn 1 obitan p c trc song song vi nhau (vung gc vi mt phng phn t).Chng khng nhng xen ph nhau tng i mt to thnh 2 lin kt ring r m cn xen ph lin tip vi nhau to thnh h lin kt lin hp chung cho ton phn t (hnh 6.6).V th phn ng ha hc ca buta-1,3-ien c nhng c im khc vi anken v cc ien khng lin hp 2. Phn ng ca buta-1,3-ien v isopren a) Cng hiro

b) Cng halogen v hiro halogenua

Buta-1,3-ien cng nh isopren c th tham gia phn ng cng v thng to thnh hn hp cc sn phm theo kiu cng 1,2 v cng 1,4. nhit thp th u tin to thnh sn phm cng 1,2 ; nhit cao th u tin to ra sn phm cng 1,4.Nu dng d tc nhn ( ) th chng c th cng vo c 2 lin kt C=C.

c) Phn ng trng hp Khi c mt cht xc tc, nhit v p sut thch hp,buta-1,3-ien v isopren tham gia phn ng trng hp ch yu theo kiu cng 1,4 to thnh cc polime m mi mt xch c cha 1 lin kt i gia:

Polibutaien v poliisopren u c tnh n hi cao nn c dng ch cao su tng hp. Loi cao su ny c tnh cht gn ging vi cao su thin nhin. 3. iu ch,ng dng ca butaien v isopren Hin nay trong cng nghip butaien v isopren c iu ch bng cch tch hiro t ankan tng ng,th d:

Butaien v isopren l nhng monome rt quan trng.Khi trng hp hoc ng trng hp chng vi cc monome thch hp khc s thu c nhng polime c tnh n hi nh cao su thin nhin,li c th c tnh bn nhit,hoc chu du m nn p ng c nhu cu a dng ca k thut

C.ANKINI. ng ng, ng phn, danh php, tnh cht vt l v cu trc 1. ng ng, ng phn, danh php Ankin l nhng hirocacbon mch h c 1 lin kt ba trong phn t. Ankin n gin nht ,c tn thng thng l axetilen. Dy ng ng ca axetilen c cng thc chung l ba).Th d : Ankin t cacbon. tr i c ng phn v tr nhm chc,t ( ,vi mt lin kt

tr i c thm ng phn mch

Theo IUPAC, quy tc tn gi ankin tng t nh anken, nhng dng ui in ch lin kt ba. 2. Tnh cht vt l ca ankin

Nhit si,nhit nng chy,khi lng ring ca mt s ankin c lit k trang 175 - SGK 11 3. Cu trc phn t ca ankin Trong phn t ankin,hai nguyn t C lin kt ba trng thi lai ha sp (lai ha ng thng).Lin kt ba gm 1 lin kt v 2 lin kt .Hai nguyn t C mang lin kt ba v 2 nguyn t lin kt trc tip vi chng nm trn mt ng thng. II. Tnh cht ha hc 1. Phn ng cng a) Cng hiro Khi c xc tc Ni,phng trnh,Pd nhit thch hp,ankin cng vi to thnh ankan

Mun dng li giai on to ra anken th phi dng xc tc l hn hp

vi

:

b) Cng brom Ging nh anken,ankin lm mt mu nc brom,phn ng ny xa ra qua hai giai on.Mun dng li giai on th nht th cn thc hin phn ng nhit thp,th d :

c) Cng hiro clorua

(vinyl clorua) (1,1- icloetan). d) Cng nc (hirat ha) Khi c mt xc tc trong mi trng axit, cng vo lin kt ba to ra hp cht trung gian khng bn v chuyn thnh anehit hoc xeton,th d

Phn ng cng vo cc ankin trong dy ng ng ca axetilen cng tun theo quy tc Mac-cp-nhi-cp nh anken. e) Phn ng ime ha v phn ng trime ha Hai phn t axetilen c th cng hp vi nhau to thnh vinylaxetilen: vinyl axetilen Ba phn t axetilen c th cng hp vi nhau to thnh benzen :

2. Phn ng th bng ion kim loi Nguyn t H nh vo cacbon mang lin kt ba linh ng hn rt nhiu so vi H dnh vi cacbon mang lin kt i v lin kt n,do n c th b thay th bng nguyn t kim loi.Th d,khi \cos axetilen sc vo dung dch trong amoniac th xut hin kt ta mu vng nht sau chuyn sang mu xm : (phc cht,tan trong nc). (kt ta my vng nht) Phn ng ny khng nhng dng nhn ra axetilen m c cc ankin c nhm (cc ankin m lin kt ba u mch) : (kt ta mu vng nht) 3. Phn ng oxi ha Cc ankin chy trong khng kh to ra v ta nhiu nhit :

Ging nh anken,ankin lm mt mu dung dch ba to ra hn hp cc sn phm phc tp,cn mu nu en) III. iu ch v ng dng 1. iu ch ankin

.Khi n b oxi ha lin kt th b kh thnh (kt ta

Phung php chnh iu ch axetilen trong cng nghip hin nay l nhit phn metan ,phn ng nhanh thu nhit mnh :

Nhit si ca axetilen l

nn d uc tch ra khi hn hp vi hiro

* nhng ni m cng nghip du kh cha pht trin,ngui ta iu ch axetilen theo s sau :

Canxi cacbua sn xut trong cng nghip (t vi sng v than ) l cht rn,mu en xm,trc kia c dng to ra thp sng v vy n c gi l "t n".Ngy nay, iu ch mt lng nh axeti;en trong phng th nghim hoc trong hn x,ngi ta vn thng dng t n.Axetilen iu ch t t n thng c tp cht ( )c mi kh chu gi l mi t n. 2. ng dng ca Axetilen Axetilen chy trong oxi to ra ngn la c nhit khong n x axetilen - oxi hn v ct kim loi : nn c dng trong

S dng axetilen phi rt cn trng v khi nng axetilen trong khng kh t c th gy ra chy n.

tr ln

Axetilen v cc ankin khc cn c dng lm nguyn liu tng hp cc ha cht c bn khc nh vinyl clorua, vinyl axetat, vinyl axetilen, anehit axetic,...

D.TECPENI. Thnh phn, cu to v dn xut 1. Thnh phn ca tecpen Tecpen l tn gi nhm hirocacbon khng no thng c cng thc chung l ,thng gp trong gii thc vt. Tecpen c nhiu trong tinh du tho mc nh tinh du thng,s,qu,chanh,cam... 2. Cu to ca tecpen Phn t tecpen c cu to mch h hoc mch vng v c cha cc lin kt i C=C. 3. Mt vi dn xut cha oxi ca tecpen a) Loi mch h Geraniol c trong tinh du hoa hng.Xitronelol c trong tinh du x.Cc hp cht ny u c mi thm c trng,l nhng n hng qu dng trong cng nghip hng liu v thc phm,... b) Loi mch vng Mentol v menton (c trong tinh du bc h) khng nhng c a vo ko bnh,kem nh rng,...,m cn dng ch thuc cha bnh

II. Ngun tecpen thin nhin 1. Ngun tecpen thin nhin Tecpen v dn xut cha oxi ca tecpen thng gp trong gii thc vt.Chng c th tp trung cc b phn khc nhau nh l,thn,hoa qu hoc r cc loi tho mc. Nhiu tecpen cng thc ,c trong hoa qu,l v nha loi thng.Squalen ( ) c trong du gan c.Caroten v licopen ( ) l sc t mu ca c rt v c chua chn. Cc dn xut cha oxi ca tecpen cng rt ph bin v quan trng.Chng hn retinol (vitamin A, c trong lng trng,du gan c,...,phitol ( ) dng este c trong cht dip lc ca cy xanh. 2. Khai thc tecpen Phng php thng dng nht khai thc tecpen t thc vt l dng cch chng ct vi hi nc li cun ly tinh du t cc b phn cha nhiu tinh du ca thc vt. Trong sn xut,ngi ta dng ni cp hi nc,thng cha nguyn liu,cc b phn sinh hn,ng dn bng hp kim bn. nc ta c x nghip sn xut tinh du hi Lng Sn,cc xng sn xut tinh du hng nhu,tinh du bc h,tinh du qu,tinh du s,tinh du x x,... nhiu vng khc nhau. 3. ng dng ca tecpen Tecpen v dn xut c dng nhiu lm hng liu trong cng nghip m phm (nc ha,du gi,x phng,kem nh rng,...) v cng nghip thc phm (bnh ko,nc gii kht,...).Tecpen v dn xut ca tecpen cn c dng sn xut dc phm.

HIDROCACBOM THMA.BENZEL-ANKYLBENZELI. Cu trc, ng ng, ng phn v danh php 1. Cu trc ca phn t benzen a) S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t benzen Su nguyn t C trong phn t benzen trng thi lai ha (lai ha tam gic).Mi nguyn t C s dng 3 obitan lai ha to lin kt vi 2 nguyn t C bn cnh n v 1 nguyn t H. Su obitan p cn li ca 6 nguyn t C xen ph bn vi nhau to thnh h lin hp chung cho c vng benzen. Nh vy m lin kt benzen tng i bn vng hn so vi lin kt anken cng nh nhng hirocacbon khng no khc. b) M hnh phn t benzen Su nguyn t C trong phn t benzen to thnh mt lc gic u.C 6 nguyn t C v 6 nguyn t H cng nm trn mt mt phng (gi l mt phng phn t).Cc gc lin kt u bng c) Biu din cu to ca benzen

Hai kiu cng thc bn u c dng biu din cu to ca benzen. Ch khi cn thit mi phi ghi r cc nguyn t H. 2. ng ng,ng phn v danh php Khi thay cc nguyn t hiro trong phn t benzen ( cc ankylbenzen. Th d : metylbenzen (toluen) etylbenzen propylbenzen Cc ankylbenzen hp thnh dy ng ng ca benzen c cng thc chung l vi Khi coi vng benzen l mch chnh th cc nhm ankyl nh vi n l mch nhnh (cn gi l nhm th). Ankylbenzen c ng phn mch cacbon gi tn chng, phi ch r v tr cc nguyn t C ca vng bng cc ch s hoc cc ch ci o,m,p (c l ortho,meta,para) II. Tnh cht vt l ca benzen 1. Nhit nng chy, nhit si v khi lng ring 2. Mu sc,tnh tan v mi Benzen v ankylbenzen l nhng cht khng mu,hu nh khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c,ng fthi chnh chng cng l dung mi ha tan nhiu cht khc.Chng hn benzen ha tan brom,iot,lu hunh,cao su,cht bo,...Cc aren u l nhng cht c mi,chng hn nh benzen v toluen c mi thm nh,nhng c ha cho sc kho,nht l benzen. III. Tnh cht ha hc ca benzen 1. Phn ng th a) Phn ng halogen ha Khi c bt st, benzen tc dng vi brom khan to thnh brombenzen v kh hiro bromua. Toluen phn ng nhanh hn benzen v to ra hn hp hai ng phn ortho v ng phn para Nu khng dng Fe m chiu sng (as) th Br th cho H nhnh. Nhm gi l nhm benzyl, nhm gi l nhm phenyl ) bng cc nhm ankyl, ta c

b) Phn ng nitro ha Benzen tc dng vi hn hp c v m c to thnh nitrobenzen: bc khi v m c ng thi un

Nitrobenzen tc dng vi hn hp axit nng th to thnh m-initrobenzen.

