kibiri participatory forest management plan 2015 - 2019

KIBIRI PARTICIPATORY FOREST

MANAGEMENT PLAN

2015-2019

Page | i

Disclaimer

The preparation, printing and distribution of the document has been with the

financial assistance of the GEF and UNDP (Award ID: 00058356). The contents of this

document are the sole responsibility of the Elgeyo Forest Station PFMP Local

Planning Team and Nature Kenya, and cannot under normal circumstances be

regarded as reflecting the position of the GEF nor the UNDP.

Kibiri Community Forest Association P.O Box 132, Kaimosi Email: [email protected]

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | ii

KIBIRI PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN

2015-2019

Prepared by Local Planning Team1

Produced with financial assistance by GEF/UNDP through Nature Kenya

© 2015

Available at:

Kenya Forest Service, Headquarters

Head of Conservancy, Western Conservancy

Ecosystem Conservator Office, Vihiga

Kibiri Community Forest Association

Nature Kenya

1 List of members of Local planning in the Appendix 7a

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | iii

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | iv

FOREWORD The Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan (K-PFMP) is the outcome of a

planning process lasting almost 2 years during the period 2013–2015. The

planning process was financed by Global Environment Facility (GEF) and

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) through Nature Kenya. The

plan was developed by Kibiri Community Forest Association (K-CFA) and

institutional members of the Local Planning Team namely: Kenya Forest Service

(KFS), County Government of Vihiga, Kenya Forestry Research Institute

(KEFRI), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), National Environment Management

Authority (NEMA), Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA), and

Ministry of Devolution and Planning. In addition to these institutional partners,

there was consultation with the Community Forest Association namely Kibiri

and many other organizations and individuals. At the outset, the challenge was

to produce a participatory Forest Management Plan for Kibiri Forest Station

which would meet the needs of all stakeholders in the forest, building on the

proven traditional management system of the local people and provide a useful

document for managing the forest and the neighbouring farmlands, some of

which was formerly forest area.

A plan which looks attractive but did not have the consensus of all

stakeholders, or a plan which might be rapidly consigned to bookshelves and

libraries, would not meet this challenge, and it is hoped therefore that this plan

will provide a useful document for many people in future years. The task has

been not only to follow a process, but also to define and test the planning

process itself, since this has been a new experience in Kenya where local

community have been invited to manage the forest in collaboration with the

government. The plan shows that community members can be better

managers of the resource within their areas once empowered. It recognizes

need to manage the forest jointly with neighbouring communities. In many

ways, therefore, this Plan conforms to the requirements of the Forests Act No.7,

2005 which requires that all stakeholders be involved in the management of

forests.

Through this forest management plan, KFS will enter into the process of

negotiating a forest management agreement with the Kibiri CFA, which will

ensure that the local communities benefit in terms of forest user rights. We

anticipate that this partnership arrangement will contribute to improved forest

management and local community livelihoods. To make this happen, we are

calling upon other stakeholders to join hands with us to ensure that Kibiri

Forest provides better forest products and services at all levels, local, national

and international.

Dr. Paul Matiku Executive Director

Nature Kenya

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Kibiri Community Forest Association (K-CFA) would like to extend sincere

gratitude to the Director, Kenya Forest Service for creating an enabling

environment for the development of this Participatory Forest Management Plan.

This is an important step towards ensuring Kibiri forest is participatory

managed through structured community involvement. This plan clears the way

for a negotiation for a Forest Management Agreement between Kibiri CFA and

Kenya Forest Service.

The CFA would also like to recognize the efforts of the Local Planning Team

(LPT) whose members represented the following institutions; Kenya Forest

Service, County Government of Vihiga, Kenya Forestry Research Institute,

Kenya Wildlife Service, National Environment Management Authority, Water

Resource Management Authority, Ministry of Devolution and Planning, and

Nature Kenya. We would like to greatly appreciate the financial support from

GEF/UNDP through Nature Kenya for the development of the Kibiri

Participatory Forest Management Plan.

Sincere thanks also go to Mr. J. K Macharia, the Head of Head of Management

Plans, Mr D.O. Otieno, the Head of Western Conservancy and Mr W. Cheptoo,

the Vihiga Ecosystem Conservator for their selfless dedication to the plan

process and guiding the community and LPT through the entire period.

Our sincere thanks also go to the local opinion leaders, Ministry of Interior and

Coordination, Forest Adjacent Communities (FACs) for providing us with

relevant information that was required for the development of this Plan. I would

also like to appreciate the contribution of all members of Kibiri CFA, the

executive committee for their invaluable contribution to the success of the

preparation of the Plan, especially in organizing community meetings and

coordination of information collection.

Finally, Kibiri CFA expresses gratitude to the many men and women who in

one way or the other have contributed to the development of this Plan.

Paul Muchi Chairman, Kibiri Community Forest Association

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Kibiri Forest is located in Vihiga County, Hamisi Sub-county, Shaviringa Division,

Muhudu and Shiru Locations. It is approximately 30 km from Mbale town and

about 30 km from Kakamega town along the Chavakali-Kapsabet road at Musasa

market. The forest is part of the main Kakamega Forest Ecosystem. It lies to the

South East of the Forest Ecosystem in Vihiga County separated by Yala River.

The forest was gazetted in 1932 together with the larger Kakamega Forest and was

declared to be a forest area by Proclamation No. 14 of 13th February 1933 which

set aside 23,777.3 ha. Out of this 3,691.3 ha formed Kibiri forest block which is in

Vihiga County. The forest was hived out of the main Kakamega forest when the

then Vihiga district was officially separated from the larger former Kakamega

District. Its administrative office is located at Kibiri Forest Station (0˚9’16.88’’N,

34˚52’19.25’’E) about 1 km from Musasa Market Shiru sub-location.

Administratively, the forest falls under Head of Western Conservancy, the direct

management of the Ecosystem Conservator, Vihiga Ecosystem, who is

represented on the ground by the Kibiri Forest Station Manager. Kibiri

Community Forest Association (CFA) will co-manage the forest with Kenya Forest

Service when the Forest Management Agreement is signed and in force. The

forest is divided into the following forest beats: Yala, Musunji and Shiru. Kibiri

Forest Station falls under Yala beat. These beats are being managed by forest

rangers for purposes of patrols and protection.

The process of developing the management plan for Kibiri forest was

participatory and a number of key stakeholders were consulted during the

process while others directly participated in the development of the plan. Local

Planning Team (LPT) was constituted that developed the management plan.

Members of the LPT were given various responsibilities to collect information

from both primary and secondary sources. A number of workshops and meetings

were organised in which the vision and purpose of the plan were agreed on, also

programmes were identified and zonation criteria agreed. Detailed resource

inventory that included socio-economic survey and biodiversity assessment were

conducted. Local communities were consulted through village meetings and

barazas that were organised in different locations bordering the forest area. The

vision for Kibiri Forest is to be the best co –managed, developed and sustainably

utilized forest in Kenya

The zones identified in the forest are; Productive zone (plantation areas),

protection zone this consists of total protection and conservation areas, then there

is subsistence areas, and intervention zone

The plan discusses the current situation, objectives, and strategies for each of the

management programmes. It also identifies key stakeholders to spearhead

implementation in each programme. The key highlights for each programme are

described here below.

Nature Reserve Protection programme seeks ensuring resources are not

destroyed by human, animals, fires, pests and diseases and address the degraded

forest areas for purpose of restoration and livelihood improvement. Forest

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | vii

Conservation Progragramme intends to engage stakeholders to conserve,

rehabilitate and restore degraded forest areas and resources.

Productive programme enhance plantation establishment, sustainable

management and utilization of the forest plantation for socio-economic

development within and outside Kibiri.

At intervention zone the local communities practices Nature Based Enterprises

(NBEs) and sustainable agriculture as one way of reducing pressure on the forest.

The livelihoods of the local communities are expected to improve through NBEs.

The NBEs include bee keeping, fish farming, woodlots establishment for

commercial, ecotourism and production of energy saving devices.

Community participation programme will ensure community participate in Kibiri

Forest management and conservation. Without an adequate plan for fully

involving the community in forest management and conservation, the forest may

be under threat of invasion and degradation since most of the community

members fully depend on the forest as their main source of livelihood.

Infrastructure, Equipment and Human Resources Development Programme deals

with the various infrastructure and equipment in Kibiri forest. These include:

roads, firefighting equipment and fire towers, vehicles, buildings (residential and

non-residential buildings), CFA office, dispensary, power (electricity), water,

bridges and culverts, machinery e.g. tractors, office furniture and tree nursery.

Partnerships and Networking Programme will be embrace during implementation

plan of Kibiri Forest. The partners will be drawn from public, private sector, non-

governmental organization, community members and development partners. The

stakeholder analysis identified roles and responsibilities for each partner.

Research and Monitoring programme will mainly entail information and data

collection and dissemination on flora and fauna species of interest in Kibiri Forest

and monitoring of their trends and distribution in the forest.

In addition the plan discusses means of resource mobilization for the purpose of

implementation. Resources are to be got through funding from ongoing activities,

support from partners’ organizations and donor agencies interested in

conservation.

The Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan (K-PFMP) was developed through funding from GEF/UNDP under the project ‘Strengthening the Protected Area Networks within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspots of Kenya’. The PFMP

will be implemented for period of Five (5) years upon the signing of Forest

Management Agreement.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL ................................................................................................................... i

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................... v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. viii

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ ix

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... x

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................ xi

CHAPTER 1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ........................................................... 14

1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN ............................................................................... 14

1.1.1 Name of the Management Plan ................................................................... 14

1.1.2Period/Term of the Management Plan ........................................................ 14

1.1.3 Legal Authority for Preparation of the Plan ................................................ 14

1.1.4Justification and Purpose of the PFMP ......................................................... 14

1.1.5 Methodology and Approaches to the Development of the Kibiri PFMP ...... 14

1.1.6 Funding of the Kibiri PFMP ......................................................................... 17

1.1.7 Structure of Kibiri CFA ............................................................................... 17

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF KIBIRI FOREST ........................................................................ 18

1.2.1 Geographic location of Kibiri ..................................................................... 18

1.2.2 Legal and Administrative status ................................................................. 19

1.2.3 Physical description of Kibiri Forest ........................................................... 20

1.2.4 Biodiversity ................................................................................................ 21

1.2.5 Description of Ecotourism sites .................................................................. 24

1.3 DESCRIPTION OF FOREST RESOURCES .............................................................. 25

1.3.1 Stocking of the forest .................................................................................. 25

1.3.2 Non-wood forest products .......................................................................... 26

1.3.3 Forest infrastructure and equipment .......................................................... 28

1.3.4 Human resources ....................................................................................... 32

1.3.5 History of the forest .................................................................................... 32

1.4 THREATS AND CONSTRAINTS ............................................................................. 35

1.4.1 Threats ....................................................................................................... 35

1.4.2 Management constraints ............................................................................ 37

1.5 VALUE OF THE FOREST ....................................................................................... 37

1.5.1Watersheds ................................................................................................. 37

1.5.2Biodiversity reservoir ................................................................................. 37

1.5.3 Eco-tourism ................................................................................................ 37

1.5.4Research and Education Values .................................................................. 38

1.5.5 Other values of the forest ........................................................................... 38

CHAPTER 2.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DESCRIPTION .................................................... 39

2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 39

2.2 KIBIRI FOREST ADJACENT COMMUNITY ............................................................ 39

2.3 EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................... 39

2.4 WELL-BEING CATEGORY AND DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ...... 40

2.5 COMMUNITY FOREST PRODUCT UTILIZATION .................................................. 41

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2.5.1 Access to forest land .................................................................................. 41

2.5.2 Main uses of trees ....................................................................................... 41

2.5.3 Main types of energy sources .................................................................... 41

2.5.4 Frequency of forest visits ........................................................................... 42

2.5.5 Benefit from the forest ................................................................................ 43

CHAPTER 3.0 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS .................................................................. 44

CHAPTER 4.0 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND PLAN COSIDERATIONS ................ 46

4.1 VISION ................................................................................................................. 46

4.2 OVERALL OBJECTIVE .......................................................................................... 46

4.3 PLAN CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................... 46

4.3.1 Policies and Legal Framework ................................................................... 46

4.3.2 Linkages with relevant existing planning documents ................................ 52

4.3.3 Linkage with regional and international agreements and conventions ..................... 53

4.4 PROBLEM ANALYSIS............................................................................................ 54

4.7 FOREST MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION ZONATION ..................................... 55

CHAPTER 5.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES .......................................................... 57

5.1 NATURE RESERVE PROTECTION PROGRAMME ................................................. 57

5.1.1 Background ................................................................................................ 57

5.1.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 57

5.1.3 Programme Objectives .............................................................................. 58

5.2FOREST CONSERVATION PROGRAMME ............................................................. 60

5.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 60



5.3 PRODUCTIVE PROGRAMME ............................................................................... 62

5.3.1 Background ................................................................................................ 62



5.4 INTERVENTION ZONE PROGRAMME .................................................................. 64

5.4.1 Background ................................................................................................ 64



5.5 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME ..................................................... 67

5.5.1 Background ................................................................................................ 67


5.5.3 Programme objectives ............................................................................... 68

5.6 INFRASTRUCTURE, EQUIPMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMME ............................................................................................................ 71

5.6.1 Background ................................................................................................ 71



5.7 PARTNERSHIPS AND NETWORKING PROGRAMME ............................................ 74

5.7.1 Background ................................................................................................ 74


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5.8 RESEARCH AND MONITORING PROGRAMME .................................................... 76

5.8.1 Background ................................................................................................ 76



CHAPTER 6.0 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................... 79

6.1 CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES ..................................................................................... 79

6.1.1 Gender mainstreaming ............................................................................. 79

6.1.2 Reproductive Health, Nutrition and HIV/AIDS ............................................ 80

6.1.3 Marginalized groups .................................................................................. 80

6.1.4 Indigenous Knowledge .............................................................................. 80

6.2 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION ................................................................................. 81

6.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR PLAN IMPLEMENTATION ...................... 81

CHAPTER 7 PLAN MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................ 83

7.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 83

7.2 MONITORING ...................................................................................................... 83

7.3 MONITORING INDICATORS (BIOPHYSICAL AND COMMUNITY BASED

INDICATORS) ............................................................................................................ 83

7.4 DEVELOPING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ...................................................... 83

7.5 RESPONSIBILITIES ............................................................................................... 84

7.6 MONITORING PLAN ............................................................................................ 84

7.7 EVALUATION ...................................................................................................... 89

7.8 REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 89

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 90

APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 91

Appendix 1: List of plant species found in Kibiri Forest ............................................ 91

Appendix 2: Common shrubs and invasive species in Kibiri Forest ......................... 93

Appendix 3: Mammal species of Kibiri Forest ........................................................... 93

Appendix 4: Reptiles and amphibians species of Kibiri Forest ................................. 94

Appendix 5: Key birds species of Kibiri forest .......................................................... 94

Appendix 6: Kibiri Forest Plantation Data Sheet as at 31st March 2015 ...................... 95

Appendix 7a: List of the Local Planning Team, Kibiri PFMP ...................................... 97

Appendix 7b: List of participants during awareness workshop on Kibiri PFMP

held on 26th January 2012 at Mukumu Salvation Army Church .................................. 97

Appendix 7c: List of participants during sensitization meeting on 8/02/2013 ........... 98

Appendix 7d: List of participants in Community Forest Zonation at Kibiri ................ 99

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1a: Community Sensitization meeting ........................................................... 3

Figure 1.1b: Kibiri LPT Sketching forest resources ................................................... 16

Figure 1.1c: Kibiri LPT discussing draft PFMP with the head, management

plans, KFS.................................................................................................................. 16

Figure 1.2: Kibiri CFA structure. ............................................................................... 17

Figure 1.3: Kibiri Forest Location Map ...................................................................... 18

Figure 1.4: Map showing Kibiri Forest as part of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem......... 19

Figure 1.5: Kibiri Forest Drainage Pattern ................................................................. 21

Figure 1.6: Kibiri Forest Resources Map showing plantation areas ........................... 26

Figure 1.7: Bee keeping project run by the Kibiri CFA ............................................. 27

Figure 1.8: Nature Kenya handing over Motorbikes to Kibiri CFA for forest

protection ................................................................................................................. 30

Figure 1.9a: Plate on Kibiri Forest Station Office Block ............................................. 30

Figure 1.9b: Forest Rangers at Musunji outpost ........................................................ 31

Figure 1.10: Kibiri CFA officials trying out Computer with accessories & office

furniture donated by Nature Kenya ........................................................................... 31

Figure 1.11a: Debarked pine in forest plantation ...................................................... 35

Figure 1.11b: Charcoal kiln being destroyed in Kibiri forest .................................... 36

Figure 1.11c: Unauthorized livestock grazing in young plantation ............................ 36

Figure 2.1: Literacy level in Kibiri ............................................................................. 40

Figure 2.2 Well-being categories in Kibiri ................................................................ 40

Figure 2.3 Usage of energy saving jikos by well-being categories .......................... 42

Figure 4.1: Community Kibiri Forest Zonation Sketch Map ....................................... 55

Figure 5.1: Plate on capacity building for Kibiri Community scouts .......................... 58

Figure 5.2a: Community members raising seedlings in Kaptisi group nursery ....... 61

Figure 5.2b: Seedlings planted in Kibiri Kaptisi area ................................................ 61

Figure 5.3: Plate on round wood plantation ............................................................... 63

Figure 5.4: Plate on 3 stone jiko & improved jikos .................................................... 66

Figure 5.5: Plate on community scouts & KFS rangers on joint forest patrol .............. 70

Figure 5.6: Plate on Forest ranger’s houses at Musunji outpost ................................. 72

Figure 6.1: Institutional arrangements for PFMP implementation .............................. 82

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Excisions in Kibiri Forest ........................................................................... 20

Table 1.2 Indicator Species for disturbance of Kibiri forest ...................................... 10

Table 1.3: Proposed sites for ecotourism .................................................................. 25

Table 1.4: Status of forest roads in Kibiri ................................................................... 29

Table 1.5: Human resources at Kibiri Forest Station .................................................. 32

Table 3.1 Stakeholders identified as the key implementers of the plan .................... 44

Table 4.1 Rationale for Zoning .................................................................................. 56

Table 5.1: Management interventions on Nature Reserve protection

programme ............................................................................................................... 59

Table 5.2: Management interventions on Forest Conservation programme ............. 61

Table 5.3: Management interventions on productive programme ............................ 63

Table 5.4: Management options within intervention zone ......................................... 67

Table 5.5: Management interventions on community participation programme ....... 68

Table 5.6: Management interventions on Infrastructure, Equipment and Human

Resources Development Programme ........................................................................ 72

Table 5.7: Management interventions on partnership and networking

programme ............................................................................................................... 75

Table 5.8: Research and monitoring interventions strategies ................................... 77

Table 7.1: Kibiri PFMP Monitoring Matrix ................................................................. 85

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BIOTA Biodiversity Transect Analysis and Monitoring

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CBO Community Based Organization

CDF Constituency Development Fund

EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act

FAC Forest Adjacent Community

GEF Global Environment Facility

GoK Government of Kenya

HIV Human Immune Virus

IBA Important Bird Area

IGA Income Generating Activity

K-PFMP Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan

KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute

KFS Kenya Forest Service

KIFCON Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation

KWS Kenya Wildlife Service

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MoALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries

NBE Nature based Enterprise

NGO Non-Governmental Organizations

NK Nature Kenya

NMK National Museums of Kenya

NTFP Non Timber Forest Products

PELIS Plantation Establishment and Livelihoods Improvement Scheme

PFM Participatory Forest Management

PFMP Participatory Forest Management Plan

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

WRMA Water Resource Management Authority

WRUA Water Resource Users Association

Page | 14

CHAPTER 1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN

1.1.1 Name of the Management Plan

The name of the management plan shall be Kibiri Participatory Forest Management

Plan (K-PFMP).

