kibble shape and its effect on feline palatability...• standard / fixed reference points: – a...
TRANSCRIPT
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Kibble Shape and its Effect on
Feline Palatability
Kristopher Figge
Senior Scientist, Technical Services Mgr.
AFB International
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Presentation Layout
• Introduction
• Experimental design
• Definitions & Results
• Other related topics
• Comments / discussion
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General Items about Cats
• As obligate carnivores, will choose higher protein diets over lower protein diets.
• More likely than dogs to avoid spoilage aromas.
• Lack lateral jaw movement; hence, texture and size are very important.
• Lack molars, and cannot grind their food. Acidification helps salivation.
• Surface texture plays a role in palatability.
– Different breeds of cats pick up their food differently with their tongue.
• In PAL testing, cats tend to consume food from both bowls. First choice is not necessarily linked to total consumption. Feeding time is generally 15 hours.
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Factors Affecting Feline PAL
Raw Materials
(Fats, oils, meals, palatants, etc.)
Texture / Size /
Shape
Processing
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Hypothesis
Kibble shape affects the PAL of dry
cat food(s).
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Experimental Design
• Standard / fixed reference points:
– A finely ground (#3) 34/13, grain-based meal
– Same lot of meal used for all shapes
– All variables coated with the same components
• Fat: 5.0% poultry fat
• Palatant: 1.5% dry cat palatant
– Same moisture specification: 6.5% - 9.5%
– Same density specification: 19 - 24 lbs./ft3
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Experimental Design (cont’d)
• Variable(s) in the study:
– Kibble shapes
1) “X” Cross / Star
2) “∆” Triangle
3) “O” Flat Disc
4) Cylinder
5) Triangle w/ center hole
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Experimental Design (cont’d)
• What was measured:
– Texture
a) Max. Load c) Energy to Break Pt.
b) Energy to Yield Pt. d) Toughness
– PAL due to kibble shape
a) 2 bowl, paired comparison test
b) 25 cats x 2 days
c) Same panel of cats was used
d) All possible paired tests were done (10)
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Equipment
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Results
• In-process data
• Kibble shape pictures
• Texture terms & results
• PAL data terms & results
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In-Process Data
• Moisture: 6.5% - 9.5%
• Bulk Density: 19 – 24 lbs. / ft3
• Based on In-Process data, all variables were within target
specifications.
ShapeMoisture
(%)
Density
(lbs./ft3)
Diameter
(cm)
Thickness
(cm)
“O” [Disc] 7.40 21.13 0.36 0.19
“X” [Cross] 8.59 22.25 0.54 0.18
“∆” [Triangle] 8.59 23.25 0.45 0.18
Triangle w/ hole 6.96 20.00 0.41 0.20
Cylinder 8.58 21.37 0.32 0.39
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Kibble Shape Pictures
Uncoated kibble is shown on the top row; comparable commercial products are on the bottom.
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Texture Analysis Terms
• Maximum Load – maximum amt. of force necessary to “fracture” a kibble (measured in kgs of force).
• Energy to Yield Point – energy required to reach a point where kibble begins to fracture (measured in gram•inch).
• Energy to Break Point – energy required to reach a point where kibble finally gives way and fractures completely (measured in gram•inch)
• Toughness – energy to break point divided by gauge length * kibble width * kibble thickness (measured in g/inch2)
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Texture Analysis
• Measurements done with an Instron Texture Analyzer
#3342 and Cherry Pitter Needle probe
ShapeMax. Load
(kg-Force)
Energy to Yield Pt.
(gram-inch)
Energy to Break Pt.
(gram-inch)
Toughness
(g/inch2)
“O” [Disc] 5.39 41.46 56.85 227.39
“X” [Cross] 8.08 51.39 69.06 276.23
“∆” [Triangle] 7.06 63.79 100.10 400.41
Triangle w/ hole 2.48 14.07 20.54 82.15
Cylinder 4.23 61.99 145.45 626.90
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Maximum Load
4.23
2.48
7.06
5.39
8.08
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
"O" [Disc] "X" [Cross] "∆" [Triangle] Triangle w/
hole
Cylinder
kg
-Fo
rce
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Energy to Yield Point
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Energy to Break Point
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Toughness
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Texture Summary
• The Triangle w/ hole had the lowest texture numbers.
• The Cylinder had the highest scores in all categories except
maximum load.
• The “O” [Disc] had the second lowest texture numbers.