Toluen tham gia phn ng nitro ha cng d dng hn benzen (ch cn cn bc khi) to thnh sn phm th vo v tr ortho v para c) Quy tc th vng benzen

c, khng

Khi vng benzen c sn nhm ankyl (hay cc nhm ,phn ng th vo vng s d dng hn v u tin xy ra v tr nhm ortho v para. Ngc li, nu vng benzen c sn nhm (hoc cc nhm phn ng th vo vng s kh hn v u tin xy ra v tr meta. d) C ch phn ng th vng benzen Phn t halogen hoc phn t axit nitric khng trc tip tn cng.Cc tiu phn mang in tch dng to thnh do tc dng ca chng vi xc tc mi l tc nhn tn cng trc tip vo vng benzen. 2. Phn ng cng Benzen v ankylbenzen lm mt mu dung dch brom (khng cng vi brom) nh cc hirocacbon khng no.Khi chiu sng,benzen cng vi clo thnh . Khi un nng,c xc tc Ni hoc Pt,benzen v ankylbenzen cng vi hiro to thnh xicloankan,th d :

3. Phn ng oxi ha Benzen khng tc dng vi (khng lm mt mu dung dch ).

Cc ankylbenzen khi un nng vi dung dch

th ch c nhm ankyl b oxi ha.

Th d : Toluen b oxi ha thnh kali benzoat,sau tip tc cho tc dng vi axit clohiric th thu c axit benzoic.

Cc aren khi chy trong khng kh thng to ra nhiu mui than.Khi aren chy hon ton th to ra v ta nhiu nhit. Th d : Nhn xt : Benzen tng i d tham gia phn ng th, kh tham gia phn ng cng v bn vng vi cc cht oxi ha. cng l tnh cht ha hc c trng chung ca cc hirocacbon thm nn c gi l tnh thm. IV. iu ch v ng dng 1. iu ch benzen

Benzen, toluen,xilen,...thng tch c bng cch chng ct du m v nha than .Chng cn c iu ch t ankan,hoc xicloankan :

Etylbenzen c iu ch t benzen v etilen :

2. ng dng ca benzen Benzen l mt trong nhng nguyn liu quan trng nht ca cng nghip ha hu c.N c dng nhiu nht tng hp cc monome trong sn xut polime lm cht do,cao su,t si (chng hn polistiren,cao su buna - stiren,t capron).T benzen ngi ta iu ch ra nitrobenzen,anilin,phenol dng tng hp phm nhum,dc phm,thuc tr dch hi,... Toluen c dng sn xut thuc n TNT (trinitrotoluen). Benzen,toluen v cc xilen cn c dng nhiu lm dung mi.

B.STIREN-NAPHTALENI. Stiren 1. Tnh cht vt l ca Stiren v cu to ca Stiren Stiren l mt cht lng khng mu,nh hn nc v khng tan trong nc. T kt qu phn tch nguyn t v xc nh khi lng mol phn t,ngi ta thit lp c cng thc phn t ca stiren l Khi un nng stiren vi dung dch kali pemanganat ri axit ha th thu c axit benzoic ( ).iu cho thy stiren c vng benzen vi 1 nhm th : vi l Stiren lm mt mu nc brom v to thnh hp cht c cng thc chng t nhm c cha lin kt i, l nhm vinyl : 2. Tnh cht ha hc ca Stiren a) Phn ng cng .iu .

Halogen ( cng vo anken.

),hiro halogenua (HCl,HBr) cng vo nhm vinyl stiren tng t nh

b) Phn ng trng hp v ng trng hp

polistiren Phn ng trng hp ng thi 2 hay nhiu loi monome gi l phn ng ng trng hp. Th d :

c) Phn ng oxi ha Ging nh etilen,stiren lm mt mu dung dch vng benzen vn gi nguyn. 3. ng dng ng dng quan trng nht ca stiren l sn xut polime. Polistiren l mt cht nhit do,trong sut ,dng ch to cc dng c vn phng, dng gia nh (thc k,v bt bi,eke,cc,hp mt ko,...). Poli (butaien-stiren), sn phm ng trng hp stiren vi butaien,dng sn xut cao su buna-S, c bn c hc hn cao su buna. II. Naphtalen 1. Tnh cht vt l ca Naphtalen v cu to ca Naphtalen Naphtalen l cht rng mu trng, ,thng hoa ngay nhit ; Khng ,cu to hi hai v oxi ha v nhm vinyl, cn

thng,c mi c trng (mi bng phin),khi lng ring tan trong nc,tan trong dung mi hu c.Cng thc phn t nhn benzen c chung mt cnh. 2. Tnh cht ha hc ca Naphtalen

Naphtalen c th c coi nh gm hai vng benzen gip nhau nn c tnh thm tng t nh benzen. a) Phn ng th

Naphtalen tham gia cc phn ng d hn so vi benzen.Sn phm th vo v tr s q (v tr ) l sn phm chnh. b) Phn ng cng hiro (hiro ha) c) Phn ng oxi ha Naphtalen khng b oxi ha bi dung dch .Khi c xc tc n b oxi ha b oxi khng kh to thnh anhirit phtalic. 3. ng dng ca Naphtalen Naphtalen dng sn xut anhirit phtalic, naphtol, naphtylamin,...dng trong cng nghip cht do,dc phm,phm nhum. Tetralin v ecalin c dng lm dung mi. Naphtalen cn dng lm cht chng gin (bng phin). nhit cao

NGUN HIDROCACBON THIN NHINA. DU M I. Trng thi thin nhin,tnh cht vt l v thnh phn ca du m 1. Trng thi nhin nhin ca du m v tnh cht vt l ca du m Du m l mt hn hp lng, snh, mu nu en, c mi c trng, nh hn nc v khng tan trong nc. Du m c khai thc t cc m du di lng t (trong lc a cng nh ngoi thm lc a). 2. Thnh phn ha hc ca du m Du m l mt hn hp phc tp gm hng trm hirocacbon thuc cc loi ankan,xicloankan,aren (hirocacbon thm). Ngoi hirocacbon ra,trong du m cn c mt lng nh cc cht hu c cha oxi,nit,lu hunh v vt cc cht v c. Du cc m khc nhau thng c thnh phn cc loi hirocacbon v cc tp cht rt khc nhau nhng v thnh phn nguyn t th thng nh sau : , cc kim loi nng vo khong phn triu n phn vn. Du m ca ta khai thc thm lc a pha nam th snh c,cha nhiu ankan cao (parafin) v c t hp cht cha lu hunh (lu hunh c trong nhin liu s gy hi cho ng c.) II. Chng ct du m 1. Chng ct du m dui p sut thng a) Chng ct phn on trong phng th nghim phn tch cc cht c nhit si khc nhau khng nhiu,ngi ta dng phng php chng ct phn on. ct ct phn on,hn hp hi cng ln cao,cng giu hp phn c nhit si thp,v hp phn c nhit si cao b nhng ng dn t di ln.

b) Chng ct phn on du m Du khai thc t m ln gi l du th. Du th sau khi s ch loi b nc,mui,c chng ct p sut thng trong cc thp chng ct phn on lin tc cao vi chc mt. Nh vy ngi ta tch c nhng phn on du c nhit si khc nhau.Cc phn on c a i s dng hoc c ch bin tip. 2. Chng ct du m dui p sut cao Phn on si nhit c chng ct tip p sut cao.Nh chng ct p sut cao,ngi ta tch c phn on dng lm nhin liu kh,hoc kh ha lng hoc dn sang nh my sn xut ha cht.Phn on lng ( ) gi l ete du ha c dng lm dung mi hoc nguyn liu cho nh my ha cht.Phn on l xng, nhng thng c cht lng thp nn phi qua ch ha bng phng php rifominh. 3. Chng ct du m di p sut thp Phn cn li sau khi chng ct p sut thng (c th chim ti 40% du th) l mt hn hp nht c mu en,gi l cn mazut. Khi chng ct cn mazut di p sut thp,ngoi phn on linh ng hn dng cho crckinh ngi ta thu c du nhn ( bi trn my), vazlin v parafin (dng trong y dc,dng lm nn...).Cn en cn li gi l atphan dng ri ng. Tt c qu trnh chng ct du m tch ly cc sn phm nh trnh by trn c gi l tinh ct,hoc thng thng cn gi l "lc du". III. Ch bin du m bng phng php ha hc Ch bin du m bng phng php ha hc (ni gn l ch ha du m) l bin i cu to ha hc cc hirocacbon ca du m.Ch ha du m nhm hai mc ch sau. - p ng nhu cu v s lng,cht lng xng lm nhin liu.Cht lng xng c o bng ch s octan. Ch s octan cng cao th xng cng tt.Thc nghim cho thy ch s octan ca hirocacbon gim theo trt t sau : Anken > Anken c nhnh > Ankan c nhnh > Xicloankan c nhnh > Anken khng c nhnh > Xicloankan khng nhnh > Ankan khng nhnh. - p ng nhu cu v nguyn liu cho cng nghip ha cht : Cng nghip ha cht cn nhiu ankan,aren tng hp ra polime v cc ha phm khc m trong thnh phn ca du m khng c anken,thng c rt t aren nh. Hai phng php ch yu ch ha du m l rifominh v crckinh 1. Rifominh Xng thu c t chng ct du m cha ch yu l nhng ankan khng nhnh v vy c ch s octan thp. tng ch s octan,ngi ta dng phng php rifominh. Rifominh l qu trnh dng xc tc v nhit bin i cu trc ca hirocacbon t khng phn nhnh,t khng thm thnh thm. Trong qu trnh rifominh xy ra ba loi phn ng ch yu sau :

* Chuyn ankan mch thng thnh akan mch nhnh v xicloankan : * Tch hiro chuyn xicloankan thnh aren : * Tch hiro chuyn ankan thnh aren 2. Crckinh Crckinh l qu trnh b gy phn t hirocacbon mch di thnh cc phn t hirocacbon mch ngn hn nh tc dng ca nhit (crckinh nhit) hoc ca xc tc v nhit (crckinh xc tc). Th d : a) Crckinh nhit Crckinh nhit thc hin nhit trn ch yu nhm to ra eten,propen,buten v penten dng lm monome sn xut polime b) Crckinh xc tc Crckinh xc tc ch yu nhm chuyn hirocacon mch di ca cc phn on c nhit si cao thnh xng nhin liu Kt lun : Ch bin du m bao gm chng ct du m v ch bin bng phng php ha hc. B. KH M DU V KH THIN NHIN I. Thnh phn kh m du v kh thin nhin * Kh m du cn gi l kh ng hnh. Kh m du c trong cc m du. Kh thin nhin l kh cha trong cc m kh ring bit. * Thnh phn kh m du v kh thin nhin cc m khc nhau. II. Ch bin, ng dng ca kh m du v kh thin nhin C. THAN M Trong cc loi than m (than gy, than bo, than bn,...) hin nay ch c than bo (than m) c dng ch bin than cc v cung cp mt lng nh hirocacbon. I. Chng kh than bo (Chng kh than m) II. Chng ct nha than Nha than em chng ct s thu c cc hirocacbon thm,d vng thm v cc dn xut ca chng.Th d, cc khong nhit tng dn s thu c cc phn on sau : Phn on si Phn on si Phn on si ,gi l du nh, cha benzen,toluen,xilen,... ,gi l du trung, cha naphtalen,phenol,piriin,... ,gi l du nng, cha crezol,xilenol,quinolin,...

Cn cn li gi l hc n dng ri ng.

