SimSci-Esscor

PRO/II 9.0 Keyword Manual

December 6, 2010

All rights reserved. No part of this documentation shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Invensys Systems, Inc. No copyright or patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this documentation, the publisher and the author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

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2010 by Invensys Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Invensys Systems, Inc. 26561 Rancho Parkway South Lake Forest, CA 92630 U.S.A. (949) 727-3200 http://www.simsci-esscor.com/ For comments or suggestions about the product documentation, send an e-mail message to ProductDocumentationComments@invensys.com.

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Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 1 Who Should Use This Manual? ................................................................................... 2 How Is This Manual Organized?................................................................................. 2 PRO/II Software Upgrades.......................................................................................... 4 Customer Support Centers .......................................................................................... 4 2 RUNNING PRO/II SOFTWARE .............................................................................. 7 3 INPUT CONVENTIONS ........................................................................................... 9 Basic Concepts ............................................................................................................ 9 Data Categories ........................................................................................................ 13 Rules and Conventions .............................................................................................. 14 Input Statements ........................................................................................................ 14 Delimiters .................................................................................................................. 15 Dimensional Units ..................................................................................................... 16 Stream and Unit Operation Identifiers and Names ................................................... 17 Read Statement (Optional) ........................................................................................ 17 Annotating Objects with Notes .................................................................................. 18 Examples ................................................................................................................... 19 4 DIMENSIONAL UNITS .......................................................................................... 21 5 GENERAL DATA .................................................................................................... 31 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................... 31 General Information .................................................................................................. 33 Input Description ....................................................................................................... 33 Example ..................................................................................................................... 49 6 COMPONENT DATA KEYWORD SUMMARY ................................................................ 51 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................... 51 General Information .................................................................................................. 55 Input Description ....................................................................................................... 59 7 REGRESS ................................................................................................................. 61 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................... 61 Input Description ....................................................................................................... 62 8 THERMODYNAMIC KEYWORD SUMMARY ................................................................. 71 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................... 71

Table of Contents I

Property Statements (optional) .................................................................................. 73 Examples ................................................................................................................... 80 9 STREAM DATA ....................................................................................................... 83 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................... 83 General Information .................................................................................................. 86 Input Description ....................................................................................................... 88 9.1 STREAMS WITH DEFINED COMPOSITION ............................................................... 89 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................... 89 Input Description ....................................................................................................... 90 Examples ................................................................................................................... 93 9.2 STREAMS WITH ASSAY DATA ................................................................................. 95 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................... 95 General Information .................................................................................................. 97 Input Description ....................................................................................................... 98 Examples ................................................................................................................. 111 9.3 REFERENCE STREAMS........................................................................................... 115 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 115 General Information ................................................................................................ 115 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 115 Examples ................................................................................................................. 118 9.4 STREAMS WITH SOLIDS ........................................................................................ 121 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 121 General Information ................................................................................................ 121 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 121 Examples ................................................................................................................. 123 9.5 STREAM DOCUMENTATION ................................................................................... 125 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 125 General Information ................................................................................................ 126 Examples ................................................................................................................. 151 10 UNIT OPERATIONS: OVERVIEW ............................................................................. 154 10.1 FLOWSHEET TOPOLOGY ..................................................................................... 156 10.2 UNIT OPERATION INPUT DATA ........................................................................... 158 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 158 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 159 10.3 FLOWSHEET PARAMETERS ................................................................................. 166 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 167 Keyword Description ............................................................................................... 172 Examples: ................................................................................................................ 189 10.4 SPECIFICATIONS, CONSTRAINTS, AND OBJECTIVES........................................... 190 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 190 General Information ................................................................................................ 191 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 192 SPECIFICATION Statements: Stream Standard Volume Rates .............................. 195 Keyword Interface ................................................................................................... 195 Examples ................................................................................................................. 197

Table of Contents II

10.5 DEFINE .............................................................................................................. 200 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 200 General Information ................................................................................................ 200 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 201 DEFINE Statements: Stream Standard Volume Rates ............................................ 203 Examples of Unit Operation DEFINEs .................................................................. 204 10.6 CHANGE AND VARY STATEMENTS ................................................................. 206 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 206 General Information ................................................................................................ 207 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 208 Examples ................................................................................................................. 210 10.7 PROCEDURE DATA .............................................................................................. 214 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 214 General Information ................................................................................................ 215 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 215 FORTRAN Statements ............................................................................................. 223 Examples ................................................................................................................. 227 10.8 REACTION DATA ................................................................................................. 231 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 231 General Information ................................................................................................ 232 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 233 Example ................................................................................................................... 241 11 GENERAL UNIT OPERATIONS ................................................................................ 243 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 243 11.1 FLASH DRUM ....................................................................................................... 245 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 245 General Information ................................................................................................ 247 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 247 Examples ................................................................................................................. 251 11. 2 PUMP ................................................................................................................... 255 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 255 General Information ................................................................................................ 255 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 256 Examples ................................................................................................................. 257 11.3 VALVE .................................................................................................................. 259 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 259 General Information ................................................................................................ 259 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 259 Examples ................................................................................................................. 260 11.4 MIXER .................................................................................................................. 261 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 261 General Information ................................................................................................ 261 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 262 Examples ................................................................................................................. 263 11.5 SPLITTER ............................................................................................................. 265 General Information ................................................................................................ 266

