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TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 4
KEY ISSUE TWO: WHY IS
FOLK CULTURE
CLUSTERED?
CLUSTERING OF FOLK CULTURES
• ISOLATION PROMOTES CULTURAL DIVERSITY
• HIMALAYAN ART
• INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
• DISTINCTIVE FOOD PREFERENCES
• FOLK HOUSING
• U.S. FOLK HOUSE FORMS
WHY IS FOLK CULTURE CLUSTERED?
• REMEMBER:
• FOLK CULTURE DIFFUSES SLOWLY TO OTHER LOCATIONS THROUGH THE
PROCESS OF MIGRATION
ISOLATION PROMOTES CULTURAL DIVERSITY
FOLK CUSTOMS OBSERVED AT A POINT IN TIME VARY
WIDELY.
HIMALAYAN FOLK CULTURAL REGIONS
Cultural geographers have identified four distinct culture regions based on
predominant religions in the Himalaya Mountains. Tibetan Buddhists- north,
Hindus in south, Muslims in the West and animists in the East.
HIMALAYAN ART
• NORTHERN REGION – TIBETAN
BUDDHISTS – PAINT IDEALIZED DIVINE
FIGURES; SOME DEPICTED AS BIZARRE
OR TERRIFYING (PERHAPS REFLECTIVE
OF THE INHOSPITABLE ENVIRONMENT)
HIMALAYAN ART
• SOUTHERN REGION – HINDUS –
CREATE SCENES FROM EVERYDAY LIFE
AND LOCAL SCENES; SOME PORTRAY A
DEITY TO PORTRAY THE AREA’S
VIOLENT AND EXTREME CONDITIONS
HIMALAYAN ART
• WESTERN REGION – MUSLIMS – PAINT
THE REGION’S PLANTS AND FLOWERS AND
DO NOT DEPICT THE HARSH CLIMATE
• OTHER GROUPS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
PAINT SYMBOLS AND DESIGNS THAT
RELATE TO THEIR RELIGION AND NOT TO
THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT
INFLUENCE OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
• DETERMINISM? WHAT WAS THAT?
• PEOPLE RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENT – BUT ENVIRONMENT ONLY ONE OF SEVERAL
CONTROLS OVER SOCIAL CUSTOMS.
• HOW– TYPES OF CLOTHES, FOOD, HOUSE.
• EXAMPLES?
• FOLK SOCIETIES MORE IN-TUNE WITH ENVIRONMENT.
• SEE DIFFERENCES IN FOOD AND SHELTER.
SENEGAL FAMILY LUNCH •Distinctive-food preferences.
•Diet very much linked to culture and
environment.
•Food closely related to environment.
•Example: soybean in Asia a source of
protein
•Cooked in different areas: steamed,
curd, sprouts.
•Europe plenty of wood: Boil and
stews popular.
•French word terrior – food that is tied
to the local surroundings
How do you eat your meal? What is going
on here?
TRADITIONAL VEGETABLE GARDEN, ISTANBUL
Folk cultures pay attention to the
environment and bring their
ideas with them.
The bostan, or traditional vegetable
garden, provides fresh
vegetables in a large city such
as Istanbul
Old food habits are the last vestige
of traditional folk cultures.
What foods does your family eat
that link you to your family’s
past?
FOOD ATTRACTIONS AND TABOOS
• THERE ARE CERTAIN FOOD THAT CULTURES ARE ATTRACTED TO? WHY?
• IMPROVE QUALITIES SUCH AS STRENGTH, INTELLIGENCE, FIGHTING ABILITY, SEXUAL
POWER.
• THERE ARE FOODS PEOPLE DON’T EAT: (TABOO’S)
• PORK FOR JEWS, MUSLIMS DON’T EAT PORK TOO? WHY? ENVIRONMENTAL REASONS
• COW INDIA
• DOG AND HORSE IN NORTH AMERICA.
• INSECTS
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/but-not-simpler/2013/06/05/i-hate-to-break-it-to-
you-but-you-already-eat-bugs/
HOG PRODUCTION & FOOD CULTURES
Annual hog production is influenced by religious taboos against pork consumption in Islam
and other religions. The highest production is in China, which is largely Buddhist.
