key to variation
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Key to Variation. “No two people speak exactly the same.” (Holmes, 127 c) AND no one person speaks exactly the same all the time. 1/14. Dialect vs Language. Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 287. 2/14. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Key to Variation
“No two people speak exactly the same.” (Holmes, 127 c)
AND no one person speaks exactly the same all the time.
1/14
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 287. 2/14
Dialect
vs
Language
Schematic Dialect
Continuum
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 25. 3/14
Dialect Continua in Europe
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 25. 4/14
Dialect Chain: Understanding your Neighbors
“The [vernacular] varieties of French spoken in the border towns and villages of Italy, Spain, and Switzerland, have more in common with the language of the next village than the language of Paris. From one village and town to the next there is a chain or continuum.”
5/14
Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson,
pp 137-138.
What is a Language?
“So a language can be thought of as a
collection of dialects that are usually
linguistically similar, used by different
social groups who choose to say they
are speakers of one language which
functions to unite and represent them
to other groups.”
6/14
Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 138.
Social and Regional Accent Variation
Regional variation
Highest class: RP
Lowest class:
local accents
So
cia
l var
iatio
n
7/14Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 139.
British Social Dialect Vocabulary 1 (1950s)
U non-Uhave a bath take a bathbike, bicycle cycleluncheon dinnerriding horse ridingsick illknave jackmad mentallooking-glass mirrorwriting-paper note paperjam preserve
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 39. From A.S.C. Ross, 1954. 8/14
U non-Uwireless radiotable-napkin serviettelavatory-paper toilet-paperrich wealthyvegetables greenspudding sweettelegram wireEngland BritainScotch Scottish
Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 39. From A.S.C. Ross, 1954. 9/14
British Social Dialect Vocabulary 2 (1950s)
Syntax Differences and Dialect
(a) I’ve not washed the dishes yet today.(b) I haven’t washed the dishes yet today.
[Both standard]
(c) They have got along well for many years.(d) They have gotten along well for many
years.[Regional Variation]
(e) I don’t have any money.(f) I don’t have no money.
[Social Variation]10/14
[ h ]-Dropping
11/14Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 146.
-ing / -in Table 6.2: Percentage of vernacular [in] pronunciation for four social groups in speech communities in Britain, America, and Australia
Social group1 1 2 3 4
Norwich 31 42 91 100
West Yorkshire 5 34 61 83
New York 7 32 45 75
Brisbane 17 31 49 63
Note 1: 1 is the highest group; 4 the lowest. Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 146.
Post-Vocalic [ r ]
13/14Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 148.
Vernacular 3rd Person Present Tense (she walks / she walk)
14/14Holmes, Janet. 2013. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th edition. London: Pearson, p. 152.