DN XUT CA HIDROCACBONA. DN XUT HALOGEN:I Khi nim, phn loi, ng phn v danh php 1. Khi nim Khi thay th mt hay nhiu nguyn t hiro trong phn t hirocacbon bng mt hay nhiu nguyn t halogen ta c dn xut halogen ca hirocacbon, thng gi tt l dn xut halogen 2. Phn loi Dn xut halogen gm c dn xut flo,dn xut clo,dn xut brom,dn xut iot v dn xut cha ng thi mt vi halogen khc nhau. Da theo cu to ca gc hirocacbon, ngi ta phn thnh cc loi sau : Dn xut halogen no :

Dn xut halogen khng no : Dn xut halogen thm : Bc ca dn xut halogen bng bc ca nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi nguyn t halogen. Th d : (Dn xut halogen bc I)

(Dn xut halogen bc II)

(Dn xut halogen bc III) 3. ng phn v danh php a) ng phn Dn xut halogen c ng phn mch cacbon nh hirocacbon ,ng thi c ng phn v tr nhm chc.Th d :

1-flobutan 2-flobutan

1-flo-2-metylpropan

2-flo-2-metylpropan b) Tn thng thng C mt s t dn xut halogen c gi theo tn thng thng.Th d: (clorofom) (bromofom) (Ioofom) c) Tn gc chc Tn ca cc dn xut halogen n gin cu to t tn gc hirocacbon + halogenua : metylen clorua vinyl florua anlyl clorua benzyl bromua d) Tn thay th Trong trng hp chung,dn xut halogen c gi theo tn thay th,tc l ci cc nguyn t halogen l nhng nhm th nh vo mch chnh ca hirocacbon : 1,1-icloetan 1,2-icloetan II. Tnh cht vt l iu kin thng,cc dn xut monohalogen c phn t khi nh nh l nhng cht kh. Cc dn xut halogen c phn t khi ln hn thng th lng, nng hn nc,th d : Nhng dn xut polihalogen c phn t khi ln hn na th rn,th d : Cc dn xut halogen hu nh khng tan trong nc,tan tt trong cc dung mi khng phn cc nh hirocacbon ,ete, Nhiu dn xut halogen c hot tnh sinh hc cao,chng hn nh m, c tc dng dit su b, III. Tnh cht ha hc 1. Phn ng th nguyn t halogen bng nhm c tc dng gy

Ngi ta tin hnh th nghim song song vi 3 cht lng i din cho ankyl halogenua, anlyl hagenua v phenyl halogenua. Gii thch : - Dn xut loi ankyl halogenua khng phn ng vi nc nhit thng cng nh khi un si,nhng b thy phn khi un nng vi dung dch kim to thnh ancol :

sinh ra c nhn bit bng

di dng

kt ta.

- Dn xut loi anlyl halogenua b thy phn ngay khi un si vi nc :

- Dn xut loi phenyl halogenua (halogen nh trc tip vi vng benzene) khng phn ng vi dung dch kim nhit thng cng nh khi un si, chng ch phn ng nhit v p sut cao, th d: m in ca halogen ni chung u ln hn ca cacbon. V th lin kt cacbonhalogen l lin kt phn cc, halogen mang mt phn in tch m cn cacbon mang mt phn in tch dng. Ty thuc vo bn cht ca dn xut halogen v iu kin tin hnh phn ng, s th nguyn t halogen c th xy ra theo nhng c ch khc nhau . Th d : Dn xut halogen no bc III di tc dng ca dung mi phn cc b phn ct d li mc khng ng k (v chiu nghch lun chim u th) : Cacbocation sinh ra kt hp ngay vi to thnh ancol :

(2) Giai on (2) xy ra nhanh v khng thun nghch,v th n lm cn bng hon ton Br bng OH. 2. Phn ng tch hiro halogenua a) Thc nghim un si dung dch gm nc brom b) Gii thch Kh sinh ra lm mt mu nc brom ng thi to thnh nhng git cht lng khng tan trong nc ( ),kh l (etilen). iu chng t xy ra phn ng tch HBr khi : v trong .Nhn bit kh sinh ra bng

c) Hng ca phn ng tch hiro halogenua Th d :

Quy tc Zai-xp : Khi tch HX khi dn xut halogen ,nguyn t halogen (X) u tin tch ra ra cng vi H nguyn t C bc cao hn bn cnh. 3. Phn ng vi Magie Cho bt magie vo ietyl ete ( ) khan,khuy mnh.Bt Mg khng bin i g.Nh t t vo etyl bromua,khuy u .Bt magie dn dn tan ht,ta thu c mt dung dch ng nht. (etyl magie bromua tan trong ete) Etyl magie bromua c lin kt trc tip gia cacbon v kim loi (C-Mg) v th n thuc loi hp cht c kim (hu c kim loi).Lin kt C Mg l trung tm phn ng. Hp cht c magie tc dng nhanh vi nhng hp cht c H linh ng nh (nc,ancol,...) v tc dng vi kh cacbonic,... IV. ng dng 1.Lm dung mi Metyl clorua,clorofom,cacbon tetraclorua, 1,2-icloetan l nhng cht lng ha tan c nhiu cht hu c ng thi cng cn d bay hi,d gii phng khi hn hp,v th c dung lm dung mi ha tan hoc tinh ch cc cht trong phng th nghim cng nh trong cng nghip 2. Lm nguyn liu cho tng hp hu c Cc dn xut halogen ca etilen, ca butaien c dng lm monome tng hp cc polime quan trng. Th d : tng hp ra PVC dung ch to mt s loi ng dn,vi gi dao ng,..., tng hp ra teflon, mt polime siu bn dng lm nhng vt liu chu kim,chu axit,chu mi mn,.Teflon bn vi nhit ti trn nn c dng lm lp che ph chng bm dnh cho xoong,cho,thng cha.. 3. Cc ng dng khc Dn xut halogen thng l nhng hp cht c hot tnh sinh hc rt a dng. Th d : c dng lm cht gy m trong phu thut

Nhiu dn xut polihalogen c tc dng dit su b trc y c dng nhiu trong nng nghip,nh ,nhng chng cng gy tc hi lu di i vi mi trng nn ngy nay khng c s dng na. Rt nhiu cht phng tr dch hi,dit c,kch thch sinh trng thc vt c cha halogen (thng l clo) hin nay vn ang c s dng v mang nhng ch li trong sn xut nng nghip.

v trc y c dng ph bin trong cc my lnh, hp xt ngy nay ang b cm s dng, do chng gy tc hi cho tng ozon.

B. ANCOLI. nh ngha, phn loi, ng phn v danh php 1. nh ngha Ancol l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm hiroxyl (OH) lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon no. Ancol quen thuc vi chng ta l ,c gi l ancol etylic hoc etanol. Cc ancol no,n chc,mch h hp thnh dy ng ng ca ancol etylic c cng thc chung l 2. Phn loi Ancol c phn loi theo cu to gc hirocacbon v theo s lng nhm hiroxyl trong phn t . 3. ng phn v danh phpa) ng phn

Ngoi ng phn nhm chc (chng hn v phn mch cacbon v ng phn v tr nhm chc. Th d : ancol butylic ancol sec-butylic ancol isobutylic ancol tert-butylicb) Danh php

), ancol c ng

Tn thng thng : ancol metylic ancol isopropylic ancol anlylic ancol benzylic Tn thay th : Tn hirocacbon tng ng theo mch chnh + s ch v tr + ol Mch chnh c quy nh l mch cacbon di nht c cha nhm OH. S ch v tr c bt u t pha gn nhm OH hn.Th d : butan-1-ol

butan-2-ol

2-metylpropan-1-ol

2-metylpropan-2-ol

etan-1,2-iol (etylen glycol)

propan-1,2,3-triol (glixerol)

3,7-imetyloct-6-en-1-ol(xitronelol, trong tinh du x) II. Tnh cht vt l v lin kt hiro ca ancol 1. Tnh cht vt l ca ancol iu kin thng,cc ancol t tr ln l cht rn. n khong l cht lng,t khong

Cc ancol c t 1 n 3 nguyn t C trong phn t tan v hn trong nc.Khi s cc nguyn t C tng ln th tan gim dn. Cc poliol nh etylen glycol,glixerol thng snh,nng hn nc v c v ngt. Cc ancol trong dy ng ng ca ancol etylic u l nhng cht khng mu. 2. Lin kt hiro a) Khi nim v lin kt hiro Ngi ta nhn thy rng nhit nng chy,nhit si, tan trong nc ca ancol u cao hn so vi hirocacbon, dn xut halogen hoc ete c khi lng mol phn t chnh lch nhau khng nhiu

gii thch iu ,hy so snh s phn cc nhm

ancol v phn t nc

Nguyn t H mang mt phn in tch dng ca nhm OH ny khi gn nguyn t O mang mt phn ic tch m ( ) ca nhm OH kia th to thnh mt lin kt yu gi l lin kt hiro,biu din bng du . Trong nhiu trng hp,nguyn t H lin kt cng ha tr vi nguyn t F,O hoc N thng to thm lin kt hiro vi cc nguyn t F,O hoc N khc . b) nh hng ca lin kt hiro n tnh cht vt l Do c lin kt hiro gia cc phn t vi nhau (lin kt hiro lin phn t),cc phn t ancol ht nhau mnh hn so vi nhng phn t c cng phn t khi nhng khng c lin kt hiro ( hirocacbon , dn xut halogen,ete,...). V th cn phi cung cp nhit nhiu hn chuyn ancol t trng thi rn sang trng thi lng (nng chy) cng nh t trng thi lng sang trng thi kh (si). Cc phn t Ancol nh,mt mt c s tng ng vi cc phn t nc, mt khc li c kh nng to lin kt hiro vi nc, nn c th xen gia cc phn t nc,gn kt vi cc phn t nc.V th chng ha tan tt trong nc. II. Tnh cht ha hc ca ancol 1. Phn ng th H ca ancol a) Phn ng chung ca ancol Thc nghim : cho Na tc dng vi etanol d (khng cn un nng ), phn ng xy ra mnh lit nh vi nc).Chng ct ui ht etanol d,trong bnh cn li cht rn l natri etylat: (natri etylat) Cho nc vo bnh,cht rn tan ht.Dung dch thu c lm hng phenolphthalein. Chng ct th li thu c etanol ( bnh B) v NaOH :

Ancol tc dng vi kim loi kim to ra ancolat v gii phng hiro natri ancolat Ancol hu nh khng phn ng c vi hon ton : ,m ngc li,natri ancolat b thy phn

b) Phn ng ring ca glixerol Glixerol ha tan c to thnh phc cht tan,mu xanh da tri :

Phn ng ny c dng nhn bit glixerol v cc poliancol m cc nhm OH nh vi nhng nguyn t C cnh nhau,chng hn nh etylen glycol.

2. Phn ng th nhm OH (ancol) a) Phn ng vi axit Kt qu thc nghim cho thy : (ancol isoamylic), hu nh khng tan trong nc, khng tch dng vi axit long,lnh nhng tan trong m c.

Nhn xt : Ancol tc dng vi cc axit mnh nh axit sunfuric m c lnh,axit nitric m c,axit halogenhiric bc khi.Nhm OH ancol b th bi gc axit (A).

b) Phn ng vi ancol un etanol vi c c 2 phn t ancol tch 1 phn t nc to thnh 1 phn t ietyl ete. (Thc cht y l phn ng th nhm bng ).