1.1.2 Period/Term of the Management Plan

Upon approval of this plan and signing of Forest Management Agreement, it shall be

implemented for period of Five (5) years (2015 – 2019).

1.1.3 Legal Authority for Preparation of the Plan

Section 35 (1) of the Forests Act, 2005 provides that every state, local authority and

provisional forest shall be managed in accordance plan that complies with the

requirement prescribed under the rules made under the Act. Kibiri forest is a state

forest and therefore required to comply with the clause. The Forests (Participation in

Sustainable Forest Management) Rules, 2009 provides the guidelines for the

development of this plan.

1.1.4 Justification and Purpose of the PFMP

Kibiri forest plays a significant role in the livelihoods of the majority of the

community members adjacent to this forest and beyond hence their need to

participate in its management and conservation.

Section 46 of the Forests Act, 2005 provides for registration of a community forest

association under the Societies Act and that it may apply to the Director of KFS for

permission to participate in the management and conservation of a state owned

forest. The Act requires the application to be accompanied by a management plan or

a draft management plan, hence the need to develop this K-PFMP.

The Forest Management Plan is a requirement for Kibiri CFA to meet the conditions

stipulated in Section 35 (3) of the Forests Act, 2005 for signing Forest Management

Agreement with Kenya Forest Service (KFS). Besides, the plan will give guidelines

for preparation and implementation of annual work plans and budgets for proper

management Kibiri forest in a participatory manner.

1.1.5 Methodology and Approaches to the Development of the Kibiri PFMP

The process of drafting the management plan for Kibiri forest started in the year 2012

and it was participatory involving various stakeholders among them is the forest

adjacent community, Kenya Forest Service, County Government of Vihiga, Nature

Kenya, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Kenya Wildlife Service, NEMA, WRMA and

Ministry of Agriculture. There was a stakeholders meeting to initiate the process of

developing Kibiri PFMP and the formation of Local Planning Team (LPT) to spearhead

the process. Members of the LPT consisted of representatives from key institutions in

the field of forestry and environment, local administration and CFA officials

representing the community.

LPT members were assigned roles and responsibilities mainly to collect information

required in the development of PFMP. There were also, five village level meetings to

sensitize the wider community living adjacent to the forest on PFMP process and

development of Kibiri PFMP. The first meeting was held at Muhudu sub-location at

the shopping centre, the second meeting was held at Isekuti shopping centre, third

meeting held in Makuchi sub-location at PAG Church, the fourth meeting held in

Musasa at Friends Church and the last village meeting held at Kaptis, Shiru Sub-

location.

Socio-economic surveys were conducted on the households adjacent to the forest, an

exercise led by KEFRI officers from Kakamega assisted by the community members

as enumerators. The criteria of collecting socio-economic data were developed by

KEFRI in consultation with other stakeholders and local communities in a meeting.

The CFA and the village elders were involved in mapping of the wealth and well-

being ranking of the community which were subjected to questionnaires.

Community members were also involved during biodiversity assessment in the

forest that was being led by research scientist from KWS. KFS survey team

conducted forest zonation in collaboration with CFA members who assisted in

identifying the various resources found in the forest. After the production of the

reports on socio- economics survey, biodiversity assessment and forest zonation,

meetings were organized to feed back the results to the community.

Five LPT meetings were held to consolidate data that lead to production of the zero

draft Kibiri PFMP. A secretariat was constituted to edit the draft plan. Another

meeting was organized between the LPT and KFS staff from the planning section from

the headquarters where LPT was taken through the draft plan by the KFS staff and a

number of comments were raised to be addressed by the team. Comments that were

raised during the meeting were incorporated in the document before sending to KFS

planning section at headquarters for further proof reading. In July 2015 a validation

meeting for the draft plan was then held in Musasa where it was wholly presented to

the wider stakeholders of Kibiri forest for their final input. It was then sent to KFS

headquarters for printing and approval by the Director. Figures 1a, b and c are

plates showing the plan development process of the plan.

Figure 1.1a: Community Sensitization meeting

Figure 1.1b: Kibiri LPT Sketching forest resources

Figure 1.1c: Kibiri LPT discussing the draft PFMP with

head of management plans, KFS

1.1.6 Funding of the Kibiri PFMP

The preparation of the Kibiri Forest Participatory Forest Management Plan was

funded by GEF/UNDP through Nature Kenya. The K-PFMP will be implemented using

funds from the Kenya Forest Service, County Government of Vihiga, the Community

and other stakeholders with interests in Kibiri Forest. Proposals for funding will be

prepared and presented to various funding partners. The funding and support may

be for a specific programme or constitute a number of them.

1.1.7 Structure of Kibiri CFA

Kibiri CFA is formed by Forest Adjacent Community members surrounding Kibiri

forest. The members are organized into various forest user groups with interests in the

various resources they get from the forest. The CFA therefore has organs to ensure its

members are adequately represented and enable effective functioning, as shown in

figure 1.2

Figure 1.2: Kibiri CFA Structure

CFA EXECUTIVE

COMMITTEE

USER GROUPS AND

COMMUNITY SCOUTS

ADVISORY

COMMITTEE

CFA MANAGEMENT

COMMITTEE

CFA MEMBERS

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF KIBIRI FOREST

1.2.1 Geographic location of Kibiri

Kibiri forest is located in Vihiga County, Hamisi Sub-county, Shaviringa Division,

Muhudu and Shaviringa Locations as shown in figure 1.3.

Kibiri forest station is approximately 30 km from Mbale town and along the

Chavakali-Kapsabet road at Musasa market. The forest lies to the South East of the

Forest Ecosystem in Vihiga County separated by Yala River.

Figure 1.3: Kibiri Forest Location Map

Source: KFS survey department

The forest is part of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem and was hived out of the main

Kakamega forest when the then Vihiga district was officially separated from the

larger former Kakamega District. Its administrative office is at Kibiri forest station

(0˚9’16.88’’N, 34˚52’19.25’’E) about 1km from Musasa Market. It borders Kakamega

Forest block on the North, with Yala River forming a natural boundary, borders

Kapsabet-Chavakali road to the west and Nandi Central Sub-county to the South East.

The boundary round the forest is 39 km in perimeter. Figure 1.4 shows the location of

Kibiri relative to the larger Kakamega Forest Ecosystem.

Figure 1.4: Map showing Kibiri Forest as part of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem

Source: BIOTA Atlas, 2010

1.2.2 Legal and Administrative status

The forest was gazetted in 1932 together with the larger Kakamega Forest and was

declared to be a forest area by Proclamation No. 14 of 13th February 1933 which set

aside 23,777.3 hectares out of which 3,691.3 ha is the Kibiri Forest block.

Part of Kibiri forest has been excised for settlement and construction of a secondary

school over the years but formal degazzetment has not been done. A total of 126.7 ha

of forest land has been excised of the stated purposes as shown in table 1.1

Table 1.1 Excisions in Kibiri Forest

Title of the excision Area (Ha) Reason Remarks

Kaptik Secondary

School (L/R 206/94)

9.5 Construction of the public

secondary school

Degazzetment

to be effected

Shiru settlement

scheme (boundary plan

No. 180/215)

103.2 Settled people from Vihiga

District Headquarters and

County hospital

Degazzetment

to be effected

Shaviringa settlement 14.0 To settle people moved from

the land occupied by

Mudete tea factory and Moi

Girls High School – Vokoli

Degazzetment

to be effected

Total 126.7

Kibiri forest is managed by the Forest Station Manager reports directly to Vihiga

Ecosystem Conservator who is subsequently responsible to the Head of Western

Conservancy. For purposes of forest protection, Kibiri is divided into four beats

namely; Station, Yala, Musunji and Shiru. The Station and Yala beats are managed by

forest rangers in the forest station while the other two have built forest rangers outpost.

1.2.3 Physical description of Kibiri Forest

Kibiri Forest is the largest forest block in Vihiga County, covering an area of 3,691.3 ha.

It is part of the larger Kakamega tropical rain forest separated only by Yala River to the

North.

1.2.3.1 Climate

The area has high levels of annual rainfall. Forest receives annual rainfall of between

1500 mm to 2000mm with 1977mm recorded in 2014. Rainfall is bimodal with the

heaviest fall in April to June, with a slightly drier June and a second peak of short rains

in September-October. January and February are the driest months.

Temperature is fairly constant throughout the year, with a mean daily minimum of

about 150 C and mean daily maximums of about 260C.

1.2.3.2 Topography

Kibiri Forest lies in a generally sloppy ground. Its landscape is characterized by hills,

slopes and occasional valleys of between 10 and 20% slope. The elevation ranges

between 1470 to 1600 meters above sea level. The general trend of slopping of the

ground is westwards as evidenced by the flow of the streams and River Yala.

1.2.3.3 Geology and soils

The geology of Kibiri forest can be described by underlying rocks that include basalt,

phenolites and ancient gneisses of the Kavirondo and Nyanzian Systems which are

associated with gold bearing quartz veins. These rock formations are overlaid by a

layer of clay-loam soils. These soils are generally clay-rich and are associated with

humid tropical climates and often support forested areas.

1.2.3.4 Hydrology

The forest is an important watershed for Lake Victoria as it is the origin of several

streams that drain into River Yala which in turn empties into the lake. River Yala forms

the boundary between Kibiri and Kakamega forests as it passes from the Nandi

escarpments where it originates. The Yala tributaries in Kibiri include; Itsava, Mwala,

Lujesi (Yordan), Malovi, Sirwa, Lurungula, Ishianda, Lunyu, Ishirongo, Malungu,

Musanyi and Ijiviri streams. These streams are used by community at various points for

livestock consumption, domestic use and small-scale agricultural irrigation. There is

need to develop sub-catchment management plans for them for implementation by

Water Resource Users Associations (WRUAs). Figure 1.5 shows the drainage pattern of

the rivers within Kibiri forest.

Figure 1.5: Kibiri Forest Drainage Pattern

Source: KFS Survey department

1.2.4 Biodiversity

Due to its connection to the Kakamega forest, whose origin is the Guinea – Congolian

rain forest ecosystem, Kibiri forest habours many species that are related to the

Central and West African flora and fauna. The forest also hosts a number of endemic

species of animals and plants that are not found anywhere else in the World. However,

it is no longer a primary forest but middle-aged secondary forest due to past

disturbance in the forest hence most of the fauna and flora species are the secondary

forest species. Few of the primary forest species are found within Yala Nature Reserve

of Kibiri forest.

1.2.4.1 Description of Forest Flora

The forest has both indigenous trees and exotic tree species. Exotic trees cover about

500 ha and include species such as Cuppressus lusitanica, Pinus patula, Eucalyptus

saligna and Bischofia javonica. Indigenous forest cover 3,124.8 Ha and mainly include

species like Maesopsis eminii, Olea welwitschii, Fagara microphila (Zanthozylum

gilletti), Cordia abbysinica, Croton megalocarpus, Markhamia lutea, Trichilia roka and

Spathodea nilotica among others.

It is home to the locally threatened Elgon teak - Olea capensis and rare Prunus africana,

which are species of special conservation concern. These species are prone to over

exploitation due to their high quality timber and medicinal value.

More than 60 species of trees have been recorded in the forest refer to appendix 1,

majority being of medicinal importance such as Croton megalocarpus, Prunus africana,

Trichilia emetica, Zanthoxylum gilletii. Barks, leaves, roots and seeds of these

mentioned trees have medicinal properties used in treating various diseases that

include prostate cancer, common flu, stomach ache, chest problems. The forest is also

covered by bamboo that adds to 0.5 ha and the rest is degraded area

Forest succession and regeneration

From the studies done in Kibiri Forest the findings shows that there is a succession of

tree species and lianas as highlighted below;

I. Funtumia africana and Craibia brownii indicate past disturbance according to

(Mutangah 1996).

II. Polyscias fulva and Alangium chinese mainly grow in gaps and along disturbed

forest edges and therefore an indicator of gaps or disturbance (Althof, 2005).

III. Diaspyros abyssinica and Strychnos usambarensis are considered a climax

species of mature old forest.

IV. The occurrence of adult specimen of tree lianas species Stephania abyssinica,

Secamone punchulata and Smilax anceps in a forest indicate a young succession

stage.

V. In contrast the record of slow growing lianas species like Tiliacora funifera,

Culcasia falcifolia and Hippocratea africana indicates older climax stages. The

table below summarizes the disturbance indicator species.

Table 1.2 Indicator Species for disturbance of Kibiri forest

Life forms High disturbance Low disturbance

Lianas Stephania abyssinica Tiliacora funifera

Lianas Secsmone punchulata Culcasia falcifolia

Lianas Smilax anceps Hippocraeta Africana

Herbs Afromomum mala Impatiens stuhlmannii

Shrubs Acanthus pubscens Acanthus eminnens

Trees Polyscias fulva Diaspyros abyssinica

Trees Alangium Chinese Strychnos usambarensis

Source: Althof 2005

1.2.4.1.2 Plantation forest

Plantation forest in Kibiri covering 500Ha was initiated by the Kenya Forest Service to

provide wood for industrial development on sustainable yield. This is meant to provide

tangible benefits of the forest products to both the republic and local community in the

area. Kibiri forest plantation development began in 1968 with planting of Prunus

africana. Exotic species were then planted for production of timber, pulpwood, fuel

wood, poles. The main plantation tree species in Kibiri forest are Cupressus lusitanica,

Pinus patula, and Eucalptus saligna. There is also significant area under Bischofia

javonica.

1.2.4.1.3 Riverine indicators

These are the flora species that tend to indicate water conditions in the environment

therefore are water indicators species. Some of these species that are found within

Kibiri include Ficus sur, Ficus lutea, Polyscias fulva.

1.2.4.1.4 Deep forest flora species

The area had a Canopy of about 40m in height with about 85% projected foliage cover

(PFC). Although there was some open canopy due to illegal logging, the following tree

species are in the deep forest Craterer spermum, Ficus thoningii and Funtumia latifolia

1.2.4.1.5 Shrubs and invasive species

Shrub area had about 2.5 m in height with about 1% Projected Foliage Cover (PFC).

Shrubs and invasive species might have been introduced by human activities in the

forest. Common shrubs and invasive species found in Kibiri forest are Harungana

madagascariensis, Lantana trifolia, Lantana camara and Solanum incanum for more species refer to appendix 2.

1.2.4.2 Description of Fauna

Kibiri forest is part of the larger Kakamega Forest Ecosystem that is a rainforest habitat

that host unique animals that are found nowhere else in Kenya. Birds are numerous with

almost over 400 different species. The forest is also characterized by high insect

diversity. However, many animal groups have not yet been studied in depth, and this

applies particularly to insects and arachnids.

Some of the most common fauna found in Kibiri forest are: Blue Monkey –

Cercopithecus mitis; Black and White Colobus – Colobus guereza; Olive Baboon – Papio

anubis; Mountain Fruit Bat – Rousettus lanosus; Verreaux’s Eagle – Owl – Bubo lacteus;

Black-and-White-casqued Hornbill – Bycanistes subcylindricus; Pale Flycatcher –

Melaenornis pallidus; Montane Side-striped Chameleon – Chamaeleo ellioti;

Rhinoceros-horned Viper – Bitis nasicornis; Gaboon Viper – Bitis gabonica; Olive Sand

Snake – Psammophis mossambicus; Lineolate Blind Snake – Typhlops lineolatus; Spotted

Toad – Amietrophynus maculatus; Common Tree Frog – Hyperoliusviridiflavus; Jumping

spider – Menemerus congoensis. Hippopotamus seasonally come to the forest along

river Yala from Lake Victoria. These are just but a few of the animal species found in the forest. Refer to appendix 3 and 4. Pottos (Perodicticus potto ibeanus) are nocturnal

and much harder to detect. Baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) are also present in

some parts of the forest and are well known for crop destruction in the farms adjacent

to the forest.

The forest is also home to globally threatened bird species such as Turner's

Eremomela (Eremomela turneri) and Chapin's Flycatcher (Muscicapa lendu); a further

15 species are regionally threatened, and 46 species known in Kenya only from the

adjacent Kakamega forest. Most of these species are found in plantations of mixed

indigenous tree species. Many bird species are crucial for the forest ecosystem,

because most tree species depend on birds for seed dispersal. In this regard, the

Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill (Bycanistes subcylindricus) is an important species

for seed dispersal in Kibiri Forest. List of birds that were observed in Kibiri forest during survey are attached in appendix 5.

The forest is also home to butterflies, moths, dragonflies, ants, termites, beetles and

bees. The ants play an important ecological function of predation, scavenging and

seed dispersal. One such example is the army ant Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi also

called ‘driver ant’ or ‘safari ant’. Termites also play the role of invertebrate

decomposers and have an impact on soil properties and nutrient cycling. Bees assist in

pollination that impacts plant demography, population genetics and plant community

composition.

1.2.5 Description of Ecotourism sites

The Forest is a unique sanctuary for many endemic insects, plants and birds not found

anywhere else, since it is the same ecosystem as the larger Kakamega forest. Between

10 to 20% of the animal species in the forest are unique to this forest. The huge variety

of birds, reptiles and insects make it a specialist potential for eco-tourism attraction for

bird watchers and wildlife photographers. Large mammals are, however, rare. Also,

the unique cultural practices of the neighboring communities and natural features

portray a great ecotourism potential. Community participation in ecotourism activities

in the forest can greatly contribute to its social and economic development, but only if

the activities are well planned, organized, coordinated and managed. Examples

include the cultural sites, the Tiriki Circumcision sites, sacred groves and shrines. The

Tiriki sacred forests are forest patches used mainly as circumcision sites by the Tiriki

sub-tribe of the Luhya community.

The Local community also has rich indigenous knowledge on the forest, which can be

of great value and interest to tourists. Community tour guiding can be a viable option

for ensuring that Ecotourism benefits the local community, if they are properly trained

and nurtured. Table 1.3 shows some proposed sites for ecotourism.

Table 1.3: Proposed sites for ecotourism

Name of site Current utilization Remarks

“Island” on R. Yala

Mushihirira

Settlement Although the area is outside

the gazzetted forest, it can still

be an attraction site

Waterfalls at Tindinyo

and Shiru

Studies done for hydro-

electric power generation

Potential for recreation as

waterfalls

Historically used for stone

milling of maize (turbines)

Part of it is situated in private

land and is recommended for

picnic site and promotion as a

monument.

Kapkatoi “Island” on R.

