keystone exams: biology - pdesas.orgstatic.pdesas.org/content/documents/biology...

Keystone Exams: BiologyAssessment Anchors and Eligible Content

with Sample Questions and Glossary

Pennsylvania Department of Education

www.education.state.pa.us

April 2014

Pennsylvania Department of Education—Assessment Anchors and Eligible Content

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

General Introduction to the Keystone Exam Assessment Anchors

Introduction

Since the introduction of the Keystone Exams, the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE) has been working to create a set of tools designed to help educators improve instructional practices and better understand the Keystone Exams. The Assessment Anchors, as defined by the Eligible Content, are one of the many tools the Department believes will better align curriculum, instruction, and assessment practices throughout the Commonwealth. Without this alignment, it will not be possible to significantly improve student achievement across the Commonwealth.

How were Keystone Exam Assessment Anchors developed?

Prior to the development of the Assessment Anchors, multiple groups of PA educators convened to create a set of standards for each of the Keystone Exams. Enhanced standards, derived from a review of existing standards, focused on what students need to know and be able to do in order to be college and career ready.

Additionally, the Assessment Anchors and Eligible Content statements were created by other groups of educators charged with the task of clarifying the standards assessed on the Keystone Exams. The Assessment Anchors, as defined by the Eligible Content, have been designed to hold together or anchor the state assessment system and curriculum/instructional practices in schools.

Assessment Anchors, as defined by the Eligible Content, were created with the following design parameters:

Clear: The Assessment Anchors are easy to read and are user friendly; they clearly detail which standards are assessed on the Keystone Exams.

Focused: The Assessment Anchors identify a core set of standards that could be reasonably assessed on a large-scale assessment, which will keep educators from having to guess which standards are critical.

Rigorous: The Assessment Anchors support the rigor of the state standards by assessing higher-order and reasoning skills.

Manageable: The Assessment Anchors define the standards in a way that can be easily incorporated into a course to prepare students for success.

How can teachers, administrators, schools, and districts use these Assessment Anchors?

The Assessment Anchors, as defined by the Eligible Content, can help focus teaching and learning because they are clear, manageable, and closely aligned with the Keystone Exams. Teachers and administrators will be better informed about which standards will be assessed. The Assessment Anchors and Eligible Content should be used along with the Standards and the Curriculum Framework of the Standards Aligned System (SAS) to build curriculum, design lessons, and support student achievement.

The Assessment Anchors and Eligible Content are designed to enable educators to determine when they feel students are prepared to be successful on the Keystone Exams. An evaluation of current course offerings, through the lens of what is assessed on those particular Keystone Exams, may provide an opportunity for an alignment to ensure student preparedness.


How are the Assessment Anchors organized?

The Assessment Anchors, as defined by the Eligible Content, are organized into cohesive blueprints, each structured with a common labeling system that can be read like an outline. This framework is organized first by module, then by Assessment Anchor, followed by Anchor Descriptor, and then finally, at the greatest level of detail, by an Eligible Content statement. The common format of this outline is followed across the Keystone Exams.

Here is a description of each level in the labeling system for the Keystone Exams:

Module: The Assessment Anchors are organized into two thematic modules for each of the Keystone Exams. The module title appears at the top of each page. The module level is important because the Keystone Exams are built using a module format, with each of the Keystone Exams divided into two equally sized test modules. Each module is made up of two or more Assessment Anchors.

Assessment Anchor: The Assessment Anchor appears in the shaded bar across the top of each Assessment Anchor table. The Assessment Anchors represent categories of subject matter that anchor the content of the Keystone Exams. Each Assessment Anchor is part of a module and has one or more Anchor Descriptors unified under it.

Anchor Descriptor: Below each Assessment Anchor is a specific Anchor Descriptor. The Anchor Descriptor level provides further details that delineate the scope of content covered by the Assessment Anchor. Each Anchor Descriptor is part of an Assessment Anchor and has one or more Eligible Content unified under it.

Eligible Content: The column to the right of the Anchor Descriptor contains the Eligible Content statements. The Eligible Content is the most specific description of the content that is assessed on the Keystone Exams. This level is considered the assessment limit and helps educators identify the range of the content covered on the Keystone Exams.

Enhanced Standard: In the column to the right of each Eligible Content statement is a code representing one or more Enhanced Standards that correlate to the Eligible Content statement. Some Eligible Content statements include annotations that indicate certain clarifications about the scope of an Eligible Content.

“e.g.” (“for example”)—sample approach, but not a limit to the eligible content.

“i.e.” (“that is”)—specific limit to the eligible content.

Standards Aligned System—www.pdesas.org

Pennsylvania Department of Education—www.education.state.pa.us


MODULE A—CELLS AND CELL PROCESSES

Keystone Exams: Biology

ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.A.1 Basic Biological Principles

Anchor Descriptor Eligible ContentEnhanced

Standard

BIO.A.1.1 Explain the characteristics common to all organisms.

BIO.A.1.1.1 Describe the characteristics of life shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

3.1.B.A1

3.1.B.C2

4.1.3.A

4.1.4.A

Sample Exam Question

Standard BIO.A.1.1.1

Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A. ability to store hereditary information

B. use of organelles to control cell processes

C. use of cellular respiration for energy release

D. ability to move in response to environmental stimuli




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.A.1 Basic Biological Principles (continued)


Standard

BIO.A.1.2 Describe relationships between structure and function at biological levels of organization.

BIO.A.1.2.1 Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

3.1.B.A1

3.1.B.A5

3.1.B.C2

4.1.4.A



Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A. cell wall and nucleus

B. cell wall and chloroplast

C. plasma membrane and nucleus

D. plasma membrane and cytoplasm




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.A.1.2.1 Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

3.1.B.A1

3.1.B.A5

3.1.B.C2

4.1.4.A



Prokaryotic cells are generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Part A: Identify a structural difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is directly related to their difference in size.

Part B: Based on the structural difference, explain why prokaryotic cells can be much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Continued next page




Standard BIO.A.1.1

Continued. Please refer to the previous page for task explanation.

Part C: Describe one similarity between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is independent of size.




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.A.1.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms).

3.1.B.A5

3.1.B.A6

3.1.B.A1



Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statement best describes how the structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to function properly?

A. They increase the amount of energy transferred from the lungs to the blood.

B. They increase the fl exibility of the lungs as they expand during inhalation.

C. They increase the volume of the lungs, allowing more oxygen to be inhaled.

D. They increase the surface area of the lungs, allowing effi cient gas exchange.




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.A.2 The Chemical Basis for Life


Standard

BIO.A.2.1 Describe how the unique properties of water support life on Earth.

BIO.A.2.1.1 Describe the unique properties of water and how these properties support life on Earth (e.g., freezing point, high specifi c heat, cohesion).

3.1.B.A8

3.1.B.A5

4.2.5.C



Which statement best describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake?

A. When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the water level in a lake.

B. Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms.

C. When water in a lake freezes, it fl oats, providing insulation for organisms below.

D. Water removes thermal energy from the land around a lake, causing the lake to freeze.




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.A.2 The Chemical Basis for Life (continued)


Standard

BIO.A.2.2 Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biochemical organization (i.e., atoms, molecules, and macromolecules).

BIO.A.2.2.1 Explain how carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules.

3.1.B.A7

3.2.C.A2

BIO.A.2.2.2 Describe how biological macromolecules form from monomers.

3.1.B.A7

3.1.B.A8

3.1.B.A2

3.1.C.A2

3.1.C.A7

Sample Exam Questions


Which statement correctly describes how carbon’s ability to form four bonds makes it uniquely suited to form macromolecules?

A. It forms short, simple carbon chains.

B. It forms large, complex, diverse molecules.

C. It forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.

D. It forms covalent bonds that can exist in a single plane.


Use the diagram below to answer the question.

Chemical Reaction

432HO H + HO H1

32HO H + H2O1 4

The diagram shows a reaction that forms a polymer from two monomers. What is this type of reaction called?

A. glycolysis

B. hydrolysis

C. photosynthesis

D. dehydration synthesis





Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates?

A. large amount of stored information

B. ability to catalyze biochemical reactions

C. effi cient storage of usable chemical energy

D. tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic

ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.A.2.2.3 Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms.

3.1.B.A7

3.1.B.A2

3.1.C.A2

3.1.C.A7





ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.A.2.2.3 Compare the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in organisms.

3.1.B.A7

3.1.B.A2

3.1.C.A2

3.1.C.A7



Proteins are a major part of every living cell and have many different functions within each cell. Carbohydrates also perform numerous roles in living things.

Part A: Describe the general composition of a protein molecule.

Continued next page





Part B: Describe how the structures of proteins differ from the structures of carbohydrates.

Part C: Describe how the functions of proteins differ from the functions of carbohydrates.




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard

BIO.A.2.3 Explain how enzymes regulate biochemical reactions within a cell.

BIO.A.2.3.1 Describe the role of an enzyme as a catalyst in regulating a specifi c biochemical reaction.

3.1.B.A2

3.1.B.A7

BIO.A.2.3.2 Explain how factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration levels can affect enzyme function.

3.1.B.A2

3.1.B.A7



Substance A is converted to substance B in a metabolic reaction. Which statement best describes the role of an enzyme during this reaction?

A. It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium.

B. It provides energy to carry out the reaction.

C. It dissolves substance A in the reaction medium.

D. It speeds up the reaction without being consumed.


A scientist observes that, when the pH of the environment surrounding an enzyme is changed,the rate the enzyme catalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. Which statement best describeshow a change in pH can affect an enzyme?

A. A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape.

B. A pH change can remove energy necessary to activate an enzyme.

C. A pH change can add new molecules to the structure of the enzyme.

D. A pH change can cause an enzyme to react with a different substrate.




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.A.3 Bioenergetics


Standard

BIO.A.3.1 Identify and describe the cell structures involved in processing energy.

BIO.A.3.1.1 Describe the fundamental roles of plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) and mitochondria in energy transformations.

3.1.B.A2

3.1.B.A5

3.1.C.A1



Using a microscope, a student observes a small, green organelle in a plant cell. Which energy transformation most likely occurs fi rst within the observed organelle?

A. ATP to light

B. light to chemical

C. heat to electrical

D. chemical to chemical




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.A.3 Bioenergetics (continued)


Standard

BIO.A.3.2 Identify and describe how organisms obtain and transform energy for their life processes.

BIO.A.3.2.1 Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

3.1.B.A2

3.1.B.A5

3.1.C.A1

4.1.10.C



Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two major processes of carbon cycling in living organisms. Which statement correctly describes one similarity between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A. Both occur in animal and plant cells.

B. Both include reactions that transform energy.

C. Both convert light energy into chemical energy.

D. Both synthesize organic molecules as end products.





A protein in a cell membrane changed its shape to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients. Which molecule was most

likely used by the protein as an energy source?

A. ATP

B. ADP

C. catalase

D. amylase

ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.A.3.2.2 Describe the role of ATP in biochemical reactions.