3. Phn ng tch nc Khi un vi phn t anken: c c mi phn t ancol tch 1 phn t nc,to thnh 1

Hng ca phn ng tch nc ni phn t tun theo quy tc Zai-xp : Nhm OH u tin tch ra cng vi H nguyn t C bc cao hn bn cnh to thnh lin kt i C=C Th d :

4. Phn ng oxi ha Ancol bc I b oxi ha nh thnh anehit :

Ancol bc II b oxi ha nh thnh xeton:

Ancol bc III b oxi ha mnh th gy mch cacbon. Ancol chy to thnh v ta nhit.

III. iu ch v ng dng 1. iu ch ancol a) iu ch etanol trong cng nghip Hirat ha etilen xc tc vi axit

b) iu ch metanol trong cng nghip Metanol c sn xut t metan theo hai cch sau :

2. ng dng a) ng dng ca etanol

Etanol l ancol c s dng nhiu nht. Etanol c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut cc hp cht khc nh ietyl ete,axit axetic,etyl axetat,... Mt phn ln etanol c dng lm dung mi pha ch vecni,dc phm,nc hoa, Etanol cn c dng lm nhin liu : dng cho n cn trong phng th nghim,dng thay xng lm nhim liu cho ng c t trong. ch cc loi ru ung ni ring hoc cc ung c etanol ni chung, ngi ta ch dng sn phm ca qu trnh ln men ru cc sn phm nng nghip nh : go,ng,sn,la mch,qu nhoTrong mt s trng hp cn cn phi tinh ch loi b cc cht c hi i vi c th. Ung nhiu ru rt c hi cho sc khe . b) ng dng ca metanol ng dng chnh ca metanol l sn xut anehit fomic (bng cch oxi ha nh) v axit axetic (bng phn ng vi CO). Ngoi ra cn c dng tng hp cc ha cht khc nh metylamin,metyl clorua, Metanol l cht rt c, ch cn mt lng nh vo c th cng c th gy m la,lng ln c th gy t vong.

C. PHENOLI. nh ngha, phn loi v tnh cht vt l 1. nh ngha Phenol l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c cha nhm hiroxyl (OH) lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon ca vng benzene. Phenol cng l tn ring ca hp cht cu to bi nhm phenyl lin kt vi nhm hiroxyl ( ),cht tiu biu cho cc phenol.Nu nhm OH nh vo mch nhnh ca vng thm th hp cht khng thuc loi phenol m thuc loi ancol thm. 2. Phn loi Nhng phenol m phn t c cha 1 nhm OH th phenol thuc loi monophenol Th d : phenol, o-crezol, m-crezol, p-crezol Nhng phenol m phn t c cha nhiu nhm OH th phenol thuc loi poliphenol. 3. Tnh cht vt l ca phenol Phenol, l cht rn khng mu ,tan t trong nc lnh,tan v hn ,tan tt trong etanol,ete v axeton,.Trong qu trnh bo qun,phenol thng b chy ra v thm mu dn do ht m v b oxi ha bi oxi khng kh. Phenol c,khi tip xc vi dao ng s gy bng. Cc phenol thng l cht rn,c nhit si cao. phenol cng c lin kt hiro lin phn t tng t nh ancol. II. Tnh cht ha hc ca phenol

1. Tnh axit ng nghim (A) c nhng ht cht rn l do phenol tan t trong nc. ng nghim (B) phenol tan ht l do tc dng vi NaOH to thnh natri phenolat trong nc

ng nghim C,khi sc kh cacbonic vo dung dch natri phenolat, phenol tch ra lm vn c dung dch :

Phenol c lc axit mnh hn ancol (khng nhng phn ng c vi kim loi kim m cn phn ng c vi NaOH), tuy nhin n vn ch l mt axit rt yu (b axit cacbonic y ra khi phenolat). Dung dch phenol khng lm i mu qu tm. 2. Phn ng th vng thm Nh nc brom vo dung dch phenol, mu nc brom b mt v xut hin ngay kt ta trng. Phn ng ny c dng nhn bit phenol. Phn ng th vo nhn thm phenol d hn benzene ( iu kin m du hn, th c ng thi c 3 nguyn t H cc v tr ortho v para). 3. nh hng qua li gia cc nhm nguyn t trong phn t phenol V sao phenol c lc axit mnh hn ancol ? V sao phn ng th vo nhn thm phenol d hn benzen? l do nh hng qua li gia gc phenyl v nhm hiroxyl nh sau : Cp electron cha tham gia lin kt ca nguyn t oxi do cch cc electron ca vng benzene ch mt lin kt nn tham gia lin hp vi cc electron ca vng benzene lm \cup mt electron dch chuyn vo vng benzene (mi tn cong hnh bn) iu dn ti cc h qu sau : - Lin kt tr nn phn cc hn,lm cho nguyn t H linh ng hn.

- Mt electron vng benzene tng ln,nht l cc v tr o v p ,lm cho phn ng th d dng hn so vi benzene v ng ng ca n - Lin kt tr nn bn vng hn so vi ancol,v th nhm OH phenol khng b th bi gc axit nh nhm OH ancol. III. iu ch v ng dng 1. iu ch phenol Trc kia ngi ta sn xut phenol t clobenzen (xem bi dn xut halogen). Phng php ch yu iu ch phenol trong cng nghip hin nay l sn xut ng thi phenol v axeton theo s phn ng sau :

Ngoi ra , phenol cn c tch t nha than (sn phm ph ca qu trnh luyn than cc) 2. ng dng ca phenol Phn ln phenol c dng sn xut poliphenolfomanehit (dng lm cht do,cht kt dnh). Phenol c dng iu ch dc phm, phm nhum,thuc n (2,4,6-trinophenol) , cht kch thch sinh trng thc vt , cht dit c 2,4-D (axit 2,4 iclophenoxxiaxetic) , cht dit nm mc ( nitrophenol), cht tr su b,

C. ANDEHIT V XETONI. Tng quan 1. nh ngha v cu trc a. nh ngha Anehit l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm vi nguyn t cacbon hoc nguyn t hiro. Nhm Th d : lin kt trc tip

l nhm chc ca anehit, n c gi l nhm cacbanehit. (fomanehit), (axetanehit),.... lin kt trc tip vi

Xeton l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm hai nguyn t cacbon.

Th d : b) Cu trc ca nhm cacbonyl Nhm c gi l nhm cacbonyl. .

Nguyn t C mang lin kt i trng thi lai ha

Lin kt i gm mt lin kt bn v mt lin kt km bn.Gc gia cc lin kt nhm ging vi gc gia cc lin kt tc l .Trong khi lin kt hu nh khng phn cc,th lin kt b phn cc mnh : nguyn t O mang mt phn in tch m, nguyn t C mang mt phn in tch dng , .Chnh v vy cc phn ng ca nhm >C = O c nhng im ging v nhng im khc bit so vi nhm . 2. Phn loi Da theo cu to ca gc hirocacbon ,ngi ta phn chia anehit v xeton thnh ba loi : No,khng no v thm.

Th d khng no,

thuc loi anehit no, thuc loi anehit thm , thuc loi xeton thm,

thuc loi anehit thuc loi xeton no,

3. Danh php Anehit : theo IUPAC,tn thay th ca anehit gm tn ca hirocacbon theo mch chnh ghp vi ui , mch chnh cha nhm ,nh s 1 t nhm . Mt s anehit n gin hay c gi theo tn thng thng vn c ngun gc lch s. Xeton : Theo IUPAC, tn thay th ca xeton gm tn ca hirocacbon tng ng ghp vi ui on, mch chnh cha nhm ,nh s 1 t u gn nhm . tn gc chc ca xeton gm tn hai gc hirocacbon nh vi nhm v t xeton. Anehit thm u dy , Xeton thm u dy 4. Tnh cht vt l Fomanehitt ( ) v axetanehit ( ) l nhng cht kh khng mu,mi xc,tan tt trong nc v trong cc dung mi hu c. Axeton l cht lng d bay hi ( ), tan v hn trong nc v ha tan c nhiu cht hu c khc. So vi hirocacbon c cng s nguyn t C trong phn t, nhit nng chy , nhit si ca anehit v xeton cao hn.Nhng so vi ancol c cng s nguyn t C th li thp hn. Mi anehit hoc xeton thng c mi ring bit,chng hn xitral c mi s, axeton c mi thm nh,meton c mi bc h,anehit xinamic c mi qu, II. Tnh cht ha hc 1. Phn ng cng a) Phn ng cng hiro (phn ng kh) Khi c xc tc Ni un nng, anehit cng vi hiro to ra ancol bc I, xeton cng vi hiro ta thnh ancol bc II. c gi l benzanehit (anehit benzoic). c gi l axetonphenon (metyl phenyl xeton).

b) Phn ng cng nc,cng hiro xianua

Lin kt i fomanehit c phn ng cng nc nhng sn phm to ra c hai nhm OH cng nh vo mt nguyn t C nn khng bn,khng tch ra khi dung dch c.

(khng bn) Hiro xianua cng vo nhm cacbonyl to thnh sn phm bn gi l xianohirin.

xianohirin Phn ng cng hiro xianua vo nhm cacbonyl xy ra qua hai giai on, anion phn ng giai on u, ion phn ng giai on sau.

2. Phn ng oxi ha a. Tc dng vi brom v kali pemanganat Th nghim : - Nh nc brom vo dung dch axetanehit , mu ca nc brom b mt. - Nh nc brom vo dung dch axeton ,mu ca nc brom khng b mt. - Nh dung dch kali pemanganat vo dung dch axetanehit ,mu tm b mt. - Nh dung dch kali pemanganat vo dung dch axeton,mu tm khng b mt. Gii thch : Xeton kh b oxi ha.Anehit rt d b oxi ha,n lm mt mu nc brom,dung dch kali pemanganat v b oxi ha thnh axit cacboxylic,th d :

b. Tc dng vi ion bc trong dung dch ammoniac Th nghim : Cho dung dch ammoniac vo ng nghim ng dung dch bc nitrat n khi kt ta sinh ra b ha tan hon ton,thm vo dung dch axetanehit ri un nng th thy trn thnh ng nghim xut hin lp bc sang nhn gng,v th gi l phn ng trng bc. Gii thch : Amoniac to vi phc cht thnh Ag kim loi : phc cht tan trong nc.Anehit kh c

Phn ng trng bc c ng dng nhn bit anehit v trng gng, trn rut phch. 3. Phn ng gc hirocacbon Nguyn t hiro bn cnh nhm cacbonyl d tham gia phn ng.Th d :

III. iu ch v ng dng 1.iu ch a. T ancol Phng php chung iu ch anehit v xeton l oxi ha nh ancol bc I,bc II tng ng bng CuO Fomanehit c iu ch trong cng nghip bng cch oxi ha metanol nh oxi khng kh vi xc tc l Cu hoc Ag :

b. T hirocacbon Cc anehit v xeton thng thng c sn xut t hirocacbon l sn phm ca qu trnh ch bin du m. Oxi ha khng hon ton metan l phng php mi sn xut formanehit :

Oxi ha etilen l phng php hin i sn xut axetanehit :

Oxi ha cumen ri ch ha vi axit sunfuric thu c axeton cng vi phenol :

tiu phn trung gian

2. ng dng

a. Fomanehit Fomanehit c dng ch yu sn xut poliphenolfomanehit (lm cht do) v cn c dng trong tng hp phm nhum,dc phm. Dung dch fomanehit trong nc gi l fomalin (cn gi l fomon) c dng ngm xc ng vt,thuc dao ng , ty u,dit trng, b. Axetanehit Axetanehit ch yu c dng sn xut axit axetic c. Axeton Axeton c kh nng ha tan t nhiu cht hu c v cng d dng c gii phng ra khi cc dung dch (do nhit si thp) nn c dng lm dung mi sn xut nhiu loi ha cht,k c mt s polime. Axeton cn dng lm cht u tng hp ra nhiu cht hu c quan trng khc nh clorofom, ioofom, bisphenol-A,