Yala with adjacent

waterfall

None Generation of power and

sport fishing, camping

Abandoned gold mines Dormant Proposed for nature trails

targeting the gold mines and

caves

Hippo and big trees in

Yala Nature Reserve

Biodiversity conservation Proposed nature trails

Boat rowing

(proposed)- Yala

None Proposed for development on

sections of River Yala (public

–private partnership)

Sport fishing- Yala

river

Currently done on

subsistence basis

Big fish exists but promotion

needs to be done

Cultural sites

(proposed)

Circumcision Proposed for ecotourism –

cultural centre proposed at

glade next to Forest station

Eco-lodge (proposed)

at Chevunyulu glade

near River Yala

None To be developed once

ecotourism is established.

1.3 DESCRIPTION OF FOREST RESOURCES

1.3.1 Stocking of the forest

Kibiri Forest is majorly indigenous forest with some areas under plantations. In the

early 70s part of the indigenous forest of Kibiri were cut to give room for tea zone but

later on the area was reforested with plantations of indigenous species mainly Prunus

africana and exotic trees such as Eucalyptus, Pines, Cypress & Bischofia javanica were

planted. Figure 1.6 shows map of Kibiri forest with the plantation areas highlighted and

as well as other forest resources in the forest.

Figure 1.6: Kibiri Forest Resources Map showing plantation areas

Source: KFS survey department

1.3.2 Non-wood forest products

Non-wood forest products that are being extracted from the forest by the local

communities are as follows:

Honey: this is harvested and used as food and a source of income. Beekeeping in Kibiri

has been practiced from time immemorial. The traditional beekeepers use simple

hives often made from hollowed logs. The empty hives are placed high up on trees,

become occupied by passing swarms and in due course are harvested by the

beekeepers. This method of honey harvesting may destroy the colony and result in a

poor yield of low quality hive products. However hives have improved with time which

allows harvesting without destroying the bees. Within the forest there is an apiary site

at Musasa next to Vihiga Ecosystem Conservator’s office with langstroth hives. Other

user groups also have apiaries in various parts of the forest. Beekeepers aim for the

highest grade of honey to maximize returns from beekeeping.

Mushrooms-Locally in Kibiri they are known as “Bwoba’’, within the forest mushrooms

grow in the wild especially in the glade area and collection of mushrooms takes place

during the months of March to May. Mushrooms are a valuable source of food and their

cultivation can be a viable small-scale business, but investing in a mushroom growing

scheme can be risky therefore feasibility study looking at potential markets and

supply chains should be done as well as production plan to ensure continuous

production is encouraged.

The forest also has traditional vegetables used as food especially during the dry

seasons. Some of vegetables found within the forest are: Cleome gynandra (tsisaka),

Corchorus olitorius (murere) (Inderema), Solanum nigram (lisutsa), Nirunda,

likhuvayiga, Shirietso, etc.

Wild fruits such as guavas are also used as food;

Ropes are extracted from shrubs such as Dombeya spp. and are used for thatching

grass houses.

Medicinal herbs are being extracted in the forest from small plants to big trees that

include: Croton megalocarpus, Prunus africana (Mwiritsa), Trichilia emetica,

Zanthoxylum gilletii. Barks, leaves, roots and seeds of these mentioned trees have

medicinal properties used in treating various diseases. Another famous medicinal

plant is Mondia whytei which is a slow growing vine that used to be abundant in Kibiri

Forest but is now getting scarce. Main threat to the species has been over exploitation

by local communities for subsistence and commercial purposes. The main threats to

mondia farming are over exploitation. Mondia is used as a traditional remedy to

improve appetite and libido. In areas where it is used medicinally, the most commonly

cited use is as an aphrodisiac and an antidepressant. It is currently being harvested

unsustainably from the wild and this could advocate for planting Mondia at own farm

Figure 1.7: Bee keeping project run by the Kibiri CFA

level. Community members adjacent to the forest could cultivate Mondia to meet the

increasing demand. Within the forest it is harvested in Yala nature reserve. Value

addition is recommended through processing into powder and other forms followed

by packaging. Mondia whytei roots are sold in other towns in Kenya.

Glades are utilized as grazing areas and a source of thatching grass. Kibiri forest has

two major glades that include Jidereri and Kamulembe glades. Glades are thought to

have been originated due to the edaphic situation, the climatic conditions in history or

the anthropogenic influence. Some glades were dominated by pseudo termites which

is the indicator of natural glades. Kenya Forest Service had tried to grow indigenous

trees such as Olea capensis, Prunus africana and Harungana madagascarensis in the

glade but their attempts were unsuccessful. This could imply that the soil cover the

marrum rock is too thin to provide enough drainage and depth to support trees.

Sand/ Murram which are used for construction purposes, mining takes place along

River Yala.

Water: the forest is a water catchment for several streams and River Yala which

provide water for the community and institutions in the locality. People with livestock

depend on the water from these streams for drinking and domestic use.

Other non-wood forest products include: Soil for smearing mud walls, Clay for

pottery, Gold from abandoned pits, Palm leaves, Grass for livestock and thatching,

Wild Cocoons for butterfly rearing, Crippers for cultural rituals during circumcision,

and Seeds and wildings for tree nurseries.

1.3.3 Forest infrastructure and equipment

This section deals with the various infrastructure and equipment in Kibiri Forest. These

include: roads, firefighting equipment and fire towers, vehicles, buildings, CFA office,

dispensary, power (electricity), water, bridges and culverts, machinery e.g. tractors,

office furniture and tree nursery.

Roads: Roads in Kibiri are fairly maintained although during rainy periods some

become impassable. The forest road network covers about 23km. Road connecting

from Chavakali – Kapsabet highway to the station is all-weather road maintained by

Kenya Rural Roads Authority, but the roads within the station which are supposed to be

maintained by KFS are in a dilapidated state. Some of the roads lack connecting

bridges (only temporal ones exist). Some of the roads are impassable especially

during rainy season. The roads are affected by a lot of soil erosion and cattle ruts.

There are a few bridges and the existing bridges are in poor condition, while on the

other hand, some sections of the minor roads that cross rivers/streams require

bridges. The status of the roads in the station is as presented in table 1.4.

Table 1.4: Status of forest roads in Kibiri

Road Approx. length

(Km)

Status

1 Musasa- station- Muyer 8 Poor inside forest

2 Yala- Makuchi 3 Poor, Lacks connecting bridge

3 Yala- Kamulembe 4 Poor, Lacks connecting bridge

4 Yala- Siekuti 3 Poor, Lacks connecting bridge

5 Station- Matangi-Yala 8 Poor

6 Matangi- Musunji- Kaptisi 8 Poor, Lack connecting bridge

TOTAL 34

Firefighting equipment: Historically, incidences of fire outbreaks have been relatively

low and the few that occur occasionally happen during the dry spell (December to

February).More often than not, the outbreaks are associated with those grazing in the

forest and those collecting honey from trees in the forest (not using modern methods of

honey harvesting). The forest station, however, does have any fire tower or firefighting

equipment. During fire incidences, the community members are mobilized to fight the

fire. Forest scouts will be handy to inform the authorities in case of outbreaks. A fire

tower is proposed at Maanzalala- Shigulu.

Vehicles: The station has one vehicle and a tractor that is aged and is frequently

grounded and has high maintenance and operation costs. The vehicle is supplemented

with motorbikes from the Ecosystem Conservator’s office and the CFA. These also

require frequent maintenance and can be easily written off as not road-worthy. The

vehicle can only serve within the county and the neighboring counties but cannot do

long distance due to the aforementioned reasons. The CFA has two motorbikes

donated by Nature Kenya purchased through GEF/UNDP Project. These are shown in

the figure 1.8 below during their handing over.

Electricity: Kibiri forest station is within the main electricity grid but so far

electrification has not been effected to the forest station. The transformer is within the

600m range.

Communication: Kibiri forest station is well served with the main mobile service

providers’ network although some areas of the forest do not receive good network

coverage. There is no infrastructure for radio communication and the security system

uses mobile cell phones for communication. There is also need for modern

communication gadgets.

Buildings: Most buildings in the forest are ancient and require rehabilitation or

overhaul. The buildings are inadequate (numbers), especially staff houses. For the

residential buildings there are two permanent housing units and four temporary ones.

They are all in poor state, worn out, lacking paint, and leaking roofs.

For non-residential buildings, there is one office block which has the forester’s office,

Forest rangers office with an armory room, clerical office and a store. The station has

one temporary pit latrine which is in poor condition.

Figure 1.8: Nature Kenya handing over Motorbikes to Kibiri CFA for forest

protection

Figure 1.9a: Plate on Kibiri Forest Station Office Block

Equipment and Office furniture: The CFA has one computer with accessories, office

desk, chairs, cabinet but all these are stationed in a rented office due to lack of

electricity and security within the station. Furniture in the KFS office is old and requires

replacement.

Figure 1.10: Kibiri CFA officials trying out a computer with

accessories & office furniture donated by Nature Kenya

Figure 1.9b: Forest Rangers at Musunji outpost

Water: The forest is endowed with many streams, which the community fetch water for

domestic use and for their animals. The forest staffs also make use of these streams and

rely on rain water for domestic use and other uses within the station (e.g. tree

nurseries). There is no connection to the main water supply.

Health Services: The forest has no health facility but there are a number of health

facilities (mainly private) distributed around the forest. Kaimosi Mission Hospital is the

largest health facility closest to the forest and is about 10Km from the forest station.

1.3.4 Human resources

Kibiri forest station has the following work force as indicated in table 1.4 below:

Table 1.5: Human resources at Kibiri Forest Station

Category In place Proposed Variance

Forest station Manager 1 1 0

Assistant Forest station Manager 0 1 1

Forest guards 13 20 7

Nursery workers 3 10 7

Support staff 2 5 3

Clerks 0 1 1

Driver 0 2 2

Store man 0 1 1

Community scouts 13 20 7

The Forest Station Manager and Forest rangers have undergone training in their areas

of operation. Tree Nursery workers and support staff have undergone basic training in

their areas of operation and refresher courses are highly recommended. Community

forest scouts have received training from GEF/UNDP and CDTF funded projects but

there is need to train seven community forest scouts and they should be provided with

first aid kits, gumboots and raincoats. Replacement of worn out uniform need to be

addressed and more advanced training in forest patrol is needed.

There is need to increase the current staff numbers as indicated in the table above;

most of the current staffs require further training in various aspects. Some of the

current staffs are approaching retirement age but most are below 40 years of age

though their motivation is low considering their working environment. There is need to

put emphasis on advancement in knowledge and skills by identifying the individual

skills required for continuous improvement. There is need to provide opportunities for

the staff to strengthen the skills required. There is need to improve the conditions at

their work place by providing the best tools, equipment and devices that enhance

their efficiency and productivity.

1.3.5 History of the forest

The forest covered most of the land with few settlements around the forest that

extended to Kakamega where Isukha people stayed & Nandi where the Nandi people

lived. The people who lived around Kibiri forest were Luhya tribe of the clan called

Vatirichi. There were no specific names given to the forest as a whole but different

parts of the forest were called names relating to the clans living around them.

However, one name that just referred to forest (which included the Nandi forest) is

Muliru. People mainly chose to settle in areas with fertile soils and abundance of wild

animals since most practiced farming and hunting. Some of the animals were not only

hunted for food but for cultural ceremonies. For instance, the black and white colobus

monkey was hunted for its skin that was worn by traditional circumcisers and

respected elders.

Before the colonial era, the forest was mainly used for cultural festivals and other forms

of exploitation were not allowed. The common use of the forest by the community was

hunting of wild animals, fruit and vegetable gathering. Some harvested honey mainly

from natural hives (bees made hives in trunks of trees or underground). Herbal

medicine was practiced by some clans but only medicine men were allowed to collect

herbal medicine after performing some ritual. It was not open for everyone.

In 1902 the first missionaries settled at Kaimosi, (these were from Germany). They

fenced off the Kaimosi area and started planting trees and introduced Eucalyptus. They

introduced an artificial forest and a farm to upgrade the local breeds of animals. Later

on they introduced education programmes which they implemented alongside the

church, thus the community moved closer. More whites come in from America and

Britain. These altered the original boundaries while working out roads.

In 1914 First World War started between the Germany & British and many programmes

were disrupted. After the First World War, the Germans left leaving behind

missionaries from America & Britain.

In 1920’s the British missionaries, in a meeting at Musasa, asked the community about

the ownership of the land at Kibiri, which by then, was known as “Ijevukung’u” or

“Ijivili”, because there were two big Eucalyptus trees that would be seen from a far

distance, and it was a source of two rivers running to different directions. The Tiriki old

men told him that the big forest was no-man’s land but was for culture and the future

generations.

The white men asked the community to identify someone who would help conserve the

forest on behalf of the community. One old man called Nandwa was chosen to allow the

preserve it for the future utilization of the Tirilki children’s, but meanwhile they be

allowed to use the place for protecting the trees.

In 1932 Nandwa and another Mzee called Shidungu from Isukha (Kakamega) were

asked to survey only places where farming could not do well, and also could be

protected as water catchments. That is why the boundaries are not straight. After

surveying the forest, marks were put in all corners; later trees (Eucalyptus) were

planted all-round the forest. By 1934 and all those staying in the marked areas were

asked to move from there and settle where other people were.

To evacuate the forest inhabitants, they were cheated that the forest was to be sprayed

with insecticides to eliminate tsetse flies (locally called Visimbiri) that spread

diseases. The white men who joined in later were not missionaries but were workers

who were running away from the war.

Between 1934 and 1935 despite the arrangements there was Gold prospecting in the

forest. And most young men were recruited to join mining company that came from

Kakamega, Rosters mines. Logging was introduced, and the logs transported to mining

areas, and in return, the community was allowed to cultivate in the areas where trees

had been cut. The community was also allowed to access whatever they wanted in the

forest but not to live in the forest. Hunting for bush meat was allowed provided one was

working with the mining company. The white men asked the community leaders

(called Walugongo), to fine offenders, whenever they were found. They were fined

meat by the village leaders, later it was two shillings (KSh.2/=). Walugongo was a

community leader who was at the level of the present-day Assistant Chief.

After the Second World War, in 1945, the white men recruited Forest Rangers from the

community to take much control over the forest, as they continued with mining and

prospecting. In 1946, since logging was too high, the rangers enforced orders by

arresting whoever was found in the forest, except those cultivating in the cleared

areas. In some cases the White men would spray finger millet grown by the local

community with drugs to prohibit germination.

Mining continued until 1960’s when the Mau Mau war erupted in some parts of the

country. Kaimosi area was not affected by this war to a great extent except that there

was forced labour in the mining areas. After independence, the Kenyan Government

took over Forest protection. The community continued to utilize the Forest but some

people went back to their places since the remaining whites became friendly.

However, the Kenyan Government stopped the community from settling in the forest

and forcefully evacuated them. However, cultivation was still being done at a fee.

Surveying was done by the Government to mark the forest area. In 1969 forest

cultivation was introduced at Chevunyulu area, and the community was allowed to pay

some money to plough in the forest. At this time the Government introduced exotic

species in the forest to replace the indigenous trees. The community did not like it but

force was used.

In 1970 the following areas were marked for cultivation: Lusiola, Shiru and Musasa. In

1972 Imesuluri area was marked which was followed by Imesitsi in 1974. Between 1985

and 1988 there was logging of exotic trees – Cyprus, pine and eucalyptus by

companies from outside the area and cultivation went on. Within this period, people

were settled from other areas to create room for the expansion of schools, district

headquarters and other social amenities. This was mainly politically motivated.

Logging was, however, stopped in 1988.

In 1990 survey for Nyayo Tea Zone was done though the tea was not planted. These

areas were later on opened up between 1992 and 1995 for community cultivation along

the forest boundaries. Cultivation in the forest was officially authorized in 2013 under

PELIS programme whereby the CFA organized community members to cultivate crops

as they establish and tend young plantations in clear-felled areas.

1.4 THREATS AND CONSTRAINTS

1.4.1 Threats

Kibiri Forest is a critical habitat for endemic, rare, threatened and endangered species

that include birds, mammals, snakes and plants. Considerable resources and efforts

have been invested in improving the management of the Kibiri forest in the past years.

Although some successes have been achieved, tremendous threats and pressures on

the forest still remain. Some of the threats include;

The depletion of forest resources and degradation: These are mainly compounded

by problems of charcoal burning, timber poaching, over grazing and grazing in young

plantations; debarking especially in pine plantations while looking for resins.

Encroachment: some of the local communities where their farms bordering the forest

have interfered with the forest boundary mainly at Kamulembe, Shaviringa, Kaptisi,

Shiru, Kapkatoi and Musunji areas. The most affected areas are where they were

excised but have not been formally degazzetted.

Poor attitude towards forest conservation and protection by some members of the

community who still engage in destructive activities and poor land use practices

Human– wildlife conflicts: Farms bordering the forest usually suffer crop loss by

animals such as baboons and monkeys. Some community members react by hunting

down these problematic animals leading to constant conflicts. Figures 11a, b and c

show some of the evidence of threats to the forest.

Figure 1.11a: Debarked pine in forest plantation

Figure 1.11b: Charcoal kiln being destroyed in Kibiri forest

Figure 1.11c: Unauthorized livestock grazing in young

plantation

1.4.2 Management constraints

The main management constraints include;

Inadequate personnel and training: There is need to recruit drivers, a clerical officer,

a storekeeper and community forest scouts to address role overlap and to improve on

service delivery and customer satisfaction.

Inadequate office facilities: Within the forest station there is one office block that is ill

equipped with very poor pit latrine. The CFA has a rented office with computer and its

accessories at Kamulembe.

Inadequate staff housing: There is no forester’s house within the station but Kenya

Forest Service rangers live in houses that are in poor state, worn out, and lacking paint.

Lack of necessary and appropriate buildings and equipment: the forest station

lacks adequate building and amenities to make the staff comfortable and efficient it

their work. There is in no electric power to the station and the road network is in a

dilapidated state. There is no piped water system and there is heavy reliance on rain

water and water from streams/rivers. The station also lacks adequate transport and

communication means to respond to emergencies such as forest fire outbreaks or

illegal activities.

1.5 VALUE OF THE FOREST

The forest is of high value to the neighbouring community, government and the

international community. Some of the values of the forest are:

1.5.1 Watershed

The forest is an important watershed for some of the rivers that flow into Lake Victoria,

especially the River Yala. The forest is part of the Lake Victoria Basin River Yala is the

major river that passes through the forest on its way to Lake Victoria. It originates from

the Nandi escarpments and as is passes through Kibiri forest several streams feed it.

These tributaries in Kibiri include; Itsava, Mwala, Yordan, Malovi Sirwa, Lurungula,

Ishianda and Igiviri streams. The forest adjacent community fetches water for domestic

use and for their animals from the forest.

1.5.2 Biodiversity reservoir

Kibiri Forest is part of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem hence is an Important Bird Area

(IBA), has endemic flora and fauna and its one of the remaining tropical moist forest.

1.5.3 Eco-tourism

Kibiri Forest is a potential eco-tourism area, there are a number of attraction sites in

the forest which visitors can visit these include waterfalls, historic and cultural mining

and cave sites and Tiriki Cultural Shrines. The forest has similar characteristics of that

of Kakamega forest block hence good for bird watching, nature walks and night walk

to view the nocturnal wildlife

1.5.4 Research and Education Values

Several research studies have been carried out in the forest by research institutions

and Universities. The forest is still rich for research due to its uniqueness.