3.1.B.A2

3.1.C.A1

3.1.C.A2






Use the diagrams below to answer the question.

photosynthesis

cellular respiration

energy in

energy in

energy out

energy out

Part A: Complete the chart below by describing energy transformations involved in each process.

Process Energy Transformations

photosynthesis

cellular

respiration

ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.A.3.2.1 Compare the basic transformation of energy during photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

3.1.B.A2

3.1.B.A5

3.1.C.A1

4.1.10.C


Continued next page





Part B: Describe how energy transformations involved in photosynthesis are related to energy transformations involved in cellular respiration.




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.A.4 Homeostasis and Transport


Standard

BIO.A.4.1 Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of, and throughout a cell.

BIO.A.4.1.1 Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell.

3.1.B.A5

3.1.B.A2

3.1.B.A4

3.1.B.A7

3.2.C.A1

3.2.P.B6



Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that can move freely across a plasma membrane. What determines the direction that carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules move?

A. orientation of cholesterol in the plasma membrane

B. concentration gradient across the plasma membrane

C. confi guration of phospholipids in the plasma membrane

D. location of receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.A.4 Homeostasis and Transport (continued)


Standard


BIO.A.4.1.2 Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis).

3.1.B.A5

3.1.B.A2

3.1.B.A7

3.2.C.A1

3.2.P.B6



A sodium-potassium pump within a cell membrane requires energy to move sodium and potassium ions into or out of a cell. The movement of glucose into or out of a cell does not require energy. Which statement best describes the movement of these materials across a cell membrane?

A. Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by osmosis.

B. Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by facilitated diffusion.

C. Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by osmosis.

D. Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by active transport.




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.A.4.1.2 Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis).

3.1.B.A5

3.1.B.A2

3.1.B.A7

3.2.C.A1

3.2.P.B6



Some animals can produce a potassium ion concentration inside their cells that is twenty times greater than that of their environment. This ion concentration gradient is maintained by the plasma membrane.

Part A: Identify the process in the cell membrane that produces this difference in concentration.

Part B: Explain the process that occurs as the cell produces the ion concentration gradient.

Continued next page





Part C: Compare the process of potassium ion transport to another mechanism that moves material across the plasma membrane.





The rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together in eukaryotic cells. What is one way that the rough endoplasmic reticulum assists the Golgi apparatus?

A. It assembles nucleic acids from monomers.

B. It breaks down old, damaged macromolecules.

C. It packages new protein molecules into vesicles.

D. It determines which protein molecules to synthesize.

ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.A.4.1.3 Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell.

3.1.B.A5

3.1.B.A2





ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard

BIO.A.4.2 Explain mechanisms that permit organisms to maintain biological balance between their internal and external environments.

BIO.A.4.2.1 Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation).

3.1.B.A8

3.1.B.A5

4.5.4.D

4.2.4.C



Which example is an activity that a fi sh most likely uses to maintain homeostasis within its body?

A. using camoufl age to avoid predators

B. feeding at night to regulate body temperature

C. moving to deeper water to regulate metabolic wastes

D. exchanging gases through its gills to regulate oxygen levels



MODULE B—CONTINUITY AND UNITY OF LIFE

ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.B.1 Cell Growth and Reproduction


Standard

BIO.B.1.1 Describe the three stages of the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division, cytokinesis.

BIO.B.1.1.1 Describe the events that occur during the cell cycle: interphase, nuclear division (i.e., mitosis or meiosis), cytokinesis.

3.1.B.A4

3.1.B.A5

3.1.B.B2

3.1.B.B3

3.1.B.B5

3.1.B.C2

3.1.C.C2


Standard BIO.B.1.1.1

Use the illustration below to answer the

question.

Which statement best describes the phase of the cell cycle shown?

A. The cell is in prophase of mitosis because the number of chromosomes has doubled.

B. The cell is in prophase I of meiosis because the number of chromosomes has doubled.

C. The cell is in telophase of mitosis because the cell is separating and contains two copies of each chromosome.

D. The cell is in telophase of meiosis because the cell is separating and contains two copies of each chromosome.





Mitosis and meiosis are processes by which animal and plant cells divide. Which statement best describes a difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A. Meiosis is a multi-step process.

B. Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells.

C. Meiosis is used in the repair of an organism.

D. Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.

ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.B.1 Cell Growth and Reproduction (continued)


Standard


BIO.B.1.1.2 Compare the processes and outcomes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisions.

3.1.B.A4

3.1.B.A5

3.1.B.B2

3.1.B.B3

3.1.B.B5

3.1.B.C2

3.1.C.C2





ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.B.1.1.2 Compare the processes and outcomes of mitotic and meiotic nuclear divisions.

3.1.B.A4

3.1.B.A5

3.1.B.B2

3.1.B.B3

3.1.B.B5

3.1.B.C2

3.1.C.C2



Patau syndrome can be a lethal genetic disorder in mammals, resulting from chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis.

Part A: Identify the step during the process of meiosis when chromosomes would most likely fail to separate.

Part B: Describe how chromosome separation in meiosis is different from chromosome separation in mitosis.

Continued next page





Part C: Compare the effects of a disorder caused by chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis, such as Patau syndrome, to the effects of chromosomes failing to separate during mitosis.




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard

BIO.B.1.2 Explain how genetic information is inherited.

BIO.B.1.2.1 Describe how the process of DNA replication results in the transmission and/or conservation of genetic information.

3.1.B.B1

3.1.B.B3

3.1.B.B5

3.1.B.C2

3.1.C.C2

BIO.B.1.2.2 Explain the functional relationships between DNA, genes, alleles, and chromosomes and their roles in inheritance.

3.1.B.B1

3.1.B.B5

3.1.B.B2

3.1.B.B3

3.1.C.C2



Which process helps to preserve the genetic information stored in DNA during DNA replication?

A. the replacement of nitrogen base thymine with uracil

B. enzymes quickly linking nitrogen bases with hydrogen bonds

C. the synthesis of unique sugar and phosphate molecules for each nucleotide

D. nucleotides lining up along the template strand according to base pairing rules


In a fl owering plant species, red fl ower color is dominant over white fl ower color. What is the genotype of any red-fl owering plant resulting from this species?

A. red and white alleles present on one chromosome

B. red and white alleles present on two chromosomes

C. a red allele present on both homologous chromosomes

D. a red allele present on at least one of two homologous chromosomes




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.B.2 Genetics


Standard

BIO.B.2.1 Compare Mendelian and non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance.

BIO.B.2.1.1 Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance (i.e., dominant, recessive, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles).

3.1.B.B5



Use the table below to answer the question.

Blood Types

Genotype(s) Phenotype

ii

IAIA, IAi

AB

B

A

O

IBIB, IBi

IAIB

Blood type is inherited through multiple alleles, including IA, IB, and i. A child has type A blood. If the father has type AB blood, what are all the possible phenotypes of the mother?

A. phenotypes O or A

B. phenotypes A or AB

C. phenotypes A, B, AB

D. phenotypes O, A, B, AB




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.B.2 Genetics (continued)


Standard


BIO.B.2.1.1 Describe and/or predict observed patterns of inheritance (i.e., dominant, recessive, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked, polygenic, and multiple alleles).

3.1.B.B5



A cattle farmer genetically crosses a cow (female) with a white coat with a bull (male) with a red coat. The resulting calf (offspring) is roan, which means there are red and white hairs intermixed in the coat of the calf. The genes for coat color in cattle are co-dominant.

Part A: Although a farm has cattle in all three colors, the farmer prefers roan cattle over white or red cattle. Use the Punnett square to show a cross that would produce only roan offspring.

Continued next page





Part B: Explain how a roan calf results from one white- and one red-coated parent. In your explanation, use letters to represent genes. Be sure to indicate what colors the letters represent.

Part C: Predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring produced from two roan cattle.






Which type of change in chromosome composition is illustrated in the diagram?

A. deletion

B. insertion

C. inversion

D. translocation

ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.B.2.1.2 Describe processes that can alter composition or number of chromosomes (i.e., crossing-over, nondisjunction, duplication, translocation, deletion, insertion, and inversion).

3.1.B.B1

3.1.B.B2

3.1.B.B3

3.1.C.C2





ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard

BIO.B.2.2 Explain the process of protein synthesis (i.e., transcription, translation, and protein modifi cation).

BIO.B.2.2.1 Describe how the processes of transcription and translation are similar in all organisms.

3.1.B.B1

3.1.B.B3

3.1.B.B5

3.1.C.B3

3.1.C.C2

BIO.B.2.2.2 Describe the role of ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and the nucleus in the production of specifi c types of proteins.

3.1.B.A5

3.1.B.B3

3.1.B.B5

3.1.C.B3



Which statement describes a cell process that is common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A. Both cell types carry out transcription in the nucleus.

B. Both cell types use ribosomes to carry out translation.

C. Both cell types assemble amino acids to carry out transcription.

D. Both cell types carry out translation in the endoplasmic reticulum.


The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within the cell, and it is often classifi ed as rough or smooth, depending on whether there are ribosomes on its surface. Which statement best describes the role of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell?

A. It stores all proteins for later use.

B. It provides an attachment site for larger organelles.

C. It aids in the production of membrane and secretory proteins.

D. It stores amino acids required for the production of all proteins.




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard

BIO.B.2.3 Explain how genetic information is expressed.

BIO.B.2.3.1 Describe how genetic mutations alter the DNA sequence and may or may not affect phenotype (e.g., silent, nonsense, frame-shift).

3.1.B.B1

3.1.B.B3

3.1.B.C2

3.1.C.B3

3.1.C.C2



A genetic mutation resulted in a change in the sequence of amino acids of a protein, but the function of the protein was not changed. Which statement best describes the genetic mutation?

A. It was a silent mutation that caused a change in the DNA of the organism.

B. It was a silent mutation that caused a change in the phenotype of the organism.

C. It was a nonsense mutation that caused a change in the DNA of the organism.

D. It was a nonsense mutation that caused a change in the phenotype of the organism.





Genetic engineering has led to genetically modifi ed plants that resist insect pests and bacterial and fungal infections. Which outcome would most likely be a reason why some scientists recommend caution in planting genetically modifi ed plants?

A. unplanned ecosystem interactions

B. reduced pesticide and herbicide use

C. improved agricultural yield and profi t

D. increased genetic variation and diversity

ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard

BIO.B.2.4 Apply scientifi c thinking, processes, tools, and technologies in the study of genetics.

BIO.B.2.4.1 Explain how genetic engineering has impacted the fi elds of medicine, forensics, and agriculture (e.g., selective breeding, gene splicing, cloning, genetically modifi ed organisms, gene therapy).

3.1.B.B4

4.4.7.A

4.4.10.A

4.4.12.A

4.4.7.B

4.4.10.B

4.4.12.B





ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.B.3 Theory of Evolution


Standard

BIO.B.3.1 Explain the mechanisms of evolution.