Table of Contents III

Input Description ..................................................................................................... 266 Examples ................................................................................................................. 268 11.6 COMPRESSOR ...................................................................................................... 269 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 269 General Information ................................................................................................ 270 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 271 Examples ................................................................................................................. 275 11.7 EXPANDER ........................................................................................................... 277 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 277 General Information ................................................................................................ 278 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 278 Examples ................................................................................................................. 280 11.8 PIPE UNIT ............................................................................................................ 281 General Information ................................................................................................ 282 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 283 Examples ................................................................................................................. 291 11.9 BLEND UNIT......................................................................................................... 295 General Information ................................................................................................ 295 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 295 Examples ................................................................................................................. 297 11.10 RESET UNIT ....................................................................................................... 299 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 299 General Information ................................................................................................ 299 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 300 Examples ................................................................................................................. 301 11.11 COMPONENT PROPERTY REPORTER ................................................................ 303 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 303 General Information ................................................................................................ 303 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 303 11.12 CAPE-OPEN ....................................................................................................... 305 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 305 General Information ................................................................................................ 305 Keyword Description ............................................................................................... 306 Examples ................................................................................................................. 306 11.13 MEMBRANE SEPARATOR ................................................................................... 309 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 309 General Information ................................................................................................ 309 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 310 11.14 POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL ............................................................. 313 Keyword Summary.................................................................................................. 313 General information ................................................................................................ 314 Terminology............................................................................................................. 315 12 DISTILLATION......................................................................................................... 317 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 317 12.1 COLUMN INPUT ................................................................................................... 321 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 321

Table of Contents IV

Conventions ............................................................................................................. 330 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 332 Column Parameters (required) ............................................................................... 333 Examples ................................................................................................................. 364 12.2 IO ALGORITHM .............................................................................................. 369 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 369 Thermodynamic Set Selection.................................................................................. 375 General Information ................................................................................................ 375 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 377 Examples ................................................................................................................. 385 12.3 SURE ALGORITHM ............................................................................................. 387 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 387 General Information ................................................................................................ 391 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 392 Examples ................................................................................................................. 394 Example ................................................................................................................... 395 12.4 CHEMDIST ALGORITHM .................................................................................. 397 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 397 General Information ................................................................................................ 402 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 402 Examples ................................................................................................................. 411 12.5 REACTIVE DISTILLATION ................................................................................ 413 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 413 Reaction Data Category .......................................................................................... 414 General Information ................................................................................................ 415 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 417 Examples ................................................................................................................. 426 12.6 ENHANCED IO ALGORITHM ............................................................................... 431 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 431 General Information ................................................................................................ 437 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 438 Examples ................................................................................................................. 444 12.7 COLUMN HYDRAULICS........................................................................................ 445 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 445 General Information ................................................................................................ 448 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 449 Examples ................................................................................................................. 457 General Information - Random Packing ................................................................. 458 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 460 Examples ................................................................................................................. 467 General Information - Structured Packing .............................................................. 469 Input Description Structured Packing .................................................................. 473 12.8 SHORTCUT DISTILLATION................................................................................... 481 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 481 General Information ................................................................................................ 482 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 483

Table of Contents V

Examples ................................................................................................................. 487 12.9 LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION ............................................................................. 491 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 491 General Information ................................................................................................ 493 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 494 Examples ................................................................................................................. 504 12.10 RATEFRAC ALGORITHM .............................................................................. 505 General Information ................................................................................................ 511 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 519 Performance Specifications and Variables ............................................................. 530 13 - HEAT TRANSFER ..................................................................................................... 537 13.1 SIMPLE HEAT EXCHANGER ................................................................................ 539 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 539 General Information ................................................................................................ 541 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 541 Examples ................................................................................................................. 552 13.2 RIGOROUS HEAT EXCHANGER ........................................................................... 555 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 555 General Information ................................................................................................ 558 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 558 Examples ................................................................................................................. 579 13.3 LNG HEAT EXCHANGER .................................................................................... 583 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 583 General Information ................................................................................................ 584 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 585 Examples ................................................................................................................. 590 13.4 AIR COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER .................................................................... 593 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 593 General Information ................................................................................................ 593 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 593 Examples ................................................................................................................. 602 13.5 FURNACE ............................................................................................................. 605 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 605 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 606 Examples ................................................................................................................. 610 14 - REACTORS ............................................................................................................... 611 14.1 EQUILIBRIUM REACTOR ..................................................................................... 613 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 613 General Information ................................................................................................ 614 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 615 Examples ................................................................................................................. 621 14.2 CONVERSION REACTOR ...................................................................................... 625 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 625 General Information ................................................................................................ 626 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 627 14.3 GIBBS REACTOR ................................................................................................ 635

Table of Contents VI

Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 635 General Information ................................................................................................ 636 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 637 Examples ................................................................................................................. 645 14.4 PLUG FLOW REACTOR ........................................................................................ 649 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 649 General Information ................................................................................................ 651 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 653 Examples ................................................................................................................. 664 14.5 CSTR ................................................................................................................... 667 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 667 General Information ................................................................................................ 669 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 669 Examples ................................................................................................................. 678 15 SOLIDS .................................................................................................................. 683 15.1 SOLIDS DRYER ................................................................................................ 685 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 685 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 686 Examples ................................................................................................................. 690 15.2 ROTARY DRUM FILTER........................................................................................ 691 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 691 General Information ................................................................................................ 692 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 692 Examples ................................................................................................................. 695 15.3 FILTERING CENTRIFUGE..................................................................................... 697 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 697 General Information ................................................................................................ 698 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 698 Examples ................................................................................................................. 701 15.4 COUNTER- CURRENT DECANTER ........................................................................ 703 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 703 General Information ............................................................................................... 704 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 705 Examples ................................................................................................................. 707 15.5 DISSOLVER........................................................................................................... 709 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 709 General Information ................................................................................................ 710 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 710 Examples ................................................................................................................. 713 15.6 CRYSTALLIZER .................................................................................................... 715 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 715 General Information ................................................................................................ 716 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 717 Examples ................................................................................................................. 721 15.7 MELTER / FREEZER ............................................................................................. 723 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 723

