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Key Terms: Venator/venatores Missio Venatio/venationes bestiarius/bestiarii Telegonii Taurocentae Ludus Matutinus

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197 BCE ostriches seen in Rome 186 BCE Marcus Fulvius Nobiliors staged hunt 169 BCE 1 st recorded animal hunt as part of the annual games

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Zliten Mosaic showing the full day of games (Libya c. 200 CE)

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Mosaic from Zliten, Libya, 200 CE

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Killing Ostriches on the Zliten Mosaic

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Safety Measures The Roman Colosseum

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Stadium at Aphrodisias

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System used in the stadium of Aphrodisias

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Trap doors for animals (Oudna, Tunisia)

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Reconstruction of the mechanisms used to lift animals to the arena floor of the Colosseum

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Lead weights and travertine pillar used to lift animals to the Colosseum floor

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Underground tunnels of the amphitheatre in Puteoli, Italy, with cages for wild animals and openings for trap doors

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Animal Catalogue from the House of the Ostriches, Sousse Animal Catalogue, Rads

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Venatores fighting animals

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Neaterius, venator, victor over 3 bears (House of the Ostriches, Sousse, 3 rd century CE) note leather gloves

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Mosaic showing animals fighting (Sousse, Tunisia, 3 rd century CE)

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Just in case you think its all about killing animals in mosaics: mosaic of all four factions with the names of the horses, along with their (unnamed) trainers (Sousse, Tunisia; 3 rd century CE)

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Cicero and Cilician panthers

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Mosaic of Magerius from Smirat, 3 rd century

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Escalations 58 BCE: Scaurus 55 BCE: Pompey the Great 46 BCE: Julius Caesar 13 BCE: Augustus 2 CE: Augustus 12 CE: Augustus c. 39 CE Caligula 80 CE: Titus 107 CE: Trajan

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Pompeys Elephants

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Mosaic from Smirat, Tunisia, to commemorate the venatio of Magerius (3 rd century CE)

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Telegenii (Mosaic from Thysdrus/El Djem/Jem)

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Mosaic showing beast hunts (3 rd century CE, Thysdrus (El Djem), Tunisia)

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Interior of the El Djem amphitheatre, Tunisia