BIO.B.3.1.1 Explain how natural selection can impact allele frequencies of a population.

3.1.B.C1

BIO.B.3.1.2 Describe the factors that can contribute to the development of new species (e.g., isolating mechanisms, genetic drift, founder effect, migration).

3.1.B.C1

3.1.B.C2

BIO.B.3.1.3 Explain how genetic mutations may result in genotypic and phenotypic variations within a population.

3.1.B.C2

3.1.B.B1



Use the circle graphs below to answer the

question.

The graphs illustrate change in a lizard population over time. Which process most likely led to the change in the lizard population?

A. natural selection acting on a harmful trait

B. natural selection acting on a benefi cial trait

C. natural selection acting on a dominant trait

D. natural selection acting on a recessive trait


In North America, the eastern spotted skunk mates in late winter, and the western spotted skunk mates in late summer. Even though their geographic ranges overlap, the species do not mate with each other. What most likely prevents these two species from interbreeding?

A. habitat isolation

B. gametic isolation

C. geographic isolation

D. reproductive isolation


A mutation occurs in the genes that code for coat color in deer. Which change will most likely result from this mutation?

A. a change in the selection pressures acting on coat color

B. a change in the coat-color genes of deer predator species

C. an increase in coat-color diversity in the population

D. an increase in the number of genes for coat color in the population




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.B.3 Theory of Evolution (continued)


Standard

BIO.B.3.2 Analyze the sources of evidence for biological evolution.

BIO.B.3.2.1 Interpret evidence supporting the theory of evolution (i.e., fossil, anatomical, physiological, embryological, biochemical, and universal genetic code).

3.1.B.C3

3.1.B.C1

3.1.B.B3



Use the illustrations below to answer the question.

The skeletons of mammalian forelimbs represent variations of a structure that was present in their common ancestor. What has most likely caused the variation in forelimbs?

A. changes in muscle structure

B. changes in the genetic codes

C. trait formation due to behaviors

D. development of vestigial structures




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard

BIO.B.3.2 Analyze the sources of evidence for biological evolution.

BIO.B.3.2.1 Interpret evidence supporting the theory of evolution (i.e., fossil, anatomical, physiological, embryological, biochemical, and universal genetic code).

3.1.B.C3

3.1.B.C1

3.1.B.B3




Sequence Differences between

COII Genes in Some Animals

AnimalNumber of Base

Differences from a Rat

mouse 101

cow 136

The gene COII is in the genome of many organisms. A comparison of the number of base differences between the COII gene in a rat and that of two other animals is shown.

Part A: Based on the data, describe a possible evolutionary relationship between rats, mice, and cows.

Continued next page





Part B: Describe how different organisms having a common gene such as COII supports the theory of evolution.

Part C: The COII gene of a monkey has 203 base differences from the same gene in a rat and 210 base differences from the same gene in a mouse. Compare the evolutionary relationships between the monkey, the rat, and the mouse.




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard

BIO.B.3.3 Apply scientifi c thinking, processes, tools, and technologies in the study of the theory of evolution.

BIO.B.3.3.1 Distinguish between the scientifi c terms: hypothesis, inference, law, theory, principle, fact, and observation.

3.1.B.A9




Student's Observations of a Pond Ecosystem

evitatilauQevitatitnauQ

37 fish and 3 frogs Leaves lie on the bottom of the pond.

2 types of aquatic grass Water insects move along the water's surface.

12 small rocks and 1 medium rock All 3 frogs are sitting on a pond bank.

sand

A group of students measured a ten-square-meter section of a pond ecosystem and recorded observations. Which statement is a testable hypothesis?

A. The frogs living in the pond represent a population.

B. Water is an abiotic component in the pond ecosystem.

C. If the fi sh are given more food, then they will be happier.

D. If the frogs are startled, then they will jump into the water.




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.B.4 Ecology


Standard

BIO.B.4.1 Describe ecological levels of organization in the biosphere.

BIO.B.4.1.1 Describe the levels of ecological organization (i.e., organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere).

4.1.4.A

4.1.7.A

4.1.10.A

4.1.7.C

4.4.6.A

4.5.3.D

BIO.B.4.1.2 Describe characteristic biotic and abiotic components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

4.1.7.A

4.1.3.A

4.1.4.B

4.2.10.A

4.1.4.C

4.4.5.C

4.4.3.C



A researcher observing an ecosystem describes the amount of sunlight, precipitation, and type of soil present. Which factors is the researcher most likely describing?

A. biotic factors in a forest

B. biotic factors in a tundra

C. abiotic factors in a prairie

D. abiotic factors in an ocean


Use the list below to answer the question.

Observations

• two grey wolves• five moose• several species of conifer trees• large granite rock• shallow pond

A student wrote several observations in a fi eld notebook. Which term best classifi es all of the student’s observations?

A. population

B. food chain

C. ecosystem

D. community




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR

BIO.B.4 Ecology (continued)


Standard

BIO.B.4.2 Describe interactions and relationships in an ecosystem.

BIO.B.4.2.1 Describe how energy fl ows through an ecosystem (e.g., food chains, food webs, energy pyramids).

4.1.4.C

4.1.7.C

4.1.10.C

4.1.12.C

4.1.3.C

4.1.5.C

4.1.5.A

BIO.B.4.2.2 Describe biotic interactions in an ecosystem (e.g., competition, predation, symbiosis).

4.1.7.A

4.1.10.A

4.5.3.D

4.5.6.D



A species of snapping turtles has a tongue that resembles a worm. The tongue is used to attract small fi sh. Which best describes the interaction between the fi sh and the snapping turtle?

A. predation

B. symbiosis

C. parasitism

D. competition



Which sequence correctly describes the fl ow of energy between organisms in the marine food web?

A. from seals to penguins to krill

B. from whales to krill to small fi sh

C. from sea birds to seals to penguins

D. from small fi sh to penguins to seals




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.B.4.2.3 Describe how matter recycles through an ecosystem (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle).

4.1.4.B

4.1.7.B

4.2.5.A

4.2.7.A

4.3.12.A

4.4.3.C

4.5.4.C

4.5.8.C

4.3.4.D

3.1.B.A2



Which statement correctly describes how nitrogen in the soil returns to the atmosphere?

A. Soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas.

B. Decomposers directly convert ammonium into nitrogen gas.

C. Plants assimilate nitrites and convert them into nitrogen gas.

D. Nitrogen-fi xing bacteria in plant roots convert nitrates into nitrogen gas.




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.B.4.2.4 Describe how ecosystems change in response to natural and human disturbances (e.g., climate changes, introduction of nonnative species, pollution, fi res).

4.1.10.A

4.1.10.B

4.1.12.A

4.1.4.A

4.1.12.C

4.1.4.E

4.1.7.E

4.1.10.E

4.5.10.D

4.2.8.A

4.2.10.A

4.2.12.A

4.2.10.B

4.2.12.B

4.2.10.C

4.2.12.C

4.3.12.A

4.3.10.B

4.5.10.B

4.5.12.B

4.5.4.C

4.5.7.C



Agricultural runoff can carry fertilizers into lakes and streams. This runoff can cause algae populations to greatly increase. Which effect does this change in the algae population sizes most likely have on affected lakes and streams?

A. an increase in water level

B. an increase in water clarity

C. a reduction in dissolved oxygen needed by fi sh and shellfi sh

D. a reduction in temperature variations near the water’s surface




ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.B.4.2.5 Describe the effects of limiting factors on population dynamics and potential species extinction.

4.1.4.A

4.1.10.A

4.1.12.A

4.1.7.E

4.1.10.E

4.1.4.E

4.2.10.C

4.5.3.D

4.5.5.D

4.5.6.D

4.5.10.D

4.2.10.A

4.2.7.A

4.2.8.A

4.2.10.B

4.4.6.A

4.4.6.B

4.4.3.C

4.4.5.C

4.5.7.B

4.5.7.C



A farmer observed that an increase in a fi eld’s soil nitrogen content was followed by an increase in producer productivity. What does this observation most likely indicate about the relationship between nitrogen and the producers in the fi eld?

A. Nitrogen was a biotic factor.

B. Nitrogen was a limiting factor.

C. Nitrogen became a surplus resource.

D. Nitrogen became a selection pressure.





Use the graph below to answer the question.

Wolf and Moose Populations Over 40 Years

Isle Royale is located in Lake Superior. Isle Royale is home to populations of wolves and moose. The interactions between the wolves and moose, as well as the individual population sizes, have been studied since 1958. The graph shows the population sizes over time for both wolves and moose.

ASSESSMENT ANCHOR



Standard


BIO.B.4.2.5 Describe the effects of limiting factors on population dynamics and potential species extinction.

4.1.4.A

4.1.10.A

4.1.12.A

4.1.7.E

4.1.10.E

4.1.4.E

4.2.10.C

4.5.3.D

4.5.5.D

4.5.6.D

4.5.10.D

4.2.10.A

4.2.7.A

4.2.8.A

4.2.10.B

4.4.6.A

4.4.6.B

4.4.3.C

4.4.5.C

4.5.7.B

4.5.7.C


Continued next page






Part A: Describe one limiting factor for the moose population.

Part B: Explain one likely reason why the wolf population rapidly increased between 1975 and 1980.

Continued next page






Part C: Predict what will happen to the moose population’s size after 1994 by describing the shape of the curve. In your answer, be sure to explain the reasoning behind your prediction.


KEYSTONE BIOLOGY ASSESSMENT ANCHORS

KEY TO SAMPLE MULTIPLE-CHOICE ITEMS

Biology

Eligible Content Key

BIO.A.1.1.1 A

BIO.A.1.2.1 D

BIO.A.1.2.2 D


BIO.A.2.1.1 C

BIO.A.2.2.1 B

BIO.A.2.2.2 D

BIO.A.2.2.3 B

BIO.A.2.3.1 D

BIO.A.2.3.2 A


BIO.A.3.1.1 B

BIO.A.3.2.1 B

BIO.A.3.2.2 A


BIO.A.4.1.1 B

BIO.A.4.1.2 B

BIO.A.4.1.3 C

BIO.A.4.2.1 D


BIO.B.1.1.1 C

BIO.B.1.1.2 D

BIO.B.1.2.1 D

BIO.B.1.2.2 D


BIO.B.2.1.1 D

BIO.B.2.1.2 D

BIO.B.2.2.1 B

BIO.B.2.2.2 C

BIO.B.2.3.1 A

BIO.B.2.4.1 A


BIO.B.3.1.1 B

BIO.B.3.1.2 D

BIO.B.3.1.3 C

BIO.B.3.2.1 B

BIO.B.3.3.1 D


BIO.B.4.1.1 C

BIO.B.4.1.2 C

BIO.B.4.2.1 D

BIO.B.4.2.2 A

BIO.B.4.2.3 A

BIO.B.4.2.4 C

BIO.B.4.2.5 B

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Glossar

y to the

Assessment A

nchor & Eligibl

e Content

The

Keys

tone

Glo

ssar

y in

clud

es t

erm

s an

d de

finiti

ons

asso

ciat

ed w

ith t

he K

eyst

one

Asse

ssm

ent

Anch

ors

and

Elig

ible

Con

tent

. The

term

s an

d de

finiti

ons

incl

uded

in th

e gl

ossa

ry a

re in

tend

ed to

ass

ist P

enns

ylva

nia

educ

ator

s in

bet

ter

unde

rsta

ndin

g th

e Ke

ysto

ne A

sses

smen

t An

chor

s an

d El

igib

le C

onte

nt. T

he g

loss

ary

does

not

def

ine

all

poss

ible

ter

ms

incl

uded

on

an a

ctua

l Key

ston

e Ex

am, a

nd it

is n

ot in

tend

ed t

o de

fine

term

s fo

r us

e in

cla

ssro

om

inst

ruct

ion

for a

par

ticul

ar g

rade

leve

l or c

ours

e.