Table of Contents VII

General Information ................................................................................................ 724 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 724 Examples ................................................................................................................. 727 15.8 SOLIDS SEPARATOR............................................................................................. 729 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 729 General Information ................................................................................................ 729 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 729 15.9 CYCLONE ............................................................................................................. 731 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 731 General Information ................................................................................................ 731 Keyword Description ............................................................................................... 733 Example ................................................................................................................... 741 15.10 SOLIDS REMOVAL ............................................................................................. 742 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 742 General Information ................................................................................................ 743 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 743 16 UTILITY UNITS ....................................................................................................... 745 Overview .................................................................................................................. 745 16.1 CALCULATOR ...................................................................................................... 747 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 747 General Information ................................................................................................ 748 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 748 Fortran Statements .................................................................................................. 752 Examples ................................................................................................................. 761 16.2 STREAM CALCULATOR ....................................................................................... 765 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 765 General Information ................................................................................................ 767 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 768 Examples ................................................................................................................. 775 16.3 HEATING/COOLING CURVES .............................................................................. 777 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 777 General Information ................................................................................................ 779 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 779 Examples ................................................................................................................. 786 16.4 PHASE ENVELOPE................................................................................................ 787 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 787 General Information ................................................................................................ 787 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 788 Examples ................................................................................................................. 790 16.5 HYDRATE ANALYSIS............................................................................................ 791 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 791 General Information ................................................................................................ 791 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 791 Evaluation Conditions ............................................................................................. 791 Example ................................................................................................................... 793 16.6 BINARY VLE/ LLE DATA ................................................................................... 795

Table of Contents VIII

Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 795 General Information ................................................................................................ 795 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 796 Examples ................................................................................................................. 797 16.7 HEXTRAN PROPERTY DATA GENERATOR....................................................... 799 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 799 General Information ................................................................................................ 800 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 800 Example ................................................................................................................... 804 16.8 COMPONENT LUMPING UNIT .............................................................................. 805 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 805 General Information ................................................................................................ 805 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 806 Examples ................................................................................................................. 807 16.9 CHECK SOLIDS................................................................................................ 809 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 809 General Information ................................................................................................ 809 Input Considerations ............................................................................................... 809 Calculation Considerations ..................................................................................... 810 Examples ................................................................................................................. 811 16.10 UPSTREAM UNIT OPERATION ........................................................................... 813 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 813 General Information ................................................................................................ 814 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 815 Mode-Specific Input................................................................................................. 819 Examples ................................................................................................................. 821 17 CONTROLLERS & EXECUTION CONTROL ............................................................. 826 Overview .................................................................................................................. 827 17.1 FEEDBACK CONTROLLER ................................................................................... 829 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 829 General Information ................................................................................................ 830 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 830 Examples ................................................................................................................. 833 17.2 MULTI-VARIABLE CONTROLLER ....................................................................... 835 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 835 General Information ................................................................................................ 836 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 836 Examples ................................................................................................................. 839 17.3 FLOWSHEET OPTIMIZER ..................................................................................... 841 General Information ................................................................................................ 843 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 844 Examples ................................................................................................................. 852 17.4 RECYCLE ............................................................................................................. 859 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 859 General Information ................................................................................................ 859 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 863

Table of Contents IX

Examples ................................................................................................................. 865 18.1 RESTART ........................................................................................................... 867 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 867 General Information ................................................................................................ 869 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 869 Examples ................................................................................................................. 873 18.2 CASE STUDY ..................................................................................................... 877 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 877 General Information ................................................................................................ 879 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 880 Guidelines................................................................................................................ 888 Example ................................................................................................................... 894 18.3 INTERACTIVE EXECUTION ................................................................................... 897 VIEW and CHANGE Flowsheet Data ..................................................................... 900 CHANGE Stream Considerations ........................................................................... 905 CHANGE Column Considerations .......................................................................... 905 19 BATCH PROCESSING ........................................................................................ 907 19.1 DEPRESSURING UNIT .................................................................................... 909 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 909 General Information ................................................................................................ 911 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 912 Examples ................................................................................................................. 925 19.2 BATCH DISTILLATION ................................................................................. 927 General Information ................................................................................................ 934 Input Conventions.................................................................................................... 936 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 938 Operation Policy ..................................................................................................... 954 SPECIFICATION and VARIABLE Statements ........................................................ 964 19. 3 BATCHFRAC ALGORITHM ....................................................................... 967 Keyword Summary .................................................................................................. 967 Operation Policy Specifications (required) ............................................................. 972 General Information ................................................................................................ 979 Input Description ..................................................................................................... 980 20 PIPEPHASE UNIT OPERATION (PPUOP) .................................................... 1007 Keyword Summary ................................................................................................ 1007 General Information .............................................................................................. 1007 Input Description ................................................................................................... 1007 Example:................................................................................................................ 1010 21 TAGGED DATA ...................................................................................................... 1011 General Information .............................................................................................. 1011 21.1 TAG / RAW DATA FILES ............................................................................... 1013 Process Tag/Raw Data .......................................................................................... 1013 Entering the Date .................................................................................................. 1013 Example ................................................................................................................. 1013 Entering the Tags .................................................................................................. 1013 Comments .............................................................................................................. 1013

Table of Contents X

Keyword Summary ................................................................................................ 1014 21.2 TAG DATA INPUT REQUIREMENTS ................................................................... 1015 Keyword Summary ................................................................................................ 1015 General Information .............................................................................................. 1016 Input Description ................................................................................................... 1017 Examples ............................................................................................................... 1023

Table of Contents XI

1 IntroductionOverviewPRO/II software is a comprehensive computer simulation system targeted for process engineers in the chemical, petroleum, natural gas, solids processing, and polymer industries. It combines the data resources of a large chemical component library and extensive thermodynamic property prediction methods, with the most advanced and flexible unit operations techniques. It provides the process engineer with the computational facilities to perform all mass and energy balance calculations needed to model most steady-state processes. PRO/II software supports two basic user interfaces. Keywords and a Graphical User Interface (GUI for short). This manual presents an extensive description of the keyword data input requirements for Version 9.0 of the PRO/IIP simulation program. Keyword data allow direct entry of instructions in a language understood by both the user and the program. It is suitable for both batch and interactive execution. PROVISION software is the interactive Windows compliant Garphical User Interface for PRO/II software. It is described in the PRO/II User Guide.