1.5.5 Other values of the forest

Other values of the forest include;

• aesthetic value to the people,

• supports tea belt,

• regulates microclimate that supports agricultural activities in the area,

• unique fauna and flora, it is one of the Important Bird Area (IBA)

• provision of fuelwood, timber, poles and non-wood forest products

CHAPTER 2.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DESCRIPTION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This section describes the social, economic and cultural characteristics of the

community adjacent and dependent on Kibiri forest. Amongst the community socio-

economic attributes captured include: household and family sizes, education levels,

employment status and types, average daily household expenditure, average

monthly income, main sources of income amongst other socio-economic aspects of

the community members. Dependence on the forest by the community was also

assessed together with other benefits associated with forest resources. All these

were assessed in relation to Kibiri forest.

2.2 KIBIRI FOREST ADJACENT COMMUNITY

Most of the communities belong to the Tiriki Sub-Tribe of the wider Luyha tribe of

Western Kenya. There are also minority migrant communities of Maragoli and Idakho

sub-tribes, and the Luo who settled or married in the area.

The general ethnic composition of the Kibiri community the Tirikis (92%) and minority

Maragoli and Idaho sub-tribes of the Luyha Tribe(6%); and Luo (2%) .Kibiri region is

considered Tiriki ancestral land and the minority Maragoli and Idakho may have been

immigrants from other areas who bought land and settled. The household size of Kibiri

community ranges from 1-13 members.

Most of Kibiri community households are male-headed (72.2%) while 26.6% are

female- headed, this indicates that major decisions are made by men at the family

level. There is need to mainstream and empower women on all aspects that affect their

livelihood and general wellbeing. These was confirmed by the gender of the survey

respondents that indicated that male respondents were higher (65%) compared to

female respondents at 35%. This was attributed to other activities like tending the

farms, collecting firewood, fetching water from the streams or doing small-scale

business in the shopping centers or market places.

2.3 EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

The literacy levels were high in the community, with a high number of community

members attaining class 8 (78%) and 22% having reached at least secondary level

(Figure 2.1). This was attributed to poverty and cultural issues that denied the

community access to educational advancement.

Figure 2.1: Literacy level in Kibiri

2.4 WELL-BEING CATEGORY AND DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC

ACTIVITIES

The Kibiri community grouped their members according to the following wealth

categories; very rich (A) rich (B), poor (C) and very poor (D). The majority of the

community members were in category C and D (figure2.2) .This categorization

found the utilization of the forest to be more by the poor and very poor to meet

their livelihood needs.

Figure 2.2 Well-being categories in Kibiri

In terms of occupation and livelihood characteristics, most communiy members

are subsistence farmers (46%), engagaed as casual workers (23%) and domestic

house workers (19%). Quite a few are engaged in business/trade (6%)and

registered wage earners in governmant or private establishments (5%). The

region is endowed with good soils and climate that is conducive to agriculture

hence the large number engaged in subsistence farming. Due to the small land

sizes, very few keep cattle. The high poverty has resulted in the low number

engaged in wage employment.

The main cash crop grown is tea, especially among the very poor and poor wealth

categories, while mixed farming for subsistence is prefered among the very poor,

rich, poor and very poor categories. However, the very rich and rich grow very

little sugarcane and tea, and practise mixed farming. This may suggest that they

have other income streams other than cash crops, probably indicating

engagement in business, transport, services or real estate ventures.

The preferred subsistence crops in Kibiri were maize, beans, and bananas. Other

crops were onions, sweet potatoes and cassava. Average land owning is 1 – 3

acres per household

2.5 COMMUNITY FOREST PRODUCT UTILIZATION

2.5.1 Access to forest land

The community does not have access to forest land for cultivation for all wealth

categories. There is need to strengthen CFAs and fast track PELIS programme by

KFS to enable access to forestland for adequate community participation. Other

utilization of the forest include; grazing, sand harvesting, medicinal plants,

harvesting woody products.

2.5.2 Main uses of trees

The main uses of trees in the community are for timber, firewood, poles ,fruits

and herbs (81%). However, most respondents (75%) indicated that demand was

not adequately met from the forest and pointed to other sources of the products

includingown farmlands or purchase .

2.5.3 Main types of energy sources

Generally, firewood is used for cooking and lighting by about 86% of the

community.with use paraffin, gas and charcoal (13%) for their energy needs

while 1% uses elecricity.There is over reliance on fuelwood energy hence the

need to promote energy-saving interventions aimed at efficient utilization of

existing sources. The main sources of fuelwood is the forest (46%) and collection

from the farmlands (39%). Other sources are sawdust (5%), market (5%) and

bought from individuals (5%).

The type of fuelwood is mainly dry collected from fallen trees (65%). Others are

collected from felled trees that have dried (25%). A small proportion is obtained

from wet, cut and pruned trees (4%).

The main sources of charcoal are bought from individuals (53%), from the market

(25%) and farmlands (20%). A small proportion (2%) is obtained from the forest

indicating increasing awareness by the community on conservation of the forest.

The average fuelwood consumption was found to be 1-2 headloads/stacks per

week (82%). Others consummed 3-4 headloads/stacks per week (17%) and more

than 6 headloads/stacks per week (1%); these are mainly small scale hotels and

eateries

2.5.3.1 Tree species used for firewood

The most preffered firewood species are mainly Eucalyptus, Polyscias fulva and

Croton spp. (Misutsu) (62%), followed by Celtis africana (Shunza), Vitex keniensis

(Muhulu). Very few people preffered exotic species, mainly cypress and pines.

2.5.3.2 Awareness on Energy Saving Jikos

Awareness on Energy Saving Jikos (ESJs) is high across all wealth categories.

However, there exist some lack of awareness on the same though in small proportions.

The very rich and very poor wealth categories were not frequently using enegry

saving jikos. However, some rich, poor and very poor used ESJs, though in small

percentage as shown in figure 2.3. Those who responded (Yes) means they are aware

of ESJs and (No) are not aware of ESJs.

Figure 2.3 Usage of energy saving jikos by well-being categories

Some of the notable challenges experienced while using devices were: capacity

of the devices was small, there was lack of awareness on the ESJs and the

equipments were not durable.

2.5.4 Frequency of forest visits

The community visited the forest daily at 34% while weekly visits were (40%)

while 19% have never visited the forest .this shows that a majority of the

community members depend on the forest for their livelihood needs.

Community members visited the forest for the following forest products and

services:

• Grazing

• Collection of water

• Harvest honey

• Collect fuel wood

• Collect medicinal plants

• cultural services

• Collect timber

• Cut poles and posts

• Socio-cultural utilization of the forest e.g. Initiation

• Sand

• Collection of wildlings

• Fruits

• Silk worm

• Mushrooms

2.5.5 Benefit from the forest

Most of the community members who have never benefitted from the forest gave

suggestions on the pottential products and services that would be important to

include as : protection for water catchment (54%), ecotourism (17%) and

utilisation of forest products (9%). The solution they suggested to reduce

deforrestation was through the promotion and use of energy saving devices(8%)

CHAPTER 3.0 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS

Stakeholders play various important roles in the management and utilization of

resources in Kibiri forest. The important stakeholders range from local groups,

government institutions, Non-governmental organizations, research institutions,

private companies and the county governments. The integration and good

working relationship of different stakeholders would ensure:

• Resource ownership

• Promotion of environmental accountability

• Collective decision making

• Sustained long-term resource management on sustainable basis

• Strengthened social security, respected traditional user-rights and access

Table 3.1 Stakeholders identified as the key implementers of the plan

Name of stakeholder Roles and responsibility Remarks

Category: Primary

Kenya Forest Service Forest management

Policy formulation, Enforcement

of the Forest Act 2005

Awareness and sensitization

Financing operations and

resource mobilisation

Licensing of access and use of

forests

Monitoring and Evaluation

Ecotourism development in the

forest

Key implementer of the

PFMP with Community

Community (Kibiri

CFA)

Protection (community scouts)

Conflicts resolution

Raising seedling and tree

planting

Community mobilization

Resource mobilization

Sensitization and awareness

Manage IGAs (ecotourism etc)

Key stakeholder in

partnership with KFS.

CFA to sign FMA with

KFS

NGOs interested in

conservation

Financial support to IGAs Relevant NGOs

NEMA Enforcement of EMCA 1999

Awareness creation on

Regulation of environmental laws

Kenya Wildlife Service Protection of wildlife

Human-wildlife conflicts

Key stakeholder

Name of stakeholder Roles and responsibility Remarks

resolution

Enforcement of Wildlife

Conservation and Management

Act 2013

Wildlife enterprise licensing

County Government of

Vihiga

Financial support

Community mobilization

Key stakeholder

Category: Secondary

Research Institutions

eg. KEFRI

Research, information

dissemination and capacity

building

KEFRI

Ministry of

Agriculture, Livestock

and Fisheries

Promote modern and

appropriate crop and livestock

production practices

Ministry of Agriculture,

Livestock and

Fisheries is now under

the County

Government

Private sector Rehabilitation

Co-financing

Consumers of forest products

Support the

implementation of FMP

Programmes

WRMA and WRUAs Conservation of water

catchments

Enforcement of water Act 2002

Education (awareness creation)

Advice on proper

management of water

resources

Institutions (Learning

and faith-based)

Research

Awareness

Formation of environmental

clubs

Channel for information

dissemination and

environmental

curriculum

Ministry of Interior

and National

Coordination

Mobilization

Maintenance of law and order

Conflict resolution and

management

Ministry of Interior and

National Coordination

Forest Adjacent

Community

Undertake forest conservation

Utilizing the forest resources

National Land

Commission

Issuance of the land title deeds

including forest land

Custodians of the public lands

CHAPTER 4.0 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND PLAN COSIDERATIONS

This Participatory Forest Management Plan for Kibiri forest offers an opportunity for the

local community and other stakeholders to get involved in planning, management and

utilization of the forest with the aim of improving livelihoods, ecosystem health and

equitable resource distribution. This plan will ensure:

• Conservation goals are attained with minimum conflicts between the managing

institutions, the communities and the other stakeholders involved.

• Inclusion of the forest adjacent communities through the CFA and the other

stakeholders in decision making.

• Livelihood improvement.

• Resource distribution

• Sustainable forest management

4.1 VISION

To be the best co –managed, developed and sustainably utilized forest in Kenya

4.2 OVERALL OBJECTIVE

To enhance participatory approach in the management of Kibiri forest to achieve the

desired socio-economic, environmental benefits to the people.

Specific objectives

1. Contribute to poverty reduction, employment creation and improvement of

livelihoods through sustainable use, conservation and management of forests and

trees.

2. Contribute to sustainable land use through soil, water and biodiversity conservation,

and tree planting through the sustainable management of forests

3. Promote the participation of the private sector, communities and other stakeholders

in forest management to conserve water catchment areas.

4. Promote forest extension to farmers to produce timber, wood-fuel and other forest

products for income and ease pressure on forests.

5. Promote forest research, training and education to ensure vibrant forest ecosystems.

4.3 PLAN CONSIDERATIONS

4.3.1 Policies and Legal Framework

Sustainable conservation and management of Kibiri forest will depend on the accurate

situation analysis, the enabling policy and legislative framework and the management

measures put in place to redress challenges facing the forest. The government’s

commitment to conserve and sustainably manage natural resource is clear and has

been demonstrated through promotion of awareness creation and enactment of

various laws and implementation of relevant policies.

4.3.1.1 Kenya Constitution 2010

Chapter 6 (Bill of rights) Section 67 of the Constitution gives every person the right to:

(a) A clean and safe environment;

(b)Have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations,

through legislative and other measures that—

(i)prevent pollution and ecological degradation;

(ii) Promote conservation; and

(iii) Secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources; and

This constitution enshrines a number of rights that every citizen enjoys, one of which,

in Section 42, is to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future

generations through legislative and other measures. Under Section 69, the Constitution

also obligates the State in respect of the environment to:

a) ensure sustainable exploitation, utilisation, management and conservation of the

environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of accruing

benefits;

b) work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of

Kenya;

c) protect and enhance intellectual property in, and indigenous knowledge of,

biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities;

d) encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the

environment;

e) protect genetic resources and biological diversity; f) establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and

monitoring of the environment;

g) eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and

h) Utilise the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.

4.3.1.2 Forests Act, 2005

There are various sections of this Act that provide for guidelines and opportunites for

participatory forest management and conservation. These provisions allow for the

Director KFS with the approval of the Board to enter into an agreement with any person

for joint management of any forest which may enjoin such person to use or refrain from

using such forest or any part thereof in a particular manner in order to ensure the

conservation of biodiversity. The Act also allows a member of a forest community

together with other members or persons resident in the same area, to register a

community forest association under the Societies Act, which may apply to the Director

for Permission to participate in the conservation and management of a state forest or

local authority forest in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Where there is no

management plan in respect of the area, or where the association proposes that there

be a new management plan, the application shall be accompanied by a draft

management plan.

The Forests Act, 2005 is the guiding legislation in forestry sector. There is also a draft

forest policy, 2014 that has guided forestry in Kenya.

4.3.1.3 Sessional Paper No 1 of 2007 on Forest Policy

The objectives of the Draft forest policy are to:-

(a) Contribute to poverty reduction, employment creation and improvement of

livelihoods through sustainable use, conservation and management of forests

and trees;

(b) Contribute to sustainable land use through soil, water and biodiversity

conservation, and tree planting through the sustainable management of forests

and trees;

(c) Promote the participation of the private sector, communities and other

stakeholders in forest management to conserve water catchment areas, create

employment, reduce poverty and ensure the sustainability of the forest sector;

(d) Promote farm forestry to produce timber, woodfuel and other forest products;

(e) Promote forest extension to enable farmers and other forest stakeholders to

benefit from forest management approaches and technologies; and

(f) Promote forest research, training and education to ensure a vibrant forest

sector.

The Act provides for the establishment, development, sustainable management,

utilization as well as conservation of forest resources for the socio-economic

development of the country while taking into account that:-

Under the Act, Kenya Forest Service was established to spearhead forestry

development in the country. The Service collaborates with other agencies in

promoting sustainable forest management and enforcing forest-related laws, rules and

regulations in the country..

The Forests Act provides for stakeholder participation in forest management. It

recognizes Community Forest Associations (CFAs) as major stakeholders in the

management and conservation of forests and provides for their participation through

joint management agreements, as well as representation in Forest Conservation

Committees. Joint management arrangements will be developed to ensure

communities benefit, while protecting the forest estate for purposes of water, soil and

bio-diversity conservation, carbon sequestration and sustainable production of wood

and non-wood forest products.

4.3.1.4 Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development

Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy environment and has a duty to

safeguard and enhance the environment. As envisioned in the paper, Kenya should

strive to move along the path of sustainable development which aims at meeting the

needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of the resource base

to meet those of future generations. The overall goal is hence to integrate

environmental concerns into the national planning and management processes and

provide guidelines for environmentally sustainable development.

The draft environmental policy is geared towards sound environmental management

for sustainable development. This is envisaged in the principle of prudent use, which

requires that the present day usage should not “compromise the needs of the future

generations”.

The policy envisages the use of the “polluter pays principle”, where one is expected

to make good any damage made to the environment.

The policy aims at integrating environmental aspects into national development plans.

The broad objectives of the national environmental policy include:

• Optimal use of natural land and water resources in improving the quality of

human environment;

• Sustainable use of natural resources to meet the needs of the present

generations while preserving their ability to meet the needs of future

generations;

• Integration of environmental conservation and economic activities into the

process of sustainable development; and

• Meet national goals and international obligations by conserving bio-

diversity, arresting desertification, mitigating effects of disasters, protecting

the ozone layer and maintaining an ecological balance on earth.

4.3.1.5 The National Land Policy

The National Land Policy adopted by the cabinet as Sessional Paper No. 3 of 2009,

acknowledges environmental problems faced by Kenya. These include degradation of

natural resources such as forests, wildlife, water, marine and coastal resources as well

as soil erosion and the pollution of air, water and land. In its section 129 the policy

provides for ecosystem protection, urban environment management, environmental

assessment and audits to be undertaken to conserve and manage the environment.

4.3.1.6 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999

Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act No. 8 of 1999, provide a legal and

institutional framework for the management of the environmental related matters. It is

the framework law on environment.

The main objectives of the Act are to:

• Provide guidelines for the establishment of an appropriate legal and

institutional framework for the management of the environment in Kenya;

• Provide a framework legislation for over 70 statutes in Kenya that contain

environmental provisions; and

• Provide guidelines for environmental impact assessment, environmental

audit and monitoring, environmental quality standards and environmental

protection orders.

• Enforce compliance with the provisions of the act.

Under EMCA there are various regulations as follows:

a) The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003

The regulation provides the basic procedures for carrying out Environmental Impact

Assessments (EIAs) and Environmental Audits (EAs).

b) Environmental Management and Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006

Regulation 8 of these regulations provides for compliance with water quality

standards.

c) Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations,

2006

Part II, 4 (1) of the Regulations states that no person shall dispose of any waste on a

public highway, street, road, recreational area or in any public place except in a

designated receptacle.

4.3.1.7 Water Policy (Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1999) and Water Act 2002

The main objective of the water policy is the supply and the distribution of water

resources throughout Kenya. It recognizes that increased human activity in the

catchment areas has reduced forest cover and hence is a threat to water resources.

Water Act lays out a mechanism for development of a national water resources

management strategy, for the protection, management, use, development,

conservation and control of water resources. The national strategy shall encompass a

mechanism for determination of important water catchments as a link to the forest

sector. The strategy devolves the authority over the conservation of such catchment to

local stakeholders who manage the catchments in collaboration with the water

management authority, also established under the Act. The strength of this Act is in its

endeavor to promote participatory forest management in water catchment areas

through Water Resource Users Association (WRUAs). This is achieved through the

devolution of roles and responsibilities to the stakeholders.

In furtherance to the Water Act 2002, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and Water

Resources Management Authority (WRMA) in collaboration with other stakeholders

prepared a set of regulations which were gazetted in September 2007 to give

guidelines on water permit acquisition and adherence to specified conditions and

enforcement of user fee charges.

4.3.1.8 County Governments Act, 2012

The Act empowers county governments to protect the environment and natural

resources with a view to establishing a durable and sustainable system of

development. In addition, the county governments are responsible for development

planning and control including the county spatial plans.

4.3.1.9 The Land Act, 2012

The Act in section 19 provides for conservation of land based natural resources. This is

executed through the National Land Commission.

4.3.1.10 Physical Planning Act (1996)

The Act provides for the preparation and implementation of physical development

plans and for connected purposes. Section 5 (1) f which state;

Require local authorities to ensure the proper execution of physical development

control and preservation orders.

It creates harmonious coexistence as it provides for:

� Planning for conservation

� Human settlements

� Planning for public utilities

� Planning for public purposes

� Planning for transportation

4.3.1.11 The Agriculture Act, CAP 318 (1955)

This is an Act of Parliament that promotes and maintains a stable agriculture, providing

for the conservation of the soil and its fertility and stimulates the development of

agricultural land in accordance with the accepted practices of good land management

and good husbandry.

