keywords in tefl dr. csilla szabó nyme-sek, fiki, department of english studies
TRANSCRIPT
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Keywords in TEFL
Dr. Csilla Szabó
NYME-SEK, FIKI, Department of English Studies
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Approaches vs. methods
Approach:• A theory about the nature of language and
language learning • 1. Structural view ALM, TPR. Silent Way• 2. Functional view semantic and comm.
dimension
• 3. Interactional view lg is seen as a vehicle for social transaction bw individuals
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method
design procedureapproach
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ELT methods
1. GTM (Grammar Translation Method)
• Deductive, L1 is used for explanation
• Literature-centred (TL literary texts are used – authentic!)
• Central activity: translation
• Memorisation of vocabulary lists
• Errors are not tolerated
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What can we use from GTM?
• Memorisation of words can be useful
• Translation (should not be excluded from the classroom) – integrated skills
• Reading authentic literature is always a plus
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• Coursebooks available: Budai László, Angol (TK), Tanuljunk Nyelveket
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ELT methods
2. Direct Method (DM) • In response to GTM • Inductive learning• Lg is for speaking – focus on oral skills• L1 is not allowed• Not about lg., the lg. itself• SS’s self correction• Pictures, sample sentences, dialogues• Vocab over grammar• Learning occurs naturally
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What shall we keep from DM?
• Inductive approach
• More vocab than grammar
• Lg is for communication – focus on oral skills
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Coursebook available: ?
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ELT methods
3. The Audio-lingual Method• Background: behaviourism / habit formation• Stimulus-response-reinforcement• Learning is inductive.• Habit formation by means of repetitions and other
mechanical drills.• Natural order of skills. 1. Listening, 2. Speaking, 3.
Reading, 4. Writing. • Culture is presented in dialogues (SS memorise them)• Meaning directly, no explicit rules• Focus on pronunciation (oral skills + writing)• L1 is not allowed – may lead to wrong habits in L2
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What shall we keep from ALM?
• Drills – necessary in the phase of accurate reproduction (meaningful, not mechanical!)
• Focus on pronunciation (minimal pairs)
• Lots of listening
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• Coursebooks: Streamline, Strategies
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Methods: the Humanistic tradition I.
1. Silent Way (C. Gattegno)• Theoretical background: cognitive psychology• Lg = rule formation (not habit!) – inductive learning• T = facilitator, silent while teaching!• SS actively explore the lg.• Focus on vocab by visual aids, charts, colour rods• No formal testing• Errors are natural – SS self-correct• Cooperation and enjoyable classroom atmposhere
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What shall we keep from Silent Way?
• Discovery techniques
• Great for certain areas
• Word charts to recycle vocabulary
• Cooperation and relaxed atmosphere
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• No coursebooks available
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Methods: the Humanistic tradition I.
2. Suggestopedia (G. Lozanov)• No psychological barriers• SS feelings are respected• Infantilisation (T = parent)• Varying intonation to avoid boredom• Materials presented with music and rhythm• Physical features of classrom (cosy)• Pseudo-passive learning attitude• Minimal grammar, large vocabulary
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What shall we keep from Suggestopedia?
• Respect SS’ feelings• Focus on rhythm and intonation• Again, OK a few times a year• Less focus on grammar (see: English as
lingua franca)
---------------------------------------------------• Relaxa-books, „villám angol”
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Methods: the Humanistic tradition III:
3. CLL: Community Language Learning
• True holistic/ „whole person” /non-defensive
S A R D
Security Attention & Aggression Retention & Reflection Discrimination
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• Self-reflection / recorded performance
• Focus on culture
• T = councellor
• L1 is used to clarify meaning
• Communication is the major goal/ but no pressure on SS, their feelings are central
• Involve SS
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What shall we keep from CLL?
• Reflective listening = students need quiet reflection time in order to learn – it’s a good idea to record SS and let them analyse their own performance
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Total Physical Response (TPR)
• Innate Bio-program: - Listening first, “a blue-print” of lg + developnment of "a cognitive map" of the lg during listening process.
• B) Brain Lateralisation: left and right hemisphere have different learning functions.With both hemispheres activated, learning is more effective.
• C) Stress (an affective filter): The lower the stress is, the greater the learning
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What shall we keep from TPR?
• Learning via action – imperatives, focus on non-verbal elements of comm.
• More reliance on objects and visuals
• Stress-free environment
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E.g. English Party /
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CA/CLT
Communicative Approach:The goal of language teaching is to
develop "communicative competence" Form-meaning-function together – focus
on meaningAuthentic materialsErrors are toleratedFocus on motivation
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Principles of CLT
• Meaning is paramount• Contextualisation• Effective communication• Judicious use of L1• Drilling at the initial phase• Integrating all 4 skills + translation• Understandable pronunciation• High fluency + moderate accuracy
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• Techniques to achieve communicative competence: in the seminars