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n w

ww

.edu

cati

on.s

tate

.pa.

us

April 2014

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 2

April 2

014

Abio

tic

A te

rm th

at d

escr

ibes

a n

onliv

ing

fact

or in

an

ecos

yste

m.

Activ

atio

n En

ergy

(Ea)

The

min

imum

ene

rgy

requ

ired

to in

itiat

e a

spec

ific

chem

ical

reac

tion.

Activ

e Tr

ansp

ort

The

mov

emen

t of p

artic

les f

rom

an

area

of l

ow c

once

ntra

tion

to a

n ar

ea o

f hig

h co

ncen

trat

ion

that

use

s ene

rgy

pr

ovid

ed b

y AT

P or

a d

iffer

ence

in e

lect

rical

cha

rges

acr

oss a

cel

l mem

bran

e.

Aden

osin

e Tr

ipho

spha

te (A

TP)

A m

olec

ule

that

pro

vide

s ene

rgy

for c

ellu

lar r

eact

ions

and

pro

cess

es. A

TP re

leas

es e

nerg

y w

hen

one

of it

s hi

gh-e

nerg

y bo

nds i

s bro

ken

to re

leas

e a

phos

phat

e gr

oup.

Adhe

sion

Th

e in

term

olec

ular

att

ract

ion

betw

een

unlik

e m

olec

ules

. Cap

illar

y ac

tion

resu

lts fr

om th

e ad

hesiv

e pr

oper

ties o

f w

ater

and

the

mol

ecul

es th

at m

ake

up p

lant

cel

ls.

Agric

ultu

re

The

artif

icia

l cul

tivat

ion

of fo

od, f

iber

, and

oth

er g

oods

by

the

syst

emat

ic g

row

ing

and

harv

estin

g of

var

ious

org

anism

s.

Alle

le

A va

riatio

n of

a g

ene’

s nuc

leot

ide

sequ

ence

(an

alte

rnat

ive

form

of a

gen

e).

Alle

le F

requ

ency

Th

e m

easu

re o

f the

rela

tive

freq

uenc

y of

an

alle

le a

t a g

enet

ic lo

cus i

n a

popu

latio

n; e

xpre

ssed

as a

pro

port

ion

or

perc

enta

ge.

Anal

ogou

s Str

uctu

re

A ph

ysic

al st

ruct

ure,

pre

sent

in m

ultip

le sp

ecie

s, th

at is

sim

ilar i

n fu

nctio

n bu

t diff

eren

t in

form

and

inhe

ritan

ce.

Aqua

tic

A te

rm th

at d

escr

ibes

an

orga

nism

ass

ocia

ted

with

a w

ater

env

ironm

ent.

Atom

Th

e sm

alle

st u

nit o

f an

elem

ent t

hat r

etai

ns th

e ch

emic

al a

nd p

hysic

al p

rope

rtie

s of t

hat e

lem

ent.

Bioc

hem

ical

Con

vers

ion

Th

e ch

angi

ng o

f org

anic

mat

ter i

nto

othe

r che

mic

al fo

rms s

uch

as fu

els.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 3

April 2

014

Bioe

nerg

etic

s Th

e st

udy

of e

nerg

y flo

w (e

nerg

y tr

ansf

orm

atio

ns) i

nto

and

with

in li

ving

syst

ems.

Biog

eoch

emic

al C

ycle

s Th

e m

ovem

ent o

f abi

otic

fact

ors b

etw

een

the

livin

g an

d no

nliv

ing

com

pone

nts w

ithin

eco

syst

ems;

also

kno

wn

as

nutr

ient

cyc

les (

i.e.,

wat

er c

ycle

, car

bon

cycl

e, o

xyge

n cy

cle,

and

nitr

ogen

cyc

le).

Biol

ogic

al M

acro

mol

ecul

es

A gr

oup

of b

iom

acro

mol

ecul

es th

at in

tera

ct w

ith b

iolo

gica

l sys

tem

s and

thei

r env

ironm

ents

.

Biol

ogy

Th

e sc

ient

ific

stud

y of

life

.

Biom

e

A la

rge

area

or g

eogr

aphi

cal r

egio

n w

ith d

istin

ct p

lant

and

ani

mal

gro

ups a

dapt

ed to

that

env

ironm

ent.

Bios

pher

e

The

zone

of l

ife o

n Ea

rth;

sum

tota

l of a

ll ec

osys

tem

s on

Eart

h.

Biot

echn

olog

y

Any

proc

edur

e or

met

hodo

logy

that

use

s bio

logi

cal s

yste

ms o

r liv

ing

orga

nism

s to

deve

lop

or m

odify

eith

er p

rodu

cts o

r pr

oces

ses f

or sp

ecifi

c us

e. T

his t

erm

is c

omm

only

ass

ocia

ted

with

gen

etic

eng

inee

ring,

whi

ch is

one

of m

any

appl

icat

ions

.

Biot

ic

A te

rm th

at d

escr

ibes

a li

ving

or o

nce-

livin

g or

gani

sm in

an

ecos

yste

m.

Carb

ohyd

rate

A

mac

rom

olec

ule

that

con

tain

s ato

ms o

f car

bon,

hyd

roge

n, a

nd o

xyge

n in

a 1

:2:1

ratio

and

serv

es a

s a m

ajor

sour

ce o

f en

ergy

for l

ivin

g or

gani

sms (

e.g.

, sug

ars,

star

ches

, and

cel

lulo

se).

Carr

ier (

Tran

spor

t) P

rote

ins

Prot

eins

em

bedd

ed in

the

plas

ma

mem

bran

e in

volv

ed in

the

mov

emen

t of i

ons,

smal

l mol

ecul

es, a

nd m

acro

mol

ecul

es

into

and

out

of c

ells;

also

kno

wn

as tr

ansp

ort p

rote

ins.

Carr

ying

Cap

acity

Th

e nu

mbe

r of i

ndiv

idua

ls in

a p

opul

atio

n th

at c

an b

e su

ppor

ted

in a

n ec

osys

tem

giv

en th

e re

sour

ces a

vaila

ble

and

othe

r en

viro

nmen

tal p

ress

ures

.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 4

April 2

014

Cata

lyst

A

subs

tanc

e th

at e

nabl

es a

che

mic

al re

actio

n to

pro

ceed

at a

usu

ally

fast

er ra

te o

r und

er d

iffer

ent c

ondi

tions

(e

.g.,

low

er te

mpe

ratu

re) t

han

othe

rwise

pos

sible

with

out b

eing

cha

nged

by

the

reac

tion.

Cell

Th

e ba

sic u

nit o

f str

uctu

re a

nd fu

nctio

n fo

r all

livin

g or

gani

sms.

Cel

ls ha

ve th

ree

com

mon

com

pone

nts:

gen

etic

mat

eria

l, cy

topl

asm

, and

a c

ell m

embr

ane.

Euk

aryo

tic c

ells

also

con

tain

spec

ializ

ed o

rgan

elle

s.

Cell

Cycl

e

The

serie

s of e

vent

s tha

t tak

e pl

ace

in a

cel

l lea

ding

to it

s div

ision

and

dup

licat

ion.

The

mai

n ph

ases

of t

he c

ell c

ycle

are

in

terp

hase

, nuc

lear

div

ision

, and

cyt

okin

esis.

Cellu

lar R

espi

ratio

n

A co

mpl

ex se

t of c

hem

ical

reac

tions

invo

lvin

g an

ene

rgy

tran

sfor

mat

ion

whe

re p

oten

tial c

hem

ical

ene

rgy

in th

e

bond

s of “

food

” m

olec

ules

is re

leas

ed a

nd p

artia

lly c

aptu

red

in th

e bo

nds o

f ade

nosin

e tr

ipho

spha

te (A

TP) m

olec

ules

.

Chlo

ropl

ast

An o

rgan

elle

foun

d in

pla

nt c

ells

and

the

cells

of o

ther

euk

aryo

tic p

hoto

synt

hetic

org

anism

s whe

re p

hoto

synt

hesis

oc

curs

.

Chro

mos

omal

Mut

atio

n

A ch

ange

in th

e st

ruct

ure

of a

chr

omos

ome

(e.g

., de

letio

n, th

e lo

ss o

f a se

gmen

t of a

chr

omos

ome

and

thus

the

loss

of

segm

ent c

onta

inin

g ge

nes;

dup

licat

ion,

whe

n a

segm

ent o

f a c

hrom

osom

e is

dupl

icat

ed a

nd th

us d

ispla

yed

mor

e th

an

once

on

the

chro

mos

ome;

inve

rsio

n, w

hen

a se

gmen

t of a

chr

omos

ome

brea

ks o

ff an

d re

atta

ches

in re

vers

e or

der;

and

tran

sloca

tion,

whe

n a

segm

ent o

f one

chr

omos

ome

brea

ks o

ff an

d at

tach

es to

a n

onho

mol

ogou

s chr

omos

ome)

.

Chro

mos

omes

A

singl

e pi

ece

of c

oile

d DN

A an

d as

soci

ated

pro

tein

s fou

nd in

line

ar fo

rms i

n th

e nu

cleu

s of e

ukar

yotic

cel

ls an

d

circ

ular

form

s in

the

cyto

plas

m o

f pro

kary

otic

cel

ls; c

onta

ins g

enes

that

enc

ode

trai

ts. E

ach

spec

ies h

as a

cha

ract

erist

ic

num

ber o

f chr

omos

omes

.