4.3.1.12 The Agriculture (Farm Forestry) Rules, 2009

The objective and purpose of these Rules is to promote the establishment and

sustainable management of farm forestry for the purposes of maintaining a compulsory

farm tree cover of at least 10 percent of any agricultural land holding; conserving

water, soil and biodiversity; protecting riverbanks, shorelines, riparian and wetland

areas; sustainable production of wood, charcoal and non-wood products; providing

fruits and fodder; and carbon sequestration and other environmental services. The

rules require that every person who owns or occupies agricultural land shall establish

and maintain a minimum of 10 percent of the land under farm forestry which may

include trees on soil conservation structures or rangeland and cropland in any suitable

configurations provided that the species of trees or varieties planted shall not have

adverse effects on water sources, crops, livestock, soil fertility and the neighborhood

and should not be of invasive nature, and that no agricultural landowner or occupier

shall grow or maintain any Eucalyptus species in wetlands and riparian areas.

4.3.1.13 The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act 2013

The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act Cap 376 of the Laws of Kenya and the

1989 amendment is the Principal Act regulating wildlife conservation and management

in Kenya.

• The Act also establishes Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) as the implementing agency.

• The Act provides protection, conservation and management of wildlife.

• This Act controls disturbance of animals and prohibit burning, damage to objects of

scientific interest, introduction of plants and animals and damage to structure are

prohibited.

• The Act supports environmental conservation.

• Wildlife is important in terms of economic growth.

• Kenya Wildlife Service has the mandate to conserve, offer security to wildlife, and

educate community on wildlife benefits and assessment of animal conservancies.

4.3.1.14 Tourist Industry Licensing Code (Cap 63)

Section 3 of this Act covers issues relating to license required for certain tourist

enterprises. Subsection 1 states that: No person shall on or after the appointed day

carry on, or assist in carrying on, any regulated tourist enterprise otherwise than under

and in accordance with the terms of a license issued to him and for the time being in

force.

Subsection 3 refers to carrying on an enterprise activity in subsection (1) of this section

includes negotiating, soliciting, canvassing or accepting business for that enterprise

and engaging in correspondence with a person who may become a customer of that

enterprise, or with the agent of such a person, concerning business of that enterprise.

4.3.1.15 Grass Fires Act, Cap 327

Section 3 of this Act prohibits the burning of vegetation without authority in the forest.

Subsection 1 states that: No person shall set fire to any vegetation which is not his

property unless he has lawful authority so to do. Subsection 2 further states that: No

person shall willfully or negligently kindle any fire which by spreading, may damage

or destroy the property of any other person.

4.3.1.16 Energy Act of 2006

This Act in Section 103:(Renewable energy)mainly promotes the development and use

of renewable energy technologies, including but not limited to biomass, biodiesel,

bioethanol, charcoal, fuel wood, solar, wind, tidal waves, hydropower, biogas and

municipal waste

4.3.2 Linkages with relevant existing planning documents

This plan has been developed in consideration of other existing planning documents.

4.3.2.1Links to Kenya Forest Service strategic plan 2009 to 2014 and Draft Strategic

Plan

The Kenya Forest Service strategic plan 2009 to 2014 details the direction of forest

conservation in Kenya. The plan is implemented through ecosystem based plans that

are implemented through the participatory forest management plans. This

management plan will contribute towards the strategic plan of KFS while still meeting

the needs of the Forest Adjacent Communities (FAC).

This management plan will also relate to the draft strategic plan 2015-2019 once it

becomes effective.

4.3.2.2 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)-(Sustainable Development Goals

(SDG)

In September 2000, the United Nations general Assembly adopted the Millennium

Declaration on core development issues including development and poverty

reduction. Among the eight MDGs, goal number seven seeks to ensure Environmental

Sustainability and forests conservation is key to addressing this. These goals are

envisaged to be attained by the year 2015 that responds to the world’s main

development challenges.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a proposed set of targets relating to future

international development. The 17 goals by a UN General Assembly’s Open Working

Group are to replace the MDGs on expiry at the end of 2015. This plan will relate

directly to both Goal 13 ‘Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts’,

and goal 15 ‘Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,

sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land

degradation and halt biodiversity loss’.

4.3.2.3 Kenya’s Vision 2030

Vision 2030 is the country’s new development blueprint covering the period 2008-

2030. It is based on 3 key pillars; Economic Pillar, Social Pillar, and Political Pillar. The

economic, social and political pillars of Kenya Vision 2030 are anchored on the

following foundations: macroeconomic stability; continuity in governance reforms;

enhanced equity and wealth creation opportunities for the poor; infrastructure;

energy; science, technology and innovation (STI); land reform; human resources

development; security and public sector reforms.

4.3.2.4 National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) 2009 – 2013 and Draft County

Environment Action Plan (CEAP) 2015-2019

The NEAP highlights priority themes and activities for the country towards achieving

sustainable development. Key highlights in the themes are Human settlements, human

and environmental health, human settlement and environmental pollution,

infrastructure, and energy supply.

Challenges include: averting land degradation; controlling air and water pollution;

preventing loss of biodiversity; maintenance of aesthetic values; radiation emissions;

enforcement of legislation; and solid and liquid waste management.

Proposed interventions in CEAP include: integration of environmental concerns into

projects, programmes and activities; enforce regulations; promote cleaner production

technologies; rehabilitation of degraded areas; control and mitigation of radiation

emissions; encourage public private partnership; encourage use of appropriate

building technologies and materials; and improvement of sanitary accommodation and

hygiene promotion.

4.3.3 Linkage with regional and international agreements and conventions

4.3.3.1 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora (CITES)

Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants

does not threaten their survival and it accords varying degrees of protection to more

than 33,000 species of animals and plants.

4.3.3.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

The Convention has three main goals:

1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity);

2. sustainable use of its components; and

3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources

4.3.3.3 Rio Declaration on Environment

The Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles intended to guide future sustainable

development around the world. Some of the relevant principles include;

Environmental Protection in the Development Process, Public Participation and

Indigenous Peoples.

4.3.3.4 Lake Victoria Basin Commission

The East African Community established the Lake Victoria Basin Commission in 2001

as a mechanism for coordinating the various interventions on the Lake and its Basin

and serving as a centre for promotion of investments and information sharing among

the various stakeholders. The commission envisages a broad partnership of the local

communities around the Lake, the East African Community and its Partner States as

well as the development partners. The commission’s activities are focusing on the

harmonization of policies and laws on the management of the environment in the Lake

and its catchment area, continuation of the environmental management of the Lake,

including control and eradication of the water hyacinth, management and conservation

of aquatic resources including fisheries, economic activities in the development of

fishing, industry, agriculture and tourism and development of infrastructure, including

revamping the transport system on and around the Lake.

The Commission further places emphasis on poverty eradication and the participation

of the local communities. It is expected to make a significant contribution towards

reduction of poverty by uplifting the living standards of the people of the Lake region.

This is to be achieved through economic growth, investments and sustainable

development practices that are cognizant of the environment.

4.4 PROBLEM ANALYSIS

Considerable resources and efforts have been invested in improving the management

of the Kibiri Forest Station in the past years. Although some successes have been

achieved, tremendous threats and pressures on the forest remain. The main source of

this pressure arises from the depletion of resources and degradation of the forest. The

major threats and pressures facing the forest are as follows:

• Inaccessibility to some of the parts of the forest where illegal activities are

happening this due to poor road network.

• Inadequate staffing, there are few rangers in comparable to the area to be covered.

• Inadequate Forest Rangers posts. The station has only three outposts manning an

area of 3,691.6 ha. There is a need of at least one extra outpost.

• There is no mechanisms in place for cost benefit sharing between the local

communities and KFS

• High population density and poverty level in the surrounding forest areas hence

exerting pressure in the forest

• Attitudinal change towards forest conservation by the Forest Adjacent dwellers

• Excisions – process not finalized through degazettement of the forest land

• High dropout of school going children rate who engage in illegal forest activities.

The management plan aims at addressing the above issues in addition to sustaining

forest management in the area.

4.7 FOREST MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION ZONATION

Kibiri forest was divided into various utilization and management zones through

participatory approach.

The table 4.1 shows the zones and the zones identified during the development of this

management plan and the criteria used in the zonation of Kibiri forest. Participatory

zonation ketch map done during the PFMP development is presented in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1: Community Kibiri Forest Zonation Sketch Map

Source: Kibiri PFMP Local Planning Team

Table 4.1 Rationale for Zoning

Zone Criteria Management

objective

Management

options

Responsible

body

Plantation

forest

Areas designated

for commercial

forest production

• Standing

plantation

• Backlog areas

Commercial

Production of wood

products

Commercial

production and

extraction of wood

and NWFP

-PFM

-PELIS

-Plantation

management

research

KFS, KEFRI,

NK

Natural

forest

a) Total protection

• Yala Nature

reserve

• Water

catchments

To Protect and

conserve unique

biodiversity and

water sources

• Nature based

enterprises

• Research and

education

KFS, KWS,

Community

Research

institutions

b) Conservation

area

• Degraded NF

areas

• Low

biodiversity

• Natural forest

not designated

for total

protection

Rehabilitate

degraded areas

and support

community

livelihood

• Rehabilitation

• Utilization NTFP

KFS, KWS,

Community,

Research

institutions,

NGOs

Glades Natural grasslands

areas

Sustainable

utilization • Controlled

grazing

• Controlled

grass cutting

• Some of the

glades can be

left for wildlife

utilization

(grazers)

KFS,

community

Interventio

n zone

Community

farmlands of up to

a maximum of 2 Km

from the forest

boundary

Promote tree

planting and IGAs

to reduce pressure

to the forest

On-farm tree

planting

-nature based

enterprises

Efficient fuel wood

use

Conservation

education

Community

participation

KFS, NGOs,

Community,

KEFRI,

Relevant

Govt line

Ministries,

private

sector

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019 Page | 57

CHAPTER 5.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES

The management programmes describes the objectives, strategies, activities

and lead institution in each of the programme highlighted below.

5.1 NATURE RESERVE PROTECTION PROGRAMME

5.1.1 Background

Kibiri Forest has high diversity of both flora and fauna, some of which are

endemic, threatened and endangered. Ecological management programme is

therefore, necessary for the avoidance of disturbance to the ecological niche of

various flora and fauna species to prevent extinction of threatened and

endangered species present in the forest ecosystem. Many species of plants

and animals have become locally extinct and some though present are rare to

find. Some of the threatened animal species are birds such as Turner's

Eremomela (Eremomela turneri) and Chapin's Flycatcher (Muscicapa lendu);

dragon fly species such as Onychogomphus styx and Chlorocnemis pauli; and a

species of monkey such as Pottos (Perodicticus potto ibeanus).

In addition, Elgon Teak (Olea capensis) and Prunus africana are among the

threatened plant species. The KFS has therefore, zoned designated natural

forest as protection zone and core protection zone for conservation purposes.

These areas also act as water catchment areas for numerous streams that

originate from the forest and River Yala that passes through the forest which

forms part of the Lake Victoria North Catchment.

Forest protection deals with ensuring forest resources are not destroyed by

human, animals, fires, pests and diseases. The KFS has rangers who carry out

forest protection. However, it is difficult to patrol the expansive forest boundary

line, but with the community participating in protection, this task will become

more manageable.

The protection and conservation of these threatened species has provided

opportunities for ecological research and education. Awareness creation

among communities neighbouring the forest on the importance of protecting

and conserving these natural resources has been intensified. There is need to

embrace to the principle of Payment of Environmental Services (PES).

5.1.2 Management Challenges

Currently the forest faces the following challenges: encroachment by the

surrounding community; lack of attitude change towards forest conservation

and protection; and lack of comprehensive database (species, degraded and

vulnerable areas) on the status of the forest. Other challenges include absence

of programmes to save threatened, endangered, vulnerable or almost extinct

diversity species; and inadequate community involvement in endangered and

endemic species management of the forest.


The aforementioned are attributed to pressure on land due to increase in

population, poverty, and absence of clear guidelines on the engagement of

communities in the management of the forest. Similarly, the government

through the KFS has not put in place mechanisms for developing programmes

in forest management due to underfunding, inadequate staff and equipment,

insufficient capacity building of staff and research programmes, lack of

political good will and interference.

5.1.3 Programme Objectives

The objectives are as follows:

Objective 1: To enhance protection of key biodiversity in Yala Nature Reserve

and water catchments for sustained ecological service.

Objective 2: To build capacity of the community in wildlife and forest protection

and management

The actions to be take to address the above objectives are shown in Table 5.1

Figure 5.1: Plate on capacity building for Kibiri Community scouts


Table 5.1: Management interventions on Nature Reserve protection

programme

Management

objective

Activities/Actions Indicators Responsible

agency

Time

frame

1. To enhance

protection of key

biodiversity in Yala

Nature Reserve

and water

catchments for

sustained ecological service.

� Enhance organized

patrols and

surveillance by forest rangers and

community forest

guards against illegal activities, fires, pests

and diseases

� Patrol

schedules

� Patrol reports

KFS, CFA 2015-2019

� Identify and restrict access to areas with

threatened,

endangered and vulnerable species.

Declare some areas as refuge areas for the

treatment and

propagation of such species

� No. of threatened

species

identified

KFS, KWS, CFA , NMK & Research

institutions

2015-2019

� Promote payment for

Ecosystem services.

� IGAs initiated. County

Government,

KFS, NGOs, Private

2015-2019

� Delineating and

putting up a perimeter fence around Yala

nature reserve and

other biodiversity hotspots.

� Km of fence

done

KFS, CFA, NGOs,

County Government

2016-2019

� Promotion of

alternative livelihood options for community

members adjacent to

the forest.

� No of livelihood

projects initiated/ NBEs

KFS & CFA May 2015

2.To build capacity

of the community

on forest

protection and

management

wildlife and

� Organize trainings for

community scouts to

enhance their capacity for wildlife

conservation and

protection.

� No. of trainings,

no. of scouts

trained

KFS, KWS, CFA 2015-2018

� Initiate arrangements

for remuneration of

community scouts for purposes of

motivating them

towards wildlife protection

� Payment roll CFA, KFS 2015-2019

Create awareness on

biodiversity

conservation to forest

Number of

awareness

meetings

CFA, KFS, NGOs 2015-2019


Management

objective

Activities/Actions Indicators Responsible

agency

Time

frame

adjacent dwellers

� Facilitating the

establishment of community

sanctuaries which can

be used as a source of income from tourists

and for educating of

the local community members

� Level of

incomes.

County

Government, KFS, Private

sector, NGOs

2016-2018

� Create awareness to

the community members on the

importance of natural

forests

� No. of meetings

organized

KFS, CFA 2015-2019

� Create awareness for the community to

understand the Wildlife and Forest

legislation and

policies

� No. sensitizations

meetings & barazas, list of

attendance,

attitude change

KFS, KWS, CFA 2015-2017

FOREST CONSERVATION PROGRAMME

5.2.1 Introduction

The PFMP is intended to address the identified degraded forest areas for

purpose of restoration. Some of these degraded areas are water sources that

contributes to River Yala, the main river which forms the boundary between

Kibiri and Kakamega Forests. Successful restoration of these areas will require

identification and implementation of nature-based enterprises.

In order to implement the restoration programme, there is need to organize

community sensitization meetings; incorporate CFAs/CBOs; establish tree

nurseries; promote on farm tree planting and charcoal production; initiation of

population, increase programmes such as species reintroduction; and

monitoring and evaluation by regularly counting of the species and developing

a population trend inventory.


Overdependence on the forest by the communities living adjacent to the forest

is a major challenge to restoration of degraded areas. Small land holdings

prevalent among communities surrounding the forest may curtail promotion of

farm tree planting. Other challenges that face the management of Kibiri forest

are over grazing, poaching of wildlife), prospecting for gold, clearance of

riverbank vegetation among other threats.


Figure 5.2b: Seedlings planted in

Kamulembe, Kibiri Forest


Objective 1: To conserve, rehabilitate and restore forest ecosystem to ensure

improved and effective ecological performance.

Objective 2: To promote sustainable utilization of the natural forest to improve

Livelihoods

The actions to be take to address the above objectives are shown in Table 5.2

Table 5.2: Management interventions on Forest Conservation programme

Management objective

Activities/Action Indicators Responsible agency

Time frame

1.To conserve,

rehabilitate and

restore forest

ecosystem to ensure

improved and

effective ecological

performance

Conducting community

awareness campaigns on need to conserve

and rehabilitate degraded forest and

catchment areas and

appropriate soil protection,

conservation and

erosion control methods.

No. of

campaigns/barazas conducted

County

Government, KFS, WRMA,

WRUAs & CFA

2015-2019

Identifying and

mapping degraded parts of forest for

purposes of planning

rehabilitation.

Report and map KFS, CFA,

WRMA, NEMA, WRUAs, Scouts,

MoALF

2015-2017

Figure 5.2a Community members

raising seedlings at Kaptisi tree

nursery


Management

objective

Activities/Action Indicators Responsible

agency

Time

frame

Community

involvement in forest rehabilitation work

through enrichment

planting, gabions construction, planting

on river banks etc

Ha/ km/

seedlings planted

KFS, County

Government, WRMA, WRUAs &

CFA

2015-2019

2.To promote

sustainable

utilization of the

natural forest to

improve livelihoods

Ecotourism

development in the forest

No. of tour

guides trained Tourism facilities

developed

County

Government, KFS, KWS, CFA,

private sector & NGOs

2016-2019

Promote payment of

environmental

services.

Earnings from

environmental

services.

KFS, private

sector, CFA &

NGOs

2016-2019

Promote sustainable

harvesting of herbal

medicine

No. of permits

issued to

herbalist

CFA, KFS &

Herbalist

2015-2019

Sustainable soil, water

and sand harvesting

No. of permits

issued to

extractors

KFS, MoALF,

Water services,

private sector

2015-2019

5.3 PRODUCTIVE PROGRAMME

There was intention of creating a buffer zone by planting tea zones around the

forest. The programme was however, shelved due to lack of funding.

Establishment of plantations was therefore, introduced to provide round wood

for industrial development and support livelihood thus consequently abating

further encroachment into the natural forest.

5.3.1 Background

Kibiri Forest is located in an area with a very high population density, a factor

that has led to encroachment and degradation of the forest. There is scarcity of

land for food production and this exerts pressure to the forest. The KFS has

introduced the Plantation Establishment for Livelihood Support (PELIS)

Programme, formerly known as “Shamba System”. The introduction of this

system in Kibiri Forest will be of great benefit to the local community and will

reduce their impact on the forest by improving their livelihoods and creating a

sense of forest ownership, which will enhance effective protection and

management of the forest and its resources


There is high demand for round wood from the local and external market. A

rapid population growth rate against a finite land resource has led to illegal

activities and subsequent degradation. Introduction of the PELIS programme


Figure 5.3: Plate on round wood plantation at Kibiri

has enhanced restoration of degraded areas in the forest due to benefits

accrued from the programme by farmers.