Where Can I Find Additional Help?If You Want To . . . Learn how to install PRO/II software on your computer Quickly learn the basics of PRO/II software Quickly learn how to simulate a simple flowsheet using PRO/II software Obtain detailed information on the capabilities and use of PRO/II software Obtain basic information on the calculation methods used in PRO/II software Read more detailed information on the calculation methods used in PRO/II software See simulation examples for chemical, solid processing, petrochemical, batch, and electrolyte applications See . . . The PRO/II PC/LAN Installation Guide The PRO/II Quick Reference Card The PRO/II Tutorial Guide The PRO/II Users Guide

The Online help

The PRO/II Reference Manual

The PRO/II Application Briefs Manual

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION--1 1

Who Should Use This Manual?Anyone executing PRO/II software using keyword data entry should use this manual. The MS Windows graphical user interface version of PRO/II software generates a keyword file as part of the output of a simulation. This keyword file is an ASCII representation of the simulation and can be archived or transferred from one user to another or from one operating system or platform to another. Users of PRO/IIs graphical user interface will find this manual useful as a reference in interpreting the keyword representation of the simulation. New users should find this book easy to master. The introductory and general information chapters and examples are especially helpful. Experienced users will appreciate the comprehensive coverage and expert advice. Those who wish to explore the full capabilities of the program will find a vast array of features to investigate. Proficient users usually use the manual as a desktop reference. For users of an earlier version of PRO/II software (or its predecessor, PROCESS), this manual will help make a smooth transition to the current version. Users should note that there are no radical changes to the keyword interface.

How Is This Manual Organized?Overall, the organization of the manual reflects the steps typical in the creation of a keyword input file. Tabs partition the manual into subjects that correspond to major chapters of an input file. Smaller chapters subdivide the major subjects into manageable, readily available parts. Each chapter focuses on the input requirements of a particular feature. Early chapters deal with data required by all input files, including General, Component, Thermodynamic, Stream, and general Unit Operations Data. An effective user must be familiar with the minimum requirements in these chapters. Later chapters deal with individual types of unit operations. The user may skip chapters describing unit operations that are not of current interest. Chapters near the end of the manual describe advanced features such as optimizers, controllers, recycle control, restart, and case studies. The following is an example of a typical problem. It illustrates the correspondence between the organization of the manual and the structure of an input file.Sample Keyword TITLE PROJECT=KW MANUAL, PROB=DEMO1 DESCRIPTION FLASH F2 TEMP= 10 DEGREES DIMENSIONS ENGLISH Keyword Manual Chapter 5

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Sample Keyword COMPONENT DATA LIBID 1, N2/ 2, CO2 / 3, C1 / 4, C2 / & 5, C3/ 6, IC4/ 7, NC4/ 8, NC5/ 9, NC6 PETRO 10, BP135, 120, 0.757, 135 / & 11, BP260, 200, 0.836, 260 THERMODYNAMIC DATA METHOD SYSTEM= SRK, SET=SET01

Keyword Manual Chapter 6 and Chapters 1.2 - 1.4 of the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manuals Chapter 8, and Chapters 1 -.9 of the Thermodynamic Data Keyword Manual Chapters 9, 9.1

STREAM DATA PROP STREAM= 1, TEMP= 200, & PRESSURE= 2000, & COMP= 180 / 190.9 / 1443 / 902.1 / 721.9 / & 76.57 / 279.4 / 94.77 / 162.4 / 153.3 /1191 PROP STREAM= FD-1, TEMP= 40, & PRESSURE= 2000, & COMP(M)= 4, 4000 / 5, 8000 / 6, 4000 NAME 1, MAIN FEED / FD-1, SEC-FEED UNIT OPERATIONS HX UID= HX1, NAME= AFTERCOOL-1 HOT FEED= 1, 7, V= 4, METHOD= SET01 COLD FEED= FD-1, V= PR-2, METHOD= SET01 OPER HTEMP= 90 CONFIG AREA= 5000, FT= 0.95 FLASH UID= F2, NAME= STAGE 1 SEP FEED 4 PROD V= 6, L= 5 ISO TEMP= 10, PRESSURE = 1000 SPLITTER UID= SP1, NAME= UNIT-SP1 FEED 5 PROD M= 7, M= 8 SPEC STREAM= 7, RATE(M), RATIO, & REFFEED, RATE(M), VALUE= 0.1

Chapter 10.2 Chapter 13.1

Chapter 11.1

Chapter 11.5

Each chapter provides complete information about a specific program feature. First is a summary of all available keywords. Next is some general information, followed by a detailed discussion of the input requirements. Usually, each chapter ends with a few illustrative examples. After becoming familiar with a PRO/II feature, the user normally needs to refer only to the Keyword Summary, and less frequently to the in-depth information that follows. The Keyword Summary presents the form of all keyword statements described in a chapter. It serves as a quick overview of input requirements without having to

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INTRODUCTION--3 3

refer to the detailed material that follows. A quick inspection reveals all valid combinations of statements, keywords, and data entries. It shows all available options and indicates which data is required, optional or conditional. General Information is the second part of each chapter. This is the introductory material that imparts a general understanding of the purpose and capabilities of the feature. Input Description is a detailed explanation of all statements shown in the Keyword Summary. It discusses every available keyword and data entry. It is an in-depth presentation of the dos and donts of using the feature and clearly describes the purpose and use of every entry on each statement. Examples, the last part of each chapter includes instructive demonstrations of typical applications. Normally, each example begins with a statement of problem conditions. Next comes a sample of the actual keyword input that satisfies the stated conditions. Comparing the sample input to the problem statement is often a quick way to become familiar with a new feature.