Clon

ing

A

proc

ess i

n w

hich

a c

ell,

cell

prod

uct,

or o

rgan

ism is

cop

ied

from

an

orig

inal

sour

ce (e

.g.,

DNA

clon

ing,

the

tran

sfer

of a

DN

A fr

agm

ent f

rom

one

org

anism

to a

self-

repl

icat

ing

gene

tic e

lem

ent s

uch

as a

bac

teria

l pla

smid

; rep

rodu

ctiv

e cl

onin

g,

the

tran

sfer

of g

enet

ic m

ater

ial f

rom

the

nucl

eus o

f a d

onor

adu

lt ce

ll to

an

egg

cell

that

has

had

its n

ucle

us re

mov

ed fo

r th

e pu

rpos

e of

cre

atin

g an

em

bryo

that

can

pro

duce

an

exac

t gen

etic

cop

y of

the

dono

r org

anism

; or t

hera

peut

ic

clon

ing,

the

proc

ess o

f tak

ing

undi

ffere

ntia

ted

embr

yoni

c ce

lls [S

TEM

cel

ls] fo

r use

in m

edic

al re

sear

ch).

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 5

April 2

014

Co-d

omin

ance

A

patt

ern

of in

herit

ance

in w

hich

the

phen

otyp

ic e

ffect

of t

wo

alle

les i

n a

hete

rozy

gous

gen

otyp

e ex

pres

s eac

h ph

enot

ype

of e

ach

alle

le fu

lly a

nd e

qual

ly; a

phe

noty

pe w

hich

wou

ld n

ot b

e ex

pres

sed

in a

ny o

ther

gen

otyp

ic

com

bina

tion.

Cohe

sion

Th

e in

term

olec

ular

att

ract

ion

betw

een

like

mol

ecul

es. S

urfa

ce te

nsio

n re

sults

from

the

cohe

sive

prop

ertie

s of w

ater

.

Com

mun

ity (E

colo

gica

l)

Diffe

rent

pop

ulat

ions

of o

rgan

isms i

nter

actin

g in

a sh

ared

env

ironm

ent.

Com

petit

ion

W

hen

indi

vidu

als o

r gro

ups o

f org

anism

s com

pete

for s

imila

r res

ourc

es su

ch a

s ter

ritor

y, m

ates

, wat

er, a

nd fo

od in

th

e sa

me

envi

ronm

ent.

Conc

entr

atio

n

The

mea

sure

of t

he a

mou

nt o

r pro

port

ion

of a

giv

en su

bsta

nce

whe

n co

mbi

ned

with

ano

ther

subs

tanc

e.

Conc

entr

atio

n Gr

adie

nt

The

grad

uate

d di

ffere

nce

in c

once

ntra

tion

of a

solu

te p

er u

nit d

istan

ce th

roug

h a

solu

tion.

Cons

umer

(Eco

logi

cal)

An o

rgan

ism th

at o

btai

ns e

nerg

y by

feed

ing

on o

ther

org

anism

s or t

heir

rem

ains

.

Cros

sing

-ove

r An

exc

hang

e of

gen

etic

mat

eria

l bet

wee

n ho

mol

ogou

s chr

omos

omes

dur

ing

prop

hase

I of

mei

osis;

con

trib

utes

to th

e ge

netic

var

iabi

lity

in g

amet

es a

nd u

ltim

atel

y in

offs

prin

g.

Cyto

kine

sis

The

final

pha

se o

f a c

ell c

ycle

resu

lting

in th

e di

visio

n of

the

cyto

plas

m.

Deco

mpo

ser

An o

rgan

ism th

at o

btai

ns n

utrie

nts b

y co

nsum

ing

dead

and

dec

ayin

g or

gani

c m

atte

r whi

ch a

llow

s nut

rient

s to

be

acce

ssib

le to

oth

er o

rgan

isms.

Dehy

drat

ion

Synt

hesi

s A

chem

ical

reac

tion

in w

hich

mon

omer

s are

link

ed to

geth

er b

y re

mov

ing

one

wat

er m

olec

ule

from

eac

h lin

ked

pair

of

mon

omer

s to

form

pol

ymer

s.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 6

April 2

014

Dele

tion

Mut

atio

n A

gene

tic m

utat

ion

in w

hich

one

or m

ore

nucl

eotid

es a

re re

mov

ed fr

om a

sect

ion

of D

NA.

Deox

yrib

onuc

leic

Aci

d (D

NA)

A

biol

ogic

al m

acro

mol

ecul

e th

at e

ncod

es th

e ge

netic

info

rmat

ion

for l

ivin

g or

gani

sms a

nd is

cap

able

of s

elf-r

eplic

atio

n an

d th

e sy

nthe

sis o

f rib

onuc

leic

aci

d (R

NA)

.

Diffu

sion

Th

e m

ovem

ent o

f par

ticle

s fro

m a

n ar

ea o

f hig

h co

ncen

trat

ion

to a

n ar

ea o

f low

con

cent

ratio

n; a

nat

ural

resu

lt of

ki

netic

mol

ecul

ar e

nerg

y.

Dipl

oid

Cell

A ce

ll co

ntai

ning

two

hom

olog

ous p

airs

of c

hrom

osom

es (2

n).

DNA

Repl

icat

ion

Th

e pr

oces

s in

whi

ch D

NA

mak

es a

dup

licat

e co

py o

f its

elf.

Dom

inan

t Inh

erita

nce

A

patt

ern

of in

herit

ance

in w

hich

the

phen

otyp

ic e

ffect

of o

ne a

llele

is c

ompl

etel

y ex

pres

sed

with

in a

hom

ozyg

ous a

nd

hete

rozy

gous

gen

otyp

e.

Dupl

icat

ion

Mut

atio

n A

gene

tic m

utat

ion

in w

hich

a re

gion

that

con

tain

s a g

ene

or a

n en

tire

chro

mos

ome

is du

plic

ated

, whi

ch re

sults

in

mul

tiple

cop

ies o

f tha

t reg

ion

or n

ucle

otid

e.

Ecol

ogy

Th

e st

udy

of th

e re

latio

nshi

ps b

etw

een

orga

nism

s and

thei

r int

erac

tions

with

the

envi

ronm

ent.

Ecos

yste

m

A sy

stem

com

pose

d of

org

anism

s and

non

livin

g co

mpo

nent

s of a

n en

viro

nmen

t.

Embr

yolo

gy

The

bran

ch o

f zoo

logy

stud

ying

the

early

dev

elop

men

t of l

ivin

g th

ings

.

Ende

mic

Spe

cies

A

spec

ies t

hat i

s fou

nd in

its o

rigin

atin

g lo

catio

n an

d is

gene

rally

rest

ricte

d to

that

geo

grap

hic

area

.

Endo

cyto

sis

A pr

oces

s in

whi

ch a

cel

l eng

ulfs

ext

race

llula

r mat

eria

l thr

ough

an

inw

ard

fold

ing

of it

s pla

sma

mem

bran

e.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 7

April 2

014

Endo

plas

mic

Ret

icul

um (E

R)

An o

rgan

elle

, con

tain

ing

fold

ed m

embr

anes

and

sacs

, res

pons

ible

for t

he p

rodu

ctio

n, p

roce

ssin

g, a

nd tr

ansp

orta

tion

of

mat

eria

ls fo

r use

insid

e an

d ou

tsid

e a

euka

ryot

ic c

ell.

Ther

e ar

e tw

o fo

rms o

f thi

s org

anel

le: r

ough

ER

that

has

surf

ace

ribos

omes

and

par

ticip

ates

in th

e sy

nthe

sis o

f pro

tein

s mos

tly d

estin

ed fo

r exp

ort b

y th

e ce

ll an

d sm

ooth

ER

that

has

no

ribos

omes

and

par

ticip

ates

in th

e sy

nthe

sis o

f lip

ids a

nd st

eroi

ds a

s wel

l as t

he tr

ansp

ort o

f syn

thes

ized

mac

rom

olec

ules

.

Endo

sym

bios

is

A th

eoriz

ed p

roce

ss in

whi

ch e

arly

euk

aryo

tic c

ells

wer

e fo

rmed

from

sim

pler

pro

kary

otes

.

Ener

gy P

yram

id

A m

odel

that

illu

stra

tes t

he b

iom

ass p

rodu

ctiv

ity a

t mul

tiple

trop

hic

leve

ls in

a g

iven

eco

syst

em.

Ener

gy T

rans

form

atio

n

A pr

oces

s in

whi

ch e

nerg

y ch

ange

s fro

m o

ne fo

rm to

ano

ther

form

whi

le so

me

of th

e en

ergy

is lo

st to

the

envi

ronm

ent.

Envi

ronm

ent

The

tota

l sur

roun

ding

s of a

n or

gani

sm o

r a g

roup

of o

rgan

isms.

Enzy

me

A

prot

ein

that

incr

ease

s the

rate

of a

che

mic

al re

actio

n w

ithou

t bei

ng c

hang

ed b

y th

e re

actio

n; a

n or

gani

c ca

taly

st.

Euka

ryot

e

A ty

pe o

f org

anism

com

pose

d of

one

or m

ore

cells

con

tain

ing

a m

embr

ane-

boun

d nu

cleu

s, sp

ecia

lized

org

anel

les

in th

e cy

topl

asm

, and

a m

itotic

nuc

lear

div

ision

cyc

le.

Evol

utio

n

A pr

oces

s in

whi

ch n

ew sp

ecie

s dev

elop

from

pre

exist

ing

spec

ies (

biol

ogic

al e

volu

tion

or m

acro

evol

utio

n);

a ch

ange

in th

e al

lele

freq

uenc

ies o

f a p

opul

atio

n of

org

anism

s fro

m g

ener

atio

n to

gen

erat

ion

(g

enet

ic e

volu

tion

or m

icro

evol

utio

n).

Exoc

ytos

is

A pr

oces

s in

whi

ch a

cel

l rel

ease

s sub

stan

ces t

o th

e ex

trac

ellu

lar e

nviro

nmen

t by

fusin

g a

vesic

ular

mem

bran

e w

ith

the

plas

ma

mem

bran

e, se

para

ting

the

mem

bran

e at

the

poin

t of f

usio

n an

d al

low

ing

the

subs

tanc

e to

be

rele

ased

.

Extin

ctio

n

A te

rm th

at ty

pica

lly d

escr

ibes

a sp

ecie

s tha

t no

long

er h

as a

ny k

now

n liv

ing

indi

vidu

als.

Extr

acel

lula

r Lo

cate

d ou

tsid

e a

cell.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 8

April 2

014

Faci

litat

ed D

iffus

ion

A

proc

ess i

n w

hich

subs

tanc

es a

re tr

ansp

orte

d ac

ross

a p

lasm

a m

embr

ane

with

the

conc

entr

atio

n gr

adie

nt w

ith th

e ai

d of

car

rier (

tran

spor

t) p

rote

ins;

doe

s not

requ

ire th

e us

e of

ene

rgy.

Food

Cha

in

A sim

plifi

ed p

ath

illus

trat

ing

the

pass

ing

of p

oten

tial c

hem

ical

ene

rgy

(food

) fro

m o

ne o

rgan

ism to

ano

ther

org

anism

.

Food

Web

A

com

plex

arr

ange

men

t of i

nter

rela

ted

food

cha

ins i

llust

ratin

g th

e flo

w o

f ene

rgy

betw

een

inte

rdep

ende

nt o

rgan

isms.