Objective 1: To produce high quality plantations for industrial development and

revenue generation

Objective 2: To improve the livelihood of the community as they contribute to

sustainable management of plantations

Table5.3: Management interventions on productive programme

Management objective

Activities Indicators Responsible agency

Time frame

To produce high

quality plantations

for industrial

development and

revenue generation

� Control damage to plantation by wildlife

and domestic animals

Percentage of the survival

rate

KFS, KWS CFA, KEFRI, KEPHIS,

seed companies,

MoALF, KARI

2015-2019

� Prepare, implement

and update plantation

management plan

� Plan in place

and used

� Plan regularly updated

KFS, CFA 2015-2019

� Improve seedlings

production in tree nurseries in Kibiri

� No. of

nurseries established

� No. of tree

seedlings produced

KFS, CFA,

NGOs, County

government

2015-2019

� Prepare and

implement AWPs for plantation sivilcultural

activities

No. of trees

pruned, thinned &

harvested

KFS, CFA 2015-2019

� Clear backlog in

plantation establishment

Ha planted KFS 2015 -2019

� Maximize on revenue generation from

Revenue records

KFS, CFA 2015 - 2019


Management

objective

Activities Indicators Responsible

agency

Time

frame

plantations sale

� Protect plantations

from fires, windfalls, diseases and pests

Lengths in

kilometers for fire breaks

Pest/ diseases

surveillance reports

KFS, CFA, KEFRI,

NGOs & private sector

2015 - 2019

To improve the

livelihood of the

community as they

contribute to

sustainable

management of

plantations

� Identifying and

engaging community in economic activities in

plantation plans

Acreage under

PELIS Ha Pruned by

CFA

Fire breaks cleared

KFS, CFA 2015 -2019

� Streamline and

manage PELIS

� Guidelines

enacted � No conflicts

reported/

solved � Seedlings

survival

� Quantity of crops

harvested

KFS 2015 -2019

5.4 INTERVENTION ZONE PROGRAMME

5.4.1 Background

Sustainable protection and conservation of Kibiri Forest requires

implementation of various intervention measures with the communities

adjacent to the forest. These measures must focus on easing the current

pressure exerted on the forest and abatement of further encroachment onto the

forestland.

The measures must therefore, provide products, services and/ or their

alternatives currently sourced from the forest such as provision of building

materials such as poles through promotion of on-farm tree growing and

initiation of income generating activities such as apiculture. Other measures

include promotion of alternative energy sources to address the problem of tree

felling in search of fuel wood.

The measures must also have an inbuilt component of training and capacity

building to support community institutions in forestry programmes and

Community Participatory Forest Management (PFM) institutions. Poverty is a

challenge to conservation of resources and the measures must therefore,

support livelihood activities. At intervention zone the local communities

practices Nature Based Enterprises (NBEs) and sustainable agriculture as one

way of reducing pressure on the forest. The livelihoods of the local


communities are expected to improve through NBEs. The NBEs include bee

keeping, fish farming, woodlots establishment for commercial, ecotourism and

production of energy saving devices.


The major challenge faced by the community is human wildlife conflicts that

are raiding of farms by monkeys and snake bites. These human–wildlife

conflicts increase the risks of human – human conflict, especially between the

community and KFS/ KWS rangers.

Limited knowledge and skills in on-farm forestry among community members

has also affected their participation in effective protection and conservation of

the forest. Also, land size per household are small thus limit large scale NBEs

and woodlot plantation.


Objective 1: To promote farm forestry, energy saving devices and nature-based

enterprises.

Objective 2: To undertake Measures to reduce Human – Wildlife conflicts in

Kibiri Forest.


Figure 5.4: Plate on 3 stone jiko & improved jikos


Table 5.4: Management options within intervention zone

Management

objective


agency

Time

frame

To promote farm

forestry, energy

saving devices and

nature-based

enterprises

� Promote tree

nursery enterprises

for seedlings production by

individuals and groups

� No. tree

nurseries

� No seedlings raised for sale

KFS, CFA,

NGOs, County

government

2015-2019

� Promote on farm

tree planting

including carbon credit programmes

� Ha of farmlands

panted

� No farmers planting trees

KFS, County

Government,

CFA, NGOs, Private

institutions

2015- 2019

� Promote on farm charcoal production

� No. of movement

permits issued

KFS,CFA 2015-2019

� Collaborate with stakeholders to

initiate nature based

enterprises

� No of NBEs initiated

� No of

community members

benefiting.

KFS, County Government,

CFA, NGOs,

Private institutions.

2015- 2019

To undertake

Measures to reduce

Human – Wildlife

conflicts in Kibiri

Forest

� Community sensitization on how

to report, handle,

and coexist with wildlife

� Attendance lists � No of game

farms

� No of reports received

KWS, County government,

KFS, CFA, Min

of Interior and coordination

2015- 2019

� Provision of

assistance/

compensation to wildlife destruction

� No of

complaints

received and addressed

KWS, County

government,

KWS, CFA, Min of Interior and

coordination

2015- 2019

� Create awareness for the community to

understand the

Wildlife and Forest legislation and

policies

� No. sensitizations

meetings &

barazas, � Attendance list

KFS, KWS, CFA, County

Government.

2015-2017

5.5 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME

5.5.1 Background

Community participation has become a key aspect of promoting Natural Resource

Management and Conservation. In the case of Kibiri Forest, it is important to fully

involve the community in forest management and conservation, given the

prevailing poor socio-economic condition that make it a potential threat to the

forest and its resources. Without an adequate plan for fully involving the


community in forest management and conservation, the forest may be under

threat of invasion and degradation since most of the community members fully

depend on the forest as their main source of livelihood.


Community participation faces the following challenges:

• Inadequate understanding and access to the Forests Act 2005 and related

legislation such as EMCA 1999, Water Act 2002, Wildlife Conservation and

Management Act 2013 and Agriculture Act (Cap 318)

• Inadequate understanding and knowledge on environmental conservation

• Negative attitude towards conservation since Forest Adjacent Communities do

not see direct benefits

• Partial application of the law for instance in penalizing offenders

• Poor governance and low capacity of the CFA

• Inadequate involvement of community in forest management

5.5.3 Programme objectives

Objective: To ensure community participate in Kibiri Forest management and

conservation

The following are the strategies used to address the objective;

1. Use of participatory and collaborative approaches to Kibiri forest

management

2. To assist the community establish nature based enterprises

3. To capacity build the community on value addition to non woody forest

products

4. To improve governance in community groups

5. To integrate community groups in forest protection

The proposed strategies to address the above challenges are shown in Table 5.5

below:

Table 5.5: Management interventions on community participation programme

Management

strategies


agency

Time

frame

Management objective: To ensure community participate in Kibiri Forest

conservation and management

Participatory and

collaborative

approaches to forest management

Strengthening local

community institutions

especially the Community forest

resources user groups

Reduced

conflicts, regular

meetings

KFS & CFA 2015-2019

The community assisted to establish

Identification of potential IGAs

Baseline information

KFS, County Government and

2015


Management

strategies


agency

Time

frame

nature based

enterprises (NBEs)

CFA

Supporting the

implementation of the IGAs

Level of

household incomes

KFS, County

Government, CFA and NGOs

2015-2019

Value addition of the

products

Increase of the

volume sold & incomes

KFS, County

Government, CFA, private

sector and

NGOs

2016-2019

Linking with potential markets

No. of the buyers, quantity

of the products sold

KFS, County Government,

CFA and NGOs

2017

Capacity building

the community on

value addition to non woody forest

products

Organizing and

funding of community

forest user groups, training workshops

and seminars

Number of

workshops/semi

nars organized, No. of the trained

persons

KFS, County

government,

NGOs and Kibiri CFA

2015-2018

Establishing systems and mechanisms for

capital access to

facilitate non woody forest products value

addition

Improved products

KFS, private sector

2015-2018

Improve governance in

community groups

Carry out organization capacity assessment

for the CFA

No. of the meetings, no. of

participants

KFS, NGOs & CFA

2015-2016

Identify capacity building needs

No. of meetings held

KFS, NGOs & CFA

2015

Train to address needs Number of

trainings &

participants

KFS, NGOs &

CFA

2015-2016

Exchange

programme to learn

from experiences of

others

Number of

exchange visits

KFS, County

government,

NGOs & CFA

2015 -2016

Develop strategic plan

for the CFA

No. of meetings,

strategic plan in

place

KFS, County

government,

NGOs & CFA

2016-2017

Define the roles and

responsibilities of the

user groups.

Reduced

conflicts

KFS & CFA 2015

Develop mechanisms

for benefit sharing

amongst CFA members

Benefit sharing

mechanism in

place

KFS, County

Government &

CFA

2015-2016

Promote advocacy

programme within the

CFA

No. of advocacy

awareness

meetings

KFS, County

government,

NGOs & CFA

2015-2019

Integrating

community groups

Involving community

forest user groups in

Reduced forest

threats

KFS and Kibiri

CFA

2015-2019


Figure 5.5: Plate on community scouts & KFS rangers on a joint patrol in the

forest

Management

strategies


agency

Time

frame

in Forest protection forest security

programmes

Formation of a Community Forest

Security Committee to

enhance community involvement in forest

security protection

Regular meetings, no. of

forest cases

addressed

KFS, KWS, Interior &

Coordination and

CFA

2015

Initiation of arrangements for

funding and support of

the Community Forest Security Committee in

its functions

Number of proposal

developed

KFS, County government,

Relevant NGOs

and Kibiri CFA

2015-2019

Recruit, train and facilitate community

forest scouts

Number of scouts trained


Relevant NGOs

and CFA

2015-2019

Joint patrols Number of

patrols organized

and done

KFS, County

government,

KWS, Interior & Coordination

&CFA

2015-2019

Advocate for

impartiality of application of forest

rules

Number of

warning letters issued to the

forest officers

KFS & County

Government

2015-2019


5.6 INFRASTRUCTURE, EQUIPMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCES

DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

5.6.1 Background

This section deals with the various infrastructure and equipment in Kibiri forest.

These include: roads, firefighting equipment and fire towers, vehicles, buildings

(residential and non-residential buildings), CFA office, dispensary, power

(electricity), water, bridges and culverts, machinery e.g. tractors, office furniture

and tree nursery.


Transport and communication equipment and general infrastructure and human

resources are vital for the effective performance of any system. Kibiri Forest

Station has quite a number of challenges that include: human resources,

equipment and general infrastructure. Roads are well maintained although during

rainy periods some become impassable. Road connecting from Chavakali –

Kapsabet highway to the station is all-weather road maintained by Kenya Rural

Roads Authority, but the roads within the station which are supposed to be

maintained by KFS are in a dilapidated state. Some of the roads lack connecting

bridges (only temporal ones exist).

The station has one vehicle and a tractor that is aged and is frequently grounded

and has high maintenance and operation costs. Most buildings in the forest are

ancient and require rehabilitation or overhaul. The station is within the main

electricity grid but so far electrification has not been effected and while it is well

served with the main mobile service providers’ network although some areas of

the forest do not receive good network coverage. There is no infrastructure for

radio communication. There is no connection to the main water supply. The CFA

has one computer with accessories, office desk, chairs, cabinet but all these are

stationed in a rented office due to lack of electricity and security within the

station. Furniture in the KFS office is old and requires replacement. The forest also

has no health facility.

There are limitations for both personnel and infrastructure needs. For instance,

the ratio of rangers to the forest area is very low. For example, Kibiri Forest has a

ranger to area ratio of 1:284.0ha. Other areas of concern include: the state of the

main and access roads, fire towers and rating boards, vehicles, offices,

communication equipment, residential houses and electricity and water

connections. Addressing these challenges will greatly assist in the effective

management of Kibiri Forest.


Objective: To strengthen and maintain infrastructure, equipment, human resource

and local community institutions for effective management and conservation of Kibiri

Forest


1. To assess the infrastructure and staffing needs for the forest


2. To ensure adequate infrastructure.

3. To ensure adequate staff for effective forest management

4. To ensure welfare of the staff is improve

The proposed strategies to address the above challenges are shown in Table 5.6

Table 5.6: Management interventions on Infrastructure, Equipment and Human

Resources Development Programme

Management strategies


Time frame

Management objective: To strengthen and maintain infrastructure, equipment,

human resource and local community institutions for effective management and conservation of Kibiri Forest

Assessment of infrastructure and

staffing needs for

the forest

Undertake inventory of resources at the station

and for the entire

forest

Inventory reports prepared

KFS & CFA 2015

Make inventories of available

infrastructure and

personnel

No. of infrastructures

and personnel

documented

KFS & CFA 2015

Assess the staffing

level requirement for

the forest

Employment/red

eployment of

staff

KFS 2015-2019

Assess the training

needs of the staff

No. of meetings

held

KFS 2015

Undertake a survey of

infrastructure needs

Reports written KFS & CFA 2015

Figure 5.6: Plate on Forest ranger’s houses at Musunji outpost


Management

strategies


agency

Time

frame

Maintain proper record of the vehicle

and other machine maintenance

Condition of the vehicle

KFS 2015-2019

Ensure adequate infrastructure

Repair the roads

serving the forest

Length of

kilometers

maintained

KFS,

County

Government, Kenya

Rural

Roads Authority

2015-2019

Grading and fixing of

culverts for all main roads serving the

forest

Length in

kilometers graded, No. of

culverts installed

KFS, County

Government, Kenya Rural

Roads Authority

2015

Rehabilitation, clearing bushes,

creation and

maintenance of drains for all roads

Length in kilometers

cleared, man-

days

KFS 2015

Installation and

maintenance of water supply infrastructure

Consistent water

supply Vihiga County

Water services

Company

2015-2016

Purchase vehicle for the forest especially

for patrol and local

transport and travel activities

log-book of bought vehicle

KFS 2016

Liaise with Kenya

Power to ensure electricity supply at

the forest stations

Availability of

electric power KFS,

Kenya

Power

2015

Construct fire tower at higher points

within the forest.

No. of fire towers constructed

KFS 2015

Provide at least four fire rating boards

Number of fire rates erected

KFS 2015-2016

Provision of

equipment such as

computers, GPS, radio sets and digital

cameras

Number of

computers, GPS,

radio sets & digital cameras

purchased and

maintained.

KFS, County

Government,

private sector &

NGOs

2015-2019

Construct and equip

health facility in the

forest station

Health facility put

up and

operational

KFS, County

Government

2015-2019

Ensure adequate

staff for effective

forest

management

Determine optimal

staffing levels

Number of the

current staff

KFS 2015

Deploy/ Recruit more

staff to address the problem of staff

Letters of

appointment

KFS 2015-2019


Management

strategies


agency

Time

frame

shortage

Encourage team

building between

CFA and all the stakeholders

Number of team

build meetings

KFS and CFA 2015-2019

Conduct regular

trainings and seminars for staff

Number of

trainings/seminars

KFS, CFA, NGOs 2015-2019

Improve welfare of

the staff

Provide amenities to

the staff at the station

Provision of

housing

KFS, County

government, Private sector &

NGOs

2015-2019

Ensure staff needs

and views are taken into consideration

and action taken

Level of

satisfaction by staff

KFS 2015-2019

Provide necessary equipment and

occupational gear for

working

Number of equipment

provided


Private sector &

NGOs

2016

Improve staff

remuneration

package

Letters of

promotion

KFS 2015-2019

5.7 PARTNERSHIPS AND NETWORKING PROGRAMME

5.7.1 Background

There are various partners in Kibiri forest as described in the stakeholders’

analysis. Despite having several institutional partners undertaking issues relating

to forest protection, conservation and management, there is minimal

collaboration and focus in approach. To implement the management plan, a

coordinated partnership arrangement is crucial. The partners include those in

public, private sector, nongovernmental organization, community members and

development partners. The stakeholders’ analysis identified roles and

responsibilities for each partner. The programme objective is to develop

partnership arrangements for effective implementation.


Challenges in partnership arrangements include; conflict among stakeholders,

poor leadership, lack of institutional framework to support partnership, lack of

commitment, inadequate funding to support meetings, seminars and other forums

inadequate participation and poor communication.



Objective: To develop synergy among stakeholders for efficient implementation

of the plan


1. Building institutional arrangement for partnership

2. Strengthening partnerships

3. Improve Networking with stakeholders and other CFAs

The proposed strategies and actions to address the above challenges are shown

in Table 5.7 below.

Table 5.7: Management interventions on partnership and networking

programme

Management

strategies


agency

Time

frame

Management objective: To develop synergy among stakeholders for efficient implementation of the plan

Building institutional

arrangement for

partnership

• Identify potential

partners

Number of partners

identified

KFS & CFA 2015

� Develop working

modalities e.g. MOU, management

agreement

Signed MoUs &

agreements

KFS, CFA &

Other stakeholders

2015-2017

Strengthening partnerships

• Joint planning and

implementation

Number of meetings

KFS, CFA & Other

stakeholders

2015-2019

� Form a stakeholder

forum for Kibiri Forest station

Number of

forums held

KFS, CFA &

Other stakeholders

2015-2019

� CFA to formalize

partnership with other stakeholders

Partnership

agreement signed

KFS, CFA &

Other stakeholders

2015-2017

� Develop forest

management agreement between

CFA and KFS

Signed

Management agreement

KFS & CFA 2015

� Develop an

elaborate sharing scheme/ mechanism

to ensure fairness and equity in

distribution of costs

and benefits.

Costs and

benefits sharing mechanism

developed

KFS & CFA 2015

Improve Networking with

stakeholders and other CFAs

• Joint meeting between CFAs and

Number of meetings held,

Number of forums organized

KFS, CFA & Other

stakeholders

2015


Management

strategies


agency

Time

frame

other stakeholders.

• Organize and

conduct exchange

visits for learning and experience

sharing.

Number of

exchange visits

KFS, CFA &

Other

stakeholders

2015-2019

� Enhance networking skills within

partners.

Number of trainings

conducted

KFS, CFA & Other

stakeholders

2015-2019

5.8 RESEARCH AND MONITORING PROGRAMME

5.8.1 Background

This programme will mainly entail information and data collection and

dissemination on flora and fauna species of interest in Kibiri Forest and

monitoring of their trends and distribution in the forest.

Research forms a crucial programme in the plan and is aimed at filling the

knowledge gaps that will ensure effective management. In Kibiri Forest, research

and monitoring has been conducted through institutions and projects such as the

BIOTA, research institutions and universities.

Following are some of the monitoring and research activities recently carried out

for the forest:

• Forest inventory (indigenous and exotic trees)

• Monitoring of degraded and rehabilitated sites

• Studies on forest regeneration

• Socio-economic study of forest adjacent communities.

• Biodiversity surveys.


• Low facilitation and funding

• Inadequate dissemination of research findings

• Uncoordinated research and monitoring

• Lack of prioritization of research areas

• Inadequate inventory of biodiversity

• Pests and diseases management

• Inadequate regular biodiversity monitoring



Objective: To undertake research to solve problems affecting Kibiri forest and

improve forest management.

The strategies proposed are; undertake applied research within the forest,

disseminate research findings and develop monitoring systems.