D. AXIT CACBOXYLICI. nh ngha,phn loi,danh php 1. nh ngha Axit cacboxylic l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm cacboxyl ( kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon hoc nguyn t hiro.Nhm nhm cacboxyl , vit gn l . 2. Phn loi Nu nhm cacboxyl lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t hiro hoc gc ankyl th to thnh dy axit no,mach h,n chc,cng thc chung l ,gi l dy ng ng ca axit fomic ( ), th d (axit axetic), (axit propionic), Nu gc hirocacbon trong phn t axit c cha lin kt i,lin kt ba th gi l axit khng no, Th d : Nu gc hirocacbon l vng thm th gi l axit thm, th d : benzoic), Nu trong phn t c nhiu nhm cacboxyl ( (axit oxalic) , 3. Danh php Theo IUPAC,tn ca axit cacboxylic mch h cha khng qu 2 nhm cacboxyl c cu to bng cch t axit trc tn ca hirocacbon tng ng theo mch chnh (mch chnh (axit ) lin c gi l

) th gi l axit a chc, th d : (axit maloic),

bt u t nguyn t C ca nhm

) ri thm vo ui oic

Tn thng thng ca cc axit c lin quan n ngun gc tm ra chng nn khng c tnh ht thng

II. Cu trc v tnh cht vt l1. Cu trc Nhm c hp bi nhm cacbonyl ( ) v nhm hiroxyl ( ) v th n c gi l nhm cacboxyl. Tng tc gia nhm cacbonyl v nhm hiroxyl lm cho mt electron nhm cacboxyl. H qu l nguyn t hiro nhm phenol v phn ng ca nhm anehit, xeton. 2. Tnh cht vt l iu kin thng, tt c cc axit cacboxylic u l nhng cht lng hoc rn. im si ca cc axit cacboxylic cao hn ca anehit, xeton v c ancol c cng s nguyn t cacbon. Nguyn nhn l do s phn cc nhm cacboxyl v s to thnh lin kt hiro lin phn t axit cacboxylic. Axit cacboxylic cng to lin kt hiro vi nc v nhiu cht khc.Cc axit fomic,axetic,propionic tan v hn trong nc. Khi s nguyn t C tng ln th tan trong nc gim.Mi axit cacboxylic c v chua ring bit, th d axit axetic c v chua gim, axit nitric c v chua chanh, axit oxalic c v chua me, axit tactric c v chua nho, axit tr nn linh ng hn nhm ancol, axit cng khng cn ging nh ca nhm

III. Tnh cht ha hc1.Tnh axit v nh hng ca nhm th Do mt electron nhm OH dch chuyn v pha nhm , nguyn t H ca nhm OH tr nn linh ng nn axit cacboxylic in li khng hon ton trong nc theo cn bng :

l mc o lc axit : cng ln th axit cng mnh v ngc li.Lc axit ca axit cacboxylic ph thuc vo cu to ca nhm nguyn t lin kt vi nhm cacboxyl (k hiu chung l R). Axit cacboxylic l nhng axit yu.Tuy vy,chng c y tnh cht ca mt axit nh : lm qu tm,tc dng vi kim loi gii phng hiro,phn ng vi baz , y c axit yu hn ra khi mui. Trong cc axit no n chc,axit fomic (R v H) mnh hn c. Cc nhm ankyl y electron v pha nhm cacboxyl nn lm gim lc axit :

Cc nguyn t c m in ln gc R ht electron ca nhm cacboxyl nn lm tng lc axit. Th d :

2. Phn ng to thnh dn xut axit a. Phn ng vi ancol (phn ng este ha) Thc nghim : trong nhng bnh thy tinh hn kn cha hn hp phn ng,c un nng .Sau phn ng,chun bng dung dch ta xc nh c lng axit axetic,t tnh c s mol este, , mi bnh. Nhn xt : Phn ng ca 1 mol axit axetic v 1 mol ancol etylic (xc tc axit) t ti gii hn l to ra 2/3 mol este,cn d 1/3 mol axit axetic v 1/3 mol ancol etylic.Khi xut pht t 1 mol este v 1 mol nc (xc tc axit) th thu c 1/3 mol axit axetic,1/3 mil ancol etylic,cn d 2/3 mol este,tc l cng t ti gii hn trn.. Kt lun : phn ng ca axit axetic vi etanol xc tc axit l phn ng thun nghch Chiu thun l phn ng este ha,chiu nghch l phn ng thy phn este b. Phn ng tch nc lin phn t Khi cho tc dng vi anhirit axit. Th d : , hai phn t axit tch i mt phn t nc to thnh phn t

vit gn l 3. Phn ng gc hirocacbon a. Phn ng th gc no Khi dng photpho (P) lm xc tc,con lc l xo ch th cho H cacbon bn cnh nhm cacboxyl.Th d :

b. Phn ng th gc thm Nhm cacboxyl vng benzene nh hng cho phn ng th tip theo vo v tr meta v lm cho phn ng kh khn hn so vi th vo benzene

c. Phn ng cng vo gc khng no Axit khng no tham gia phn ng cng nh hirocacbon khng no.Th d :

II. iu ch v ng dng 1. iu ch a. Trong phng th nghim Oxi ha hirocacbon ,ancol , :

i t dn xut halogen :

b. Trong cng nghip Axit axetic c sn xut theo cc phng php sau. Ln men gim l phng php c nht, ngy nay ch cn dng sn xut gim n :

Oxi ha anehit axetic trc y l phng php ch yu sn xut axit axetic:

i t methanol v cacbon oxit, nh xc tc thch hp l phng php hin i sn xut axit axetic:

V methanol v cacbon oxit u c iu ch t metan c sn trong kh thin nhin v kh du m nn phng php ny cho axit axetic vi gi h nht. 2. ng dng a. Axit axetic Axit axetic c dng iu ch nhng cht c ng dng quan trng nh : axit cloaxetic (dng tng hp cht dit c 2,4-D ; 2,4,5-T), mui axetat ca nhm,crom,st (dng lm

cht cm mu khi nhum vi,si), mt s este (lm dc liu,hng liu,dung mi,), xenluloz axetat (ch t axetat), b. Cc axit khc Cc axit bo nh axit panmitic ( ),axit stearic ( ), c dng ch x phng. Axit benzoic c dng trong tng hp phm nhum,nng dc, Axit salisylic dng ch thuc cm,thuc xoa bp,gim au, Cc axit icacboxxyic (nh axit aipic, axit phtalic,) c dng trong sn xut poliamit,polieste ch t si tng hp.

HO HC HU C 12CHNG I:Bi 1:

ESTE - LIPIT- GLIXERIN ESTE

Este l sn phm ca phn ng este ha gia axit hu c hoc axit v c vi ru. Th d:

I. Cng thc cu to v danh php 1. Cng thc cu to Este ca axit cacboxylic n chc v ru n chc c cng thc cu to chung :

Gc R v c th ging nhau hoc khc nhau,c th l gc hirocacbon no hoc khng no. Cng thc chung ca axit cacboxylic no n chc v ru no n chc l . 2. Danh php Tn thng thng ca este c gi nh sau : Tn gc hirocacbon ca ru + tn gc axit c ui at. Th d : Metyl fomiat Metyl axetat Etyl axetat Etyl propionat II. Tnh cht vt l Este ca axit cacboxylic thng l nhng cht lng d bay hi.Este si nhit thp hn so vi cc axit cacboxylic to nn cc este ,do khng c lin kt hiro gia cc phn t este. Cc este u nh hn nc,rt t tan trong nc. c im ca este l c mi thm d chu,ging mi qu chn.Th d Etyl fomiat c mi qu to,isoamyl axetat c mi chui chn,amyl propionat c mi da chn... III. Tnh cht ha hc

Tnh cht ha hc quan trng nht ca este l phn ng thy phn (phn ng vi nc).Trong qu trnh thy phn c thc hin trong dung dch axit hoc baz. Trong dung dch axit : un nng este vi nc,c axit v c xc tc,phn ng to ra axit cacboxylic v ru.Nhng cng trong iu kin ,cc axit cacboxylic v ru li phn ng vi nhau cho este.Th d :

Phn ng theo chiu t tri sang phi l phn ng thy phn este,phn ng theo chiu t phi sang tri l phn ng este ha.. Vy phn ng thy phn este trong dung dch axit l phn ng thun nghch. Trong dung dch baz : un nng este trong dung dch natri hiroxit,phn ng to ra mui ca axit cacboxylic v ru. Th d:

y l phn ng khng thun nghch v khng cn axit cacboxylic phn ng vi ru to li este.Phn ng ny c gi l phn ng x phng ha. IV. iu ch C nhiu phng php iu ch este,nhng phng php thng dng nht l dng phn ng este ha gia ru vi axit cacboxylic. V. ng dng Trong cng nghip thc phm,mt s este c mi thm hoa qu,khng c,c dng tng thm hng v cho bnh ko,nc gii kht... Trong cng nghip m phm,mt s este c mi thm hp dn c pha vo nc hoa,x phng thm,kem bi dao ng... Nhiu este c kh nng ha tan nhiu cht hu c nn c dng pha sn. Mt s este l nguyn liu sn xut si tng hp.Thy tinh hu c...

Bi 2:

LIPIT

I. Trng thi thin nhin Lipit , cn gi l cht bo (tc du, m ng thc vt, thc vt) l mt trong nhng thnh phn c bn ca c th ng vt,thc vt. ng vt, lipit tp trung nhiu nht trong m m. thc vt, lipit tp trung nhiu trong ht,qu... II. Cng thc cu to ca Lipit Khi thy phn lipit (cht bo) ngi ta thu c glixerin v cc axit cacboxylic (cn gi l axit bo).Mt khc,khi un nng glixerin vi cc axit bo,li thu c lipit.Vy lipit (cht bo) l este ca glixerin vi cc axit bo. Cng thc cu to phn t ca lipit c th vit : Trong phn t lipit,gc ru phi l glixerin,gc axit bo c th khc nhau.Cc axit bo l axit no hoc khng no. Cc axit bo no thng gp l : Axit panmitic Axit stearic Cc axit bo khng no thng gp l : Axit oleic Axit linoleic