FOLK HOUSING • THE TWO MOST COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS: BRICK OR WOOD
• STONE, GRASS, SOD, AND SKINS
• DISTINCTIVE HOUSE FORM AND ORIENTATION A RESULT OF CUSTOMARY
BELIEFS OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• HOUSING ORIENTATION
• RELIGION
• SACRED WALLS OR CORNERS
• WHICH WAY THE DOOR FACES
• CUSTOMARY HIERARCHY , HEADS TO FEET
• STAIRCASES MUST NOT FACE WEST
• HOUSING AND THE ENVIRONMENT: QUEBEC PITCHED ROOFS
SOUTH FACING WINDOWS, IN HOT CLIMATES SMALLER WINDOWS, JAPAN BUILT FOR SUMMER
HEAT NOT MILD WINTERS (KOTATSU)
HOME LOCATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Houses and sleeping positions are oriented according to local customs among the Lao in
northern Laos (left) (Heads high, sleep with heads towards one other) and the Yuan and
Shan in northern Thailand (right). (Heads all face the East (noble direction for Buddhist))
HOUSE TYPES IN WESTERN CHINA
Four communities in western China all have distinctive house types. Even though
close together Folk housing can differ because of minor differences in environment.
KASHGAR HOUSE, WESTERN CHINA
Kashgar houses have second floor open-air patios: Catch that evening breeze
TURPAN HOUSE, WESTERN CHINA
Turpan is located in a deep valley with little open land. Second stories
are avoided because of strong winds
DUNHUANG HOUSE, WESTERN CHINA
Dunhuang houses have walled central courtyards, covered with an open air grape arbor.
Provide shade. Roofs are slanted as a result of eastern influences.
YINCHUAN HOUSE, CHINA
Yinchuan houses are built around large open courtyards which provide seclusion from
outsiders.
DIFFUSION OF HOUSE TYPES IN U.S. (FOLK)
Distinct house types originated in three main source areas in the U.S. and then
diffused into the interior as migrants moved west.
US Folk houses– not past 60
years.
Come from three regions:
New England
Mid Atlantic
Lower Cheaspeake
DIFFUSION OF NEW ENGLAND HOUSE TYPES (FOLK)
Fig. 4-10: Four main New England house types of the 18th & 19th centuries diffused
westward as settlers migrated.
WIDE DISPERSION OF POPULAR CULTURE
• DIFFUSION OF POPULAR HOUSING, CLOTHING, & FOOD
• POPULAR HOUSING STYLES
• RAPID DIFFUSION OF CLOTHING STYLES
• POPULAR FOOD CUSTOMS
• TELEVISION AND DIFFUSION OF POPULAR CULTURE
• DIFFUSION OF TELEVISION
• DIFFUSION OF THE INTERNET
• GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF TELEVISION
WHY IS POPULAR CULTURE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED?
• DIFFUSION OF POP. CULTURE: HOUSING, CLOTHING AND FOOD
SOME DIFFERENCES EXIST– BUT MUCH LESS THAN THE PAST IN MDC’S? WHY. NATIONAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS RESULT IN SIMILAR HOUSES, JEANS AND PIZZA.
POPULAR CULTURE AND HOUSING: HOUSING REFLECTS CHANGING FOCUS: NO MORE FRONT PORCH, LIVING ROOM, 2 CAR GARAGE, GREAT ROOM, LARGER “WALK IN CLOSETS” ETC.
HOUSING STYLES: 1945-60: MINIMAL TRADITIONAL, RANCH, CONTEMPORARY,
SINCE 1960S– NEO-ECLECTIC STYLE: MANSARD, NEO-TUDOR, NEO-FRENCH, NEO-COLONIAL
Style of House Look Features Dates Popular
Minimal Traditional
Ranch
Split Level
Contemporary
Neo-Eclectic
Mansard
Neo-Tudor
Neo-French
Neo-Colonial
U.S. HOUSE TYPES, 1945-1990
Several variations of the “modern style” were dominant from the 1940s into the
1970s. Since then, “neo-eclectic” styles have become the dominant type of house
construction in the U.S.
U.S. HOUSE TYPES BY REGION
Small towns in different regions of the eastern
U.S. have different combinations of five main
house types.