Fore

nsic

s Th

e sc

ienc

e of

test

s and

tech

niqu

es u

sed

durin

g th

e in

vest

igat

ion

of c

rimes

.

Foss

ils

The

pres

erve

d re

mai

ns o

r tra

ces o

f org

anism

s tha

t onc

e liv

ed o

n Ea

rth.

Foun

der E

ffect

A

decr

ease

in g

enet

ic v

aria

tion

caus

ed b

y th

e fo

rmat

ion

of a

new

pop

ulat

ion

by a

smal

l num

ber o

f ind

ivid

uals

from

a

larg

er p

opul

atio

n.

Fram

e-sh

ift M

utat

ion

Th

e ad

ditio

n (in

sert

ion

mut

atio

n) o

r rem

oval

(del

etio

n m

utat

ion)

of o

ne o

r mor

e nu

cleo

tides

that

is n

ot d

ivisi

ble

by

thre

e, th

eref

ore

resu

lting

in a

com

plet

ely

diffe

rent

am

ino

acid

sequ

ence

than

wou

ld b

e no

rmal

. The

ear

lier i

n th

e se

quen

ce th

at n

ucle

otid

es a

re a

dded

or r

emov

ed, t

he m

ore

alte

red

the

resu

lting

pro

tein

will

be.

Free

zing

Poi

nt

The

tem

pera

ture

at w

hich

a li

quid

cha

nges

stat

e to

a so

lid.

Gam

ete

A

spec

ializ

ed c

ell (

egg

or sp

erm

) use

d in

sexu

al re

prod

uctio

n co

ntai

ning

hal

f the

nor

mal

num

ber o

f chr

omos

omes

of a

so

mat

ic c

ell.

Gene

A

sequ

ence

of n

ucle

otid

es c

ompo

sing

a se

gmen

t of D

NA

that

pro

vide

s a b

luep

rint f

or a

spec

ific

here

dita

ry tr

ait.

Gene

Exp

ress

ion

Th

e pr

oces

s in

whi

ch a

nuc

leot

ide

sequ

ence

of a

gen

e is

used

to m

ake

a fu

nctio

nal p

rodu

ct su

ch a

s pro

tein

or R

NA.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 9

April 2

014

Gene

Mut

atio

n A

perm

anen

t alte

ratio

n th

at c

hang

es a

segm

ent o

f DN

A w

ithin

a g

ene.

Gene

Rec

ombi

natio

n

A na

tura

l pro

cess

in w

hich

a n

ucle

ic a

cid

mol

ecul

e (u

sual

ly D

NA

but c

an b

e RN

A) is

bro

ken

and

then

join

ed to

a

diffe

rent

mol

ecul

e; a

resu

lt of

cro

ssin

g-ov

er.

Gene

Spl

icin

g

A ty

pe o

f gen

e re

com

bina

tion

in w

hich

the

DNA

is in

tent

iona

lly b

roke

n an

d re

com

bine

d us

ing

labo

rato

ry te

chni

ques

.

Gene

The

rapy

Th

e in

tent

iona

l ins

ertio

n, a

ltera

tion,

or d

elet

ion

of g

enes

with

in a

n in

divi

dual

’s c

ells

and

tissu

es fo

r the

pur

pose

of

trea

ting

a di

seas

e.

Gene

tic D

rift

A ch

ange

in th

e al

lele

freq

uenc

y of

a p

opul

atio

n as

a re

sult

of c

hanc

e ev

ents

rath

er th

an n

atur

al se

lect

ion.

Gene

tic E

ngin

eerin

g

A te

chno

logy

that

incl

udes

the

proc

ess o

f man

ipul

atin

g or

alte

ring

the

gene

tic m

ater

ial o

f a c

ell r

esul

ting

in

desir

able

func

tions

or o

utco

mes

that

wou

ld n

ot o

ccur

nat

ural

ly.

Gene

tical

ly M

odifi

ed O

rgan

ism

An

org

anism

who

se g

enet

ic m

ater

ial h

as b

een

alte

red

thro

ugh

som

e ge

netic

eng

inee

ring

tech

nolo

gy o

r tec

hniq

ue.

Gene

tics

The

scie

ntifi

c st

udy

of in

herit

ance

.

Geno

type

Th

e ge

netic

com

posit

ion

of a

n or

gani

sm w

ith re

fere

nce

to a

sing

le tr

ait,

a se

t of t

raits

, or t

he e

ntire

com

plem

ent o

f tra

its

of a

n or

gani

sm.

Golg

i App

arat

us

An o

rgan

elle

foun

d in

euk

aryo

tic c

ells

resp

onsib

le fo

r the

fina

l sta

ges o

f pro

cess

ing

prot

eins

for r

elea

se b

y th

e ce

ll.

Grad

ualis

m

A pr

opos

ed e

xpla

natio

n in

evo

lutio

nary

bio

logy

stat

ing

that

new

spec

ies a

rise

from

the

resu

lt of

slig

ht m

odifi

catio

ns

(mut

atio

ns a

nd re

sulti

ng p

heno

typi

c ch

ange

s) o

ver m

any

gene

ratio

ns.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 1

0 April 2

014

Habi

tat

An a

rea

that

pro

vide

s an

orga

nism

with

its b

asic

nee

ds fo

r sur

viva

l.

Hapl

oid

Cell

A ce

ll co

ntai

ning

one

chr

omos

ome

(n) f

rom

eac

h ho

mol

ogou

s pai

r, ty

pica

lly o

bser

ved

in so

mat

ic c

ells.

Hom

eost

asis

Th

e re

gula

tory

pro

cess

in w

hich

an

orga

nism

regu

late

s its

inte

rnal

env

ironm

ent.

Hom

eost

atic

Mec

hani

sm

A re

gula

tory

mec

hani

sm th

at c

ontr

ibut

es to

mai

ntai

ning

a st

ate

of e

quili

briu

m (e

.g.,

ther

mor

egul

atio

n, w

ater

regu

latio

n,

and

oxyg

en re

gula

tion)

.

Hom

olog

ous S

truc

ture

A

phys

ical

cha

ract

erist

ic in

diff

eren

t org

anism

s tha

t is

simila

r bec

ause

it w

as in

herit

ed fr

om a

com

mon

anc

esto

r.

Hydr

olys

is

A ch

emic

al re

actio

n in

whi

ch c

hem

ical

bon

ds in

pol

ymer

s are

bro

ken

thro

ugh

the

addi

tion

of w

ater

, dec

ompo

sing

the

poly

mer

s int

o sim

pler

uni

ts.

Hypo

thes

is

A pr

opos

ed, s

cien

tific

ally

test

able

exp

lana

tion

for a

n ob

serv

ed p

heno

men

on.

Impe

rmea

ble

N

ot p

erm

ittin

g pa

ssag

e of

a su

bsta

nce

or su

bsta

nces

.

Inco

mpl

ete

Dom

inan

ce

A pa

tter

n of

inhe

ritan

ce in

whi

ch tw

o al

lele

s, in

herit

ed fr

om th

e pa

rent

s, a

re n

eith

er d

omin

ant n

or re

cess

ive.

Th

e re

sulti

ng o

ffspr

ing

have

a p

heno

type

that

is a

ble

ndin

g of

the

pare

ntal

trai

ts.

Infe

renc

e An

idea

bas

ed o

n ev

iden

ce, o

bser

vatio

n, a

nd/o

r kno

wn

info

rmat

ion

appl

ied

to a

situ

atio

n or

phe

nom

ena.

Inhe

ritan

ce

The

proc

ess i

n w

hich

gen

etic

mat

eria

l is p

asse

d fr

om p

aren

ts to

thei

r offs

prin

g.

Inse

rtio

n M

utat

ion

A ge

netic

mut

atio

n in

whi

ch o

ne o

r mor

e nu

cleo

tides

are

inse

rted

into

a g

enet

ic se

quen

ce.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 1

1 April 2

014

Inte

rpha

se

The

long

est-

last

ing

phas

e of

the

cell

cycl

e in

whi

ch a

cel

l per

form

s the

maj

ority

of i

ts fu

nctio

ns, s

uch

as p

repa

ring

for

nucl

ear d

ivisi

on a

nd c

ytok

ines

is.

Intr

acel

lula

r Lo

cate

d in

side

a ce

ll.

Inve

rsio

n M

utat

ion

A ge

netic

mut

atio

n in

whi

ch th

e or

der o

f a se

gmen

t of g

enet

ic m

ater

ial i

s rev

erse

d. T

his t

ype

of m

utat

ion

can

invo

lve

a sm

all n

umbe

r of n

ucle

otid

es a

s wel

l as l

arge

r sec

tions

of a

chr

omos

ome

cont

aini

ng m

ore

than

one

gen

e.

Isol

atin

g M

echa

nism

s Fe

atur

es o

f beh

avio

rs, m

orph

olog

y, o

r gen

etic

s tha

t pre

vent

mat

ing

or b

reed

ing

betw

een

two

diffe

rent

spec

ies (

e.g.

, te

mpo

ral i

sola

tion,

in w

hich

indi

vidu

als a

re a

ctiv

e at

diff

eren

t tim

es o

f the

day

, sea

sons

, or m

atin

g pe

riods

; geo

grap

hica

l iso

latio

n, in

whi

ch in

divi

dual

s onl

y m

ate

in th

eir s

peci

fic h

abita

t; be

havi

oral

isol

atio

n, w

hen

ther

e ar

e no

sexu

al c

ues

betw

een

repr

esen

tativ

es o

f the

spec

ies;

mec

hani

cal i

sola

tion,

whe

n th

ere

is no

gam

ete

tran

sfer

dur

ing

an a

ttem

pted

m

atin

g; a

nd g

amet

ic in

com

patib

ility

, whe

n th

ere

is sp

erm

tran

sfer

with

out f

ertil

izatio

n oc

curr

ing)

.

Law

(Sci

entif

ic)

A la

w th

at g

ener

alize

s a b

ody

of o

bser

vatio

ns. A

t the

tim

e it

is m

ade,

no

exce

ptio

ns h

ave

been

foun

d to

a la

w.

It ex

plai

ns th

ings

but

doe

s not

des

crib

e th

em; s

erve

s as t

he b

asis

of sc

ient

ific

prin

cipl

es.

Lim

iting

Fac

tor

Chem

ical

, phy

sical

, or b

iolo

gica

l fac

tor t

hat l

imits

the

exist

ence

, gro

wth

, abu

ndan

ce, o

r dist

ribut

ion

of a

n in

divi

dual

or

gani

sm o

r a p

opul

atio

n.

Lipi

ds

A gr

oup

of o

rgan

ic c

ompo

unds

com

pose

d m

ostly

of c

arbo

n an

d hy

drog

en in

clud

ing

a pr

opor

tiona

tely

smal

ler a

mou

nt o

f ox

ygen

; are

inso

lubl

e in

wat

er, s

erve

as a

sour

ce o

f sto

red

ener

gy, a

nd a

re a

com

pone

nt o

f cel

l mem

bran

es.

