kevin d. lafferty u.s. geological surveyfapesp.br/eventos/2009/11/biota/lafferty.pdf · effluent...
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Perda de biodiversidade e
doencas infecciosas
Kevin D. Lafferty
U.S. Geological Survey
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Como o stress ambiental afeta doencas?
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Parasite
Eutroph-
ication
Thermal
effluent
Pulp-mill
effluent Crude oil
Industrial
effluent
Sewage-
sludge
Acid
precipitation Disturbance
Heavy
metals
Ciliophora + + + +Nematoda
+ + +/- + -/+ = +/-Monogenea
+ +/- -/+ + +/- = - -Other groups
+ +/- + - - = = - +Cestoda
+ = -/+ + - - -Acanthocephala
+ +/- - - - + -Digenea
+ - -/+ - -/+ -/+ - - -
Diverse responses of parasites to stress
Lafferty 1997 Parasitology Today
Respostas variadas de parasitas ao stress
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Parasite
Eutroph-
ication
Thermal
effluent
Pulp-mill
effluent Crude oil
Industrial
effluent
Sewage-
sludge
Acid
precipitation Disturbance
Heavy
metals
Ciliophora + + + +Nematoda
+ + +/- + -/+ = +/-Monogenea
+ +/- -/+ + +/- = - -Other groups
+ +/- + - - = = - +Cestoda
+ = -/+ + - - -Acanthocephala
+ +/- - - - + -Digenea
+ - -/+ - -/+ -/+ - - -
Diverse responses of parasites to stress
Lafferty 1997 Parasitology Today
Respostas variadas de parasitas ao stress
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Parasite
Eutroph-
ication
Thermal
effluent
Pulp-mill
effluent Crude oil
Industrial
effluent
Sewage-
sludge
Acid
precipitation Disturbance
Heavy
metals
Ciliophora + + + +Nematoda
+ + +/- + -/+ = +/-Monogenea
+ +/- -/+ + +/- = - -Other groups
+ +/- + - - = = - +Cestoda
+ = -/+ + - - -Acanthocephala
+ +/- - - - + -Digenea
+ - -/+ - -/+ -/+ - - -
Diverse responses of parasites to stress
Lafferty 1997 Parasitology Today
Respostas variadas de parasitas ao stress
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Population impact of disease versus stress
NO DISEASE
DISEASE
Par
asi
te m
ort
alit
y,
(a +
u +
m +
a)
Susceptibility, (- q)
Slope = K
Lafferty and Holt 2003 Ecol Lett
Impacto da doenca ou stress na populacao
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Population impact of disease versus stress
NO DISEASE
DISEASE
Par
asi
te m
ort
alit
y,
(a +
u +
m +
a)
Susceptibility, (- q)
Slope = K
Lafferty and Holt 2003 Ecol Lett
Impacto da doenca ou stress na populacao
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Population impact of disease versus stress
NO DISEASE
DISEASE
Para
site
mort
alit
y, (a
+ u
+ m
+ a
)
Susceptibility, (- q)
Lafferty and Holt 2003 Ecol Lett
Impacto da doenca ou stress na populacao
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Population impact of disease versus stress
NO DISEASE
DISEASE
Para
site
mort
alit
y, (a
+ u
+ m
+ a
)
Susceptibility, (- q)
Slope = K
Lafferty and Holt 2003 Ecol Lett
Impacto da doenca ou stress na populacao
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Population impact of disease versus stress
NO DISEASE
DISEASE
Para
site
mort
alit
y, (a
+ u
+ m
+ a
)
Susceptibility, (- q)
Lafferty and Holt 2003 Ecol Lett
Impacto da doenca ou stress na populacao
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Has disease increased or
decreased in the ocean?As doencas estao aumentando
no oceano?
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% disease by host taxa. All wild, no duplicatesPorcentagem de doenca por tipo de hospedeiro. Todos Selvagens,
sem duplicacoes
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Ward and Lafferty 2004 PLoS
% p
ubli
cati
ons
on d
isea
se
Sea Turtles
Publication Date
Tartarugas marinhas
% P
ub
lica
co
es e
m d
oe
nca
Data de publicacao
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Ward and Lafferty 2004 PLoS
% p
ubli
cati
ons
on
dis
ease
Publication Date
% P
ub
lica
co
es e
m d
oe
nca
Data de publicacao
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Ward and Lafferty 2004 PLoS
% p
ubli
cati
ons
on d
isea
se
Publication Date
Marine Mammals
% P
ub
lica
co
es e
m d
oe
nca
Data de publicacao
Mamiferos marinhos
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% p
ubli
cati
ons
on d
isea
se
Publication Date
Echinoderms
% P
ub
lica
co
es e
m d
oe
nca
Data de publicacao
Equinodermos
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Lafferty et al 2004 Ecol. Appl.
Populacoes densas sofrem mais doencas
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Lafferty et al 2004 Ecol. Appl.