PRO/II Software UpgradesPRO/II software is constantly evolving through continuous development work that enhances existing capabilities and adds new ones. While great effort is made to maintain compatibility with earlier versions, complete agreement is not always possible. These considerations make it important to use the version of the manual that applies to the version of the program in use. Input manual updates are available with each release. This manual is based on Version 9.0, released in 2010. The best source of information about programs, manuals, and other SimSci products is a SimSci representative.

Customer Support CentersInvensys SimSci personnel, agents, and representatives provide technical support for the PRO/II simulation program around the world. Please contact any SimSci service center, agent, or representative for information, and consultation about PRO/II software or any other SimSci products. USA and Canada Invensys Process Systems (SimSciEsscor) 10900 Equity Drive Houston, TX 77041 Tel: +1 800 SIMSCI 1 + 1 713 329 1700 support.simsci@invensys.com USA East Coast Invensys Process Systems (SimSci-Esscor) Gateway Corporate Center, Suite 304, 223, Wilmington-West Chester Pike, Chaddsford, PA 19317 Tel: +1 800 SIMSCI 1 +1 484 840 9407 support.simsci@invensys.com

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USA West Coast Invensys Systems, Inc. (SimSci-Esscor) 26561 Rancho Parkway South Suite 100 Lake Forest, CA 92630 Tel: +1 800 SIMSCI 1 support.simsci@invensys.com Brazil Invensys Systems Brasil Ltda. Av. Chibaras, 75-Moema Sao Paulo, SP O4076-000 Tel:+ 55 11 2844 0201 suporte.simsciesscorbrasil@ invensys.com Mexico Invensys Systems Mexico S.A Ejercito Nacional 1005, Col. Irrigacion Deleg. Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico city 11500 Tel: +52 55 52 63 01 76 mexico.simsci@invensys.com Germany, Austria, Switzerland Invensys Systems GmbH Willy-Brandt-Platz 6, Mannheim 68161, Germany Tel: +49 (0) 621 15037 21 simsci.eura@simsci.com

Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay Invensys Systems Argentina, Inc. Nuez 4334 Buenos Aires (Argentina) C1430AND Tel: +54 11 6345 2100 supportar@simsci.com Colombia Invensys Systems LA Colombia Calle 100 # 36-39 Int. 4-203, Bucaramanga, SDER Tel: +57 315 384 5955 support.co@simsci.com Venezuela Invensys Systems Venezuela Torre Delta, Piso 12, Av. Francisco de Miranda. Altamira, Caracas 1060 Tel + 58 212 267 5868, Ext. 282 simscilat@invensys.com Italy, Greece Invensys Systems Italia S.p.A. Via Carducci, 125 Sesto San Giovanni (Milano) 20099, Italia Tel: +39 02 262 9293 simsci.eura@simsci.com

United Kingdom Invensys Process Systems (UK) Ltd. Invensys Systems (UK) Limited The Genesis Centre, Birchwood Science Park, Birchwood, Warrington United Kingdom WA3 7BH Tel: + 44 (0) 1925 811469 simsci.eura@simsci.com

Middle East Invensys ME Dubai P.O. Box 61495 Jebel Ali Free Zone, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Tel: +971 4 881 1440 simsci.eura@simsci.com

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India Tel: +91 243 3762 simsci.apac@simsci.com

Asia-Pacific Invensys Software Systems (S) Pte Ltd 15, Changi Business Park Central 1 Singapore 486057 Tel: +65 6829 8657 simsci.apac@simsci.com China Invensys Process Systems (China) Co., Ltd Invensys Process Systems (China),No. 211, Huancheng Road East, Fengpu Industrial Park, Shanghai 201400 Tel: + 86 21 3718 0000, Ext. 5912 yunfeng.qin@invensys.com

Australia and New Zealand Invensys Performance Solutions Level 2-4, 810 Elizabeth Street Sydney 2017, Australia Tel: +61 2 8396 3626 support.an@simsci.com

Japan Invensys Systems Japan nd 2 Fl. HarborOne Building, 2-5-5 Higashi Shinagawa, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 140-0002, Japan Tel: +81 3 5793 4856 support@simsci.jp

Korea Invensys Systems Korea 6F, Dongsung B/D, 17-8, Yeouido-dong, Seoul, 150-874 Tel: + 82-32-540-0665 support.kr @invensys.com Home Page: http://www.simsci.com

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2 Running PRO/II SoftwareGeneral InformationPRO/II software operates on a broad range of computer platforms. The PRO/II keyword file is the common input language that allows transferring input data to any computer. Within the tolerances afforded by the compilers used on each computer, the same input file will always produce the same results, regardless of where the calculations are executed. PRO/II software usage may be divided into two broad classes of users: 1. PRO/II Graphical User Interface (GUI) users 2. Keyword users.

GUI UsersRefer to the PRO/II 9.0 Installation Guide for usage and system requirements.

Keyword Users (PC and Workstation)Please refer to the installation guide, which accompanies your particular version.

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3 Input ConventionsBasic ConceptsThis section defines a few basic terms required to discuss keyword input. The following sections present the syntactical rules of the input language.

Data EntriesData entries (or simply entries) are the basic constructs used to enter input data. An entry may consist of a keyword, numeric data, or a combination of both. Most entries begin with a keyword. Entries enclosed in braces are always optional. Entries having a default value or default setting are optional, even when no braces are present.