Locu

s (ge

ne lo

cus)

Th

e sp

ecifi

c lo

catio

n of

a g

ene

or D

NA

sequ

ence

on

a ch

rom

osom

e or

link

age

map

.

Mac

rom

olec

ule

A

poly

mer

with

a h

igh

mol

ecul

ar m

ass.

With

in o

rgan

isms t

here

are

four

mai

n gr

oups

: car

bohy

drat

es, l

ipid

s, p

rote

ins,

and

nu

clei

c ac

ids.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 1

2 April 2

014

Mec

hani

sm (S

cien

tific

) Th

e co

mbi

natio

n of

com

pone

nts a

nd p

roce

sses

that

serv

e a

com

mon

func

tion.

Mei

osis

A

two-

phas

e nu

clea

r div

ision

that

resu

lts in

the

even

tual

pro

duct

ion

of g

amet

es w

ith h

alf t

he n

orm

al n

umbe

r of

chro

mos

omes

.

Mig

ratio

n (G

enet

ics)

Th

e pe

rman

ent m

ovem

ent o

f gen

es in

to o

r out

of a

pop

ulat

ion

resu

lting

in a

cha

nge

in a

llele

freq

uenc

ies.

Mis

sens

e M

utat

ion

A ge

netic

mut

atio

n in

whi

ch a

poi

nt m

utat

ion

of a

sing

le n

ucle

otid

e ch

ange

s the

exi

stin

g co

de to

a se

quen

ce th

at c

odes

fo

r a d

iffer

ent a

min

o ac

id, w

hich

resu

lts in

a n

onfu

nctio

nal p

rote

in. (

If th

e am

ino

acid

rem

ains

the

sam

e af

ter t

he p

oint

m

utat

ion,

this

mut

atio

n is

cons

ider

ed to

be

a sil

ent m

utat

ion.

If th

e re

sulti

ng a

min

o ac

id is

a p

rem

atur

e st

op c

odon

, thi

s m

utat

ion

is co

nsid

ered

to b

e a

nons

ense

mut

atio

n.)

Mito

chon

drio

n

A m

embr

ane-

boun

d or

gane

lle fo

und

in m

ost e

ukar

yotic

cel

ls; si

te o

f cel

lula

r res

pira

tion.

Mito

sis

A nu

clea

r div

ision

resu

lting

in th

e pr

oduc

tion

of tw

o so

mat

ic c

ells

havi

ng th

e sa

me

gene

tic c

ompl

emen

t as

the

orig

inal

cel

l.

Mol

ecul

e

The

smal

lest

par

ticle

of a

subs

tanc

e th

at re

tain

s the

che

mic

al a

nd p

hysic

al p

rope

rtie

s of t

he su

bsta

nce

and

is

com

pose

d of

two

or m

ore

atom

s hel

d to

geth

er b

y ch

emic

al fo

rces

.

Mon

omer

A

mol

ecul

e of

any

com

poun

d th

at c

an re

act w

ith o

ther

mol

ecul

es o

f the

sam

e or

diff

eren

t com

poun

d to

form

a p

olym

er.

Each

bio

logi

cal m

acro

mol

ecul

e ha

s cha

ract

erist

ic m

onom

ers.

Mul

ticel

lula

r M

ade

up o

f mor

e th

an o

ne c

ell.

Mul

tiple

Alle

les

Mor

e th

an tw

o fo

rms o

f a g

ene

cont

rolli

ng th

e ex

pres

sion

of a

trai

t.

Mut

atio

n

A pe

rman

ent t

rans

miss

ible

cha

nge

of g

enet

ic m

ater

ial (

e.g.

, chr

omos

omal

mut

atio

ns a

nd g

ene

mut

atio

ns).

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 1

3 April 2

014

Nat

ural

Sel

ectio

n

A pr

oces

s in

natu

re in

whi

ch o

rgan

isms p

osse

ssin

g ce

rtai

n in

herit

ed tr

aits

are

bet

ter a

ble

to su

rviv

e an

d re

prod

uce

com

pare

d to

oth

ers o

f the

ir sp

ecie

s.

Non

disj

unct

ion

Th

e pr

oces

s in

whi

ch h

omol

ogou

s chr

omos

omes

or s

ister

chr

omat

ids f

ail t

o se

para

te d

urin

g m

eios

is.

Non

nativ

e Sp

ecie

s A

spec

ies t

ypic

ally

livi

ng o

utsid

e a

dist

ribut

ion

rang

e th

at h

as b

een

intr

oduc

ed th

roug

h ei

ther

del

iber

ate

or a

ccid

enta

l hu

man

act

ivity

; also

kno

wn

as in

trod

uced

, alie

n, n

onin

dige

nous

, or e

xotic

spec

ies.

Non

sens

e M

utat

ion

A ge

netic

mut

atio

n, w

hich

is ty

pica

lly th

e re

sult

of a

poi

nt m

utat

ion,

that

cau

ses t

he se

quen

ce o

f nuc

leot

ides

to c

ode

for

a pr

emat

ure

stop

cod

on. T

his t

ype

of m

utat

ion

usua

lly re

sults

in a

pro

tein

pro

duct

that

is sh

orte

ned,

inco

mpl

ete,

and

of

ten

nonf

unct

iona

l.

Nuc

leic

Aci

d

A bi

olog

ical

mac

rom

olec

ule

(DN

A or

RN

A) c

ompo

sed

of th

e el

emen

ts C

, H, N

, O, a

nd P

that

car

ries g

enet

ic in

form

atio

n.

Nuc

leus

A

mem

bran

e-bo

und

orga

nelle

in e

ukar

yotic

cel

ls fu

nctio

ning

to m

aint

ain

the

inte

grity

of t

he g

enet

ic m

ater

ial a

nd,

thro

ugh

the

expr

essio

n of

that

mat

eria

l, co

ntro

lling

and

regu

latin

g ce

llula

r act

iviti

es.

Org

an

An a

nato

mic

al u

nit c

ompo

sed

of ti

ssue

s ser

ving

a c

omm

on fu

nctio

n.

Org

an S

yste

m

An a

nato

mic

al sy

stem

com

pose

d of

a g

roup

of o

rgan

s tha

t wor

k to

geth

er to

per

form

a sp

ecifi

c fu

nctio

n or

task

.

Org

anel

le

A su

buni

t with

in a

cel

l tha

t has

a sp

ecia

lized

func

tion.

Org

anic

Mol

ecul

e

A m

olec

ule

cont

aini

ng c

arbo

n th

at is

a p

art o

f or p

rodu

ced

by li

ving

syst

ems.

Org

anis

m

A fo

rm o

f life

; an

anim

al, p

lant

, fun

gus,

pro

tist o

r bac

teriu

m.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 1

4 April 2

014

Osm

osis

Th

e m

ovem

ent o

f wat

er o

r ano

ther

solv

ent t

hrou

gh p

erm

eabl

e m

embr

anes

from

an

area

of h

ighe

r wat

er c

once

ntra

tion

(dilu

te) t

o an

are

a of

low

er w

ater

con

cent

ratio

n (c

once

ntra

ted)

.

Pass

ive

Tran

spor

t Th

e tr

ansp

orta

tion

of m

ater

ials

acro

ss a

pla

sma

mem

bran

e w

ithou

t usin

g en

ergy

.

pH

The

mea

sure

of a

cidi

ty o

r alk

alin

ity (b

asic

ity) o

f an

aque

ous s

olut

ion

scal

ing

from

1 (h

ighl

y ac

idic

) to

14 (h

ighl

y al

kalin

e)

with

a m

idpo

int o

f 7 (n

eutr

al).

Phen

otyp

e

The

obse

rvab

le e

xpre

ssio

n of

a g

enot

ype.

Phot

osyn

thes

is

A pr

oces

s in

whi

ch so

lar r

adia

tion

is ch

emic

ally

cap

ture

d by

chl

orop

hyll

mol

ecul

es th

roug

h a

set o

f co

ntro

lled

chem

ical

reac

tions

resu

lting

in th

e po

tent

ial c

hem

ical

ene

rgy

in th

e bo

nds o

f car

bohy

drat

e m

olec

ules

.

Plas

ma

Mem

bran

e

A th

in, p

hosp

holip

id a

nd p

rote

in m

olec

ule

bila

yer t

hat e

ncap

sula

tes a

cel

l and

con

trol

s the

mov

emen

t of m

ater

ials

in

and

out

of t

he c

ell t

hrou

gh a

ctiv

e or

pas

sive

tran

spor

t.

Plas

mid

Ci

rcul

ar D

NA

mol

ecul

es th

at a

re se

para

te fr

om c

hrom

osom

al D

NA

and

can

repl

icat

e in

depe

nden

tly.

Plas

tids

A gr

oup

of m

embr

ane-

boun

d or

gane

lles c

omm

only

foun

d in

pho

tosy

nthe

tic o

rgan

isms a

nd m

ainl

y re

spon

sible

for

the

synt

hesis

and

stor

age

of fo

od.

Poin

t Mut

atio

n

A sin

gle-

base

subs

titut

ion

caus

ing

the

repl

acem

ent o

f a si

ngle

-bas

e nu

cleo

tide

with

ano

ther

nuc

leot

ide

(e

.g.,

silen

t mut

atio

n, in

whi

ch th

ere

is no

cha

nge

in a

n am

ino

acid

; miss

ense

mut

atio

n, in

whi

ch th

ere

is

a di

ffere

nt a

min

o ac

id; a

nd n

onse

nse

mut

atio

n, in

whi

ch th

ere

is an

inse

rtio

n of

a st

op c

odon

in th

e am

ino

acid

w

hich

stop

s pro

tein

synt

hesis

).

Poly

geni

c Tr

ait

A tr

ait i

n w

hich

the

phen

otyp

e is

cont

rolle

d by

two

or m

ore

gene

s at d

iffer

ent l

oci o

n di

ffere

nt c

hrom

osom

es.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 1

5 April 2

014

Popu

latio

n

A gr

oup

of in

divi

dual

s of t

he sa

me

spec

ies l

ivin

g in

a sp

ecifi

c ge

ogra

phic

al a

rea

and

repr

oduc

ing.

Popu

latio

n Dy

nam

ics

The

stud

y of

shor

t- a

nd lo

ng-t

erm

cha

nges

in th

e nu

mbe

r of i

ndiv

idua

ls fo

r a g

iven

pop

ulat

ion,

as a

ffect

ed b

y

birt

h, d

eath

, im

mig

ratio

n, a

nd e

mig

ratio

n.

Prin

cipl

e (S

cien

tific

) A

conc

ept b

ased

on

scie

ntifi

c la

ws a

nd a

xiom

s (ru

les a

ssum

ed to

be

pres

ent,

true

, and

val

id) w

here

ge

nera

l agr

eem

ent i

s pre

sent

.

