Livestock housing 483

Keyword index

Aaccelerometers – 421actinomyces – 165ADG – 185, 305

– effect of stocking density – 310 – effect of stocking rate – 309 – factors affecting ~ – 307 – of pigs – 309

aerobic – decomposition – 166 – microorganisms – 165

aerosol – 465age segregated rearing – See: ASRagonistic behaviour – 42AIAO – 298, 309, 342, 345, 355, 383airborne bacteria, measurement – 287airborne particles

– in piggery – 302 – in poultry buildings – 282 – measurement – 286, 300 – reduction by oil-spraying – 288, 290

airborne pollutants – 315 – health effects on horses – 282 – in piggery buildings – 297 – measurement – 320 – reduction – 310 – synergistic effect – 317

air quality index – See: AQIair speed – 251air velocity – 217air volume – 248airway inflammation in pigs – 317all in/all out – See: AIAOallogrooming – 42ammonia

– avoidance behaviour – 317 – concentration in piggery – 302 – emission – 267 – emission and manure removal – 268 – emission and temperature – 269 – emission and ventilation – 270 – emission from soild manure – 172 – exposure to ~ – 262

– from bedding – 133 – from manure – 162 – from poultry manure – 170 – from solid manure – 169, 174 – health effects on pigs – 262 – health effects on poultry – 263 – reduction by oil-spraying – 291 – TLV for poultry – 318

AMS – 38ancient Egypt – 22animal feeding operations – See: AFOAnimal Needs Index – 59animal welfare analysis network –

See: AWALANanoxia in piglets during birth – 98antibiotics pollution – 472AQI – 320aquarium heaters – 156asbestos – 252ASR – 298asthma – 462atrophic rhinitis – 321automated milking systems – See: AMSautomation on dairy farms – 393average daily gain – See: ADGAWALAN – 401

Bback arch of cows – 420, 426battery cages – 168, 432bedding – 77

– and pig health – 87 – bark – 79 – compost – 79 – for horses – 129 – material – 125 – sand – 79 – sawdust – 79 – straw – 45, 78 – straw in cubicles – 78 – straw-manure-mattresses – 78 – treatment of ~ material – 284 – wood chips – 79

484 Livestock housing

Index

behaviour – diurnal ~ of laying hens – 437 – excretory ~ of pigs – 377 – of female rabbits – 128

behavioural needs – 31bio-aerosol – 297biofilms – 348biofilter – 270

– packing material – 271biosecurity – 332bloat – 46boar taint – 341body temperature of cows – 396botanical composition

– goats diet – 118 – horse diet – 116 – sheep diet – 118

botulism – 123bovine respiratory disease – 196Brachyspira hyodysenteriae – 340broiler – 223Bronze Age – 22BSE – 122bursitis – 87

CCAFO – 457Campylobacter jejuni – 344cannibalism – 432Canola oil – 285carbon – 163carbon dioxide – 267carpus lesions – 85cattle diet, botanical composition – 116cereal grains preservation – 123CF – 383cfu – 316classical swine fever – See: CSFclaw disorders – 338claw-floor contact – 82claw health – 81claw lesions in cows – 420cleaning – 332

– efficiency – 356 – methods – 372

– operations – 345cleaning-disinfection, efficacy – 348cleanliness – 332, 379

– of bulls – 345 – of cattle – 344 – programs to improve ~ – 339

climate – control – 212 – (indoor) in cow houses – 399

cold stress in cows – 40colony forming units – 358 – See: cfucolostrum – 117composting – 136

– optimum C/N ratio – 136 – phases – 165

concrete flooring – 125condition score – 196confined animal feeding operation –

See: CAFOcontinuous flow – See: CFcooling – 228copper intoxication in sheep – 124coughing sound of pigs – 409cough sound

– amplitude – 410 – localization – 415 – of humans – 408 – of pigs – 407 – recognition – 411

cow comfort – 55 – score – 63 – score system – 58

cow dirtiness – 130creep – 102crop rotation – 27crushing of piglets – 97, 99CSF – 332cubicle refusal – 130cubicles – 38

– width – 41

Ddata acquisition parameters

– for cow welfare – 395deed tossing – 39

Livestock housing 485

Index

deep litter – 84, 162, 165, 167 – management – 177 – turning – 168

deep straw bedding – 38, 86degreaser – 362, 365, 372dermatitis – 44, 338

– in chickens – 88disinfectants – 356disinfection – 332, 346docking – 339domestication – 32drinking habits