The proposed strategies and actions to address the above challenges are shown

in Table 5.8

Table 5.8: Research and monitoring interventions strategies

Management strategies


Time frame

Management objective: To undertake research to solve problems affecting Kibiri forest and improve forest management Undertake applied research

• Conduct detailed survey on flora and fauna existing in the

forest

Number of flora

& fauna

recorded

NMK, KFS,

KWS, KEFRI,

NGOs,

Universities

2015-2016

• Identify and classify

wildlife according to their conservation

status (endemism,

threat category and so on)

Studies

conducted to

identify status

of species

NMK, KWS 2015-2016

• Conduct studies to inform on

improved/participatory forest management

practices

Studies

conducted

NMK, KFS, KWS

& CFA

2015-2016

• Conduct studies on water resources

(Quality and quantity)

Status of water

quality

WRMA, WRUAs 2015-2016

• Conduct studies on soil conditions to

determine the forest

health

Status of forest

health

KEFRI, KFS,

CFA

2015-2016

• Develop innovative

incentive

mechanisms (PELIS,

Carbon Credits,

employment of

youth, IGAs)

Levels of

income

KFS, CFA 2015-2016

Disseminate

research findings

and innovations

• Organize informative public meetings to

disseminate research

findings and innovations

Number of

meetings

KFS, NMK, KEFRI,

CFA & NGOs

2016-2017

• Develop feedback Scheduled for KFS, NMK, KEFRI 2017


Management

strategies


agency

Time

frame

mechanism feedbacks & CFA

• Publish findings in journals and through

popular media (brochures, leaflets,

posters, radio

programmes)

Number of

publications/media programmes

KFS, CFA, Media

& NGOs

2018

• Electronic posting/circulation of results on websites of

relevant institutions

Website developed/numb

er of visits to website

KFS, CFA, Private sector

2018

• Synthesize findings for use for public education and within

learning institutions

Number of publications

distributed

CFA, Schools, WCK

2018

Promote Forest

Monitoring • Develop indicators for

monitoring forest

condition

Forest condition

indicators developed

NMK, KFS, KEFRI,

CFA, NGOs

2016

• Develop monitoring

protocols

Monitoring

protocols in

place

NMK, KFS, KEFRI,

CFA, NGOs

2017

• Involve community members in monitoring activities

Number of trained CFA

members

NMK, CFA 2017

• Make monitoring a regular activity to

closely check any

changes in the forest ecosystem

Data collected NMK, KFS, KEFRI,

CFA, NGOs

2017-2019

• Document and widely disseminate forest

condition trends

Number of

dissemination meetings

NMK, KFS, KEFRI,

CFA, NGOs

2019


CHAPTER 6.0 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

INTRODUCTION

Planning is an essential part of the management process. The management

plan is the main instrument that specifies how management is to be conducted

in the future. In forestry, Participatory Forest Management Plans (PFMPs) are

often instruments not just for planning but also for operational management.

These plans don’t just document the way to reach management goals in the

future (strategic), but also describe how to manage the forest in the present

(tactical). This chapter provides an over view of crosscutting issues which

include: gender mainstreaming, Reproductive Health, Nutrition and H.I.V/

AIDS, Marginalized groups; Indigenous Knowledge and Institutional

arrangements for Plan Implementation that takes into account a collaborative

approach of lead institutions (KFS and Kibiri CFA). Government agencies, non-

governmental organizations, private companies and county government

6.1 CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES

Some of the cross-cutting issues include: gender mainstreaming, Reproductive

Health, Nutrition and H.I.V/ AIDS, Marginalized groups, Indigenous Knowledge

6.1.1 Gender mainstreaming

Taking action on gender involves Identification of the people involved in PFMP.

The first step is to adopt democratic elections-mirroring the number of

constitutional aspects e.g. women, men and youth representatives in the Kibiri

CFA. The PFMP should put into account different outcomes and impacts it will

have on men, women, young men, young women and the forest adjacent

community in Kibiri forest and all other stakeholders who might be involved

during its implementation.

Mainstreaming takes into account aspects of planning and this ensures that the

process takes into account number of men, women, young men, young women

etc. Planning uses gender analysis tool (SWOT analysis - strength, weaknesses,

opportunities and threats which are applicable during implementation process.

Other things to consider are timing of the PFMP-activities at certain times can

limit participation of men and women or how roles and responsibilities are

allocated.

In the implementation phase there are some aspects that ensure gender

continues to be taken into account.

• Gender balance amongst participants (during trainings, cross visit,

meetings, workshops etc.)

• Everybody from the target group participates in the PFMP.

• Kibiri CFA community is mixed (sexes, background, roles and

responsibilities) so that there is a better overview of the needs of the

target forest adjacent community group.


The follow up phase of the PFMP is the point where identification of what needs

to be done ensures that the PFMP is sustainable.

6.1.2 Reproductive Health, Nutrition and HIV/AIDS

The Kibiri PFMP needs to adopt Health, Nutrition & HIV/AIDS programs to

provide health education and palliative care to ensure that individuals and

communities have the knowledge and resources to lead healthy lives. The

focus of these efforts will be on communities where malnutrition is high and the

need for family planning, reproductive health and HIV/AIDS awareness and

education is evident.

The following areas of health skills, maternal and child health and nutrition,

family planning, adolescent reproductive health and HIV/AIDS should be

emphasized. In particular, emphasis of the service will be to at-risk

populations, such as orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) and people

living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIVs).

The importance of comprehensive, holistic care should be strongly reflected in

the program design. The plan should not only provide education and

assistance in health care, but also train community leaders and individuals to

develop expertise in home-based care and support, such as maternal and child care, psychosocial counseling, or HIV/AIDS-related care, compassionate

Agroforestry so that they can help their communities lead healthier lives.

The primary objectives of the Health, Nutrition & HIV/AIDS programs will be to:

1. Reduce prevalence of malnutrition

2. Reduce levels of morbidity

3. Improve infant and young child feeding and care practices for women

and children

4. Prevent and manage diseases, including HIV/AIDS

5. Promote sound nutrition and healthy lifestyles

6.1.3 Marginalized groups

The group needs to be included in all activities of the Kibiri CFA as now it is

their right in the new Kenya Constitution 2010.

6.1.4 Indigenous Knowledge

Cultural, norms and practices, customary rights, intellectual property rights

Indigenous people with a historical continuity of resource-use practices often

possess a broad knowledge base of the behavior of complex ecological

systems in their own localities.

This knowledge has accumulated through a long series of observations

transmitted from generation to generation. Indigenous people have depended

for long periods of time on local environments for the provisions of a variety of

resources; they have developed a stake in conserving and in some cases,

enhancing biodiversity.


Indigenous people are aware that biological diversity is a crucial factor in

generating the ecological services and natural resources on which they

depend on.

Indigenous people are aware of a large variety of uses of local biodiversity

including medicinal uses which have been incorporated in the modern medical

industry.

The PFMP will enhance indigenous conservation measures such as;

� Total protection of riparian areas and cultural forests such as the Tiriki

cultural sites.

� Protection of some tree species such as Ficus spp as it offers food and

shelter to a wide range of birds, bats and primates.

6.2 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

There will be need for developing proposals for donor and government

interventions in financing or supporting the acquisition of the various resources

required for the effective implementation and achievement of the objectives of

the management programmes.

Resource mobilization will be primarily the responsibility of both Kibiri CFA

and KFS, with assistance from other stakeholders’ e.g. County government of

Vihiga, NGOs and private sector that shall be playing the lead roles.

6.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

The lead institutions for implementing this PFMP are mainly Kenya Forest

Service, Kibiri CFA, the County Government of Vihiga, KWS and relevant

NGOs. Other institutions and Stakeholders include: NEMA, MMUST, WRMA,

KEFRI, Agriculture, Environment and Mineral Resources, National Museums of

Kenya, Finanacial institutions, private sectors Research Institutions and

International organizations. Figure6.1 presents possible arrangement and

interraction during the Plan implementation. The successful implementation of

this plan will require a collaborative approach to be initiated and coordinated

by the Lead institutions (i.e. KFS and Kibiri CFA).


Figure 6.1: Institutional arrangements for PFMP implementation

Head of Conservancy

(Western)

Ecosystem Conservator,

KFS (Vihiga County)

Forest Station Manager

(Kibiri Forest Station)

Local Level Forest

Management

Committee

Forest Conservation

Committee (FCC)

Non-

Governmental

Organizations

(NGOs)

Line Government

Agencies

Water, KWS, NEMA,

Agriculture, KEFRI,

WMRA

Donors/

Development

Agencies

Kibiri

CFA

County

Government of

Vihiga


CHAPTER 7 PLAN MONITORING AND EVALUATION

7.1 INTRODUCTION

The Kibiri Forest Participatory Forest Management Plan sets the basis and

manner in which the community represented by the Kibiri CFA will be able to

sustainably utilize forest resources available in the forest. The plan is basically

a guide for any agreement that is to be made between KFS and the community

that is highly dependent on the forest. The plan will assist the stakeholders

come to sound decisions as far as the management of the forest is concerned.

The forest is an important natural and cultural asset for the community and the

nation as a whole. Thus, it should be understood that forest resource

management and cultural resource management are interdependent

processes. Cultural resources refers to a wide variety of values attached to the

forest and uses including but not limited to tree preservation, public access,

recreation, animal welfare, aesthetic and spiritual values and education. The

plan is to provide ways for the management units to fulfill their mission of

stewardship in the Kibiri Forest which is an important water catchment for Lake

Victoria, in harmony with other stakeholders.

This plan has been developed in consultation with various stakeholders

including KIBIRI CFA, Relevant NGOs, Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya

Forest Service (KFS), National Museums of Kenya (NMK), KEFRI, WRMA, NEMA,

KEEP, MOA, research and learning institutions. The planning process has been

a long term process and was provoked by the conflicts between the community

and the forest management and the many threats to the forest ecosystem

coupled with serious and/or irreversible environmental damage emanating

from utilization of the forest.

7.2 MONITORING

There is need to prepare a Monitoring tool with verifiable indicators, a time

schedule which will guide the monitoring process. Monitoring will be done

regularly by relevant parties including research and learning institutions.

Resource mobilization will be vital for the monitoring process to facilitate the

implementation of this plan.

7.3 MONITORING INDICATORS (BIOPHYSICAL AND COMMUNITY BASED

INDICATORS)

Monitoring indicators will measure the Participatory forest management plan’s

impact, outcomes, outputs and inputs that will be monitored during

implementation that will be used to assess progress towards management

objectives and help to identify problems during implementation of the PFMP.

7.4 DEVELOPING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

During the plan implementation impact-indicators will be identified to provide

a basis upon which the plan performance can be measured. Performance

indicators will be based on the various actions proposed in the forest


management programmes which are aimed at achieving the objectives of the

programmes.

7.5 RESPONSIBILITIES

KFS, KWS and other partners in the management of the Kibiri Forest will

provide the necessary assistance in the monitoring of the plan progress. UNDP-

GEF through Nature Kenya funded the preparation of this Kibiri Forest

Participatory Forest Management Plan. The implementation of this plan will be

on the basis of a signed Forest Management Agreement (FMA) and monitoring

and evaluation modalities which should be determined by the parties to the

agreement.

7.6 MONITORING PLAN

The matrix in Table 7.1 below presents the programmes, indicators of success,

means of verification, the organizations responsible and the assumptions.

Evaluation will be based on assessment of the achievement of the monitoring

indicators.


Table 7.1: Kibiri PFMP Monitoring Matrix

Programmes Indicators of Success Means of

verification

Assumptions Time

Frame Nature Reserve Protection

Programme

Objective 1: To enhance

protection key biodiversity in

Yala Nature Reserve and water

catchments for sustained

ecological service

Objective 2: To build capacity of

the community in wildlife and

forest protection and

management

� State/ quality of the natural forest

� Quality of water in streams

� Area protected for natural regeneration.

� KFS, KWS and CFA

records

� Photographs

� Maps

� Monitoring and evaluation reports

� The Plan is

successfully

implemented

� Good working relationship between

stakeholders

� Availability of Financial, material and

human resources

2015-2019

Forest Conservation Programme

Objective 1: To conserve, rehabilitate and restore forest

ecosystem to ensure

improved and effective ecological performance

Objective 2: To promote

sustainable utilization of the natural forest to improve

Livelihoods.

� Area rehabilitated

� Status of ecosystem improved.

� Disturbance cases to Kibiri Forest Decreased

� Encroachment in Kibiri Forest Reduced

� Community participation and involvement in forest protection and management increased

� Reforestation efforts and forest cover

increased

� Endangered and endemic species

� Endangered and endemic species

adequately protected

� Monitoring surveys

� Consultative meetings

� Measurement of

forest cover

� Photographs

� Maps

� Monitoring surveys

� Regular census

� Monitoring and

evaluation reports

� There will be full cooperation by all

stakeholders involved

� Availability of

Financial, material and human resources

� There will be full

cooperation by all

stakeholders involved

� Availability of Financial, material and

human resources


cooperation by all stakeholders involved

2015-2019



verification

Assumptions Time

Frame � Availability of

Financial, material and human resources

Productive Programme

Objective 1: To establish- high

quality plantations for industrial

development and revenue

generation

Objective 2: To improve the

livelihood of the community as

they contribute to sustainable

management of plantations

� Area established with plantations

� Quality of plantations

� Survival counts

� Income generated from sales of forest

resources

� Quantity of crops harvested

� Surveys,

� KFS records

� Resource inventory

� The Plan is

successfully

implemented

� Availability of funds for plantation

development

2015-2019

Intervention Zone Programme

Objective: To promote and

capacity – build the community in

nature based enterprises hence

reduce pressure on the forest

� Access of the Kibiri forest community members

to forest resources

� Community members benefit from forest

resources and products

� Improved livelihood of Kibiri forest community members

� Reduced incidences of forest destruction

� Income generated by forest resource user

groups

� Number and types of products in the market

� Number and type of technologies adopted

� Number of people employed

� Total income generated from the community

� Surveys

� KFS, KWS and KIBIRI

CFA records and

reports

� Community feedback meetings

� There is full

collaboration from all

stakeholders

� Availability of funds for initiating income

generating projects

2015-2019



verification

Assumptions Time

Frame

utilization of forest resources

Protection and Security

Programme

Objective: To ensure the safety of

Kibiri forest resources and other

important infrastructure in the

Forest using a collaborative

approach

� Incidences of fire outbreak reported

� Incidences of illegal harvesting reported

� Performance of the forest Rangers and

Community scouts

� Incidences of illegal wildlife hunting and

destruction reported

� KFS, KWS and CFA

records and

reports

� Police records

� The Plan is

successfully

implemented

� Cooperation from CFA/ community

members

� Availability of

firefighting equipment and other required

resources required

2015-2019

Community Participation Programme

Objective: To ensure community

participation in Kibiri Forest

management and conservation

� Increased Knowledge of the community on the forest and all its available resources and the

procedures required to access the resources

� Composition of governance and decision-

making structure

� Enhanced community relations between KFS and KWS Rangers and management.

� KFS, KWS and CFA records

� Community

feedback meetings

� Surveys

� Number of

community members involved

in forest conservation

programmes.

� The Plan is successfully

implemented

� Cooperation from

CFA/ community members

� Good working

relationship between KFS and CFA

� Availability of funds

2015-2019

Infrastructure, Equipment and

Human Resources Development Programme

Objective 1: To strengthen and

maintain infrastructure,

equipment, and local community

institutions for effective

� Number and type of infrastructure developed

� Number of people employed

� Number of people trained

� Number of community scouts

� KFS, KWS, CFA and

WRMA records


� The Plan is

successfully implemented


2015-2019



verification

Assumptions Time

Frame

management and conservation of

Kibiri Forest.

Objective 2: To enhance the

capacity of human resource and

local community for effective

management of Kibiri forest

� Resources available for forest management

Partnership and Networking

Programme

Objective: To develop synergy

among stakeholders for efficient

implementation of the plan.

• Potential partners identified.

� Memorandum of understanding and

management agreements developed

� Stakeholder forum for Kibiri Forest station conducted.

� An elaborate benefit sharing

scheme/mechanism to ensure fairness and equity in distribution of costs and benefits is

developed.

� Joint meeting between CFAs and other stakeholders conducted.

� Number of exchange visits conducted.

� Signed MoUs &

agreements � Partnership

agreement signed � Number of meetings

held /exchange

visits � Number of forums

organized


cooperation by all stakeholders involved.

2015-2019

Research and Monitoring Programme

Objective: To undertake research

to solve problems affecting Kibiri

forest and improve forest

management

� Number and type of research and surveys undertaken

� Technologies innovated and adopted

� State/ quality of the forest ecosystem

� New knowledge on the forest and its

components adopted

� Research reports


� Updated status maps

� The Plan is successfully

completed

� All stakeholders will

fully collaborate


2015-2019


7.7 EVALUATION

Evaluation of the progress of the plan will be very important to address

emerging issues as far as the plan implementation is concerned. The purpose

of evaluation is to broadly establish the impact of plan’s interventions on the

lives of the Kibiri Forest Community members and on the status of the forest as

an ecosystem. In evaluation it will be important to assess the plan rationale/

appropriateness with respect to the needs of the community so as to establish

the extent to which it relates to the identified community needs, to check the

soundness of the plan design, assess the extent to which key pre-conditions for

plan success (assumptions) were assessed and accounted for in advance and

determine the suitability of the objectives and activities in responding to

community-defined development priorities.

7.8 REVIEW

The PFMP will be reviewed following its expiry in 2019. This will be guided by

the end term review report and those from continuous monitoring. Monitoring

will be done continuously through reports while evaluation will be done mid-

term and at the end of the five year implementation period. User friendly

monitoring and evaluation tools will be developed to assist the community in

carrying out monitoring and evaluation.