III. Tnh cht vt l ca Lipit nhit phng, lipit ng vt (m), thng trng thi rn (m b,m cu...) . Lipit loi ny cha ch yu cc gc axit bo n. Mt s t lipit ng vt trng thi lng (du c ...), do thnh phn gc axit bo khng no tng ln. Lipit thc vt (du thc vt) hu ht trng thi lng (du lc,du da...) do cha ch yu gc axit bo khng no. Cc lipit u nh hn nc,khng tan trong nc,nhng tan nhiu trong cht hu c benzen,xng, clorofom... IV. Tnh cht ha hc ca Lipit 1. Phn ng thy phn v phn ng x phng ha Tng t cc este khc, tnh cht ha hc quan trng nht ca lipit l phn ng thy phn. C th un nng lipit vi nc c axit xc tc, hoc un nng lipit vi nc trong ni kn p sut cao (25at) v nhit cao ( ): Phn ng trn c c im thun nghch Nu un nng cht bo vi dung dch kim s thu c glixerin v hn hp mui natri ca cc axit bo (gi l x phng).Phn ng xy ra nhanh hn v mt chiu 2. Phn ng cng hiro ( hiro ha lipit lng) un nng hn hp lipit lng,c bt Ni xc tc,trong ni kn v dn vo dng kh hiro c p sut cao s xy ra hin tng phn ng cng hiro vo gc axit bo khng no. Kt qu l sau phn ng thu c lipit trng thi rn. Phng php ny c dng trong cng nhip bin mt s du thnh m rn,hoc b nhn to c gi tr s dng cao hn. V. S chuyn ha lipit trong c th Cht bo l mt trong nhng thnh phn c bn trong thc n ca ngi v n gi mt vai trn quan trng trong qu trnh dinh dng.Khi b oxi ha chm trong c th,cht bo cung cp nhiu nng lng hn cht m (protit) v cht bt (gluxit) : 1gam cht bo cho khong 38,87 kJ trong khi 1 gam cht m cho khong 23,41 kJ , cn 1 gam cht bt cho khong 17,57 kJ. V cht bo khng tan trong nc,nn chng khng th trc tip thm qua mao trng rut i vo c th.Nh c men ca dch ty v dch trng,cht bo b thy phn thnh glixerin v axit bo.Glixerin c hp th trc tip,cn axit bo khi tc dng vi mt bin thnh dng tan v cng c hp th qua mao trng rut vo thnh rut. glixerin v axit bo li kt hp vi nhau.Cht bo mi c tn hp i vo mu v chuyn vo m m.T cc m ny,cht bo li c th i ti cc m v c quan khc. y cc cht bo b thy phn v b oxi ha chm thnh kh cacbonic v hi nc,ng thi gii phng nng lng cung cp cho s hot ng ca c th. Khi n nhiu cht bo,hoc khi cht bo trong c th khng dng c oxi ha ht th lng cn d c tch li thnh nhng m m. Du thc vt cha nhiu axit bo khng no. Cc axit bo ny c c th hp th d dng,khng gy ra hin tng x cng ng mch u thc vt cn cha mt s sinh t cn thit cho c th ngi.Th d : Du c cha sinh t A ; du ng,du cm cha sinh t E ; du phi ng cha sinh t K.

Bi 3:

GLIXERINv cng thc cu to :

I. Cng thc cu to Glixerin l ru a chc, c cng thc phn t

hoc vit thu gn l T khi nim v ru n chc v ru a chc ta c nh ngha v ru : Ru l nhng hp cht hu c m phn t c mt hay nhiu nhm hiroxyl lin kt vi gc hirocacbon.

II. Tnh cht vt l ca glixerin Glixerin l cht lng snh,khng mu,c v ngt,ta nhiu trong nc. III. Tnh cht ha hc ca glixerin 1. Phn ng vi natri Tng t ru no n chc,glixerin phn ng vi natri gii phng hiro :

2. Phn ng vi axit (phn ng este ha) Tng t ru no n chc,glixerin phn ng c vi nhiu axit v c v hu c cho este. 3. Phn ng vi ng (II) hiroxit Khc vi ru no n chc, glixerin phn ng c vi ng (II) hiroxit cho dung dch ng (II) glixerat mu xanh lam,trong sut Phn ng xy ra rt d dng, cho mu xanh c trng nn dng nhn bit glixerin ni ring hoc a chc ni chung. IV. iu ch glixerin Trong cng nghip, iu ch glixerin bng cch un nng,du thc vt hoc m ng vt vi dung dch kim. Hin nay, glixerin cn c tng hp t propilen ly t kh cracking du m. Trong cng nghip glixerin c tng hp t propilen qua cc giai on sau :

V. ng dng ca glixerin - ng dng quan trng nht ca glixerin l iu ch thuc n glixerin trinitrat - Glixerin cn c dng nhiu trong cng nghip dt,thuc dao ng do c kh nng gi nc lm mm dao ng,vi... - Cho thm glixerin vo mc in,mc vit,kem nh rng...s gip cho cc vt phm chm b kh

CHNG II:

CACBOHIDRAT(GLUXIT)

Gluxit bao gm nhiu loi khc nhau, quan trng nht l cc loi sau y:

Monosaccarit l loi gluxit n gin nht,cht tiu biu quan trng l glucoz. issaccarit l loi gluxit c cu to phc tp hn,khi thy phn cho 2 phn t monosaccarit.Cht tiu biu quan trng ca loi ny l saccaroz. Polisaccarit l loi gluxit c cu to phc tp,khi lng phn t rt ln,khi thy phn cho rt nhiu phn t monosaccarit.Cc cht tiu biu quan trng l tinh bt v xenluloz.

A.GLUCOZI. Trng thi thin nhin

Glucoz c trong hu ht cc b phn ca c th thc vt : qu,hoa,r,thn,l v nhiu nht trong qu chn (c bit trong qu nho chn). Trong mt ong c trn 30% glucoz. Trong mu ngi lun cha mt t l glucoz khng i l 0,1% II. Tnh cht vt l ca Glucoz Glucoz l cht rn,khng mu,nng chy ,tan nhiu trong nc v c v ngt ( Glucoz xut pht t ting hiro Lp "Glukus " ngha l ngt) . ngt km ng ma (bng khong 0,6 ln ngt ca ng ma). III. Cng thc cu to ca Glucoz Glucoz c cng thc phn t .Cc kt qu thc nghim cho thy phn t glucoz c nm nhm hiroxyl,mt nhm chc anehit v c mch cacbon khng phn nhnh.Vy glucoz c cng thc cu to : hoc vit thu gn : Glucoz l hp cht tp chc,n c cu to ca ru a chc v anehit n chc. Mch cacbon ca phn t glucoz c nh s bt u t nguyn t cacbon ca nhm chc anehit :

Phn t glucoz tn ti c dng mch h v mch vng su cnh.Cng thc cu to mch vng ca glucoz c biu th bng mt hnh su cnh nm trn mt mt phng (nhng cnh gn pha mt ta c vit bng nhng nt m. S chuyn ha ln nhau gia cc dng cu to ca glucoz s din ra trong dung dch cho n khi thit lp c cn bng. IV. Tnh cht ha hc ca Glucoz Glucoz c y tch cht ha hc ca ru a chc v anehit n chc. 1. Tnh cht ru a chc a)Glucoz phn ng vi nhit phng cho dung dch mu xanh lam. b)Glucoz c th to ra este cha nm gc axit trong phn t.Th d : Este cha nm gc

axit axetic 2. Tnh cht anehit a) Glucoz b oxi ha bi gng) : trong dung dch amoniac cho bc kim loi (phn ng trng

hoc b oxi ha bi khi un nng cho kt ta mu gch. Hai phn ng ny xy ra d dng nn c dng nhn bit glucoz. b) Glucoz b kh bi hiro cho ru a chc :

3. Phn ng ln men ru Nh xc tc men,dung dch glucoz ln men v chuyn thnh ru etylic V. ng dng v iu ch Glucoz l thc n c gi tr cho ngi.Trong y hc dng lm thuc tng lc (huyt thanh glucoz ) cho ngi bnh.V glucoz d c tiu ha v cung cp nhiu nng lng cho c th.Glucoz l nguyn liu tng hp vitamin C. Trong cng nghip, glucoz c dng trng gng,trng rut phch (bnh thy) Glucoz c iu cht bng cch thy phn tinh bt nh axit v c xc tc.

VI. ng phn ca glucoz: fructoz Fructoz c cng thc phn t

v cng thc cu to :

Fructoz thng c trong qu chn ngt,mt ong (mt ong c gn 40% fructoz).Fructoz ngt hn ng ma (ngt gp khong 1,5 ln ng ma). Fructoz cng c tnh cht ca ru a chc nh glucoz. Mch cacbon ca phn t fructoz c nh s bt u t pha gn nhm cacbonyl :

Phn t fuctoz cn tn ti adngj mch vng 5 cn. Trong dung dch cc mch vng v dng mch h chuyn ha ln nhau

B.SACCAROZI. Trng thi thin nhin Saccaroz l loi ng ph bin nht,c trong nhiu loi thc vt.Saccaroz c nhiu nht trong cy ma,c ci ng,cy tht nt II. Tnh cht vt l ca Saccaroz Saccaroz l cht rn,khng mu,khng mi,c v ngt,nng chy nhit . Saccaroz t tan trong ru,tan tt trong nc,nc cng nng tan ca saccaroz cng tng. III. Tnh cht ha hc ca Saccaroz Phn t saccaroz c cu to bi mt gc glucoz v mt gc fuctoz. c im cu to ca phn t saccaroz l khng c nhm chc anehit , nhng c nhiu nhm hiroxyl. V vy saccaroz khng cho phn ng trng gng, nhng c tnh cht ca ru a chc nh glucoz. Tnh cht ha hc quan trng nht ca saccaroz l phn ng thy phn. Phn t saccaroz c cu to bi mt gc v mt gc .Hai gc ny lin kt vi nhau nguyn t ca gc glucoz v nguyn t ca gc fructoz qua mt nguyn t oxi : Dng cu to mch vng ca saccaroz khng c kh nng chuyn thnh dng mch h. 1. Phn ng thy phn un nng dung dch saccaroz c axit v c xc tc ta c dung dch cha glucoz v fructoz ( trong c th ngi , saccaroz b thy phn thnh glucoz v fructoz nh xc tc men c trong rut non).

2. Phn ng vi ng (II) hiroxit Tng t glucoz, nhit phng,dung dch saccaroz phn ng vi cho dung dch mu xanh lam. IV. ng dng Saccaroz (ng ma,ng c ci...) l nguyn liu quan trng trong cng nghip thc phm (bnh ko, hp...) v l thc n cn thit hng ngy cho ngi. Trong cng nghip dc phm, saccaroz c dng pha ch mt s thuc dng bt hoc lng. V. Sn xut ng saccaroz t ma Vit nam v cc nc nhit i sn xut ng saccaroz t ma.Phng php tng i hin i sn xut ng t ma gm c giai on chnh sau : 1.Ma c nghin v p,ng thi phun nc vo chit ly ng,

2.Nc ma c un nng vi mt t vi ti (khong vi phn nghn) nhit khong vi lm kt ca cc axit hu c v protit c ln trong nc ma,sau tc b kt ta . 3.Ty mu nc ng bng kh sunfur (c th dng natri hirosunfit ). 4.un nng nc ng nhit khong kt ta hon ton tc tp cht.Lc b ton b kt ta thu ly nc ng sch v trong. 5.C c dung dch nc ng p sut thp tng nng ng,Lm lnh,dng my li tm tch ly ng kt tinh. Phn nc ng khng th kt tinh do cn ln tp cht c gi l r ng,dng sn xut ru etylic. Nc ta c nhiu vng trng ma rt tt. min bc,ma c trng nhiu cc tnh dc sng Hng,sng y, sng M v sng \lambda. Min Nam ma c trng nhiu cc tnh Qung Nam,Qung Ngi,Ph Yn,Khnh Ha,Ty Ninh... Chng ta c mt s nh my ng tng i hin i sn xut ng t ma nh nh my ng Vit Tr (Ph Th),sng \lambda (Ngh An),Lam Sn (Thanh Ha) v mt s nh my ng Qung Ngi,Ph Yn,ng Nai,Bnh Dng,ng Thp... VI. ng phn ca saccaroz : mantoz Mantoz (ng mch nha) l ng phn ca saccaroz. Mantoz c cng thc phn t l ,do hai gc glucoz kt hp vi nhau. Khi thy phn,mantoz nh axit v c xc tc (hoc bng men) s thu c glucoz :

Khc vi saccaroz, mantoz c phn ng trng gng v phn ng kh ng (II) hiroxit. Mantoz c iu ch bng cch thy phn tinh bt nh men amylaza (c trong mm la ) xc tc. Phn t mantoz c cu to bi hai gc dng mch vng.Hai gc ny lin kt vi nhau nguyn t ca gc glucoz th nht vi nguyn t ca gc glucoz th hai qua mt nguyn t oxi : Trong dung dch,gc glucozth hai ca phn t mantoz c kh nng m vng to ra nhm chc nguyn t . Do vy mantoz c phn ng trng gng v phn ng kh .