– of calves – 117 – of cattle – 117 – of horses – 116 – of sheep – 118

drinking water – factors affecting ~ temperature – 151 – reservoirs – 155 – seasonal variation of ~ temperature – 153

– temperature of ~ for pigs – 148dung

– foraging – 339 – heap – 134

dunging area – in farrowing pen – 103 – of pigs – 377

dunging behaviour – interventions – 387 – patterns in pigpen – 384

dust – 263, 281, 346, 458, 465 – and activity of pigs – 265, 272 – and air cleaning – 273 – and humidity – 272 – and laying hens – 272 – and ventilation – 272 – exposure limits – 463 – from swine production – 461 – health effects on humans – 264 – health effects on pigs – 264 – removal with oil-water mixture – 274 – TLV for poultry – 318

dust bathing – 128

Eelectronic controllers – 185emissions – 267, 282

– extra-toxic effects – 467enclosed operations – 456endophyte-infected grass – 196endotoxin – 264, 317, 458enteric disorders in pigs – 340environmental

– exposure – 473 – issues – 456 – pollution – 30, 47 – stress syndrome – 469

eradication policy – 28Escherichia coli – 120, 335evaporative cooler – 230excessive regulation – 456exercise – 43exploratory behaviour – 86

– of pigs – 127exposure of workers – 459extra-toxic effects – 467

Ffaecal material – 356fallow land – 25farm yard manure – See: FYMfarrowing crate – 93

– behaviour of sows – 95 – dimensions – 95 – health effects – 94 – room for piglets – 96

farrowing pens – 84, 102 – design recommendations – 104

farrowing rail – 100fattening pigs – 86FE – 185feather pecking – 132, 432, 437feed

– efficiency – See: FE – intake and heat production – 196 – selection by cows – 40

feeders in farrowing pens – 103feeding behaviour of laying hens – 435fertilisation of cows – 47

486 Livestock housing

Index

fish ponds – 171flaming to clean floors – 362, 372flies – 135floor – 75

– abrasive surface – 81 – elastic cover – 82 – epoxy resin cover – 83 – friction – 82 – grooves – 82 – hardness – 45 – hygiene – 81 – properties – 76 – requirements – 76 – slatted – 77, 81 – zonation in sow pens – 342

floor heating in farrowing pens – 102, 103FMD – 332

– transmission by farmer – 333food

– expenditure – 30 – safety – 30

foot and mouth disease – See: FMDfoot lesions of finishing pigs – 86foot pad dermatitis – 132foot rot – 131forage supplements – 46free range

– conditions – 94 – pigs – 132

fungi – 165FYM – 162

Ggait – 397

– aberrations – 420 – analysis – 420

gases from manure – 135, 459, 465 – exposure limits – 463

gas trap – 266GHG – 162, 174, 178, 267β-glucans – 324, 458grain diet of feedlot cattle – 197grazing – 39

– cattle – 116 – horse – 115

– rabbit – 119 – sheep – 117

greenhouse gases – See: GHGgrowth rate of pigs – 298

Hhaemolytic ureamic syndrome – See: HUShard flooring – 131head flies – 45health

– occupational ~ of pork producers – 457 – of dairy cows – 393 – records – 58 – status – 55, 58 – WHO definition of human ~ – 457

heat exchange – latent – 215 – sensible – 215

heat exchangers – 464heat increment – 197heat load

– from moving of cattle – 201 – index – See: HLI – via thermal radiation – 227

heat loss of broiler chickens – 219heat production – 212

– of pigs – 221heat stress

– control – 228 – control in dairy housing – 226 – economic losses – 189 – in cattle – 189 – indicator – 219 – in heifers – 195 – night-time recovery – 191 – of cows – 40 – of sows – 94, 103, 216 – susceptibility – 193

heat tolerance – 195heat transfer

– by conduction – 216 – by convection – 216 – by radiation – 217 – from pigs – 224 – latent – 219

Livestock housing 487

Index

heat treatment – 367heat wave – 190Hilbert Transform – 410history

– of animal production – 27 – of farms – 23

HLI – 192hock lesions – 80, 126, 130hoof imprint – 421horse – 282houseflies – 343housing systems – 185humidity – 191, 251HUS – 120hybrid ventilation – 213