• The “X” [Cross] scored in the middle except for max. load
where it had the highest number.
• The “∆” [Triangle] had the second highest scores.
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PAL Data Interpretation
• Consumption Ratio (CR): Consumed A / Consumed B
• Intake Ratio (IR-A): Consumed A
(Consumed A + Consumed B)
• First Choice (FC-A): % Animals eating out of Bowl A first
• Preference: Outside the range of 0.45-0.55 IR
• p-Value (p): Probability that A is significantly different from B
(want < 0.05 = 95% confidence level)
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“O” [Discs]
Ration A Ration B IR-A CR FC-A PREF p-Value
“X” [Cross / Star] 0.57 1.3A 0.57 10A : 3B 0.013
“∆” [Triangle] 0.47 1.0B 0.55 7A : 9B 0.222
Cylinder 0.64 1.9A 0.39 12A : 2B 0.002
Triangle w/ hole 0.66 2.0A 0.56 12A : 1B 0.000
�“O” > “X”, Cylinder & Triangle-hole
�“O” = “∆”
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“X” [Cross / Star]
Ration A Ration B IR-A CR FC-A PREF p-Value
“∆” [Triangle] 0.61 1.5A 0.55 14A : 5B 0.007
“O” [Disc] 0.43 1.3B 0.43 3A : 10B 0.013
Cylinder 0.63 1.7A 0.52 17A : 5B 0.000
Triangle w/ hole 0.56 1.3A 0.50 12A : 6B 0.078
�“X” > Cylinder, Triangle & Triangle-
hole
�“X” < Disc
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“∆” [Triangle]
Ration A Ration B IR-A CR FC-A PREF p-Value
“X” [Cross / Star] 0.39 1.5B 0.45 5A : 14B 0.007
“O” [Disc] 0.53 1.0A 0.45 9A : 7B 0.222
Cylinder 0.71 1.5A 0.41 12A : 3B 0.086
Triangle w/ hole 0.51 1.0B 0.57 10A : 9B 0.408
�“∆” > Cylinder
�“∆” = Disc & Triangle-hole
�“∆” < “X”
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Triangle w/ Hole
Ration A Ration B IR-A CR FC-A PREF p-Value
“X” [Cross / Star] 0.44 1.3B 0.50 6A : 12B 0.078
“∆” [Triangle] 0.49 1.0A 0.43 9A : 10B 0.408
“O” [Disc] 0.34 2.0B 0.44 1A : 12B 0.000
Cylinder 0.61 1.6A 0.61 11A : 5B 0.028
�Triangle-hole < “O”
�Triangle-hole > Cylinder
�Triangle-hole = “∆” & “X”
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Cylinder
Ration A Ration B IR-A CR FC-A PREF p-Value
“X” [Cross / Star] 0.37 1.7B 0.48 5A : 17B 0.000
“∆” [Triangle] 0.29 1.5B 0.59 3A : 12B 0.086
“O” [Disc] 0.36 1.9B 0.61 2A : 12B 0.002
Triangle w/ hole 0.39 1.6B 0.39 5A : 11B 0.028
�Cylinder lost to the other (4)
shapes
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Conclusions
• Kibble shape was the primary driver for PAL - texture
across a given range did not drive PAL.– Triangle-hole had the lowest texture scores, but few cats preferred
this shape.
– The “O” [Disc] had mid-range texture scores and was the most
preferred shape.
– The Cylinder was outside the range and was least preferred.
– The “X” [Cross] had slightly more favorable texture scores than the
cylinder; however, its PAL was closer to the “O” [Disc]
– The “∆” [Triangle] had higher texture scores than the “O” [Disc] but
similar PAL
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Product Considerations
• The “O” and the “X” had the best overall PAL
– Head-to-head, the “O” was better.
Operations Implications
�The “O” is easier to extrude
•Less potential for die blockage
•↓ drag = ↑ throughput
�The “O” has lower tooling costs
Product Implications
�The “O” is more durable
�The “O” had less fines
�The “O” has more surface area
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References
• Royal Canin Almond 11 / Persian cat study
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Thank You!
Kristopher Figge
AFB International
Sr. Scientist; Tech. Service Mgr.
Tel: (636) 634-4142
Fax:(636) 634-4644
Email: [email protected]
Other Contributors:
Pat Moeller, PhD
Amy McCarthy, PhD
Cheryl Murphy
Bola Oladipupo, DA