C.TINH BTI. Trng thi thin nhin Tinh bt c nhiu trong c loi ht nh go,m,ng,k... trong cc loi c nh khoai ty,khoai lang,khoai s,sn... v trong cc loi qu nh chui xanh,to... Go cha nhiu tinh bt nht,khong 80% ,m cha khong 70%,khoai v cc loi c khc cha t tinh bt hn. II. Tnh cht vt l ca tinh bt Tinh bt l cht bt v nh hnh,mu trng,khng tan trong nc lnh,Khi un si,ch mt phn nh tinh bt tan vo nc,cn phn ch yu tinh bt b phng ln to thnh dung dch keo gi l h tinh bt. III. Cu to phn t tinh bt Khi lng phn t ca tinh bt rt ln,ti hng trm nghn,hoc hng triu n b cacbon.Khi thy phn tinh bt ta c sn phm cui cng l glucoz.T ,c th kt lun rng,phn t tinh bt gm nhiu gc glucoz ( ) lin kt vi nhau v c cng thc phn t ( ) Tinh bt l hn hp ca hai thnh phn : amiloz v amilopectin. Amiloz c mch phn t khng phn nhnh v khi lng phn t khong 200000 .v.C . Amilopentin c mch phn t phn nhnh v khi lng phn t khong 1000 000 .v.C. Phn t amiloz c cu to bi cc gc

Cc gc lin kt vi nhau nguyn t ca gc ny vi nguyn t ca gc kia qua mt nguyn t oxi : Phn t amilopectin c cu to bi mt s phn t amiloz. Cc phn t amiloz lin kt vi nhau nguyn t v nguyn t qua mt nguyn t oxi : IV. Tnh cht ha hc ca tinh bt Tinh bt khng cho phn ng trng gng. Tinh bt c phn ng thy phn v phn ng mu vi iot. 1. Phn ng thy phn un nng tinh bt trong dung dch axit v c long s thu c dung dch glucoz ( Trong c th ngi v ng vt,tinh bt c thy phn thnh glucoz nh mt s men)

2. Phn ng mu vi iot Dung dch iot tc dng vi h tinh bt cho mu xanh lam c trng. un nng,mu xanh bin mt. ngui li hin ra. Phn ng ny xy ra d dng nn ta dng dung dch iot nhn ra tinh bt,hoc ngc nlaij dng h tinh bt nhn bit iot. V. S chuyn ha tinh bt trong c th Khi i qua ming,tinh bt b thy phn nh men ( Men amilaza) c trong nc bt.S thy phn tip tc xy ra nh men ( Men mantaza) c trong rut,vo mu qua mao trng rut ri theo mu v gan.T gan,glucoz c phn phi i ti cc m trong c th.Ti cc t bo v m,glucoz c oxi ha chm bin thnh kh cacbonic v hi nc ng thi gii phng nng lng cho c th hot ng : Phn glucoz cn d trong gan,c tng hp li thnh mt loi gluxit c khi lng phn t ln gi l glicogen (hay cn gi l tinh bt ng vt). Glicozen c d tr trong gan, khi cn li thy phn thnh glucoz v chuyn ti cc m trong c th. VI. S to thnh tinh bt trong cy xanh Tinh bt c to thnh trong cy xanh t kh cacbonic,nc v nng lng nh sng mt tri.Phng trnh phn ng tng qut : Kh cacbonic c l xanh ht t khng kh,nc do r cy ht t t,nng lng nh sng mt tri do cht dip lc (cht clorophin) trong l xanh hp th. Qu trnh to thnh tinh bt c s tham gia ca nh sng mt tri nn gi l qu trnh quang hp.Qu trnh quanh hp gii phng ra oxi v cn to thnh mt vi hp cht hu c khc,th d protit...

D.XENLULOZ I. Trng thi thin nhinXenluloz l thnh phn chnh to nn lp mng t bo thc vt,gip cho cc m thc vt c bn c hc v tnh n hi. Xenluloz c nhiu trong bng (khong 98% xenluloz) ,trong cc loi si ay,gai,tre,na... trong g c khong 40-50% xenluloz.

II. Tnh cht vt l ca xenlulozXenluloz l cht rn,c dng si,mu trng,khng mi.Xenluloz khng tan trong nc v cc cht hu c nh ete,ru,benzen...Nhng tan trong gnuowcs Svayde (dung dch amoniac cha ng (II) hiroxit)

III. Cu to phn t ca xenluloz

Tng t tinh bt,phn t xenluloz cng gm nhiu gc glucoz kt hp vi nhau v c cng thc phn t .

Khc vi tinh bt,phn t xenluloz c cu to mch khng phn nhnh v khi lng phn t rt ln,khong 1700000 - 2400000 .v.C (i vi xenluloz) ca bng). Qua nghin cu phn ng este ha xenluloz,ngi ta thy mi gc glucoz ( c ba nhm hiroxyl. Phn t xenluloz c cu to bi cc gc nhau nguyn t ca gc ny vi nguyn t .Cc gc lin kt vi ca gc kia qua mt nguyn t oxi

IV. Tnh cht ha hc ca xenlulozXenluloz khng cho phn ng trng gng. N ch tham gia cc phn ng sau : 1. Phn ng thy phn Tng t tinh bt,khi ung nng xenluloz (nhm bng hoc giy lc) trong dung dch axit v c long,s thu c dung dch glucoz :

2. Phn ng vi axit nitric (phn ng este ha) un nng xenluloz (nhm bng) vi hn hp axit nitric c v axit sunfuric c,thu c xenluloz trinitrat :

Xenluloz trinittrat rt d chy v n rt mnh,khng c khi,nn c dng lm thuc sng khng khi.

V. ng dng1. Thng s dng trc tip cc nguyn liu c cha xenluloz : Th d : Bng,ay,gai ... ko si dt vi,bn thng. G,tre,na xy dng nh ca,lm g,hoc ch bin thnh giy. 2. Ngoi ra ,xenluloz cn sn xut ru etylic ,sn xut t nhn to : a) T visco : Cho xenluloz (t g) tc dng vi dung dch natri hiroxit v mt s ha cht khc,thu c dung dch rt nht,gi l visco. Khi bm dung dch nht qua ng c nhiu l nh ngm trong axit sunfuric long,dung dch nht ( dng tia) b thy phn to thnh nhng si di v mnh.Nhng si mi ny c bn cht cu to gn ging xenluloz,nhng p,ng mt nh t v c gi l t visco. b) T axetat : T axetat c ch bin t hai este ca xenluloz :

Xenluloz iaxetat

Xenluloz triaxetat Hai este ny cn ddowcj dng ch to phim khng chy. Rng nc ta chim mt din tch kh rng (khong mt phn ba din tch phn t lin).Do iu kin kh hu nhit i m,thun li cho s pht trin ca thc vt nn rng nc ta c nhiu loi g qu,nhiu loi tre,na... l ngun ti nguyn phong ph phc v cho nhu cu trong nc v xut khu.G,tre,na cn l nguyn liu quan trng trong cng nghip sn xut giy. Hin nay chng ta c nh my giy Bi Bng thuc loi tng i hin i,do Thy in gip ta xy dng.

E. PROTITI. Trng thi thin nhin Protit c trong tt c cc c th ng vt v thc vt. c bit c th ngi v ng vt cha nhiu protit nht. Cc cht protit c trong bp tht, xng, t bo thn kinh,mu,sa,lng trng trng,dao ng,lng,mng,sng... v trong ht thc vt. Protit cn c trong c th vi khun,siu vi trng gy bnh. Bn cht ca cc men xc tc cng chnh l protit. II. Cu to ca protit 1. Thnh phn nguyn t Cc protit u cha cacbon,hiro ,oxi v nit ( Hm lng nit trong cc protit thng t thay i,trung bnh khong 16%) . Ngoi ra c protit cn cha lu hunh, photpho (nh cadein ca sa), st (hemoglobin ca mu), iot ... 2. Cu to Khi lng phn t ca protit rt ln,c th t vi vn n vi triu n v cacbon. Khi thy phn protit n cng,thu c hn hp trn 20 aminoaxit khc nhau. Khi thc hin phn ng trng ngng cc aminoaxit trn,thu c cht polipeptit c mt s tnh cht gn ging protit. Do c th coi phn t protit gm cc mch di (cc chui) polipeptit to thnh. III. Tnh cht ca protit 1. Phn ng thy phn Khi un nng protit trong dung dch axit hoc kim (hoc nh tc dng ca men nhit thng),protit b thy phn thnh cc chui polipeptit, cui cng thnh cc aminoaxit ( ... l cc gc hirocacbon hoc gc hirocacbon c cha nhm chc ): 2.S ng t Mt s tan trong nc to thnh dung dch keo,khi un nng b kt ta.S kt ta protit bng nhit c gi l s ng t.Th d : Lng trng trng b ong li khi luc trng,riu cua ni ln khi nu canh cua... 3. Phn ng mu Protit cho mt s phn ng mu c trng: Th d : Cho axit nitric m c vo dung dch lng trng trng (dung dch abumin) v un nng thy xut hin mu vng ; cho ng (II) hiroxit vo dung dch lng trng trng thy mu tm xanh... IV. S chuyn ha protit trong c th Trong b my tiu ha nh tc dng ca c cht men ( Men pepxin trong dch ca d dy v men tripxin trong dung dch ca ty) protit b thy phn thnh cc aminoaxit . Aminoaxit

c hp th vo mu qua cc mao trng rut, v sau c chuyn ti cc m v cc t bo ca c th. Mt phn c bn cc aminoaxit c dng to ra protit cho c th ngi.Phn aminoaxxit cn li b oxi ha cung cp nng lng cho c th hot ng.Sn phm cui cng ca s oxi ha aminoaxit trong c th l kh cacbonic,nc v amoniac. Amoniac chuyn ha thnh ure v c th thi ure theo ng nc tiu.

CHNG III:AMIN-ANILIN-AMINOAXIT-PROTEINA. AMINI. Cng thc cu to Khi thay th mt hay nhiu nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac bng mt hay nhiu gc hirocacbon ta c cc hp cht hu c,gi l amin. Th d : Metylamin (Amin bc mt)

imetylamin (Amin bc hai)

Trimetylamin (Amin bc ba) Phenylamin hay anilin (Amin bc mt) Vy amin l nhng hp cht hu c sinh ra do nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac c thay th bng hirocacbon. Ty theo s nguyn t hiro trong phn t amoniac c thay th,ta c amin bc mt, amin bc hai hay amin bc ba. Nhm c gi l nhm amino. II. Tnh cht chung Tng t amoniac, amin c tnh baz: - Dung dch amin mch h trong nc i mu qu tm thnh xanh. - Amin phn ng vi axit cho mui.