– in pig houses – 227hydrofoamers – 347hydrogen sulphide – 139, 266, 460

– exposure prevention – 464hygiene – 356

– definition of ~ – 331 – in pig houses – 340

hygiene-pavers – 357hypothermia of piglets – 100, 102

Iimage processing – 421, 424incandescent light – 432incineration of solid manure – 178indoor foraging – 39infectious

– agents – 462 – diseases – 47

inhalable dust – 458insulated roofs – 252insulating material – 246intensification – 28, 30, 38intersucking – 39

Kkeel bone deviation – 437Klebsiella – 130, 338

Llactating sows – 84

lameness – 44, 81, 95, 130, 338, 397, 419 – automatic detection – 401 – classification in cows – 427 – indicators – 424 – observer score – 423

laminitis – 41latent heat of vaporization – 219lateral recumbence – 84LBI – 319

– in pig and chicken houses – 322LCT – 132, 185, 237leg disorder symptoms – 397leucocytosis – 462light

– daylight inlets in layer houses – 432 – distribution in pig pens – 445 – effect on hen behaviour – 433 – effects on pig behaviour – 442 – EU standards for pig houses – 441 – perception by birds – 432 – wavelength – 431

lighting environment – of laying hens – 431

light intensity – 431 – and hen movement – 433 – and pig behaviour – 442 – in pig houses – 441, 445

lignified biomass – 165lime – 172lime solution as cleaning agent – 370liquid manure

– fertilization of pasture with ~ – 124 – solids content of ~ – 135

liquid manure handling – 135 – hygienic aspects – 138

Listeria – 122litter management for poultry – 87litter moisture control – 233livestock burden index – See: LBIlocomotion – 43, 397, 420

– monitoring – 398 – sensors – 421

locomotor problems – 45lower critical temperature – See: LCTluxmetric probe – 444

488 Livestock housing

Index

lying area – 44, 76 – of cattle – 126 – of pigs – 378

lying time – 59 – for cows – 44

Mmalodour – 135management

– guidelines for thermal control – 253 – to reduce dust and gases – 463 – to reduce heat stress in cattle – 196

manure – 161 – bacterial composition – 373 – cooling – 269 – excessive application – 471 – handling – 133 – heatlh risks of application – 138 – separators – 135 – solid poultry ~ – 163 – transport – 162

mastitis – 45, 129, 337, 396maternal behaviour of sows – 100mats – 80mattresses – 80meal – 123mechanical ventilation – 213melengestrol actate – 195meningitis – 122methane emission – 171, 174

– from manure application – 176microbial contamination – 471Middle Ages – 24

– housing for farrowing sows – 25 – meat consumption – 25 – swine herds – 25

milking parlours – 38milk quality estimation – 396mineral imbalances – 46monitoring of air quality – 300multi-gas monitoring – 286, 301mycotoxins – 123

Nnatural behaviour of dairy cows – 38

natural light in pig houses – 447natural ventilation – 169, 210, 212Neolithic revolution – 21nest building – 94nesting behaviour of sows – 101nitrate – 470nitrification-denitrification – 168nitrite – 46, 470nitrogen – 163

– cycle – 470 – deposition – 267 – leaching – 172

nitrous oxide – emission – 173 – from animal houses – 170 – from manure application – 175 – from solid manure – 164

noxious gases – 41

Oodour – 162, 199, 266, 465

– health effects – 466 – health symptoms – 468

oestrus behaviour – 44, 48oil-impregnated bedding – 290oil spraying system – 283olfactory nerve – 468organic matter transformation – 164ovarian activity – 47oxytocin – 98

Pparasites – 46Parvovirus – 334pasture rotation – 124pathogens – 47, 316

– recycling through feces – 340 – survival in manure – 137, 334, 471 – survival in soil – 138 – transportation – 334

peat – 170pen design – 100pen fouling by pigs – 378pen hygiene – 381

– and wetted floors – 384

Livestock housing 489

Index

perching – 435, 437phosphorus – 162, 471pig behaviour – 128piggery buildings in Australia – 238piglet mortality – 94

– and farrowing crates – 98 – and litter size – 98

piglets – 85pipe diameter – 155play chains – 386pleuropneumonia in pigs – 408PLF – 394posture

– abnormal ~ of sows – 131precision animal management – 202precision livestock farming – See: PLFpreening – 128pressure washing – 362