REFERENCES

Agriculture Act (Cap. 318): The Agriculture (Farm Forestry) Rules, 2009

Energy Act, 2006: Section 103 (Renewable Energy)

Environmental Management and Co-Ordination Act Chapter 8 of 1999:

Section 44 (Protection of hill tops, hill sides, mountain areas and forests);

Section 48 (Protection of forests); Section 49. (Conservation of energy and

planting of trees or woodlots); Section 50 (Conservation of biological

diversity); Section 72 (Water and pollution prohibition); Water Quality

Regulations, 2006 and Waste Management Regulations, 2006

Grass Fires Act (Cap 327): Section 3 (Burning of Vegetation without Authority)

Forests Act 2005: Sections 35, 36 and 45

Holstein et al. (2010)A Short Guide to Kibiri Forest. BIOTA East Africa

Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Management Plan, 2010-2020 (November

2010 edition) by KFE Managers, KFE Stakeholders, KWS Biodiversity Planning

Department,KFS Planning Department

Schaab, G et al. (2010)The BIOTA East Africa Atlas. Karlsruhe University of

Applied Sciences: Karlsruhe Germany

Tourist Industry Licensing (Cap 381): Section 3 (License required for certain

tourist enterprises) and The Tourism Industry Licensing Regulations

Water Act (Cap 372): Section 14 (Catchment Areas) and Section 17 (Protection

Areas)

Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act (Cap 376): Section 15

(Protection Areas)

http://www.wikipedia.org (Kyoto_Protocol.htm,CITES.htm,

Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development.htm,

Convention_on_Biological_Diversity.htm


APPENDICES

Appendix 1: List of plant species found in Kibiri Forest

Scientific Name Local Name

Acacia abyssinica Munyenya

Acanthus pubescens Marakalu

Albizia coriaria Mubele

Albizia gummifera Mukhunzuli

Anitiaris toxicaria Mulundu

Annona senegalensis Muvulu

Anthoclasta vogelii- Murhembe

Apodytes dimidiata Masaba

Azadirachta indica Mwarubaini

Bersama abyssinica Shirikamabinga

Bischofia japonica Muhulu

Blighia unijugata Shiarambatsa

Bridelia micrantha Shikangania

Caesalpinia decapetala Luavari

Capparis tomentosa Shikhumbumbu

Carissia tomentosa Shikata

Casaeria battiscombei Mnamasinzi

Cassia bicapsularis Imbindi

Celtis africana Mweyu

Celtis gomphophylla Musaa

Celtis mildbraedii Shunza

Clausena anisata Shisimbari

Clerodendrum johnstonii Lusala

Clerodendrum myricoides Shisilangokho

Combretum collinum Shiraha

Combretum molle Mukhungula/Shiraha

Cordia africana Mukomari

Craibia brownii Muhande

Craterer spermum Shilingilitsa

Croton macrostachyus Musutsu

Croton megalocarpus Musine

Cupressus lucitanica Mudarakwa

Dodonaea viscosa Muendu

Dombeya burgessiae Mukusa

Dyospyros abyssinica Lusui

Ehretia cymosa Shikhutu

Entada abyssinica Musembe

Eriobotrya japonica Logat

Erithrina abissinica Mrembe

Erythrina abyssinica Murembe

Eucalyptus saligna Ikambi



Euclea divinorum Muswa

Fagaropsis angolensis Shingulutsi

Ficus lutea Mugumo

Ficus sur Mukhuyu

Ficus thonningii Lutoto

Funtumia africana Mutondo

Funtumia latifolia Mutondo

Garcinia livingstonei Eshimwani

Gardenia volkensii Shiuna

Grewia bicolor Lulala

Hurugana madagascarensis Musila

Lepisanthes senegalensis Musaretsi

Maesopsis eminii Mutere

Mangifera indica Liembe

Manilkara butugi Lunduli

Markhamia lutea Lusiola

Melanthera scandens Shikhakala

Milicia excelsa Murumba

Mimusops bagshawei Ludolia

Monodora myristica Lubushi

Neobotonia macrocalyx Mubohu

Nuxia congesta Lubambo

Nuxia congesta Mmonyo

Olea capensis Mutukuyu

Phoenix reclinata Lishindu

Oncoba routledgei Shirakula

Piliostigma thoningii Mboyela

Pinus patula Ipainati

Plectranthus barbatus Shilokha

Podocarpus latifolius Mutarai

Polyscias fulva Mwanzu

Premna angolensis Mungalikuru

Prunus africana Mwiritsa

Psidium guajava Lipera

Ricinus communis Libono/ Mubonebone

Rubus niveus Butunduli

Sapium ellipticum Mugoso/Musasa

Sesbania sesban Lukhule

Spathodea campanulata Mutsulia

Tabenaemontana stapficana Kunandere

Tabenaemontana ventricosa Shitondo

Terminalia brownii Shiraha

Terminalia mollis- Olokhongwe

Trema orientalis Musakala

Trichilia emetica Munyama



Tuhonia divasifoli Maua malulu

Vengueria apiculata Shikomoli or Shimanyamunyi

Vengueria infausta Shikomoli

Vepris nobilis Mutaro

Vernonia amygdalina Musuritsa

Vitex doniana Mufutu/ Muholu

Vitex fischeri Mufutu

Warburgia ugandensis Apachi

Ximeni americana Muruli

Zanthroxylum gilletii Shikhuma

Zanthroxylum milbraedii Shisimbari

Zanthroxylum rebescens Shingulutsa or Shungoma

Appendix 2: Common shrubs and invasive species in Kibiri Forest

Scientific name Local name English name

Harungana madagascariensis Musila Traveller’s palm

Vernonia auriculifolia Musuritsa

Lantana trifolia Landana Lantana

Lantana camara Landana Lantana

Solanum incanum Indulandula Sodom’s apple

Solanum terminale Indulandula Sodom’s apple

Solanum mauritianum Indulandula Tobacco weed

Solanum giganteum Indulandula Sodom’s apple

Appendix 3: Mammal species of Kibiri Forest

Primates Common name

Local name Occurrence

Cercopithecus ascanius

schmidti

Red tail

monkey

Ikhunga Common

Cercopithecus mitis

stuhdlmanni

Blue monkey Isialume Common

Chlorocebus pygerythrus Vervet monkey Common along the

forest edge

Colobous guereza Black and white

colobous

Induvili Common

Papio cynocephalus Anubis olive baboon Inguji Common

Perodicticus potto Ibeanus Eastern potto Nocturnal


Appendix 4: Reptiles and amphibians species of Kibiri Forest

Scientific name Common name

Snakes

Atheris hispida Rough-scaled Bush Viper

Atheris squamigera Green Bush Viper

Bitis gabonica Gabon Viper

Dentroaspis jamesoni kaimosea Jameson’s Mamba

Pseudohaje goldii Gold’s Cobra Lizards/Geckos/Frogs

Adolfus africanus Multi-scaled Forest Lizard

Afrixalus osorioi Forest Tree Frog

Agama kaimosae Kaimosi Agama

Leptopelis mackayi Kibiri Forest Tree Frog

Lygosoma fernandi Red-flanked Skink

Appendix 5: Key birds species of Kibiri forest

Scientific name Common name Local name

1) Globally threatened species

Muscicapa lendu Chapin’s flycatcher Shinabukoshe 2) Regional threatened species

Campephaga quiscalina Purple throated cuckoo shrike Linamasaa

Dyaphorophyia concreta

Yellow bellied white eye

Phyllastrephus hypochloris Toro olive greenbul

Sheppardia poliotrera Grey winged robin Lirole

Tyto capensis African grass owl Likhule

Glaucidium tephronotum Red- chested owlet

3) Important seed dispersing birds

Andropadus latirostris Yellow whiskered greenbull

Buccanodon duchaillui Yellow spotted barbet Irondo

Bycanister subcylindicus Black and white casqued hornbill Ling’ang’a

Pycnonotus barbatus Common bulbul Likholove

African thrush Lirole

4) Ant following birds

Alethe poloicephala Brown- chested alethe

Blenda syndactyla Red tailed bristlebill

Neocossyphus poensis White tail ant thrush Lirole

Sheppardia aequatorialis Equatorial akalat

Sheppardia paloiptera Grey-winged robin

Page | 95

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

Appendix 6:Kibiri Forest Plantation Data Sheet as at 31st March 2015

STATION

SUB-

COMPARTMENT SPECIES

PLANTING

YEAR AGE DENSITY M.DBH M.HT AREA REMARKS / RECOMMENDATIONS

KIBIRI KIBIRI 1J P.PAT 2001 14 550 205 17.7 9.3

KIBIRI KIBIRI 1K CUP.LUS 2001 14 325 236.5 14.14 5

KIBIRI KIBIRI 1K 1 P.PAT 2001 14 325 236.5 14.14 2.9

KIBIRI KIBIRI 1M CUP.LUS 2001 14 500 226.4 17.3 3.1

KIBIRI KIBIRI 1N CUP.LUS 2001 14 50 207.9 11.2 3.2 Seriously poached

KIBIRI KIBIRI 1N 1 P.PAT 2001 14 50 207.9 11.2 2

KIBIRI KIBIRI 1R P.PAT 2004 11 250 103 8.12 4.2 poorly established

KIBIRI KIBIRI 1S P.PAT 1997 18 550 207.9 19.7 12.6

KIBIRI KIBIRI 1T CUP.LUS 2014 1 1800 5 surveyed but not mapped

KIBIRI KIBIRI 1V unstocked 8.1 Under Pelis

KIBIRI KIBIRI 2E CUP.LUS 2014 1 500 5 YET TO BE SURVEYED AND MAPPED

KIBIRI KIBIRI 2F CUP.LUS 2005 10 150 136.6 8.05 11.3

KIBIRI KIBIRI 4C unstocked 10.1 Under Pelis

KIBIRI KIBIRI 4D unstocked 12.5 Under Pelis

KIBIRI KIBIRI 4E CUP.LUS 1997 18 275 280 19.2 4.9

KIBIRI KIBIRI 4F CUP.LUS 1985 30 150 4 Unmapped

KIBIRI KIBIRI 4G E.SAL 1993/2014 22/1 100 1.5 Unmapped, Coppice management

KIBIRI KIBIRI 4H E.SAL 1993/2014 22/1 100 2 Unmapped, Coppice management

KIBIRI KIBIRI 5A Bischofia 2014 1 200 10 Unmapped, replanting recommended

KIBIRI KIBIRI 5G unstocked 9.3 Under Pelis

KIBIRI KIBIRI 5H unstocked 11.4 Under Pelis

KIBIRI KIBIRI 5F CUP.LUS 2014 1 1200 30 Surveyed but not mapped

KIBIRI KIBIRI 6A CUP.LUS 1982 33 30 _ _ 2.75 highly poached

KIBIRI KIBIRI 6B CUP.LUS 2004 11 550 79.1 7.4 2.2

KIBIRI KIBIRI 6C CUP.LUS 1994 21 200 302.4 24.6 14 Thinned 2014

KIBIRI KIBIRI 6G P.PAT 2001 14 350 152 14.03 6.4 Thinned 2014

KIBIRI KIBIRI 6E P.PAT 2009 6 200 — — 1.1 unmapped, scattered pine

KIBIRI KIBIRI 6F CUP.LUS 2004 11 550 88.5 7.3 8.7

KIBIRI KIBIRI 6D CUP.LUS 1993 22 350 313.9 24.05 6.3

KIBIRI KIBIRI 7A CUP.LUS 1993 22 350 279.8 21.6 2.1

KIBIRI KIBIRI 7A 1 G.ROBUSTA 1993 22 300 2

KIBIRI KIBIRI 7B E.SAL 1982/ 2014 33/ 1 100 7 Coppice management


STATION

SUB-

COMPARTMENT SPECIES

PLANTING

YEAR AGE DENSITY M.DBH M.HT AREA REMARKS / RECOMMENDATIONS

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9A CUP.LUS 2005 10 600 — — 9.2

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9B P.PAT 2001 14 100 212 16 10.1

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9C CUP.LUS 2006 9 9 67.6 5.3 12.8 poorly established/ written off

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9D P.PAT 1995 20 200 221 16.3 5

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9D 1 CUP.LUS 1995 20 200 224.8 14.9 5.5

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9E CUP.LUS 1997 18 75 260.6 14.3 9

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9F CUP.LUS 1994 21 300 216.3 13.2 26

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9G P.PAT 2003 12 100 188.9 15.9 0.5 poorly established

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9H P.PAT 1995 20 250 239 17.7 23

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9I E.SAL 2008 7 50 — — 2 poorly established/ written off

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9J E.SAL 2008 7 800 — — 0.7

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9K E.SAL 2008 7 1500 — — 6.2

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9L CUP.LUS 2008 7 700 — — 14.1

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9M P.PAT 1996 19 200 209.4 13.5 2

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9N P.PAT 1995 20 325 238.8 22.7 3.5

KIBIRI KIBIRI 9O CUP.LUS 2000 15 300 224.6 11.7 3.4

KIBIRI KIBIRI 10A CUP.LUS 1985 30 25 200 6 8.85 F.G CAMP, Scatered trees

KIBIRI KIBIRI 11A E.SAL 1979 36 75 545.3 35.8 6.5 overmature

KIBIRI KIBIRI 11B CUP.LUS 1990 25 25 365.4 19.5 4.3 Scatered

KIBIRI KIBIRI 11C CUP.LUS 1998 17 150 289.7 19.7 5.2

KIBIRI KIBIRI 11D E.SAL 1990 / 2014 25/ 1 150 12.5 Coppice management

KIBIRI KIBIRI 11E P.PAT 1994 21 50 308 12.3 2 Not on ground

KIBIRI KIBIRI 11F P.PAT 1994 21 550 256.17 23.6 10.3

KIBIRI KIBIRI 12A CUP.LUS 1989 26 450 236.1 17.8 30.3 F.G CAMP, severe windthrow

KIBIRI KIBIRI 12B CUP.LUS 1989 26 975 244.1 16.8 25.6

KIBIRI KIBIRI 12C P.PAT 1989 26 125 300.3 19.5 17.4

KIBIRI KIBIRI 12D CUP.LUS 1999 16 400 207.4 13.3 5.1

KIBIRI KIBIRI 12E E.SAL 1999 16 125 366.6 26.75 1.2 mature

KIBIRI KIBIRI 12F E.SAL 1999 16 75 333.7 24.7 1.2 mature

KIBIRI KIBIRI 12G CUP.LUS 2001 14 80 216.3 13.3 3.2

KIBIRI KIBIRI 12H P.PAT 2001 14 300 234 19.8 10.2

KIBIRI KIBIRI 12I Bischofia 2014 1 40 20 Unmapped, replanting recommended

516.8


Appendix 7a: List of the Local Planning Team, Kibiri PFMP

Name Organization/ Institution

Okello Belle (Dr) KFS

William Cheptoo KFS

Mattew Ogutu KFS

Boaz C. Mung’aya KFS

Wellington Mahelo KFS

Johnson Manyabi Kibiri CFA

Julius M. Luvayo Kibiri CFA

Clement Mmaitsi Kibiri CFA

James O Maua KEFRI-Kakamega

Charles Koech KEFRI

Anastacia Mwaura KWS-Kakamega

Herman Kiruaye WRMA

Protus Musawa NEMA

Lincolin Inganza Onzere MoA

Joel Siele Nature Kenya

Leonard Muhanga Nature Kenya

Jennifer Adero Nature Kenya

Appendix 7b: List of participants during awareness workshop on Kibiri PFMP

held on 26th January 2012 at Mukumu Salvation Army Church

No Name Organization/Institution

1 Linus Musoltsa Lovetsani Kibiri- CFA

2 Stephen M. Bulemi Shiru

3 Clement Mmaitsi KibiriCFA

4 Matayo Malenya Kibiri CFA

5 Aziresi Atsango Kibiri CFA Treasurer

6 Florah Imeli Mushanga

7 Jerida Sharamba Kibiri CFA Member

8 Sarah Bitolwa Salvation Army Church

9 Shadrack Muyonga Kibiri CFA

10 Julius M. Luvayo Kibiri CFA

11 Edwrd Mwanje Kibiri CFA

12 Dorah Khavere Kibiri CFA

13 Dolokagi Isalikho Musunju CFA

14 Esmashi Mwashi Jumba

15 Margret Shiru

16 Samuel Mbagaya Kibiri CFA

17 Rev. Paulo Matasi Kibiri CFA



18 Jacob Inyanje Kibiri CFA

19 Leya Lihanda Kibiri CFA

20 Paul Muchi Kibiri CFA

21 Peter Shirievi Kibiri CFA

22 Daniel Asembekha Kibiri CFA

23 Meshack Kalubembe Kibiri CFA

24 Paul Maseche Kibiri CFA

25 Caston Jumba Kibiri CFA

26 George Managa Kibiri CFA

27 Matthew Ogutu KFS - Vihiga

28 Ojuang Nyibule Kakamega Forest National

Reserve

29 James Maua KEFRI-Kakamega

30 Victoria Lukhale KFS- Kakamega

31 S.K Sang Forester Kibiri

32 M.M Matu KFS–Vihiga

33 W.K Mahelo KFS- Hamisi

34 Joel Siele Nature Kenya-Kakamega

35 Jennifer Adero Nature Kenya-Kakamega

36 Esther Nikuche Assistant Chief -Shiru

37 Leonard Muhanga Nature Kenya

38 Johnson A. Mayabi Kibiri CFA

39 Joseph Thomas KFS Vihiga

40 Jamin Wanjala KWS - Kakamega

41 Nelson Ndung KFS - Vihiga

42 Eunice Wendo Kibiri CFA

43 Mebo Khavungwi Kibiri CFA

Appendix 7c: List of participants during community sensitization meeting on

Kibiri PFMP held at Makuchi on 8/02/2013

No. Name Organization/Institution

1 Jeniffer Adero Nature Kenya

2 Simon Sesi Kibiri CFA-scout

3 James Murunga Kibiri CFA

4 Ezekiel Shidiaoaia Kibiri CFA

5 James Mategeya Kibiri CFA

6 Johnstone Malasi Kibiri CFA

7 Kenneth Muhunami Kibiri CFA

8 Esna Musitu Kibiri CFA

9 Seba Lutishi Kibiri CFA


No. Name Organization/Institution

10 Esther Musi Kibiri CFA

11 Saphania Munene Kibiri CFA

12 Ketray Khadiala Kibiri CFA

13 Esnah Jamoti Kibiri CFA

14 Josephine tsiji Kibiri CFA

15 Mukofu Margret Kibiri CFA- scout

16 Racheal Khayosa Kibiri CFA

17 Petronillah Shilevi Kibiri CFA

18 Samwel sore Kibiri CFA

19 Tom Ambani Kibiri CFA

20 Corrinieles Nalisi Kibiri CFA

21 Ipeter Shilievi Kibiri CFA

22 Edward Mwashi Kibiri CFA

23 Tsaji Mirriam Kibiri CFA

24 Biliah Mutunga Kibiri CFA

25 Heron Simani Kibiri CFA

26 Peter Murula Kibiri CFA

27 Imbadu Dedan Tiriki Cultural Forest

28 Solomon MEG

29 Philemon Shamale Kibiri CFA

30 Amos Kisia Kibiri CFA

31 Sungu Jonestone Kibiri CFA

32 Julius Luingi Kibiri CFA

33 Agrey Musene Kibiri CFA

34 Solomon Aswan APEC

35 Musasa Gideon Tea farmers enterprise

36 Musa Kamukwa Village elder

37 Rev. Paul Matasi Kibiri CFA

38 John Likoti CFA- member

39 Moses Isiiye MoALF

40 Seth Jiveti Assistant chief


42 Julius Luvayo Kibiri CFA

43 Joel Siele Nature Kenya

44 Phillip Towett KFS

Appendix 7d: List of participants in Community Forest Zonation at Kibiri on

01/05/2014


1 Joel Siele Nature Kenya

2 Jane Jobita KFS HQ

3 Evans Kegode KFS HQ



4 Fred Nyongesa KFS HQ

5 Jeniffer Adero Nature Kenya

6 Winny Sambaya Nature Kenya

7 Florah Indasi Kibiri CFA-Mushanga group

8 Julius Luvayo Kibiri CFA

9 Johnson A. Mayabi CFA-KIBIRI

10 Florence Luingwa CFA KIBIRI

11 Rose Khavele CFA-KIBIRI

12 Catherene Vujete CFA-KIBIRI

13 Meshack Alubembe CFA-KIBIRI

14 Atseles Atsangu CFA-KIBIRI

15 Bali Willypitus Ass.Chief-Muhudu

16 Rev .Paul Madasi CFA-KIBIRI

17 Edward Mwashi CFA-KIBIRI

18 Paul Maseche CFA-KIBIRI

19 Esther Nikoche Ass.Chief

20 Seth Chiveti Ass.Chief


22 Boaz C. Mung’aya KFS

23 Saekwo N.Elias KFS

24 Benard Wandati KFS

25 Solomon Mbagaya Kibiri CFA

26 Sgt.Kibet Chebii KFS

27 Jared Sajita Nature Kenya

28 Dennis Okoit KFS

29 Jastas Kisia CFA-KIBIRI

kibiri participatory forest management plan 2015 - 2019

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