Numeric DataNumeric data are integer or floating-point (real) numbers. A floating-point value may include a decimal fraction, while an integer cannot. In this manual, an argument or entry represented by the word value may be a floating-point number of any value (subject to any imposed constraints). Other markers, such as i, j, cno, idno, etc., indicate integer values. An integer entered for a floating-point value is converted to its floatingpoint form; but a floating-point value entered in place of an integer causes an error. When you do not supply any value, the specific numeric value shown is the default value used. Any entry having a default is optional, even when not otherwise shown (such as by enclosing the entry in braces). Decimal points are not required for whole numbers, and scientific (E) notation may be used for any floating-point number. For example: PROP STREAM= 1, TEMP=100, PRESSURE= 14.7E0, COMP=1, 1E2

KeywordsA keyword is a mnemonic word that identifies a category, a statement, or a datum in the input. Most keywords may be abbreviated to the first four characters and only these four characters need to be spelled correctly. There are a few exceptions to this rule, but they are well documented in this manual. For example, the following two statements are equivalent and valid, despite the misspelling of METRIC. DIMENSION METRIC DIME METRISCH (valid) (valid)

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Keywords less than four characters are interpreted as complete when the full key word is read. OPERATION PRESSURE(PASCAL)= 1.0 Is read as: OPERATION PRESSURE(PA)= 1.0 since PA is a valid keyword for Pascal. A keyword that stands alone is a complete entry that acts as a switch. The mere presence of the keyword turns on the option it represents. If underlined, the keyword is the default choice and is optional. Some keywords require one or more arguments. An equal sign (=) and a representation of the argument immediately follow all keywords that require arguments. Sometimes keywords act as arguments to other key words. Normally in this case, one keyword selected from a set of choices serves as the argument. If a default exists, it usually appears underlined as the first keyword in the set. Underlined keywords, shown as arguments, indicate default settings and consequently are always optional. For example:

Documented Form PRINT RATE= M or WT or LV, {TBP}

Sample Input PRINT RATE= WT

The only choices for the argument of RATE are the keywords M, WT, or LV. The entire RATE= M or WT or LV entry is optional, since RATE=M is used by default when the entire entry is missing. Since a default is present, no braces appear to show that the entry is optional. The TBP entry is optional (because of the braces). Omitting this entry turns off the TBP option, since TBP is not underlined and not a default selection.

QualifiersA qualifier modifies or enhances a keyword. It always follows immediately after the keyword and precedes an equal sign. It is always optional and always appears enclosed in parentheses. Qualifiers may be keywords, perhaps representing dimensional units, or integers, depending upon the usage. Some qualifiers may include several items, but rarely allow a floating-point value. As an example:

Documented Form OPERATION DP(upres)= 0.0

Sample Input OPER DP(PSI)= 5.0

In this example, the word upres in parentheses following keyword DP shows the availability of an optional dimensional units qualifier. Since DP represents pressure drop

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(or pressure difference), upres is used to represent any keyword from the pressure class (actually the pressure difference class) of dimensional units (see Table 4.2). When the user omits the DP entry (or the entire statement) from the input file, the default value for pressure drop is zero. This is shown in the documented form of the keywords. The above sample input specifies a pressure drop of five pounds per square inch instead of the default value of zero (shown in the documented form). Each qualifier of this type is described in the Input Description section that defines the particular keyword. Some of the more commonly used qualifiers are: unit This should be replaced by a keyword representing a dimensional unit from an appropriate dimensional unit class. Alternate entries take the form uxxxx where xxxx are characters that represent the dimenisonal class. For example, utemp indicates a temperature unit while upres represents a pressure unit. This qualifier represents a pseudo-class of dimensional unit that includes keywords M (molar), WT (weight), LV (liquid volume), and GV (gas or vapor volume). Normally, the default basis is M (molar). Component numbers are assigned in the Component Data section of input. An integer value assigned to identify an item such as a cell in an LNG heat exchanger, or a heater/cooler in a distillation column.

basis

i, j Idno

ArgumentsAn argument supplies additional data required by certain keywords. In these cases, the argument always follows the equal sign after the keyword. Specific numeric values shown as arguments represent default values. When no default value exists, value, i, text, option, or another indefinite marker shows the type of argument required. For example: DOCUMENTED FORM TITLE {PROJECT= text} SAMPLE OF ACTUAL INPUT TITLE PROJ= Sample One

TITLE is a required stand-alone keyword that identifies the statement and does not require an argument. The PROJECT= text entry is optional, as shown by the braces. Keyword PROJECT could be truncated to PROJ, the first four characters. The equal sign separates keyword PROJECT from its argument, while text shows that any text may serve as the argument. When the entries on a data line must follow a fixed order, keywords are not needed (and therefore not used). For example: DOCUMENTED FORM LIBID i, name {/ j,name/...} SEQUENCE uid, {uid, ...} SAMPLE OF ACTUAL INPUT LIBID 1,CO2/ 2,H2S/3,C1 SEQU F1, F2, E1, T101

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DefaultsDefaults are assumed values or settings for essential data that otherwise are missing from an input file. They usually are reasonable assumptions for typical applications and are available for many data entries. Depending on the type of data, a default may be a specific numeric value, either integer or fractional, or a keyword indicating a default option. Any entry having a default is always optional. When a default is acceptable, no input is required for that entry. In this manual, the following conventions indicate defaults: 1. 2. 3. 4. An underlined stand-alone keyword, A single argument to a keyword, An underlined keyword argument, in a list, or The presence of a specific numeric value.

For example: DIMENSION ENGLISH or METRIC or SI ...