Prod

ucer

(Eco

logi

cal)

An

org

anism

that

use

s a p

rimar

y en

ergy

sour

ce to

con

duct

pho

tosy

nthe

sis o

r che

mos

ynth

esis.

Prok

aryo

te

A sin

gle-

celle

d or

gani

sm th

at la

cks a

mem

bran

e-bo

und

nucl

eus a

nd sp

ecia

lized

org

anel

les.

Prot

ein

A

mac

rom

olec

ule

that

con

tain

s the

prin

cipa

l com

pone

nts o

f org

anism

s: c

arbo

n, h

ydro

gen,

oxy

gen,

and

nitr

ogen

; pe

rfor

ms a

var

iety

of s

truc

tura

l and

regu

lato

ry fu

nctio

ns fo

r cel

ls.

Prot

ein

Synt

hesi

s Th

e pr

oces

s in

whi

ch a

min

o ac

ids a

re a

rran

ged

in a

line

ar se

quen

ce th

roug

h th

e pr

oces

ses o

f tra

nscr

iptio

n of

DN

A

to R

NA

and

the

tran

slatio

n of

RN

A to

a p

olyp

eptid

e ch

ain.

Pum

ps (I

on o

r Mol

ecul

ar)

Any

of se

vera

l mol

ecul

ar m

echa

nism

s in

whi

ch io

ns o

r mol

ecul

es a

re tr

ansp

orte

d ac

ross

a c

ellu

lar m

embr

ane

requ

iring

th

e us

e of

an

ener

gy so

urce

(e.g

., gl

ucos

e, so

dium

[Na+

], ca

lciu

m [C

a+],

and

pota

ssiu

m [K

+]).

Punc

tuat

ed E

quili

briu

m

A pr

opos

ed e

xpla

natio

n in

evo

lutio

nary

bio

logy

stat

ing

that

spec

ies a

re g

ener

ally

stab

le o

ver l

ong

perio

ds o

f tim

e.

Occ

asio

nally

ther

e ar

e ra

pid

chan

ges t

hat a

ffect

som

e sp

ecie

s whi

ch c

an q

uick

ly re

sult

in a

new

spec

ies.

Rece

ssiv

e In

herit

ance

A

patt

ern

of in

herit

ance

in w

hich

the

phen

otyp

ic e

ffect

of o

ne a

llele

is o

nly

expr

esse

d w

ithin

a h

omoz

ygou

s gen

otyp

e.

In a

het

eroz

ygou

s con

ditio

n w

ith a

dom

inan

t alle

le, i

t is n

ot e

xpre

ssed

in th

e ph

enot

ype.

Ribo

som

e

A ce

llula

r str

uctu

re c

ompo

sed

of R

NA

and

prot

eins

that

is th

e sit

e of

pro

tein

synt

hesis

in e

ukar

yotic

and

pro

kary

otic

cel

ls.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 1

6 April 2

014

Scie

nce

A

body

of e

vide

nce-

base

d kn

owle

dge

gain

ed th

roug

h ob

serv

atio

n an

d ex

perim

enta

tion

rela

ted

to th

e na

tura

l wor

ld a

nd

tech

nolo

gy.

Sele

ctiv

e Br

eedi

ng

The

proc

ess o

f bre

edin

g or

gani

sms t

hat r

esul

ts in

offs

prin

g w

ith d

esire

d ge

netic

trai

ts.

Sem

icon

serv

ativ

e Re

plic

atio

n

The

proc

ess i

n w

hich

the

DNA

mol

ecul

e un

coils

and

sepa

rate

s int

o tw

o st

rand

s. E

ach

orig

inal

stra

nd b

ecom

es a

te

mpl

ate

on w

hich

a n

ew st

rand

is c

onst

ruct

ed, r

esul

ting

in tw

o DN

A m

olec

ules

iden

tical

to th

e or

igin

al D

NA

mol

ecul

e.

Sex-

linke

d Tr

ait

A tr

ait a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith a

gen

e th

at is

loca

ted

on o

ne o

f the

sex

chro

mos

omes

(e.g

., co

lor b

lindn

ess,

hem

ophi

lia).

Sile

nt M

utat

ion

A ge

netic

mut

atio

n th

at re

sults

in a

cod

on th

at d

oes n

ot c

hang

e th

e am

ino

acid

sequ

ence

that

occ

urs,

cod

es fo

r the

sa

me

amin

o ac

id, o

r cod

es fo

r a d

iffer

ent a

min

o ac

id th

at d

oes n

ot c

ause

any

func

tiona

l cha

nge

in th

e pr

otei

ns th

at a

re

prod

uced

.

Spec

iatio

n

A pr

oces

s typ

ical

ly c

ause

d by

the

gene

tic is

olat

ion

from

a m

ain

popu

latio

n re

sulti

ng in

a n

ew g

enet

ical

ly d

istin

ct sp

ecie

s.

Spec

ies

The

low

est t

axon

omic

leve

l of b

iolo

gica

l cla

ssifi

catio

n co

nsist

ing

of o

rgan

isms c

apab

le o

f rep

rodu

ctio

n th

at re

sults

in

fert

ile o

ffspr

ing.

Spec

ific

Heat

Th

e m

easu

re o

f the

hea

t ene

rgy

requ

ired

to in

crea

se th

e te

mpe

ratu

re o

f a u

nit q

uant

ity o

f a su

bsta

nce

by a

ce

rtai

n te

mpe

ratu

re in

terv

al.

Subs

trat

e A

subs

tanc

e on

whi

ch a

n en

zym

e ac

ts.

Succ

essi

on

A se

ries o

f pre

dict

able

and

ord

erly

cha

nges

with

in a

n ec

osys

tem

ove

r tim

e.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 1

7 April 2

014

Sym

biot

ic R

elat

ions

hip

A

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

two

orga

nism

s (i.e

., m

utua

lism

, in

whi

ch b

oth

orga

nism

s ben

efit;

par

asiti

sm, i

n w

hich

one

or

gani

sm b

enef

its a

nd th

e ot

her o

rgan

ism is

har

med

; and

com

men

salis

m, i

n w

hich

one

org

anism

ben

efits

and

the

othe

r or

gani

sm d

oes n

ot b

enef

it or

is n

ot h

arm

ed).

Syst

em

A se

t of i

nter

actin

g or

inte

rdep

ende

nt c

ompo

nent

s, re

al o

r abs

trac

t, th

at fo

rm a

n in

tegr

ated

who

le. A

n op

en sy

stem

is

able

to in

tera

ct w

ith it

s env

ironm

ent.

A cl

osed

syst

em is

isol

ated

from

its e

nviro

nmen

t.

Tem

pera

ture

A

mea

sure

of t

he a

vera

ge k

inet

ic e

nerg

y (e

nerg

y of

mot

ion)

of p

artic

les i

n a

sam

ple

of m

atte

r. Th

is ph

ysic

al p

rope

rty

can

dete

rmin

e th

e ra

te a

nd e

xten

t to

whi

ch c

hem

ical

reac

tions

can

occ

ur w

ithin

livi

ng sy

stem

s. It

is c

omm

only

mea

sure

d in

de

gree

s Cel

sius (

°C) o

r Fah

renh

eit (

°F).

Terr

estr

ial

A te

rm th

at c

an d

escr

ibe

an o

rgan

ism a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith a

land

env

ironm

ent.

Theo

ry (S

cien

tific

) An

exp

lana

tion

of o

bser

vabl

e ph

enom

ena

base

d on

ava

ilabl

e em

piric

al d

ata

and

guid

ed b

y a

syst

em o

f log

ic th

at in

clud

es

scie

ntifi

c la

ws;

pro

vide

s a sy

stem

of a

ssum

ptio

ns, a

ccep

ted

prin

cipl

es, a

nd ru

les o

f pro

cedu

re d

evise

d to

ana

lyze

, pre

dict

, or

oth

erw

ise e

xpla

in th

e na

ture

or b

ehav

ior o

f a sp

ecifi

c se

t of p

heno

men

a.

Ther

mor

egul

atio

n Th

e m

aint

enan

ce o

f int

erna

l hom

eost

asis

by k

eepi

ng a

n or

gani

sm’s

bod

y te

mpe

ratu

re w

ithin

a c

erta

in ra

nge,

eve

n w

hen

exte

rnal

env

ironm

enta

l tem

pera

ture

s var

y.

Tiss

ue

An a

nato

mic

al u

nit c

ompo

sed

of c

ells

orga

nize

d to

per

form

a si

mila

r fun

ctio

n.

Tran

scrip

tion

Th

e pr

oces

s in

whi

ch a

stra

nd o

f mes

seng

er R

NA

(mRN

A) is

synt

hesiz

ed b

y us

ing

the

gene

tic in

form

atio

n fo

und

on a

st

rand

of D

NA

as a

tem

plat

e.

Tran

slat

ion

Th

e pr

oces

s in

whi

ch th

e m

esse

nger

RN

A (m

RNA)

mol

ecul

e on

a ri

boso

me

is de

code

d to

pro

duce

a se

quen

ce o

f am

ino

acid

s for

pro

tein

synt

hesis

.

Tran

sloc

atio

n

The

proc

ess i

n w

hich

a se

gmen

t of a

chr

omos

ome

brea

ks o

ff an

d at

tach

es to

ano

ther

chr

omos

ome.

Key

ston

e Ex

ams:

Bio

logy

Asse

ssm

ent A

ncho

r &

Elig

ible

Con

tent

Glo

ssar

y 20

14

Penn

sylv

ania

Dep

artm

ent o

f Edu

catio

n

Page 1

8 April 2

014

Tran

spira

tion

The

mov

emen

t of w

ater

from

with

in a

pla

nt, t

ypic

ally

thro

ugh

the

leav

es a

nd st

ems,

to th

e at

mos

pher

e in

the

form

of

wat

er v

apor

.

Trop

hic

Leve

l Th

e po

sitio

n of

an

orga

nism

in re

latio

n to

the

flow

of e

nerg

y an

d in

orga

nic

nutr

ient

s thr

ough

an

ecos

yste

m

(e.g

., pr

oduc

er, c

onsu

mer

, and

dec

ompo

ser)

.

Uni

cellu

lar

Mad

e up

of a

sing

le c

ell.

Vest

igia

l Str

uctu

re

A ph

ysic

al c

hara

cter

istic

in o

rgan

isms t

hat a

ppea

rs to

hav

e lo

st it

s orig

inal

func

tion

as a

spec

ies h

as c

hang

ed o

ver t

ime.

Cover photo © Hill Street Studios/Harmik Nazarian/Blend Images/Corbis.

Copyright © 2014 by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. The materials contained in this publication may be

duplicated by Pennsylvania educators for local classroom use. This permission does not extend to the duplication

of materials for commercial use.


Assessment Anchors and Eligible Contentwith Sample Questions and Glossary

April 2014

keystone exams: biology - pdesas.orgstatic.pdesas.org/content/documents/biology...

Documents