Lobsters
Urchins
Algae
Disease
No Fishing Fishing
Lagostas
Ourico do mar
Alga
Doenca
pesca proibida, pesca permitida
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Ward and Lafferty 2004 PLoS
% p
ubli
cati
ons
on d
isea
se
Publication Date
Mollusca%
Pu
blic
aco
es e
m d
oe
nca
Data de publicacao
moluscos
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Torchin, Lafferty et al 2003, Nature
Livrando-se de inimigos naturais(26 taxa)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Introduced Native
Pa
rasite
sp
ecie
s
transferred
colonized
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Ward and Lafferty 2004 PLoS
% p
ubli
cati
ons
on d
isea
se
Publication Date
Peixes
% P
ub
lica
co
es e
m d
oe
nca
Data de publicacao
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Amundsen and Kristoffersen. 1990, Can J. Fish 68:1187-1192
Cestodas em Peixes (Norway)
Antes
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fish length
Num
ber
of
fish c
aught
infected uninfected
um
ero
de p
eix
es c
ole
tados
Comprimento do peixe
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Amundsen and Kristoffersen. 1990, Can J. Fish 68:1187-1192
Cestodas em Peixes (Norway)
Antes Depois de pescaria intensa
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fish length
Num
ber
of
fish c
aught
infected uninfected
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fish lengthN
um
ber
of
fish c
aught
infected uninfected
um
ero
de p
eix
es c
ole
tados
Comprimento do peixe
um
ero
de p
eix
es c
ole
tados
Comprimento do peixe
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Ransom A. Myers andハBoris WormNature 423, 280-283
Diminuicao global de peixes
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Quic
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ee
de
d to
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is p
ictu
re.
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Sandin et al. 2008 PLoS1
Kiritim
ati Tabuaera
n P
alm
yra
K
ingm
an
Recifes de coral e pescaria
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Palmyra Atoll Natl. Wildlife Refuge
Parasitos em peixes
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0
5
10
15
20
25
P. arcatus A. nigricans P. dickii C. margaritifer L. bohar
Host Species
Jackn
ife p
arasit
e s
pecie
s/ f
ish
specie
s (
+/-
95
%)
Kirimati
Palmyra
Comunidades de parasitas sao mais diversas no atol
protegido do que no atol com pescaria
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Lafferty et al. 2008 EcoHealth
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
P. arcatus A. nigricans P. dickii C. margaritifer L. bohar
Host species
Pre
vale
nce o
f shark
tap
ew
orm
s (
+/- 9
5%
CL)
Kiritimati
Palmyra
Pre
vale
ncia
de t
enia
s d
e t
ubaro
es
Especie de hospedeirro
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Teia alimentar com parasitos (amarelo)
Lafferty et al. 06 PNAS
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Teia alimentar com parasitos (amarelo)
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Teia alimentar com parasitos (amarelo)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Free-living richness
Para
sit
e r
ich
ness
Extincao secundaria de parasitos com o
desmanchamento da teia alimentae
Lafferty et al. 09 Phil transRoy Soc
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Sequencia temporal, video
•5 sec/min, 12 hrs/day, 14 days = 2000 clips
QuickTime™ and aYUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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Div
ers
ida
de
de
esp
ecie
s d
e tre
ma
tod
os
Diversidade de especies de aves
Div
ers
ida
de
de
esp
ecie
s d
e tre
ma
tod
os
Diversidade de especies de aves
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Huspeni and Lafferty 2004. Ecological Applications
Div
ers
ida
de
me
dia
de
esp
ecie
s d
e tre
ma
tod
os
Controle
Impacto
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• Stress may increase or decrease disease
• Stress pode aumentar ou diminuir parasitas
• Increased susceptibility, increased parasite mortality, reduced host density
• Susceptibilidade aumentada, mortalidade de parasitas aumentada, densidade do hospedeiro diminuida
• Diseases have increased and decreased
• Doencas tem aumentado e diminuidoFishing reduces disease
• Pescaria diminui doencas
• Host diversity begets parasite diversity
• Diversidade de hospedeiro controla a diversidade de parasitas
Conclusions
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Dawson et al. 2005 Phys Ecol.
Field Experiment: haematophagous flies and
tree swallows.
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Dawson et al. 2005 Phys Ecol.
Field Experiment: haematophagous flies and
tree swallows.
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0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Path
ogen d
evelo
pm
ent ra
te
Louis et al. 1986
Rickettsia in Crickets
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Temperature response
Climate projection
Martens et al. 1995
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Hypothetical temperature-transmission relationships
Martens et al. 1997 Climate Change ** Tree 18 34-350 (2003)
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Process-based model for
changes in malaria
Thomas et al. 2004
Present
Contraction
Expansion
2025 2055 2085
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Peterson and Shaw 2003, IJP
Projection to 2050 (change)
Sandflies
(Lutzomyia spp)Leishmaniasis vector
Contraction
Expansion
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Covariates
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Land-use change and malaria reduction in Britain
Kuhn et al. 2003 PNAS