Each keyword in this example stands alone, and does not have an argument or a qualifier. As the first keyword shown, DIMENSION is required to identify the statement. ENGLISH is the default system of dimensional units, as indicated by the underline. OPERATION XOPTION=CONTINUE

Entry XOPTION is optional, since it includes a default argument CONTINUE. This setting indicates that calculations continue even after errors occur. OPERATION TMIN (K) =0.0

The minimum allowable temperature is 0.0 K by default. HX {ZONES= 5}

The keyword ZONES is optional and defaults to off, as indicated by the brackets. Entering ZONES without an argument value defaults to five zones used for zone analysis.

Dependency and Mutual ExclusionText in italics is not part of the input language, and appears only to show dependency or mutual exclusion among entries. This applies most often to the words or and and. Entries separated by or are mutually exclusive. Entries separated by and must all appear if any are used. When neither or nor and separates entries, no dependency or exclusion exists. A group of entries may exclude (or require) other entire groups of entries. Entries in each group appear together, and are single spaced when they occupy more than one line. Blank lines separate each group from other groups. The presence of or or and on the blank line indicates exclusion or dependency between the groups.

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Data CategoriesInput data are divided into the categories listed in Table 3.1. Each category of data and each unit operation are discussed in a separate section of this manual. Each section contains a list of the available keywords and a discussion of their use. Refer to Section 18.1, Restart, for alternate input requirements when restarting a problem using keyword input.

TABLE 3.1 CATEGORIES OF INPUT DATA Data Category General Data Component Data Thermodynamic Data Stream Data Reaction Data Procedure Data Unit Operations Data Recycle Data Case Study Category Heading Statement TITLE COMPONENT DATA THERMODYNAMIC DATA STREAM DATA RXDATA PROCEDURE DATA UNIT OPERATIONS DATA RECYCLE DATA CASESTUDY required required required required optional optional required optional optional Status

The categories must appear in the order shown in Table 3.1. Statements within each category may appear in any order, subject to the following restrictions: 1. The first statement of each data category must be the category heading statement. Refer to Table 3.1. 2. For thermodynamic data, all statements used to describe each thermodynamic set must be grouped together. 3. For stream data, all assay data for a stream must be grouped together (after the PROPERTY statement for the stream). 4. For unit operations data, the first statement of each module must be the module heading statement. All other statements that define the module must be grouped together immediately following the heading statement. 5. An optional statement consisting only of the word END terminates the input file. Any data after the END statement are ignored.

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Rules and ConventionsThis section discusses the rules and conventions of the keyword input language. Below is a sample of a keyword input file that illustrates the order of keyword data entry: TITLE PROJ=COMPRESSOR, PROBLEM=TEST RUN, & USER=SIMSCI,DATE=9-18-97 DIMENSION METRIC COMP DATA LIBID 1, WATER / 2, METHANE / 3, ETHANE / 4, PROPANE THERMODYNAMIC METHOD SYSTEM=SRK STREAM DATA PROP STREAM=1, PHASE=V, PRESSURE(PSIA)=400, & COMPOSITION(M)=82 / 1043/813 / 412 UNIT OPERATION DATA HX UID=1, NAME=FEED COOLER HOT FEED=1, V=2, L=3, DP=10 OPERATION HTEMP(F)=40 $ COMPRESSOR UID=2, NAME=1ST STAGE FEED 2 PROD V= 4 OPER POUT=1200, EFF=79 END

Input StatementsEntries are grouped together to form statements. Within each category, there are one or more statements. Each statement includes one or more lines of data; each line may consist of one or more data entries. The term line refers to an 80-column line of data. If an input statement requires more than 80 characters, continuation lines must be used. The first keyword shown on each statement is required to identify the type of statement, and must always be followed by a space. Other keywords and entries may occur in any order; those shown enclosed in braces (i.e., { }) are always optional. For example, the following two lines are equivalent: PROPERTY STREAM=1, TEMP=100, PRESSURE=100, COMP=1,100 PROP COMP=1,100, PRESSURE=100, TEMP=100, STREAM=1 The exceptions to this rule are the SPECIFICATION, CONSTRAINT, and OBJECTIVE statements, which are order dependent. Blanks may be inserted before or after any keyword or data entry, but not inside the keyword or entry. For example:

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DIME PRESSURE=KG/CM2, TEMP=F DIME PRESSURE= KG/CM2, TEMP= F DIME PRESSURE=KG/ CM2, TEMP=F

(valid) (valid) (invalid)

One exception to this rule is that alphanumeric entries used for names and descriptions may have embedded blanks. These include all entries on the TITLE statement, the DESCRIPTION statement, and all NAME entries. For example: TITLE PROJECT=INPUT MANUAL, DATE=TODAYS DATE 2009 DESC INPUT CONVENTIONS EXAMPLE STREAM DATA NAME 1, FEED STREAM / 2, TOP PRODUCT Any entry that exceeds the maximum length allowed by the program is truncated. For example, the DATE is limited to 12 characters (including blanks); therefore, the entry in the previous example would be truncated to TODAYS DATE . For multiple data entries in a predefined order, embedded commas must be used as placeholders for omitted intermediate entries. For example: PETROLEUM 1, TBP285, 103.4, 49.2, 295.0 / & 2 ,,, 48.4, 300.0 / ... In this case, the name and molecular weight are missing for component 2. The embedded commas must be present to maintain the proper sequential order of information. In a few places where an unambiguous interpretation is possible, there are exceptions to this rule noted at appropriate places in this manual.

DelimitersSeven special characters act as delimiters for keyword input. These delimiters are a required part of the input syntax and must be used only for the purposes described below.

=

The equal sign associates an argument with a keyword. In the Procedure Data Category and CALCULATOR module, the equal sign separates the left and right-hand sides of assignment statements. The comma separates entries from each other. Often a blank space may serve the same purpose, but the use of commas helps avoid ambiguity. The slash (or virgule) separates groups of data in the same entry. Use commas to separate individual items in a group. An ampersand entered at the end of a line indicates continuation of a statement on the following line. Any data appearing on the same line to the right of the ampersand are ignored.