– and aerosols – 365prions – 122pulmonary function studies – 462

Rrebound behaviour – 43renewable energy – 162respiration rate – 191respirators – 464respiratory diseases – 262, 281, 298, 316

– diagnostic tool – 416 – health hazard – 458 – in pigs – 355, 407 – monitoring – 412 – symptoms in community residents – 467 – symptoms of workers – 461

ridge ventilation – 246ridge vents – 252rinderpest – 28rodents – 252, 343Roman Age

– housing for pregnant sows – 24 – poultry houses – 24

roof pitch – 246roosting – 432rooting – 118, 127roughage – 117

rubber mats – 78rumination – 40, 397

– of cattle – 116 – of sheep – 117

runoff – 470

SSalmonella – 121, 139, 343sandwich panel buildings – 252sanitation – 356sanitation break – 343savaging – 99sawdust – 129, 386

– oil impregnated ~ – 380SCC – 334, 338

– in milk – 396scraped floors – 84scrapers – 134, 339

– for solid manure – 167scratching – 119segregation – 332separation of urine – 136shade – 199sheep liver fluke – 23silage – 124skin surface area – 230skin wetness – 234, 251slatted floor – 84

– and risk of infection – 87 – for pigs – 85 – in pig houses – 341 – partially ~ for pigs – 377 – with metal studs – 383

slippery floors – 44slip resistance – 82slurry – 163

– from poultry manure – 170soil temperature – 199solar radiation – 191, 198solid manure – 162

– emissions from ~ – 168 – handling – 134 – hygienic aspects – 137 – storage – 171 – turning – 171

490 Livestock housing

Index

somatic cell count – See: SCCsound analysis in piggeries – 408sow welfare – 95specialisation – 30spreading contagious agents – 137sprinkling – 233

– cattle – 199starvation of piglets – 100statistical analysis – 150stereotypies – 94, 127stillborn piglets – 98stocking density in piggeries – 253, 414stocking rate and pen fouling – 384straw – 126, 127

– emission reduction by ~ – 169 – in solid manure – 167

stress – in piggeries – 311 – response to crating – 95

sustainability – 31, 456sustainable livestock production – 30synchronised behaviour – 41

Ttail biting – 127, 131TAN – 164, 179temperature – 308

– air ~ in piggery – 156, 241 – and pen fouling – 382 – measurement – 239 – pig drinking water – 151 – sensors – 148 – variation in piggeries – 242

temperature-humidity index – See: THIthermal comfort – 209

– of immature animals – 220thermal control

– factors – 244 – model – 244 – of Australian piggeries – 252 – of piggery buildig – 250

thermal deficiency – 250thermal environment of pigs – 378thermal needs – 185

– of farrowing environment – 102

thermal shield – 227thermoneutral zone – 185 – See: TNZTHI – 190, 323threshold limit values – See: TLVsthrush – 129tie stalls – 38TLVs – 316, 321TNZ of pigs – 237tongue rolling – 39total ammoniacal nitrogen – See: TANtriple bottom line – 456tunnel designs – 224tunnel ventilated barn – 223, 224turkeys – 120, 133

UUCT – 185, 237udder health – 331udder hygiene – 337upper critical temperature – See: UCTureic acid hydrolysis – 170urinating habits of horses – 126urine – 268

– fertilization with ~ – 124 – pH – 137

urogenital tract infections in sows – 340

Vvacuum activities – 127veal calves – 344ventilation – 200, 463

– designed by King – 210 – designed by Rutherford – 211 – dust and gas concentrations – 459 – history – 210

video recordings – 425vigilance – 41

Wwallowing – 238, 339warm drinking water – 156washing – 346water contaminants – 470water hygiene standards – 124water intake

Livestock housing 491

Index

– of beef cattle – 198 – of sows – 157

water pipes – 154water pressure – 154water requirement

– of chickens – 119 – of domestic pigs – 119 – of rabbits – 119

water reservoirs – 155water temperature – 147

– on Australian pig farms – 149 – on cattle feedlots – 198

weed seeds – 172welfare – 30

– assessment of cow ~ – 393 – automated ~ evaluation – 394 – monitoring – 398 – of dairy cows – 393 – of laying hens – 432 – quality assessment – 56 – status of cows – 60

well-being – 209wind speed – 191

YYoung Identification Criterion – 415