B. ANILINI. Cng thc cu to Anilin c cng thc phn t C6H7N II. Tnh cht vt l ca anilin Anilin l cht lng khng mu. lu trong khng kh,n dn dn ng sang mu nu en do anilin b oxi ha t t trong khng kh. Anilin hi nng hn nc,rt t tan trong nc,tan nhiu trong ru,ete,benzen...Anilin rt c v c mi kh chu. III. Tnh cht ha hc ca anilin Phn ng ha hc ca anilin xy ra nhm (tnh baz) v gc phenyl (phn ng th nguyn t hiro bng brom). 1. Tnh baz Tng t amoniac,anilin c tnh baz, phn ng vi axit cho mui.Th d : Nh axit clohiric c v anilin,ta c mui rn phenylamoni clorua,ta c trong nc: Phenylamoni clorua Tuy vy, tnh baz ca anilin yu hn ca amoniac do nh hng ca gc phenyl. Anilin khng lm xanh nc qu. Do tnh baz yu nn c th y anilin ra khi mui phenylamoni clorua bng dung dch kim

Nguyn nhn tnh baz ca anilin Nguyn t nit c 5 electron lp ngoi cng.Trong phn t anilin,nguyn t nit s dng 3 trong 5 electron to ra 3 lin kt cng ha tr.Nh vy,nguyn t nit cn li mt cp electron t do. Khi phn ng vi axit, nguyn t nit a cp electron t do to thnh lin kt cho nhn vi proton ca axit. Vy anilin c tnh baz v c kh nng nhn proton. 2. Phn ng vi brom Nh dung dch brom vo dung dch anilin thy phn ng xy ra tc thi.Sn phm to thnh dng kt ta mu trng, l 2,4,6-tribromanilin. Qua phn ng trn ta thy,do nh hng cu nhm n gc phenyl nn phn ng th brom vo anilin d hn th vo benzen.Nhm amino v gc phenyl trong phn t anilin c nh hng qua li ln nhau. IV. iu ch C nhiu phng php iu ch anilin,nhng phng php thng dng l kh nitrobenzen bng hiro nguyn t (hiro mi sinh) Hiro nguyn t c sinh ra bng cch cho kim loi (Fe c trong gang , Sn...) v axit clohiric v ngay hn hp phn ng. V. ng dng Anilin l nguyn liu quan trng trong nhiu ngnh sn xut nh - Sn xut phm nhum (phm "en anilin") - iu ch thuc cha bnh.

C.AMINOAXITI. nh ngha,cng thc cu to v danh php Aminoaxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, trong phn t ca chng c cha ng thi nhm chc [lk1]amino[/lk] ( ) v nhm chc cacboxyl ( ) Th d :

Danh php : Cc aminoaxit c gi tn theo trnh t sau : Axit + amino + tn axit cacboxylic tng ng. Th d :

Axit aminoaxetic (cn gi l glixerin hay glicocol)

Axit

- aminopropionic (cn gi l alanin)

Axit - aminocaproic

Axit

- aminoglutaric (cn gi tt l axit glutamic)

II. Tnh cht vt l Aminoaxit l nhng cht rn,kt tinh,tan tt trong nc v c v hi ngt. III. Tnh cht ha hc Aminoaxit c nhm amino, ng thi c nhm cacboxyl trong phn t, nn chng c tnh baz, ng thi c tnh axit. 1. Tnh baz

Aminoaxit tc dng vi axit cho mui : Th d : 2. Tnh axit Aminoaxit tc dng vi baz hoc oxit baz cho mui v nc, tc dng vi ru cho este. Th d :

3. Phn ng trng ngng Khi b un nng,cc phn t aminoaxit c th tc dng ln nhau : nhm cacboxyl ca phn t ny tc dng vi nhm amino ca phn t kia cho sn phm c khi lng phn t ln,ng thi gii phng nc. Sn phm to thnh c tn l polipeptit Phn ng trn c gi l phn ng trng ngng IV. ng dng Aminoaxit c coi l cht c s xy dng nn cc cht protit trong c th ng vt v thc vt. Nhiu aminoaxit c dng trong y hc cha bnh, lm thc n nui c th ngi bnh. Mui natri ca axit glutamic (thng gi l m chnh hay bt ngt) c dng lm gia v cho thc n. Mt s minoaxit c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut t tng hp.

CHNG IV: HP CHT CAO PHN T V VT LIU POLYMEA.KHI NIM CHUNG I. nh ngha Nhng hp cht c khi lng phn t rt ln (thng t hng ngn ti hng triu n v cacbon) do nhiu mt xch lin kt vi nhau c gi l hp cht cao phn t hay polime Th d : Cao su thin nhin , tinh bt, xenluloz... l nhng polime thin nhin.Cao su Buna, polietilen , polivinyl clorua ... l nhng polime tng hp. II. Cu trc ca polime Cc phn t polime thin nhin v tng hp c th c ba dng cu trc sau: - Dng mch thng (mch khng phn nhnh). Th d : polietilen,polivinyl clorua, xenluloz... - Dng phn nhnh . Th d : Amilopectin ca tinh bt. - Dng mng khng gian.Th d : Cao su lu ha.Cc mch thng trong cao su lu ha gn vi nhau bi nhng "cu ni" . III. Tnh cht ca Polime 1. Tnh cht vt l ca polime Cc polime khng bay hi, do khi lng phn t ln v lc lin kt gia cc phn t ln. Chng khng c nhit nng chy xc nh,do mt polime l hn hp nhiu phn t c khi lng phn t khc nhau. Cc polime kh b ha tan trong cc cht hu c.C polime kh b ha tan trong cc cht hu c.C polime khng b ha tan bt k cht no. Th d : teflon Mt s polime c cu trc mch thng thng c tnh n hi (cao su), c tnh mm mi v dai (t capron) Nhng polime c cu trc mng khng gian thng c tnh bn c hc cao,chu c ma st, va chm. Th d : nha bakelit (phenolfomanehit) Mt s polime c tnh cch in,cch nhit ... Th d : polietilen,polivinyl clorua,nha bakelit... 2. Tnh cht ha hc ca polime

Nhiu polime c tnh bn vng vi tc dng ca axit,baz,cht oxi ha.Polime teflon l cht bn vng nht v mt ha hc. Mt s polime km bn vi tc dng ca axit,baz Th d : Len,t tm,to nilon... b thy phn bi dung dch axit hoc kim do c nhm peptit. Nhng polime c lin kt i trong phn t c th tham gia phn ng cng.Th d : Phn ng lu ha cao su... IV. Phng php tng hp Polime C hai phng php tng hp polime 1. Phn ng trng hp Qu trnh cng hp lin tip nhiu phn t nh (monome) to thnh phn t ln (polime) c gi l phn ng trng hp. Th d : c im cu to ca cc phn t nh (monome) tham gia phn ng trng hp l phi c lin kt kp Th d : 2. Phn ng trng ngng Qu trnh nhiu phn t nh (monome) kt hp vi nhau thnh phn t ln (polime) ng thi gii phng nhng phn t nc c gi l phn ng trng ngng. Th d :

c im cu to ca cc phn t nh (monome) tham gia phn ng trng ngng l phi c t hai nhm chc tr ln. Th d :

B.T TNG HPI. Phn loi T l nhng polime thin nhin hoc tng hp c th ko thnh si di v mnh. C hai loi t : t thin nhin (c sn trong thin nhin nh t tm,len , bng...) v t ha hc (ch bin bng phng php ha hc). T ha hc c chia thnh hai nhm : t nhn to v t tng hp. T nhn to c sn xut t polime thin nhin nhng c ch bin thm bng con ng ha hc.Th d : t Xenluloz ch to ra t visco,t axetat,t ng -amoniac. T tng hp c sn xut t nhng polime tng hp .Th d : t poliamit,t polieste. c im cu to ca t l gm nhng phn t polime mch thng (khng phn nhnh) sp xp song song dc theo mt trc chung,xon li vi nhau,to thnh nhng si di,mnh v mm mi. II. iu ch t Poliamit Poliamit l nhng polime tng hp c cha nhiu nhm chc amit trong phn t. T poliamit,ngi ta sn xut ra t poliamit 1. T nilon T nilon c iu ch bng phn ng trng ngng hai loi monome l hexametyleniamin v axit aipic

2. T capron T capron c iu ch t monome capronlactam

III. Tnh cht v ng dng T poliamit km bn vi nhit v km bn v mt ha hc (do nhm trong phn t d tc dng vi axit v kim). T poliamit bn v mt c hc : dai,n hi,t thm nc,mm mi m c dng p hn t tm,git mau kh. T poliamit dng dt vi lt lp t,my bay ; vi may mc ; bn lm dy cp,dy d,li nh c ; lm ch khu vt m... Poliamit cn c dng c nhng b phn my chy m,khng g (bch xe rng ca,chn vt tu thy,cnh qut in...)

C.CHT DOI. nh ngha Cht do l nhng vt liu c kh nng b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p sut v vn gi c s bin dng khi thi tc dng. II. Thnh phn cht bo Cht do l hn hp ca nhiu cht : 1. Polime Polime thin nhin hoc tng hp l thnh phn c bn nht ca cht do. 2. Cht ha do L cht cho thm vo tng tnh do cho polime 3. Cht n tit kim polime,ng thi tng thm mt s c tnh cho cht do.Th d : Cht n aming lm tng tnh chiu nhit,bt kim loi v graphit lm tng tnh dn in v nhit. 4. Cht ph Gm cht mu, cht chng oxi ha,cht dit trng... III. Mt s Polime dng lm cht do 1. Polietilen (PE) Polietilen l cht rn,mu trng,hi trong,khng dn in v nhit,khng cho nc v kh thm qua. Polietilen c tnh cht ha hc nh hirocacbon no : Khng tc dng vi cc dung dch axit,kim thuc tm v nc brom Do cc tnh cht trn,polietilen c dng bc dy in,bc hng , lm mng mng che ma,chai l,ch to thit b trong nghnh sn xut ha hc. Polietilen c iu ch bng cch trng hp etilen: (polietilen,n=3000-40 000) 2. Polistrilen Polistriren l cht rn,mu trng,khng dn in v nhit .Polistriren c dng lm vt liu cch in,sn xut dng (chai l, chi tr em...) iu ch polistriren bng cch trng hp striren :

3. Polivinyl clorua (PVC ) Polivinyl colrua l cht bt v nh hnh,mu trng,bn vi dung dch axit v kim. Polivinyl colrua dng sn xut dao ng nhn to,vi che ma,p c dp nha v hoa nha,vt liu cch in. iu ch PVC bng cch trng hp vinyl colrua :

4. Polimetyl metacrylat Polimetyl metacrylat l cht rn,khng mu,trong sut nn c gi l "thy tinh hu c".N bn vi tc dng ca axit v kim. Polimetyl metacrylat c dng ch to "knh kh v",thu knh,rng gi, n trang... iu ch polimetyl metacrylat bng phn ng trng hp metyl metacrylat :

5. Nha phenolfomanehit Nha phenolfomanehit l cht rn,thnh phn chnh ca nha bakelit. Nha bakelit c tnh bn c hc cao,cch in ... nn c dng ch to cc b phn my mc (bnh rng ca chy m,v my ...) trong t, my bay,my in thoi... Nha phenolfomanehit c iu ch bng cch un nng phenol vi fomanehit ly d,xc tc bng baz.u tin to ra polime c cu to mch thng,sau cc phn t mch thng ni vi nhau bi cc nhm to ra mng khng gian.