, / &

When continuing a statement onto a subsequent line, place the ampersand after a complete entry or group, never between a keyword and its argument, or in the middle of a keyword. The continuation line must begin with a new keyword or data entry, and

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must not begin with a delimiter, part of a keyword, or part of a numeric value. For example:

VALID PROP & STREAM=1, TEMP=100, & PRESSURE=14.7,COMP=1, 100 / & 3, 25 / 66.3 / 33.1

INVALID PROP ST& REAM=1, TEMP & =10& 0,PRESSURE=14.7, COMP=1, 10 & 0 / 3, 25 / 66 & .3 / 33.1

*

Within the body of the PROCEDURE section of a CALCULATOR module, an asterisk indicates multiplication, while two asterisks together (i.e., ** ) indicate exponentiation. Anywhere else in the input file, an asterisk may appear in place of an ampersand to show continuation. A dollar sign marks the beginning of a comment, and anything to the right of the $ is ignored. Therefore, any continuation mark (& or *) appearing on the same line to the right of the $ is ignored. When the dollar sign appears as the first character of a line, the entire line is treated as a comment. Parentheses enclose qualifiers of keywords. They are required whenever a qualifier is entered.

$

( )

In the absence of a delimiter, the input processor interprets blank spaces between a keyword and its arguments (or between two entries) as an = or ,. The use of delimiters is recommended for clarity, especially when entering descriptive text containing embedded blanks.

Dimensional UnitsAny keyword that has units of measurement allows an optional qualifier that defines the dimensional units used for data entry. The qualifier appears in parentheses after the keyword. For example: PROP STREAM=1, TEMP(C)=100, PRESSURE(PSIA)=14.7, & COMP(M)=100 In the General Data Category, the user defines a default set of dimensional units that are used globally when the units are not supplied as a part of an entry. These global units often are referred to as problem units, input units, or problem input units. Dimensional units declared as keyword qualifiers act as local overrides to the global set. Complete tables of all keywords for all classes of dimensional units are shown in Section 4, Dimensional Units.

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All heater-cooler duties are entered in millions of energy units per time. All enthalpy data is entered either in energy units per weight unit or in thousands of energy units per mole.

Stream and Unit Operation Identifiers and NamesEach stream must have an identification label assigned to it. This stream identifier (or sid) uniquely identifies the stream and may contain up to twelve alphanumeric characters. Each character may be alphabetic (A to Z), numeric (0 to 9), or one of the special characters + (plus sign), - (minus sign), or _ (underline). PRO/II software does not distinguish between upper and lower case letters. All other characters, including embedded blanks and the delimiters defined above, are invalid. Each unit operation module should have a unique unit identifier (uid) assigned using the same conventions as for stream labels above. Strictly speaking, the uid is optional for keyword input; but it is required by the Graphical User Interface, so this manual always lists it as required. Each stream and unit operation optionally may have a descriptive name containing up to twelve alphanumeric characters. These names often help clarify program output. Unlike a stream sid or a unit operation uid, names may include embedded blanks and do not have to be unique.

Read Statement (Optional)The READ statement allows the user to read sections of data into a keyword input file from remote data files. The sections of data appear in the remote files exactly as they would appear in the keyword file. These files are then inserted into the keyword input file at the READ statement locations. For example, consider the following files: File name= R1.DAT TITLE READ SOUR.DAT STREAM DATA PROP STREAM=1,TEMP=100,PRESSURE=100,& COMP=50/25/25/25 UNIT OPERATION ... File name=SOUR.DAT COMPONENT DATA LIBID 1,H2S/2,CO2/3,H2O/4,C1 THERMO METHOD SYSTEM=SOUR

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The resulting file as interpreted by the PRO/II input processor would be: TITLE COMPONENT DATA LIBID 1,H2S/2,CO2/3,H2O/4,C1 THERMO METHOD SYSTEM=SOUR STREAM DATA PROP STREAM=1,TEMP=100,PRESSURE=100,& COMP=50/25/25/25 UNIT OPERATION ... The rules for file names are as follows: 1. 2. Any valid file name for the computer being used is accepted if the name is given in full. When an extension is not given for the file name, the extension defaults to the input file extension. For example, on VAX VMS, all input files have a .DAT extension. By default, remote files also have a .DAT extension. When the prefix is omitted for the file name, the input file name prefix is assumed.

3.

For example, if the input file name is C1.DAT, the following remote files are read: Input File READ SOUR READ .THR READ SOUR.THR READ C1.DAT Action Taken Reads remote file SOUR.DAT. Reads remote file C1.THR. Reads remote file SOUR.THR. Error. Input file cannot read itself.

Annotating Objects with NotesPRO/II software supports object annotation for a variety of flowsheet objects. These include individual streams, unit operations, and thermodynamic METHOD sets. Additionally, a single Note is supported that applies to the entire component slate used in the problem. Notes for individual components are not supported. Notes may be viewed and edited interactively through the PRO/II graphical user interface. Except for input processing, Notes are not otherwise supported through keywords. Notes may be viewed and edited interactively through the PRO/II graphical user interface. Except for input processing, Notes are not otherwise supported through keywords.

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Because of the descriptive nature of object annotation, many of the usual keyword rules and delimiters do not apply to Notes. This is necessary because of the length of the Note and the restrictions imposed by keyword syntax. Typically, entering Notes using PROVISION software is not subject to keyword syntax limitations. The following rules apply when entering the text of a Note in a keyword input data file: 1. 2. 3. The TEXT keyword is required on each NOTES statement (not on each continuation statement of a Note). No line may extend beyond column 80 (normal keyword restriction). The body of the Note begins